Lab_manual_intro_to_cs (repaired) (1).docx

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Introduction to Computer Science & Programming CSC 101 Lab Manual NAME: _______________________________ ID: __________________________________________ SECTION: _____________________________________ DEGREE: _____________________________________

IQRA UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD CAMPUS

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Introduction to Computer Science and Programming (List of Labs) Lab #1________________________________________________________________________ Introduction to Windows 8 Lab #2________________________________________________________________________ Create a Table of Contents Lab #3________________________________________________________________________ Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint Lab #4________________________________________________________________________ Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007 Lab #5_______________________________________________________________________ Pivot Tables in Excel 2007-A Lab #6_______________________________________________________________________ Pivot Tables in Excel 2007-B Lab #7________________________________________________________________________ Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++ Lab #8________________________________________________________________________ Variables, Arithmetic Operators Lab #9________________________________________________________________________ Decision Control Statements Lab #10_______________________________________________________________________ for loop, while loop Lab #11_______________________________________________________________________ Do-While loop Lab #12_______________________________________________________________________ Continue, Switch, Break

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Lab #13_______________________________________________________________________ Functions Lab #14_______________________________________________________________________ Functions (Call By Reference and By Value) Lab #15_______________________________________________________________________ Arrays Lab #16_______________________________________________________________________ Lab Project

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

LAB NO. 1: Introduction to windows 8 Introduction: An introduction of the whole course and a brief description of windows 8 and its features.

Objectives of this Lab:  Overview of course  What is OS?  Understanding of Windows 8

Operating system

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Program used to control computer, link between user and internal working of computer and programs.

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Windows , Mac ,Linux.

Windows History:

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1975–1981: Microsoft boots up

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1982–1985: Introducing Windows 1.0

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1987–1990: Windows 2.0–2.11—More windows, more speed

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1990–1994: Windows 3.0–Windows NT—Getting the graphics

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1995–1998: Windows 95—the PC comes of age (and don't forget the Internet)

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1998–2000: Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows Me—Windows evolves for work and play

Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg 

2001–2005: Windows XP—Stable, usable, and fast

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2006–2008: Windows Vista—Smart on security

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2009: Windows 7 introduces Windows Touch

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2012: Windows 8 features apps and tiles

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2013: Windows 8.1 expands the Windows 8 vision

Windows 8:

Windows 8: Tiles Preview:

Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Application vs System s/w:

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System software gets installed when the operating system is installed on the computer while application software is installed according to the requirements of the user.

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System software includes programs such as compilers, debuggers, drivers, assemblers while application software includes media players, word processors, and spreadsheet programs.

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Generally, users do not interact with system software as it works in the background whereas users interact with application software while doing different activities.

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A computer may not require more than one type of system software while there may be a number of application software programs installed on the computer at the same time.

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System software can run independently of the application software while application software cannot run without the presence of the system software.

Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg Computer languages:

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We generally write a computer program using a high-level language. A high-level language is one which is understandable by us humans. It contains words and phrases from the English (or other) language. But a computer does not understand high-level language. It only understands program written in 0's and 1's in binary, called the machine code. A program written in highlevel language is called a source code. We need to convert the source code into machine code and this is accomplished my compilers and interpreters. Hence, a compiler or an interpreter is a program that converts program written in high-level language into machine code understood by the computer.

Difference between an interpreter and a compiler:

Interpreter Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

Compiler

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Translates program one statement at a time.

Scans the entire program and translates it as a whole into machine code.

It takes less amount of time to analyze the source code but the overall execution time is slower.

It takes large amount of time to analyze the source code but the overall execution time is comparatively faster.

No intermediate object generated, hence are efficient.

Generates intermediate object code which further requires linking, hence requires more memory.

code is memory

Continues translating the program until the first error is met, in which case it stops. Hence debugging is easy.

It generates the error message only after scanning the whole program. Hence debugging is comparatively hard.

Programming language like Python, Ruby use interpreters.

Programming language like C, C++ use compilers.

Lab 01: Create a Bibliography

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

LAB No. 2 Create a Table of Contents Introduction: You create a table of contents by applying heading styles — for example, Heading 1, Heading 2, and Heading 3 — to the text that you want to include in the table of contents. Microsoft Word searches for those headings and then inserts the table of contents into your document. When you create a table of contents this way, you can automatically update it if you make changes in your document. Microsoft Word 2010 provides a gallery of automatic table of contents styles. Mark the table of contents entries, and then click the table of contents style that you want from the gallery of options. You can also create a custom table of contents with the options you choose and any custom styles that you've applied by using the Table of Contents dialog box. This article explains how to add a table of contents. It does not cover tables of authorities or tables of figures.

Objectives of this lab:  Mark entries for a table of contents  Create a table of contents from the gallery  Create a custom table of contents  Update the table of contents  Delete a table of contents Mark entries for a table of contents: The easiest way to create a table of contents is to use the built-in heading styles. You can also create a table of contents that is based on the custom styles that you have applied. Or you can assign the table of contents levels to individual text entries.

Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

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MARK ENTRIES BY USING BUILT-IN HEADING STYLES 1. Select the text that you want to appear in the table of contents. 2. On the Home tab, in the Styles group, click the style that you want.

For example, if you selected text that you want to style as a main heading, click the style called Heading 1 in the Quick Style gallery.  

If you don't see the style that you want, click the arrow to expand the Quick Style gallery. If the style that you want does not appear in the Quick Style gallery, press CTRL+SHIFT+S to open the Apply Styles task pane. Under Style Name, click the style that you want. Create a table of contents from the gallery: After you mark the entries for your table of contents, you are ready to build it.

1. Click where you want to insert the table of contents, usually at the beginning of a document. 2. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Table of Contents, and then click the table of contents style that you want.

