Lab Report Electronic.docx

LABORATORY REPORT ELECTRONICS (PHY340) GROUP MEMBERS: MEMBERS NAME

STUDENT ID

NUR AZIRA SYAHIRAH BINTI AZIZAN

2016573601

NURUL NURJANNAH BINTI ZAINI KAMAL

2016351007

NUR SYUHADA BINTI AHMAD TERMIZI

2016726471

NUR AZRA BINTI AZAHARI

2016904685

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 14 DECEMBER 2018 LECTURER’S NAME: SIR RAFAEL JULIUS

EXPERIMENT 1: Basic Logic Gates Objective: To study the outputs of each logic gates. Introduction: A large number of electronic circuits in computers, control units and so on are made up of logic gates. The objective for conducting these experiments, is to see how the operation of Logic Gates work. Furthermore, in order to see how these different logic gates work, they will be used in separate circuits and have their own truth tables, so that it is easier to tell how they differ from each other, and how they would work. Logic gates have one or more inputs with one output. They respond to various input combinations. A truth table shows this relationship between circuit’s input combinations and its output. Materials Required: 

Hex Inverter

IC (7404) -1



Quad 2 Inputs AND gate

IC (7408) -1



Quad 2 Inputs OR gate

IC (7432) -1



Digital logic trainer

-1

Part A: AND gate

Procedure: 1. The AND gate circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1-1. (Note: Connect pin 7 and pin 14 of IC 7408 to GND and +5V respectively). 2. The power supply was turned ON. 3. Both input switches was set to the ‘0’ level and the LED output was observed. 4. The output for the various inputs combinations was recorded as shown in Table 1. (When the LED is lit, X=1 and when LED is out, X=0). 5. The power supply was turned off.

Table 1: INPUTS A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS X=A.B 0 (Low) 0 (Low) 0 (Low) 1 (High)

Results:

Inputs: A=0, B=0, Output: X=0

Inputs: A=0, B=1, Output: X=0

Inputs: A=1, B=0, Output: X=0

Inputs: A=1, B=1, Output: X=1

Part B: OR gate

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4.

The OR gate circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1-2. The power supply was turned ON. Table 2 was completed. The power supply was turned OFF.

Table 2: INPUTS A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS X=A+B 0 (Low) 1 (High) 1 (High) 1(High)

Results:

Inputs: A=0, B=0, Output: X=0

Inputs: A=0, B=1, Output: X=1

Inputs: A=1, B=0, Output: X=1

Inputs: A=1, B=1, Output: X=1

Part C: NOT Gate or Inverter

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4.

The inverter circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1-3. The power supply was turned ON. Table 3 was completed. The power supply was turned OFF.

Table 3: INPUTS A 0 1

OUTPUTS X=A 1 (High) 0 (Low)

Results:

Input: A=0, Output: X=1

Input: A=1, Output: B=0

Part D: Gate Conversion

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1-4. The power supply was turned ON. Table 4 was completed. The power supply was turned OFF. The circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1-5. The power supply was turned ON. Table 5 was completed. The power supply was turned OFF.

Table 4:

INPUTS A 0 0 1 1

Table 5:

B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS X 0 (Low) 1 (High) 1 (High) 1 (High)

INPUTS A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS X 0 (Low) 0 (Low) 0 (Low) 1 (High)

Results: Fig.1-4:

Fig.1-5

Questions: 1. The output of AND gate will be high if A and B of its inputs is/are high. 2. The output of an OR gate will be low if A and B of its inputs is/are high. 3. The logic equation for a 3-inputs AND gate shown is Y= A.B.C

4. The logic equation for a 4-inputs OR gate shown is Y= A+B+C+D

5. The output of the logic circuit shown below is Y= A

6. The NAND gate is formed by inverting the inputs and outputs of an AND gate. 7. The NOR gate is formed by inverting the inputs and output of an OR gate. 8. The power supply voltage for TTL ICs is typically 5 volts. 9. Show the output waveform of the OR gate shown below.

