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mB Vl_ WD uA>D V
u[ J BVF m. o[ J V gm. l[ J \VF \m. kV][ J kVs_V km. \][ J \wBVF zm. Ws[ J >[ z\l_ \^ B Emm. ]l[ J uVF zAzAm. k][ J kz VF, Am. \m J, \D [ >[ sm V^m. "\D [m Eil[ g>V DD' [V >V. \D Ez >^ V|z, Ez mk Ez^, \E_ >V[ >D; \E_ >V[ m. \ >V[ cs[; \ >V[ k[. xD [ V sDAD \; kxD > V xBV\_ >smD > \. s \]u W ] VzD \D; VF c]zD VD \m. B\VF> >lzD wD ]om. cm s| >_, Bu V V>mD, clzD >_ M >D >VV \VkmD, \EB kmD, ]|\ ^>V_
wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
VFkmD, \wB ~D VaBD, \BVF V]m kD, tB V[ >[^, >D A>m D Fm s|kmD, V]BVF ]m, |\o_ k|km\VF sV>[ kBV, \E[ {BV> >VD Wm Vlm kV \M>z^D. B VD, > VD, VD, VD, \V>VD V^ VD _VD \E[ kB|kB. E>mD, wVmD, zV|um\ VF, mB^, kA^, c>V^, c_^,k\V^,kD^ WDB \E[ V]>B DVV \M>^ \m ]V^. \D V^D gkD, \D V^D A, \D V^D , \D V^D W>D, \D V^D BD kB D\ [V > cuz BVD V|m.
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\D Vu [ V_o _m, V_ >V \VmD zo[ gkD [, s_ k>\ D kmE [ >m Vm, mD V\BVD. gV_ c[ \Va A>k^ VD. [ >]_ B V]_ zzD u VF D\V_ >VD V^ xD. Vl|_ zD k [ ]]uVF k V^ BKD. klo_ mk >V [ kVKz kV V^xD. kk \ kkV gVBD. > gVBD V][ >VkV V_, >VkV ks_, >M\l_ |z^ tm VFs|m. u \M>D, >m gVB> >M\l_ V|>kVk V[. >M\B ]V\_,kD, > xVuz^D >[ m V^ BVm. >M\l[ a >D c> |l_ \m KD, D k\BV_ WDAm. c_ kVF cw >Vzm. >M\ M\BVm QVMBz. Mm Mm V>D Mm [V kD. >M\ VD VF\u x]Bkz. >M\ mkm zw>z. >M\ V>\Vm Vz. >M\ V|\BVm [ \kz...
"[A _V> k / >M\BV / \V / _V\_ >V[ >m \m' \zV sQ. V \\. [A WDlzD \E_ >V >sAD, >AD | |m. A>M\BV, >M\BV, >M\ [ mB tzD \EuV_ kV_VD a|m [ VVD.
" V_ > |m k[ / kV x om ]D kD VmD / V xBV> kV_ / V>Vkm VD zm V^ / BV lB zD / > ], > [ / V[ BV> / ^ >' [ sQ xz VVM[ s>, k Wt>\VF u>, m k]zD >M\ \E[ >s V_m.
" # k> o >VaV / ]_ \m c[B Vm V>k[ / c[ B V> V>[ / > suk[ / c V|>k[ / zD ]_ ]\VF c[ kku V]>k[ / _V\V >[ V[ / kaB k xBV> c[ B]_' [ c|]lzD cl, kVs[ Kz^m, B\Vk kaB k xBV> >, wV g>D EB kV_, s>BVF kV]V ] VVEB sQ wWV].
"gu xBV> >M\ | >m / W[ _ / BV\u >M\B \V>VV_ D|mm \ / >V [ zD kVk / cku [A gum kVm / w >szDVm / V_ kVF g>_ s>B ] _m \w / kaBzD Vk s>m s| / >V ksuV V]VD VD / [D sV]zD >M\D' >MB kVD { x]B \E[ >M\ mB, D x[ sm, EB kV sQ Fko V]z\ V.