NOTE If you want to specify more options — for example, how many heading levels to show — click Insert Table of Contents to open the Table of Contentsdialog box. To find out more about the different options, see Format the table of contents. Create a custom table of contents: 1. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Table of Contents, and then click Insert Table of Contents.

2. In the Table of Contents dialog box, do any of the following:

Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg 

To change how many heading levels are displayed in the table of contents, enter the number that you want in the box next to Show levels, under General.

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To change the overall look of your table of contents, click a different format in the Formats list. You can see what your choice looks like in the Print Preview and Web Preview areas.

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To change the type of line that appears between the entry text and the page number, click an option in the Tab leader list.

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To change the way heading levels are displayed in the table of contents, click Modify. In the Style dialog box, click the level that you want to change, and then click Modify. In the Modify Style dialog box, you can change the font, the size, and the amount of indentation.

3. To use custom styles in the table of contents, click Options, and then do the following: 1. Under Available styles, find the style that you applied to the headings in your document. 2. Under TOC level, next to the style name, type a number from 1 to 9 to indicate the level that you want the heading style to represent. NOTE If you want to use only custom styles, delete the TOC level numbers for the built-in styles, such as Heading 1. 3. Repeat step 1 and step 2 for each heading style that you want to include in the table of contents. 4. Click OK. 4. Choose a table of contents to fit the document type: 



Printed document If you are creating a document that readers will read on a printed page, create a table of contents in which each entry lists both the heading and the page number where the heading appears. Readers can turn to the page that they want. Online document For a document that readers will read online in Word, you can format the entries in the table of contents as hyperlinks, so that readers can go to a heading by clicking its entry in the table of contents.

Update the table of contents: If you added or removed headings or other table of contents entries in your document, you can quickly update the table of contents. 1. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Update Table.

2. Click Update page numbers only or Update entire table.

Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Delete a table of contents: 1. On the References tab, in the Table of Contents group, click Table of Contents.

2. Click Remove Table of Contents.

Lab: 02: Create Table of Contents

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

LAB NO. 3 Introduction to Microsoft PowerPoint Introduction: Microsoft PowerPoint, part of Microsoft Office, creates and plays presentations. A presentation is something a speaker makes to an audience, typically using a computer and LCD projector to display material in a lecture hall or auditorium. PowerPoint works a lot like Microsoft Word, and the assumption here is that you are familiar with Word.A PowerPoint presentation is made up of "slides" that are individual frames or screens of information. To create a presentation, create the slides. A PowerPoint file (*.ppt) is a collection of slides, typically for one and only one presentation, although files can be linked together to make up compound presentations.

Objectives of This Lab:   

Creating and inserting new slides. Editing existing slides. Reordering existing slides.

Starting PowerPoint 2007 Double click quickly on the PowerPoint 2007 icon on the Windows desktop (see image on right), or click the Start button in the lower left corner of the screen, and then click All Programs, next move your cursor over Microsoft Office, then click Microsoft PowerPoint 2007.

In this tutorial, whenever we indicate that you need to click a mouse button, it will mean to click the left mouse button – unless we indicate that you should click the right mouse button. So, always move the cursor over the “place” we indicate and “click left” unless we tell you otherwise.

If you have been using PowerPoint 97, 2000, XP/2002 or 2007 this will be a wonderful journey. You will find many exciting new features and enhancements. Almost everything is “graphical.” When PowerPoint opens, the appearance of the screen will be very

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

different. Once you get used to the new 2007 features, we think you’ll find it much easier to use as you create and edit your PowerPoint slides.

In the image below you’ll immediately see that the Menu Bar has been replaced by Tabs and Ribbons. The Tabs and Ribbons are then divided into Groups. We’ll be working with these new features in detail as we move through the tutorial. Tabs

Ribbons

Groups

Notice, in the image on the last page, that the screen is “sort of” divided into three sections.

Across the top are the Microsoft Office Button, the Quick Access Toolbar and the Tabs, Ribbons and Groups (indicated on the last page). Microsoft Office Button

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Microsoft Office Button

Quick Access Toolbar

If you refer to the Introduction to Microsoft 2007 Tutorial you’ll find a detailed explanation of how to use these new features.

On the left side of the PowerPoint screen you’ll see an area that indicates Outline and Slides at the top. When you first open PowerPoint 2007 you’ll notice that the Slides Tab is “white.” This means that you’ll be able to see a small version of each slide as we create it.

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

To the lower right-center of the screen, you’ll see a PowerPoint Design Template. We’ll be using these templates to create our slide show. We’ll come back to this in more detail later in the tutorial.

Beginning the presentation

Slide 1

In PowerPoint 2007 a Slide Layout named Title Slide always appears first. PowerPoint “thinks” that you want to start your presentation with a title. So, logically, the Title Slide appears in the main section of the screen.

After you understand PowerPoint a bit more, you can choose any of the layouts you desire. We’ll show you how to do this as we proceed through the tutorial.

You will notice, in the lower left corner of the screen, Slide 1 of 1 is indicated.

You will also see that your screen looks like the image below.

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Now we’ll have some fun and create a PowerPoint 2007 presentation on how to make a Peanut Butter and Jelly sandwich. Place your cursor in the “Click to add title” box and Click the left mouse button. Your text box, after you click, will look similar to the one below.

To insert the text in this formatted text box, we simply enter (type-in) the title: How to Make

a Great PBJ – go ahead and type this text in the box.

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Now, Click in the second box “Click to add sub-title” and type:

A Gourmet Recipe (tap the Enter key) From (tap the Enter key) Your Name (type in your name like Janie Schwark or Greg Butler)

New Slide Button

Now it’s time to create the next slide in your presentation. To do this, we’ll need to find the New Slide button.

At the top left of the screen, in the Home Tab you will see a New Slide “button” which looks like the image on the right.