10. Show the output waveform of the AND gate shown below.

Discussion: The logic gate is representing for all digital circuits and expressed by Boolean constant which are allowed to have only two possible value, 0 to 1. Boolean expression is for expressing the relationship between a logic circuit’s inputs and outputs. There are three basic operations in Boolean Algebra; AND, OR and NOT gates. AND and OR gates probably more than have at least two inputs while NOT gate has only one input only and they are produce one input only. Based off the “truth tables” shown in the observations, each truth table shows the output for each gate in the circuit. As for the operation of AND gate, the output is high if both inputs A and B are high. The Boolean expression for AND gate is X = A.B. As for the operation for OR gate, the output will be high when input A or B is high or both are high. The Boolean expression for OR gate is X = A+B. Meanwhile for the NOT gate, also known as an inverter. The operation of NOT gate is that if a high level (1) input, it will produce a low level (0) output or vice versa. The Boolean expression for NOT gate is X = A̅. The truth table was constructed for each logic gates to analyse and verify the outputs for the circuit. Every gate has different truth table, which shows that each basic gate works different from each other. The truth tables above indicate that the expected results. All the results that obtained is same as in truth table. Conclusion: In conclusion, the logic gate work on the basis of Boolean Algebra and determined by truth table. Also using only some basic logic gates we can construct AND, OR and NOT gates using its combination in a particular way. Each gate works in different way.

EXPERIMENT 2: NAND & NOR GATES Objective: To analyse the output of NAND and NOR gates with truth table. Introduction: In this experiment, the understanding of logic gates we used to perform basic logical hardware functions. Logic gates are the basic building blocks for digital electronic circuits thus performing logical operations on one or more logical inputs to produce a single logical input. A truth table shows this relationship between circuit’s input combinations and its output. NAND and NOR gates were considered as universal gates. Combinations of NAND and NOR gates will create a logic functions represent a basic logic gates (AND, OR and NOT gates). Apparatus: 

Hex Inverter

IC(7404) - 1



Quad 2 Inputs NAND gate

IC(7400) -1



Quad 2 Inputs NOR gate

IC(7402) - 1



Digital logic trainer

-1

Part A: NAND Gate

Procedure: 1. The inputs NAND gate circuit was connected as shown in Fig.2-1. 2. The power supply was turned ON. 3. The input switches was set to each of the 4 possible states and record the outputs in Table 1. 4. The power supply was turned OFF.

Table 1: INPUTS A 0 0 1 1

Results:

B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS 1 1 1 0

Part B: NOR Gate Procedure:

1. 2. 3. 4.

The two inputs NOR gate circuit was connected as shown in Fig. 2-2. The power supply was turned ON. Table 2 was completed. The power supply was turned OFF.

Table 2 INPUTS A 0 0 1 1 Results:

B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS 1 0 0 0

Part C: Gate Conversion

Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The circuit was connected as shown in Fig. 2-3. The power supply was turned ON. Table 3 was completed. The power supply was turned OFF. The circuit was connected as shown in Fig. 2-4. The power supply was turned ON. Table 4 was completed. The power supply was turned OFF.

Table 3

Table 4 INPUTS

A 0 0 1 1 Results: Fig.2-3:

B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS X 0 0 0 1

INPUTS A 0 0 1 1

B 0 1 0 1

OUTPUTS X 0 1 1 1

Fig.2-4:

Questions: 1. Which logic gate can be used to replace the circuit as shown in Fig. 2-3 & Fig 2-4.  For Figure 2-3, it can be replaced with the AND gate and Hex inverter.  For Figure 2-4, it can be replaced with the NOR gate and Hex inverter.