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
\>V >skV >^ VkV BV / s[ kD\l_ VDVVl xD / V >Vs_ / s[ >M\l_ / V>_ QV][ kVV_ / E>l_ / [ [[ Wsu V^ / VD >>MD / D ^ ]> uA> >>' ]zD V>o_ Ws[ D WDzD Wt VV sQ >t].
"] V]_ kk>VF >V_ / _>E^ ~B {|km V / A[ V]D / EBD V]\VF V V> V[ { s|k[ / g|V x V x>V_ / \V> >V / ^ [[ [ m sV> / >M>M _ V| k[ / zD czD > kV / Vm x\ c]BV >>V_ / > c>m / xu V> |m V^k[ / gV_ V>V \lK^ / >[ E c]BVF >BV>>V_ / >m V| / kVV> / s\V >BVF / [ m |m' ]zD \E[ x, kV V_km sQ. to. [[. cz [ k E sVDw][ \_ { E>V\_, >^zD m >D cE sBm. cz c sVDwD
wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
V[ m[D \E[ cl cs|, kVF D\ ck Fms|m. TD Vuuz V Vk ^ c]m. W[ B|A Ww >s ]l[ >M\ V_ BV koBV_ mmm. ul_ Ak. >M\V BuB V_ m. Vo_ kD { cBB ck\BV_ Ak[ BD mkVm [m E\V F].
D k kl[ [ ~| am c_ m [ cD s_ V kE k>[ kVkV VB V V]> >M\[ V[! wz o[ xm, \u_ ^ , \> cD \[\BB, \ V AV D Vm V u|km V t[M _V KD, >[ >VaVB \wB Vam s|, MB xwxB \D >[AD [ msm. mV [ D, k zt]uVFsm. gV_ [ cDV >MBV m. cbk>B >VaV Vm. k>M[ B|V_ am _ kV> z\^ kD, Bm V[, B V _, >M\[ k[ TV V]m V [ cDA m. D s_ [. s V[ cDuz
"x[ Vmt_V> l_ m|D V / c^ sBkz^ ] / [ [ / V>mD / i\V >m / [ Fkm / zDk / k]> >s' [V sQ. _BV... >M\BV_ mk \E[ [ Fkm. >M\ szD k V| V] kBm>V[. B B ]D kB, W W ]D ]^k, B s s|>_ , \M>z V]B\Vm >VV..? >\V ]A kaBV, > EB Fm, g>_ > swm km \. E V_, E \>V_, E A>V_, E ^ kV_,EBV_,E_V^ kV_, E MB >Vw\[
V_, >m >M\l[ ~> c> VV^. t EV, c^>m V|, ]_ \]zD, >M\l[ zA s>VF tV^. s>z^ D V| V \E_ sDtD >M\ s>^ k[ AV s|m. >\m cB_VD E>V\_, E>V\_ B >km \VMBz kVFk kVFVm. k\lKD x\ W]zD ]B> km V V]BD. m^ >]zD >M>[\BV kD m. BxD AV \D. D s>BV \VD. VD >D [ zm zD Vm > \, \z k\Vm _ V[ kmD A x[km >V[. [D mBVl_, k^ WAkm s> u[ _ B. c_ kl_V> \M>^ | . k msV. \uVk [D k _ [V QVM. >[>V Vm V|, >M\ Ez^, VD | sV_, kV >]zD B V^, uV\Vs| m]D m s|D. >D >V, VD Wtk]_ m kV kz\]BVkmD, V\ VkmD.