When you move your cursor arrow over the button you will see a Microsoft Help Text box appear that says New Slide.

Now this is a bit tricky….. Look carefully at the lower right corner of the New Slide button and you will see a down arrow.

Click-on the down arrow to create your next slide.

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

If you accidentally click the button, and a new slide appears, don’t worry, we’ll show you how to change to the slide format you desire later in the tutorial.

When you click the arrow an image similar to the one on the right will appear. We’ll use the Title and Content slide for our second slide. Click this choice.

Lab: 03: Mail Merge Application

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

LAB NO. 4 Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007 Objectives of this Lab:  To Cover Some Basics of The Excel 2007  Introduction Of Excel Formulas  IF Statement Starts excel: 1. Open the task pane: Menubar > View > Taskpane 2. Click Task pane drop‐down arrow; view task pane windows Workbook: A collection of related worksheets contained within a single file. 3. Open the file: first‐gradebook.xls 4. Save the file as first‐gradebookSolution.xls. The Active Cell, Formula Bar & Worksheet Tabs: 1. Click in cell B3, the cell containing Ackerman’s grade on the first test. Cell B3 is now the active cell (surrounded by a heavy border). You can see the cell name the three in the name box and the formula is displayed in the formula box. 2. Click in cell B4 (or press the down arrow) to make it the active cell; check the name box and the formula box to see the contents of B4. 3. Click cell E3, Ackerman’s semester average. Active cell displays the computed grade, but formula bar displays the formula. 4. Click the Anthro264 tab to view a different worksheet within the same workbook 5. Click the Anthro 341 have to view this worksheet; Click the Anthro 128 tab return to the original worksheet. Widen Columns to see all data 1. Putting your cursor in the column headings, select all the active columns in the worksheet. Lab 04: Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

2. While the columns are still selected, move your cursor to any line between the two columns. Your cursor will become a double headed arrow. Double‐click on the line and the columns will all automatically adjust to the correct width. Sort gradebook alphabetically by last name: 1. Select the range A1: A25 2. Go to the ribbon > Home tab >Editing > Sort and filter > Sort A to Z. 3. Excel will ask you if you want to expand the selection. Click yes. 4.

Ackerman and Benneman will still be first and second, but the rest of the grades will be sorted by last name of the student.

Color Worksheet Tabs: 1. Click worksheet tab (of sheet to be colored). 2. Menubar > Format > Sheet > Tab Color to display a color palette. 3. Select desired color and click OK. 4.

You can also right‐click the worksheet tab to display a context‐sensitive menu, including color choices.

Total by selecting and adding cells: 1. Click in cell F3 (Ackerman’s test total). 2. We could enter each grade as a number, but this will not allow us to automatically calculate any changes in the grade sheet. 3. What we want to do is enter each grade as a reference to the cell that contains that grade. 4. All formula must begin with an =, so type an = 5.

Now click on B3, press the + and click on C3, add another +, Click on D3, add another + and finally click on E3

6. Hit enter and Ackerman’s grade will show a total of 331. Total using autoSum: 1. Click in cell F4 (Ackerman’s test total) 2. Go to the ribbon >Home >Editing > Click AutoSum 3. The formula will appear: =SUM(B4:E4) 4. Check your formula. If you get a different cell range, you can click and drag over the desired cells. 5. Press the enter key. Lab 04: Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

6. Benneman’s grade will show a total of 331. Completing the Calculations Using the AutoFill option: 1. Click in cell F4. You will notice a small black square in the lower right corner of the selected square. 2. If you put your cursor over it, your cursor becomes a crosshair. While your cursor is a crosshair, click and drag from cell F4 down to cell F25. 3. All of the student’s test totals should fill in automatically. 4. Click in cell F13. You will see the formula: =SUM(B13:E13) 5. Click in cell F20. You will see the formula: =SUM(B20:E20) 6.

These formulas are all based on our original formula in cell F4. As we dragged the formula down, the cell references also moved down.

Calculate the test average using autoSum with the Average function: 1. Click in cell G3 (test average), then click the down arrow next to the autoSum button. 2. Select Average. Excel will automatically select the cell range B3:F3

3. We do not want cell E3 selected. E3 is the test total. Click and drag to adjust the cell range to B3:E3 4. Press the Enter key. You will get a test average of 82.75. Completing the Calculations Using the AutoFill option: 1. Click in cell G4. You will notice a small black square in the lower right corner of the selected square. If you put your cursor over it, your cursor becomes a crosshair. While your cursor is a crosshair, click and drag from cell G4 down to cell G25. 2. All of the student’s test averages will fill in automatically. 3. Notice that they appear as a number with decimal places. To remove the decimal places, click the Decrease Decimals button (in the Numbers section on the Home tab of the ribbon) twice. Repeat the same Average autoSum calculations on row 27, Class Average: 1. Click in cell B27. Go to the autoSum button drop‐down arrow and select the Average function 2. The formula should read:

=Average(B3:B26)

Lab 04: Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

3. Adjust your range as necessary. 4. Then click and drag using AutoFill to complete the Class Average calculations (drag across through cell F27). 5. Decrease the decimal places. Resize columns: Your data may not be visible in B27. Instead it you may see a series of # . This means the column is too narrow, and you need to resize it. 2. In fact, we should probably resize all of the columns so that their headers are all visible. 1.

3. Click in the headers row to select the all of the columns A – H. 4. Move your mouse pointer onto the column's edge; the pointer becomes a double headed arrow. 5.

Double click and the column will automatically resize to the correct width.

Experiment (What If?): 1. Click in cell C4 (Benneman’s grade on test 2) Enter a corrected value of 86; 2.

Observe effects of this change: Benneman’s average has now changed and the class average has changed as well.