2. The OR gate can be obtained by inverting the inputs of a NOR gate.

3. Inverting the output of a NOR gate will produce a/an OR gate.

4. With logic diagram and equation, show how 1 2-inputs NAND gate can be used as an inverter. A y = ̅̅̅̅̅̅ 𝐴 .𝐴

5. The output of the logic gate as shown below is 0100100.

6. Construct a 2- input NOR gate by using only 2- inputs NAND gate.

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ y=𝐴 +𝐵

7. Draw the electrical equivalent circuits of the 2- inputs NAND and 2- inputs NOR gates using only switches and lamps.

A

B

A

B

NAND GATE

NOR GATE

Discussion: NAND and NOR gates are two important gates because they are considered universal gates. The NAND gate and the NOR gate are said to be universal gates because combinations of these gates can be used to accomplish any of the basic operations of other gates. In this experiment, the NAND and NOR gates were used to determined the operation of these logic gates. NAND gate is an inverted AND gate while NAND gate is an inverted of OR gate. The output for NAND gate is high if one or the other input is high, but not both. The output for NOR gate is low when input A or B is high or both are high. A truth table defined how they will react to all possible input combinations. The equivalent circuit of NAND and NOR gates also were performed to prove they are universal gates. The result that obtained matched with truth table that been completed. Conclusion: In conclusion, a NAND gate is an inverted AND gate, and a NOR gate is an inverted OR gate. The output of a two input NOR gate is low, when either one or both inputs are “High”. In Comparison, The output of a two input NAND gate is high, when either one or both inputs are “LOW”.

EXPERIMENT 3: BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

EXPERIMENT 4: Decoding counters and digital display Objectives 1. To test a seven-segment LED display 2. To connect and operate a decoder with a seven-segment LED display. Materials Required 1. Digital Logic Trainer 2. Solid-state devices: IC 7447 and common-anode seven-segment display Procedure

Figure 4.1 A. Pin layout of IC 7447

Figure 4.2 B. Pin connection of IC 7447

Figure 4.1 C.KYX-516BS Common-Anode 7-Segment LED Display Pin Layout 1. 2. 3. 4.

The circuit was connected as shown in Figure 4.1 B & C. The power supply was turned on. Table one was completed. The power supply was turned off.

Results INPUT

OUTPUT

SW1

SW2

SW3

SW4

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

Binary

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Binary ‘0’

Binary ‘1’

Binary ‘2’

Binary ‘3’

Binary ‘4’

Binary ‘5’

Binary ‘6’

Binary ‘7’

Binary ‘8’

Binary ‘9’

Binary ‘10’

Binary ‘11’

Binary ‘12’

Binary ‘13’

Binary ‘14’

Binary ‘15’

Discussion In the experiment, all the 16 digit were shown in the seven-segment display. To obtain the result a truth table was constructed to get the input and output of the sevensegment display. IC 7447 was used in the experiment. We should be careful while conducting this experiment as any mistakes in wiring this circuit will lead to short circuit. Make sure do not connect any pin of the common anode display directly to ground as it may cause short circuit. Conclusion Based on the experiment, the seven-segment LED display was tested based on the truth table conducted. As the IC 7447 was connected to the seven-segment LED display, the output value show the same value as the theoretical value. The objectives of this experiment is achieved.

EXPERIMENT 5: CLOCKED-R-FLIP-FLOP AND TYPE OF FLIP FLOP

References 1. A.Saha, N.Manna, Digital Principles & Logic Design (2007), David F.Pallai, Infinity Science Press LLC.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

https://www.pdfcoke.com/doc/307528448/Lab-Report-On-Basics-Logic-Gate https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/logic/logic_2.html https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/boolean/bool_7.html https://www.academia.edu/27945254/Lab_Report_2_Digital_Logic_Gates http://www.academia.edu/12632060/Seven_Segment_Display_Decoder http://cecas.clemson.edu/~breid/ECE201Lab/ECE201Lab2(EncodingDecoding).html 8. http://electrofriends.com/articles/electronics/microcontroller-electronicsarticles/8051-8951/interfacing-7-segment-display-using-7447-decoder/