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[m[t_. kl_BVl[ kVD _. mV cDVlu >s >\V z|V^. VKD, m>VKD, kk\ m s_ cw_k[ cD. V]B ku \VF kD\[ cm >M\l[ \^. mB>VB ADA>_^ Vs_, \][ zz^ VF > V^m. ]zD c[ zt^ cm . [ { \kD >V|m. \z kz \BV k * D\ akVD, \ VV^ [m >M\ c]uV sE]D.
wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
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k. c. E>DV 05. 09. 1872 - 18. 11. 1936 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
>> >k.. >BV> k
|V VV kBV| c| \VVF > E>DVz kz V|m. k^ >B> V__ wu xBV> B sz. ||]B \Ml_ ] . T] \V_ s|> V^ zzD >Vo . \lw> >BV \V. \VVF >V. \ VmD klo_ _ c>V. V^ \BD s>V.
>BD k> z c_D z[B F] BmD, k > VF D sV>V #mz \VEV\ ^. "">D, E, l[ V|\B s]VBV..?'' [ V . ""_..!'' [ V[ ^lD, ""V[ V_[ ^..!'' [ sVV. ""> V]_ D V\][ kaB ]Vl_ cVsB Vm Tom D[ z_ m. >Vm k> Vl_ "E_ [ >...' [ kV> c> k^ kVB BVV V] s. "sk t > kV>[ >VE [kV zD..?' sk]BV D R Bs_. \> BV> D D ]_ sV>V. \l_ k w> ^ ]Vl_ km kwD D, D k^ k>kVFJWmkm]ozD kB>V [ \ D Dz >sm. > >Vm V W>m [kVlzD [> m V^ DM[ s\m m>m. |> V^ ]VB [ > T[ ]l_ V]>V. kwDV_ D[
10 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
z_ VBV km Du. kB>V kk>uz >V\>\ V>V_ DV_ Vo[ |> kBD x>m."E_[>EE VM.. W_[ V_o W] km V..!' [ J>VVD > . k Vk D VKD czm >BD [ Vz V^ km. k[ mB [>V[ y\V..?'' [ s| >B M[ V|u | >VD >VVD \VEV\^. >V[ zD >kVlKD, >m VD, V| \\ W]> > k BVt_. k>V[ k. c. E>DD ^. > _ \][ cl k, V> [z >]D >uz ]V g|z x[ 1936gD g| kD18 gD >] ^s_ Em msm>V[ k>! ]B ]V[ >]mV V|>k_z>z>k k. c. E. k]BV z|D]_ > > \V[, k]B mm, \s zw> m, E [ m, _Km z] E]B> \^ \>VKD, V> [ \ \VV^! E>DV 1936gD g| k
kV]>V [VKD, k F] EB_ AE V]]B Kz ] VB V> _VxD 1906_ >V 1908z^ xm sm. 1908_ Ek 1920_ s|>BVV. >VaV B_ z V^VV. >uz^ V]B V>D >Vsm. k.c.E.z V]B]_ Dl_. k DA \M> V \V[B ][ V^_ A Vk. 1920gD g| VEom s VV. >[z ] g|^ EB_ B_ E>DV ~|V]>V. "1920z z EBo_ ~| kzD k. c. E.l[ TAEB, VB stB B m V^ kal_. k>V[ k. c. E.B \^ \>>uV V^..!' [V \. V. E.
"k_V[ E>DV Elu k>\_VD sm_ kVF sV _V \>kD V _ kB kV[D!' [ z V|V V\_ sQ k. V\oD.