Calculate the highest grade using autoSum’s Max function: 1. Click in the cell B28. Go to the autoSum button drop‐down arrow and select the Max function 2. Be sure to a just your cell range to include only cells B3:B25 3. Do not include the Test Average (cell B27) 4. Press enter to complete the calculation. 5. Drag across using the AutoFill function through cell F28. Calculate the lowest grade using autoSum’s Min function: 1. Click in the cell B29. Go to the autoSum button drop‐down arrow and select the Min function 2. Be sure to a just your cell range to include only cells B3:B25 3. Do not include the Test Average (cell B27) or Highest Grade (cell B28) 4. Press enter to complete the calculation. 5. Drag across using the AutoFill function through cell F29. Lab 04: Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007

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CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Calculate Pass/Fail: Excel can automatically calculate grades or other binary decision‐making based on input. This requires the use of the If function. To use a function, first click in the cell or you want the function to be. Then, Click the Insert Function button next to the formula box. This will open the function dialog box. 1. Click in cell H3. 2. Click the Insert Function button 3. This will open the Insert Function Dialog Box.

Lab 04: Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2007

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg 4.

Select the If function and click OK.

5. The formula that we want to enter is =IF(G3>=68,"Pass","Fail") What this says is if the number in cell G3 is greater than or equal to 68, then pass; otherwise fail.

6. In the Function Arguments dialog box, click on the grid next to Logical_test. 7. In the next dialog box, click in cell G3, which will enter the cell reference into the Function Argument 8. In the Function Arguments box, type the rest of the formula: G3>=68

9. Press Enter key 10. Value_if_true is Pass 11. Value_if_false is Fail

12. Click OK. You should get the result that Ackerman passed 13.

Use the AutoFill function to drag the formula down through cell G25. Only two people Failed the course.

Ways to access help in Excel 2007: 1.

Click Key F1. This will open the “help window” (which strongly resembles the help task pane).

Lab: 04: Microsoft Excel Basics

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

2.

Click the blue ? in the upper right corner. This will also open the “help window”

Lab: 04: Microsoft Excel Basics

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

LAB NO. 5 Pivot Tables in Excel 2007-A Introduction: A Pivot Table is way to present information in a report format. The idea is that you can click drop down lists and change the data that is being displayed. For example, choose just one student from a drop down list and view only his or her scores. Pivot tables are a lot easier to grasp when you see them in action. Here's the one we're going to create in this section:

Look at Row 4. This shows that the student is Elisa. If we click Elisa's drop down arrow, we'll see this:

Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Now we have another student to select (we'll only use two students, for this tutorial). We could untick Lisa, and tick Mary instead. Then her scores would display. The Subject and Month cells also have drop down lists. So we could view only January's scores, and just for Art and English, for example. So this is a Pivot Table - a report that we can manipulate by selecting items from drop down lists. Let's make a start. The first thing you need for a Pivot Table is some data to go in it. The Pivot Table Data in an Excel 2007 Spreadsheet (New window) Highlight the data that will be going in to your Pivot Table. On the Excel 2007 menu bar, click Insert. From the Insert menu, locate the Tables Panel:

On the Tables panel click Pivot Tables. The Create Pivot Tables dialogue box appears:

In the dialogue box above, the data that we highlighted is in the Table/Range textbox. You can select different cells by clicking the icon to the right of the Table/Range textbox. You can also specify an external data source, such as a text file, for the data in your Pivot Table. We've selected a New Worksheet as the place where the Pivot Table will be placed. Click OK.

Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

When you click OK, Excel 2007 presents you with a rather complex layout. The area on the right should look something like this one below:

It helps to have a look again at what we're trying to create. Here's the completed Pivot Table again:

Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Now take a look at the Pivot Table Field List image again, the one above the completed pivot table. It has tick boxes for Month, Subject, Student, and Score. These are column headings from the original spreadsheet data. We've put the Month in cell A7 on our Pivot Table, Subject is in cell B6, Student is in cell B4, and Score is the Average scores in cells B8 to G10. You'll see how it works, though. The idea is that you tick a box in the Pivot Table Field List, and then drag it to the four areas below. Excel 2007 will take care of the rest. So, tick all four boxes in the field list:

Excel will create a basic (and messy) Pivot Table for you. But we're going to put our 4 fields into the 4 areas below. Here's the 4 areas we can drag to:

Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

For the Report Filter, we want the name of a Student. For the Column Labels, we want the Subject, and for the Row Labels, we'll just have the Month. The Values will be the Average scores. If you look at the Field areas after you have ticked all four boxes, however, you may see something like this:

Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Month, Subject and Student have all been grouped under Row Labels. You can drag and drop these, though. So click on Student in the Row Labels box. Hold down your left mouse button, and then drag it in to the Report Filter box. If you don't fancy dragging and dropping, simply click the Student item with your left button. From the menu that appears, select Move to Report Filter:

Your Field areas will then look like this:

Move Subject from Row Labels to the Column Labels area:

Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Your Field areas will then look like this:

The Pivot Table on your spreadsheet will look a lot different, too. It should be looking like this:

Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

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Our Pivot Table is coming along, but the scores are all wrong, and it needs tidying up a bit. We'll continue this tutorial in the next part.

Lab: 05: Pivot table in Excel 2007 (Part A)

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LAB NO. 6 Pivot Tables in Excel 2007-B The reason why the scores from our Pivot Table are so strange is because Excel 2007 is using the wrong formula. It's using a Sum total when we want it to use an Average. Here's the Pivot Table so far:

The numbers have all been added up. But we want averages, instead. To change the formula, click on Sum of Score under the Values field area:

You'll see the following menu:

Lab: 06: Pivot Table in Excel 2007 (Part B)

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Select, Field Settings to see the following dialogue box:

Change the Formula from Sum to Average, and then click OK. Your Average formula won't be formatted to any decimal places. So highlight you data. On the Home menu in Excel 2007, locate the Number panel. Format your Averages so that it has no decimal places. Your Pivot Table will then look like this:

Lab: 06: Pivot Table in Excel 2007 (Part B)

CSC101 Intro to CS & Progg

Almost there! Look at cells A3, B3 and A4 above. These all have the not very descriptive names of Average of Score, Column Labels, and Row Labels. You can click inside of these cells and type your own headings, in exactly the same way as you would to enter text in a normal cell. In the new version of the Pivot Table below, we have renamed these cells. We've also centred the data.

Only one thing left to do - spruce up the table by adding a bit of colour. Click anywhere on your Pivot Table to highlight it. Now look at the menu bar at the top of Excel 2007. You'll notice a Design menu. Click on this to see the various design options. The Pivot Table Style Options panel is interesting.

Select Banded Rows and see what happens. Now click Banded Columns. Next to this panel, there are lots of Pivot Table Styles to chose from. Select one that catches your eye. Here's our finished Pivot Table again, only with a different Style:

Lab: 06: Pivot Table in Excel 2007 (Part B)

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And here's the original:

There's a lot more you can do with Pivot Tables, but we hope that this introduction has whetted your appetite!

Lab: 06: Pivot Table in Excel 2007 (Part B)

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

LAB No. 7 Programming, Debugging, Visual C++

Microsoft

Introduction: The aim of this lab is to create a new project in Microsoft Visual C++ and debug the very first program in this environment.

Objectives of this Lab:  To learn about Microsoft Visual C++  Making a project  Adding source files to the Project created.  Writing First program in Visual C++  Debugging How to create a small program in Visual C++ 6.0: Step 1: First of all click on Start Menu  All Programs  Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0  Visual C++ 6.0 This would launch the following window

Lab: 07: Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 2: Go to File Menu and click the following window click New .. This would launch the following window. Remember this step is very important you have to be careful. Visual C++ 6.0 is a very powerful software so you need to be clear on what you want to do. Click on the Windows Console Application and then click on the project name write “20090145_Lab3”. Change the roll number according to your own rollnumber. Then click OK.

Lab: 07: Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 3: After clicking the OK in the step 2, you will see the following window. Let the empty project option selected and click on Finish. After that you will see another window click OK

Click on finish and the following window will appear.

Lab: 07: Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 4: Now go to File Menu again and click “New…” you will see the following window. Select the option C/ C++ header file and write the name of the file as 2009145Lab3.c {Change the registration number according to your registration number} Remember that your compiler will behave according to the extension of the file so make sure to name the file as .c file not any other name. Click on the OK button and you will be given a white open space to write the program.

Lab: 07: Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 5: Write the following program in the window.

#include int main() { Cout<<"My first program of C is so easy \n"; return 0; }

Lab: 07: Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 6: Now go to Build Menu and click “Compile” ,and after that again go to Build and click on “Execute”. You will see “My first program of C is so easy” on a new black screen. Debugging: Debugging is the name given to the process of removing bugs (errors) from computer programs. What a Debugger Can Do?  

Step through the program one statement at a time, either "over" or "into" functions. Run the program up to a certain point (either to the cursor or to a "breakpoint") and then stop.  Show the values (or contents) of variables at each point during the execution of the program. In this lab we will use step over only to execute your code line by line. #include int main() { Cout<<"First statement executed using step\n"; Cout<<"Second statement executed using step\n";

Lab: 07: Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg Cout<<"Third statement executed using step\n"; return 0; }

First compile the above program and then Execute it, all the three statements will be printed on the screen. Now again compile the file and execute one statement at a time by clicking on Debug →Step Over (or F10). You will see that on the output screen (black screen) the statements will appear one by one.

Lab: 07: Programming, Debugging, Microsoft Visual C++

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

LAB No. 8 Variables, Arithmetic Operators Objectives of this lab:  How to create a new project  How to make a new source file in the project  How to use comments in a program  How create variables of different data types  How to use arithmetic operators in a program

We are going to start from the previous lab to refresh your mind. Step 1: First of all click on Start Menu  All Programs  Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0  Visual C++ 6.0 This would launch the following window

Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 2: Go to File Menu and click the following window click New .. This would launch the following window. Remember this step is very important you have to be careful. Visual C++ 6.0 is a very powerful software so you need to be clear on what you want to do. Click on the Windows Console Application and then click on the project name write “20090145_Lab2”. Change the roll number according to your own rollnumber. Then click OK.

Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 3: After clicking the OK in the step 2. You will see the following window. Let the empty project option selected and click on Finish. After that you will see another window click OK

Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 4: Now go to File Menu again and click “New…” you will see the following window. Select the option C/ C++ header file and write the name of the file as 2009145Lab3.c {Change the registration number according to your registration number} Remember that your compiler will behave according to the extension of the file so make sure to name the file as .c file not any other name. Click on the OK button and you will be given a white open space to write the program.

Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Step 5: Write the following program in the window. #include int main() { Cout<<"My first program of C is so easy \n"; return 0; }

Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Write following line of code and see the effect of comments. #include int main() { //declaring integer and character vairables int a; char ch; /*Initializing the variables */ a=10; ch=’b’; cout<<“The value of ch is: \n”<
In this example you saw various ways of declaring variables of various data types and how to write comments in C programs. Also, notice the use of “\n” at the end of the cout statements. It simply adds a carriage return which ends the current line. Write the following program in the editor and see the effect of the program and compare your result with the following output. #include int main() { int a = 72; char b = 'A'; cout<<"a equals \n"<
Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Output: a equals a equals b equals b equals A

72 H 65

The reason why this works is because a character constant is just an integer from 0 to 255. Introduction of “cin” statement in your program: #include int main() { int a,b; cout<<“Enter value of a: “; cin>>a; cout<<“Enter value of b: “; cin>>b; cout<<“The value of a is: \n”<>a; cout<<” “; cin>>b; cout<<”New values are:\n”; cout<
Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Introduction of Arithmetic operators in your program: After writing this program you will see that how one can add two numbers and following the same way we can use subtraction, multiplication and division operators. #include int main() { int a,b; int sum; cout<<“Enter value of a: \n“; cin>>a; cout<<“Enter value of b: \n“; cin>>b; sum=a+b; cout<<“sum is: \t”; cout<<sum<<”\n”; return 0; }

Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Lab: 08: Variables, Arithmetic Operators

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

LAB NO. 9 Decision Control Statements Objectives of this lab:  Comparison/Relational Operators  Logical Operators  If Statement  If - else statement  Else - if Statement Starting from a very simple form of if statement Example: Write a program in which it takes a number from keyboard as an input and if the number is greater than 100 it prints “The number is greater than hundred”. Code: #include int main() { int number ; cout<<“Enter an integer\n”; cin>>number; if ( number >100 ) cout<<“The number is greater than 100\n”; return 0; }

Try below example and see the effect of if-else statement #include <stdio.h>

Lab 09: Decision Control Statements

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

int main() { int a,b ; cout<<“Enter first number\n”; cin>>a; cout<<“Enter second number\n”; cin>>b; if ( a >=b ) // this condition can also be written as if(a>b || a==b) Cout<
Now trying example of Nested if statement #include<stdio.h rel="nofollow"> int main() { int number ; cout<<“Enter an integer\n”; cin>>number; if ( number <100 ) { Cout<<“Yes the number is less than 100”<<endl; if ( number <50) {

Lab 09: Decision Control Statements

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg Cout<<“ and number is also less than 50”<<endl; } else { Cout<<“ but the number is not less than 50”<<endl; } } else cout<<“No the number is not less than 100”<<endl;

}

Try this example for if-else-if statement Write a program which takes marks as input and shows the out put as follows: Marks Greater than or equal to 75 Greater than or equal to 60 Greater than or equal to 45 Less than 45

Output Passed: Grade A Passed: Grade B Passed: Grade C Failed

#include int main() { int marks; cout<<“Enter an marks\n”; cin<<marks<<endl; if (marks >= 75) cout<<"Passed: Grade A\n"; else if (marks >= 60) cout<<"Passed: Grade B\n"; else if (marks >= 45) cout<<"Passed: Grade C\n"<<endl; else cout<<"Failed"<<endl;

Lab 09: Decision Control Statements

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg return 0; }

Try the below problem and show the result. Write a program which takes marks as input and then shows output as follows: Marks Output 87 – 100 80 - 87 72 – 80 67 – 72 60 - 67 below 60

Grade A Grade B+ Grade B Grade C+ Grade C Failed

Take Home: 1. Write a program, which takes age as input from user and prints appropriate message depending upon the following conditions:     

If age less then 6 then prints, “What a nice child!” If age is between 6 and 9 then prints, “That’s a good age!” If age is between 9 and less than 20 then prints, “Ah! In the prime of life” If age between 20 and less than 30 then prints, “Watch out, the younger ones are gaining on you.” More than 30 then it prints, “Well, have fun, and don’t look back.”

2. Write a program which takes 3 numbers as input e.g. a = 30, b = 54 and c = 6 and print output as follows: Sample output: Min number entered is 6 Max number entered is 54 (These are the values of variables which are taken from keyboard). 3. Write a C program that take a number N as input and display on the screen whether N is odd or even. (Hint: if N is divided by 2 and its remainder is 0 then it is even, use % as remainder operator) Sample output: Enter a number: 8 8 is even OR Lab 09: Decision Control Statements

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Enter a number: 9 9 is Odd

Lab 09: Decision Control Statements

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

LAB NO. 10 for loop, while loop Objectives of this lab:  To understand the basics of for loop  Concept of while loop Starting from a very simple and basic example: Example 1: The following code will print hello ten times #include int main() { int count; for (count =1; count <=10; count=count+1) cout<<"Hello\n"; return 0; }

Try the example below and shows the output. Example 2: Calculate simple table of 2 using a for loop #include int main() { int count; for (count =1; count <=10; count=count+1)

Lab 10: for loop, while loop

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg { Count=2*count; cout<
Following examples shows some variations of the for loop int main() { for(int i=0, j=10 ; i<10 ;

i++, j-- )

{ Cout<<"\n”<<<j; } return 0; }

Expression 1 could be written before the body of for loop.

Example 3: int i = 0; for( ; i < 10; i++) cout<<“\n”<< i;

Lab 10: for loop, while loop

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Expression 3 could be written in the body of the for loop. Example 4: int i = 0; for( ; i < 10; ){ cout<<“\n”<
We can also omit expression 2 so this will be an infinite loop. Example 6: int i = 0; for( ; ; ){ cout<<“\n”<< i; i++; }

This code will run indefinite times starting from 0. We can use logical operators in expression 2.

Example 7: #include int main(){ int i=0,j=10; for(;i<10 && j >4;){ cout<<"\n"<<<j; i++;

Lab 10: for loop, while loop

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg j--; } return 0; }

The while loop: Try example below and shows the output: Example 1: Print Numbers from 1 to 10 using a while loop #include int main() { int counter = 1; while (counter <= 10)

// condition

{ cout<<“Counter now reads \n”<
// Same as counter=counter + 1 (increment)

} return 0; }

Our 2nd example is based on a while-loop that keeps on running until a certain condition is reached (a certain value is entered by the user). Example 2: Printing the numbers you entered using a while loop

Lab 10: for loop, while loop

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg #include int main() { int flag;

//flag is just an integer variable

cout<<“Enter any number: ( -1 to quit) \n”; cin>>flag; cout<<“Entering the while loop now...\n”; while(flag != -1) { cout<<“Enter any number: ( -1 to quit)\n ”; cin>>flag; cout<<“You entered \n”<
Take Home 1. Write a program to generate a list of first 100 odd numbers using while, do while and for loops.