k. c. E. _D, VD
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wB kVwBV TVB VD\[, \Vs V] V[ T u|> >[V V[ V]_ 1872gD g|, cV> ^zD, \ Vl D\BVzD D n>VD >] z\V >V[V k. c. E. gD V]_ ]^D>V[. [ \VaB T\V^ VsBV [ gEBD ]l_ u >> E>Dmz g \VaB u sDV >>. >uVk V]_ >\m V> sB ^ [ |sm, "D k> V>^' [ [ k gEBVD WBt>V cV> ^. E>DD kV > ^ ^D gD u B[ |k>Vlu. z, #mz [ cB W^lKD, V_|k_ _l_ \z[ >sKD kuB>V E>DD. E^ cB > zDAD E>D]xD >m. >Vkm kDA Fm >>lD |km E>D][ kV. x cV> ^ B Am s, \VBm V| ms V VF uBm, >km *|D >>B > DkxD >m. VD c^ ">VKV' Kk]_ z\V>VkV > E>D]uz, > k s_. VV, BV, V V >VD kwQV g| >[ gB >>lD >s>V. c k ]Ez B cV>^, ] nB, FB [ | WAD k>V. 1895gD g| E>DD Zl_ > kwQ gV. E>DV[ _]uz "k_ nBV T|' [ B kwVlu. Es_, t_ [ mKD >Va_ A>VKD, t_ kwz_ >V[ E>DV Em sV. k\V> >V V\_ D, kVF\, D _ kuB zVVF V>V. Vs^ *m VF kwz V| ]\[mz wm kD VoV V E>DD ^z VD kms|D. D\V] kwz_ VoV _ u >m ^s
wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
11
V_ m>|m kw cm s|kV. >V_ Vxu VV V kw_ E>DD ^BD zukV g. >\m kw_, ^ M gV V>[ D E. gV_ >m VmB>V_ > kwKD VV[ VF x> a>>V E>DD ^. E>DV[ ] J[ kB]_ ]# \BD ^ k[ A>_s k^BD\ [ \ _V^ \sBV km kVF>V. | kz > V\BV >E [k E>DD ^, >m T_ km VVuV. k Vklw>k [VKD V_ |m m V_KD g\ QVM. > cV> V a>VmD, c\ c> k^BD\ kz >D VB x#|kV. >VB k^BD\lD ^ clVF >V. >[ \s >taKD A\ kVF]>]_ ^ \ V> kl_ 1901gD g_ k^BD\ V \D >V.
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k^BD\V ] uVs_ E>DD^ z|[V. [ k> V_ x>_ \sl[ z|D> > *VEBD\B ^ \\D Am VV. "\M> sl_ V] VzV| Vm' [ > ko]B E>DD^ "V>V' D g] >tw k >\m TB > km, >V_VBD, ]z^ x>V >E> _ lusm >VV. BVVkm V>[ z> zm V_, "k ms, msz V] _!' [VVD ^.
">Vt[Akm c[| Vxk uV wD\V\z V[VF E>D\[ >> W [ V[ \V[ Fk[ s_' [ V> ^z s>Vo FV.
12 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
E>DV > z
_ WkD
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>t >kVF > V mVtB D M l [ >kV, B V V >V\ VB >tw u VV >VB >V_ > E>DD ^. DM ] FB [, z>V^ zD k gD\Vlu. V V xD\m [k \|\ VlD zzB VF | > DMz K]V. mk DMl[ gD J>\V \>m. mk]_ >E_ DMz V>]_ _ _. "V[ \' DMlD z>z _ kV {. glD, "V> _^ kVV_ aB DM Vm' [> c> E>DD ^, DVF, _>V V[ szD [ V^ ]V. "gB D >m V^ kBVD. gk V^ zD k[ kV Kz k| k>VVaB k^ ]BVk s| kB \VV^..!' [ xwD F>V. A>_k[ cV>[ VFkVF >D, \s W\V> BVF >>D A>^s| DVF [ E>DD ^, kV>\VF m "VoBV' [ K[>V[ #mz mx]_ k]V. [ "T E>DD kV..!' [ VD s Bm. "VkV' [ \uV ]. .
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k>J] V[z [ kV k>V. > V]_ | B] zD kV. >E _ DM kKum. \D >E oB V u. kD BVD >E _ DMB >sm >E oB BVD F>. k^B DMB gD m. E>DV *m k^ V VD > VF >m V>m.