Lab 10: for loop, while loop

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

2. Write a function which takes as input a number, total multiplicands and user option to get even or odd multiplicands and print table of that number. Example: Input: Number=3, Total Multiples 15, Multiples types: Even Output: 3

*

2 = 6

3

*

4 = 12

3

*

6 = 18

3

*

8 = 24

………………………. ………………………. 3

*

14 = 42

3. Write a program to find the sum of digits of the number entered by the user also print it in reverse order.For example, user enters 1234, the sum should be 10 and the program should print 4321. (HINT: use modulus operator)

4. Write a program to ask the user his/her CGPA and print his/her grade accordingly. If grade is C or better give good remarks otherwise leave an advice. (User is a FAST graduate)

5. Write a program which has the following output screen. (use loops to control output of the program)

Lab 10: for loop, while loop

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

6. Write a program to provide following functionality of a calculator using switch case statement.  Addition of two integers  Subtraction of two integers  Multiplication of two integers  Division of two integers  Addition of two Floating Point Numbers  Subtraction of two Floating Point Numbers  Multiplication of two Floating Point Numbers  Division of two Floating Point Numbers  Sine  Cosine  Tangent  Square root  Square  Cube User should be able to select his desired operation from the Menu given to him. The program should only terminate when user selects exit operation from the MENU. For sine, cosine, Tangent and Square root you can use functions available in math.h library.

7. Write a program that takes as input any number of seconds (as int) and then converts it in hours, minutes and seconds. For example, if you enter 7802 the program should print: 2 hrs 10 mins 2 secs

Lab 10: for loop, while loop

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

(Hint: Use integer division and modulus operators) 8. The power series representation of sin(x) and cos(x) is

This is an easy way to evaluate sin(x) or cos(x), by increasing the number of terms the accuracy of the result is increased. Requirements You are required to implement a program which takes as input: • The value of x (can be either in radians or degrees, if it is in degrees it should be converted to radians first) • The value to calculate sin(x) / cos(x) / or both • The number of terms to evaluate In the end the program should produce the following output: • The value calculated by your program • The “actual” value using the library functions sin and cos found in the header file <math.h> (use the Deitel book as reference to see how this can be accomplished) • The error in your value as compared to the actual value (calculated value – original value) The formula for conversion from degrees to radians is given below: X= (Angle in Degress) * π 180 Note that π (pi) is a constant value and should be taken as: 3.1415926535897932384626433832795

Lab 10: for loop, while loop

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg

LAB NO. 11 Do-While loop Objectives of this Lab:  To understand the usage of Do-While loop Starting from the very basic program #include <stdio.h> #include #include int main( ) { int x = 0; // Create a local variable 'x' do { x=x+1; // Increment the variable 'x' by 1 } while (x < 3); return 0; }

A more advanced example Following loop reads marks until a valid mark is entered:

#include <stdio.h> #include #include

Lab: 11: Do-While loop

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg int main( ) { do { cout << "Please enter a mark: "; cin >> mark; if (mark < 0 || mark > 100) cout << "Invalid mark. Try again. " << endl << endl; }while (mark < 0 || mark > 100); Return 0; }

The following C++ code shows a count-controlled Do-while statement:

sum = 0; counter = 0; do { cout << "Please enter a mark: "; cin >> mark; sum = sum + mark; counter++; } while (counter < 10); cout << "The average of the marks entered is " << sum/counter << endl;

Above code is incomplete, write complete code in the editor and show the output.

Lab: 11: Do-While loop

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg

LAB NO. 12 Continue, Switch and Break Statements  Switch statement  Break Statement  Continue statement Switch Statement: Just look at the following example and examine the output: #include int main() { int a; cout<<"Pick a number from 1 to 4:\n"; cin>>a; switch (a) { case 1: cout<<"You chose number 1\n"; case 2: cout<<"You chose number 2\n"; case 3: cout<<"You chose number 3\n"; case 4: cout<<"You chose number 4\n”;

Lab 12: Continue, Switch and Break Statements

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg default: cout<<"That's not 1,2,3 or 4!\n"; } return 0; }

The Break Statement: Try the following example and think on the output #include int main() { int a; cout<<"Pick a number from 1 to 4:\n"; cin>>a; switch (a) { case 1: cout<<"You chose number 1\n"; break; case 2: cout<<"You chose number 2\n"; break; case 3: cout<<"You chose number 3\n"; break; case 4: cout<<"You chose number 4\n";

Lab: 12: Continue, Switch and Break Statements

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg break; default: cout<<"That's not 1,2,3 or 4!\n"; } return 0; }

Continue Statement: This does the opposite of break. Try the example below and compare it with the one above. int for(index=1;index<=10;index++) { if(index==4||index==5) continue; cout<
Lab: 12: Continue, Switch and Break Statements

index=0;

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg

LAB No. 13 Functions Objectives of this lab:  To understand the Concept of functions Let’s do an example which calls a function which prints ten asterisks (*) in line. (**********) #include void asteriks();

// prototype declaration

void main(){ asteriks();

// Function calling

} void asteriks(){

// Function definition

int i=0; for(;i<10;i++) cout<<"*"; }

Lets go one step ahead, function asterisks (int a) with a single argument. #include void asteriks(int n);

// prototype declaration

void main(){ asteriks(7);