EB_ ]BVBD
907gD g_ _ B V, t>kV]zD, yskV]zD u m kVV_ >m. V\V[B ] >\l_ yskV]^ [ . >tV_ >\m xuVz V^z g> >|D V E>DVD As>V ]. ">[VB E>DD ^ k>V[ E> T [m ][ m!' [ VV [l_ > Vm ]_ EV. \lB \sB m m \B EkV s|> B]_ sD >[ m V| V\^ >VD >E VD Fm k>V. 1907gD g| ]_kozD, z #mzzD km VD F> \B EkVs[ mV E_ E>DV ~| z kD BV> ^ gl. E>DVD Vm _ TxwD FB >V. >E DMB > Ez E>DV EBo_ gkD V|kmD, \_ xwzkmD s_. glD kV ^ >DV \Vu VV_. ]_ko \VkD x >] , "k> \V>D' xwD, k^B \_ kA, ]V V_ g]D, E>DV[ kVF\VaB \z k>\Vlu. E>DV[ yskV> Vz gB ]Vz > u|]Bm. k m F> yk> x F>. V>B sE[ w u ]_ko [ E>DVD, \B EkVD 1908gD g| \V 12gD >] m FB. ]_kol_ E>DV >V F]
1
wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
13
El_ u V>^
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V| yBVF s B kD k>m. >B \Vk >V. ^ >V \Vk^ ^D _s_. > ]_ km zkV ]D "' k>^ B >. >>^ [ ]l_ sV> | [ E>DV > m Vm ]V [ zuD V| g k D, kD ]. ykV] >D, >VlD VF xME_ VBVBD V>m! V>xD s] V. A gi, VV[ E>DD ^z s] Wsmz km k> mV V|> uB F] | | ]V. ]_ V_k \V. Vm ]B \]BV > V| \Vo |D D >s>V. skV ]] \V 26gD >], E>DV \uD [ \VV]uz \Vu V. \B EkV *m VV >V|> kwz sVz |m V^m. V, E>DD ^z E>DD ^l[ V_ > k_ [. s] >B 10 g|V . V\Vt kV>VV. z>m. \D V]BV c^ D ^l[ ^ wA ^l[ V_ VE sR [EKz _ V^. F>]_, >\V[ - ba EkV > g V|D VVD! k |Vk_ > B V sB - >uV zm! >\VVD! El_ ^ \V>D wVD >] ]] cl[ s> V|\z "[' E>DV k l _ . A>>VD! zukVB y\VMm VBDA#, I kwB y_ V> >\ ]_ - s> E_ V_VV zKBm; Bm. m[^ s> >VD! " W> ^, ku zumV 20 z - VVF s>VF \szD, kD ykV] \VuVD! >>zD ]V. >D, k B V | E k V z \z Bm>V[ c| \VVF > c>BV > \_ E>DVz kz zu]uz 20 k ykV] ]m V|m. > \V 40 k^ k^ >B> \w! [[[ [V V__ wu xBV> > s B sz. ||]B > k|D..!' \Ml_ ] . EkVz >V|^ T ]\V_ s|> ykV] > s]m. V^ zzD >Vo. \lw> >BV, ]] [l[ yAz |D ]A \V. \VVF >V. \ DBm. ]^ y D VmD klo_ _ c>V. V^ Fm >BD ]. k^ \BD s>V. ]D > V|>B Ez^>V[ E>DD^ m[D m ]. (ku^ z>k s>VM_, kB > >E \[ \uD V|) _ DM >VwD k k s> E>DVz s] V| \VF V>. DM m. > uB F] ^smD, k _^ D su s. c[ >V_ kV *VE>D E>DV gBVF kV k> "VoBV' [Vz E>D ]m Vm! V k^ sum>V[ V|\. > F] ^s ^ E>DV \|D V_ _ \xm VV. Fm kw >^ Fm sVD [
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14 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
15
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16 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
17
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18 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
19
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20 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
[ BVEm V| W[ V>V. V Wl_, m V| W[ V> km Vk > \l[ *m ]DBm. _ >V >| z k >m. m V\_ >uV >[ \_ _KD k>m. ">]z k gV^' [ > >][ \_ >>m. B ] _KD Vm, uk y\ VM> >s
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
23
Vkm >VzA 1912_ kk>m. "> V[ s (The Broken Wing)' [D J[VD >VzA 1917_ kk>m. >[ z 32 k^ k kV>V. gV_ k s> >VzA mD V| ks_.>] VV ]B >EB B_ >[ m V>V_ >m s> Ez^ xm sm V>V ] s> > W]lVD. ]. V i VB x ]>V. k, VMlD km s>, ]B V\ \[ \ >] ]BVV FB B[|> VV. >VF >> s|s kB ]\B cBVz\V | VV. 1916_ V]B ]>V. >uz[ >] VV]_ m V| V|k>u >m gu_ x >V. ]BV x VV TVBV [ ]B[ >B_ cuV> uV. ]B >]\ kB >B \VD g[\VkVD \V F>V. ]B [ saAEz, D VuV.k|lom kB V| k>V. \VWD \VW\V, D \V BD Fm [ c\ EV. ]B [ B\] kz c F>V. 1928D kD nB \ V|z [ V]l[ ND V^ F]B |mm k>V. 1930gD g| V] m FBVm B> k >V>V. 1931_ k\ \VV_ V][ kD z uV. 1942_ "k^B kB' VV]_ V][ kD m FB| 21 \V>^ El_ V. >]]uz z, VM V| c>> k gV. ]BVs[ x>_ k k >V[. \V, 2gD V^ 1949gD kD \>V. kB s>^ g]_ >VKD ]B >[\[, ]B g[\V[ zD. A, ]\D, xm\, \D DxB kV > V]om VK[ D> m.
24 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
]BVs_ , cwzD \^. k^ >^ l_ \ V_ V|km kwD. _BM_ \ >D. > \k V_ V|k. m kz Fk>uzB cuVxD zD. uD l_, Vu |l_, l_ >VD BBV V_^ VtB, VV V_V zD. V__ k, VD, >D, BD ^ k|D. m Vk, VM kB s>B VVD. _z #^ V|D VV \ s> m. m, _z #^ V|D V_. k^ __ \m V^ _m {|V^. V_kV \V [ zA ]_ _. kEBV VD. \\V VD. >uV >s> zAD Vo_ _. k^ c_V\V V V k \m _V^. t >V k \m _V^. k[ V >V_, Vu_ g|D \ V_ k^ >V^. O VzD {l[ \u_ zD kB V_ >V^. s[ >om kkD EVF t>>V^. \EBVF V V| Vl_ k^ [. o[ x]V k \m [. k^ \[\BVF k \>. kB Vo[ Ml_ ]\VF k^ >V^. [ x_ D uB V t>>V^. kz k^ \[ sa_ >zD
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
25
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26 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
| gb, | b. V> D, >DD E Vl B VV^. c[>V^ kD c^jB kVV^. _VD kkz c^ V> m V^ MBD\Vz tEBm \ T|, Jb \V WD. wV V V \V| V. | g|^. kz Jb gb, Vb. MBD\V A[ VVK VV[ V V[. D >V_. VD k[ V|k _ bkV. MBD\V _ cBD, >|, Vm VDD, l z]B \l_, s VV EM\V k s_o >VV]D \V] V. gV, MBD\V Vk z]D >V[. ]m \VV. l > \ >BVm. k^]BV \. VV EV VmD, >D V|mkV! k[ z> B[|] Em V\V[| >D EzkVkV! kBKz Vm, Vz Vm, ^ kMm, g| \V Vm, >V k \VVm. k cVm
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
27
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
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32 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