// Function calling

} void asteriks(int num){

Lab 13: Functions

// Function definition

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg int i=0; for(;i
Now an example of a function with two parameters Here is an example of a function which calculates the sum of two numbers passed as arguments to the function and returns the sum to the calling function. int add(int no1,int no2 ){ int sum = no1+no2; return sum; }

Let’s do another example of making a program using functions which will tell us whether the input number is even or odd. #include int is_even(int n);

// (Prototype declaration)

void main() { int number, test; cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd"; cin>>number; test = is_even(number);

// (Function calling)

if(test==0) cout<<"\nThe number is odd"; else cout<<"\nThe number is even"; }

Lab 13: Functions

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg

int is_even(int n){

//Function definition

int remainder; remainder= n%2; if(remainder==1) return 0; else return 1; }

One more way to write the same example is #include int is_even(int n){

//Function definition

int remainder; remainder= n%2; if(remainder==1) return 0; else return 1; } void main() { int number, test; cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd\n"; cin>>number;

Lab 13: Functions

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg test = is_even(number);

//(Function calling)

if(test==0) cout<<"\nThe number is odd"; else cout<<"\nThe number is even"; }

Another way to write the same program #include int is_even(int n);

// (Prototype declaration)

void main() { int number; cout<<"Enter a number to test even or odd\n"; cin>>number; if(is_even(number))

//Function call within if condition

cout<<"\nThe number is even"; else cout<<"\nThe number is odd"; }

int is_even(int n){ int remainder; remainder= n%2; if(remainder==1)

Lab 13: Functions

//Function definition

CSC 101 Intro To CS& Progg return 0; else return 1; }

Compile and run this program. #include float avg(float no1, float no2, float no3); //(Prototype declaration) void main() { float n1,n2,n3,result; cout<<"Enter three number to find avg"); cin>>n1>>n2>>n3; result=avg(n1,n2,n3);

// (Function calling)

cout<<"\nThe average is \n”<
float avg(float a, float b, float c){ cout<<"\nEntering the function\n"; float average= (a+b+c)/3; return average; }

Lab 13: Functions

CSC 101 Intro To CS & Progg

LAB 14 Functions (Call By Reference and By Value) Objectives of this lab:  Passing value to a function by reference  Passing value to a function by value

Call by Value: Example 1: void func( int ); int main( ) { int i = 8; func( i ); cout<<“ the value of i is ”<< i; return 0; } void func( int i) { i = i + 10; }

Example 2: void interchange(int,int); int

Lab 14: Functions (Call by Reference and by Value)

CSC 101 Intro To CS & Progg main() { int x=50, y=70; interchange(x,y); cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<
return 0; } void interchange(int,int) { int z1=x1; x1=y1; y1=z1; cout<<“x1 }

z1;

is

=

Call by Reference: Example 3: #include void interchange(int&,int&); int main() { int x=50, y=70; cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<
interchange(x,y); cout<<“ x= ”<<x<<” y= ”<
Lab 14: Functions (Call by Reference and by Value)

“<<x1<<”y1

is

“<
CSC 101 Intro To CS & Progg return 0; } void interchange(int &x1,int &y1)

{ int z1; z1=x1; x1=y1; y1=z1; //cout<<" *x= ”<< *x1<<” *y= "<<*y1; }

Here the function is called by reference. In other words address is passed by using symbol “&” and the value is accessed by using symbol “*”. The main difference between them can be seen by analyzing the output of program1 and program2.

Lab 14: Functions (Call by Reference and by Value)

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

LAB NO. 15 Arrays Objectives of this lab:  Declaration of Array  Initialization of Array  Accessing elements of Array  Printing arrays  Copying arrays  Scanning array elements using cin  Dealing with characters using arrays Let's start by looking at the following code where a single variable is used to store a person's age. Code #include <stdio.h> int main() { int age; age=23; cout<<endl<< age; return 0; }

1) Declaration of Array Lab 15: Arrays

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg

Here's is the code snippet to create an array and one way to initialize an array: #include int main() { int age[4]; //declaration of Array age[0]=23;//initialization of Array elements age[1]=34; age[2]=65; age[3]=74; return 0; }

2) Initialization of Array It is like a variable, an array can be initialized. To initialize an array, we provide initializing values which are enclosed within curly braces in the declaration and placed following an equals sign after the array name. Here is an example of initializing an integer array. int age[4]={23,34,65,74};

3) Printing arrays #include int main() { int age[4]; age[0]=23; age[1]=34; age[2]=65; age[3]=74;

Lab 15: Arrays

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg cout<< age<<endl; return 0; }

How about printing out each of the values separately? Try this: #include int main() { int age[4]; age[0]=23; age[1]=34; age[2]=65; age[3]=74; cout<
Lines (10) through line (13) produce the output we are expecting. Thus there is no single statement in the language that says "print an entire array to the screen". Each element in the array must be printed to the screen individually.

4) Copying arrays Suppose that after filling our 4 element array with values, we need to copy that array to another array of 4 int ? Try this:

Lab 15: Arrays

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg #include int main() { int age[4]; int same_age[4]; int i=0; age[0]=23; age[1]=34; age[2]=65; age[3]=74; for (;i<4;i++) same_age[i]=age[i]; for (i=0;i<4;i++) cout<<same_age[i]<<endl; return 0; }

5) Scanning array elements using cin int a[5]; cin>>a[0]; // this will scan the value for the very first location of the array. cout<
You can also scan the entire elements of the array using a loop.

6) Dealing with characters using arrays You can also store characters and other type data (float etc.) in the arrays. Just declare it as we’ve done in the case with int. There is no difference in dealing with characters except you’ve to enclose the value in a single quote.

Lab 15: Arrays

CSC101 Intro To CS & Progg Char ar[3]; ar[0]=’a’ ; ar[1]=’b’ …..

Lab 15: Arrays