33
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wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
35
k^ \m xD, ""VV\V.. m Em V[V. B VV..?'' [V kB Vl_ ""m \|t_ B VV..! c[ \V\V VB V. z|Dmz V Al V_ ""VVDV..!'' >V {\V z. [zD klm \B_ VB gm k Vmz D Vm. cDA[ BV B m km, ko VzEBV_ B >s.. c[ V>[ B k\V >m >B_ B >BVV V. \ V c]BVmz VV czD k]>V^. kuk_ >kz \]BD Vl|kV..! \>V..!'' VV| T_ [m k\V>V[ zD. _ _ kVF>V, kwz [ D >k_ol[ Vm_ >VF ka>m. m _ V. \]B]_ "D\ V kV \ D\ ] V| V|km [V_, kz VD WA.. [ D\ D\V kV WA .. iD. V \, k u \z VxD \VV\o..!' [ \m >BV>V? >V_>V[ gu k >B_ VV^. >V, "_V \V]^ B { >|_ V|, gVu_ ]| ]V, ~VMB VVs_ _[ u \V| Jlom M Jz BD Vz\' k>V^. "V km cV|D' [ m V >k_ol[ \D >V> V]>V^. \> m V>m. km V_ Vs B V[z xw c> kB ^ |D >l_>V[ ]]>m. V|, u WB s]B ^ gVKD, k^ \V> cDA, B _ EV|, xmz Al_ s>, AD V>m V_ kVkl_ V VD kA\VF k Vk kB>V>V_ Fkm Vo>m. c]m m V xB s| "Vz VV| Vm, E[VlzD, V| { >|_ D\t| km _zD csm. g|, \V| \>V. D Bm Bm' [ k^ gs V, V>> >B_ l_ F> > k\ k^ Wk l_ xm xm k>V^. >]_. _V\, w>V_ MBVF m x]>. \D \El_ ""VmD.. VmD\V..!'' W]zD Vm VzD, zD, FD zwD xm V>]_ V|, l[ _V\ [\Vk >D [V^. k^ {\V x k> ^ "E[Vl' *m [ [A\w >V[ k>V^. Va>V^. "[D > Vz > V>> zwDV| m, [z V VDBV V>^ VVD..! m, x>_ k> VD V ^ zDk >V\Vk ]| kVl_ km >V. V |D k\V Vl|kVD..!' [ \D \Vl>V^. c^Bm. A VBB, ""W\V _VD x> Vm, ssk[ ^ V_[.. B VV..! c D\V { km, \D, \, g|, \V|, T| [ zkD.. m V_o V|V\ k^ s m >]lm Vm. sm, cz km|m. B[ m km ElV sBzD \ V| V_ [, 25. 11. 1844 V[, k [ c[ \V\V.. \Ml_ V_ [ ]_ >V. 04. 04. VD>V..! A [ . . 1929 [ >m 84km kB]_ V[ [ ]_ ">uV V>[.. V\VV. k kV VBV. Vo_ BzD .. m V][ _ E >k. x>_ 3 V kk\>k. i ] u z VD [ V Wk> >VBk. ] VlBo_ D s| s k u [, _k Wk_ A>V. [, V x\V..?' V [ Wk> >V kV >BV_ ~|V. 2 V [ V "\V_' E x>[x>o_ kk\m, >uz VA\ uV. [ V..!'' Vo_ BzD E kk\>V. [, kV >Va_ ml_ \
sQVM V_ [
\VD AEz s]k. [ / D. . wMBM[ "c sQVM^'
36 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
s_, "Vxm' B u, _V\_ ]B x B sV^. T| x V\VBm. sBV_ D > , c>V\_ zEBVF \_oB Vu[ z u gBB >m. zD D. M W]>V[. >k_oz [ #D k\[ >V[s_. \ xam V>V_, c>V_ xs x\V, [! kw\V |zD wVl_ >VwD VB sm zA |>V^. wm >B VV VV^. >[ \_ xw D [ V| \E >mDAD V_ D sz y>B Vm V>V^. > ]_, {B _V\_ \mkVF >k_oz mz k> x_BD\V, V D k> \VV\_ Vms| V[V^. ""> ]_BV| kD] \V >Vl km V>..? c[ \D V _ kV \uV Vm| z >Vl..!'' ""m ..! {BV\.. ]_BV|.. ]_B V|B.. >] VD V_[..'' ""g\V.. g\V..! Vz.. " V> ] VD V_['.. k V c[ A[ V "]]'[ xaVm V..!''
>k_o V\VF x>V^. "".. ..! V_[.! D V _ B x>_ V_[. w x_ BV. V "x^BV'[>V[ V_kV. \u_ Vw VVV D V kkV. > |\ VmV { k]_. k^D k>V.. kBmz \|D>V[. AD D m.. D ]_BV| \V] V| z..!'' ""m>V[ [V[..?'' ""D .. kD V| >V..! D \|\_. Dm _V\ >V[. >> V_KDBV kV>k V >> z kw gDEz. c z|Dm ]_ B >k[ > ]V.. >V[ > ..!'' ""{V..!'' ""> \V] \[V V|.. z>>k[ V|.. >k[ V|.. V]] V|.. cB >k[ V|.. gV|.. z[AD.. VBV[ >VA.. VVVVAD.. E>V\xm.. V]B>k[V|[ . m ]_BV|..'' k^ kVEB\VF u E V, o_ kB |]> kuk_ >kD, >[ V kBV| l| V>m, k^ V]_ sws_.
([D V_KkV^)
x>o_ m..? V _ k[k[, V[ [ \[[. k[ >V>_VD V[Vlu. >V|>m _VD [ V|>m. k[ ku V> ml_; k kV> >l_ . gV_, k[ \mD x mz gm. "zD \z >' [k[ Vm VV[. \]l_V\_ ztzD >V[. "" k[[.. c k[[.. \[ B F>[. W>>B_VD k>[. >BV> k.. [D gV| s>..! [..? [..?'' [ >V[. #> z_ m. ""_VkuD k[VF..! gV_.. x>o_ k_kB [ k_ s_.'' ""VV..? V[ k_s_BV..? [V_
ku V^V>m [ m..?'' > z_ \]BV ]>m. "" c[ k_s_..! >[ k_V>k[ c k[VKD \] >w]_!'' ""[ k_km ?'' ""Vi..! c k_ c A]l>m. c[.. B k_ A] >k|m..! ^..! kuBV_ u V ms|.. BV \Vs|..! \V sVBVV_.. c[ k[ s>V V^..!'' V[ kzkV xB[ V>V[. V mm s| >[ k_k>uz k[ xBuE |m VV[. > xBuEl_ k[ k_s_. V, k k[ sm. [ / >V[ z >^
D D
V >
V^ M.. .. \ >D..! "VD > F> yk|D..!' >Vkm [ \m y\VMm, "> c]lom V[ \Vk \V[..!' [ c[ Jz c]BVF V_o sV_ VmD. z c[ J #k #Vm. g> Wku [[ ka^ [ > |m c[ \][ gB Wku s|>V[ \k VzD..! k]_ km V^. c[ J c[ c>suV>V[ Vm Vm..! BVV V>V V[ k^ k. "]BVsuz _ kaBV [B k|D..!' [ y\VD Fm V VD 20 \VKt[ l[ Vom AV. "]BVsuz _ \VD |V\_ ]D \V[..!' [ \]> k \ ]D ]D cm Vl>m. ]V[VD uV_ k BD F>m E _. bB #D k _, _>V[! A| 24 V^ xm Vlu. gV_, >V[ bz >>V_. bz >D [ xBV> DBV| km Vm Vl>V VD. gV_ k>k^ D wm sV^. kzD cD >D kwzD V VV_| [kD >m. k lozD ckD >D V.
38 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
BD kmsm. V| >VVE>V. ""Vm lozD cD >D [D 24 Vz>V[ zD. >Vkm V> ]D >VV_ l[ VF msVD. mD kal_ ABKD \wD zV\_ >V_>V[ V]BD. > s|s| \uV| [D V^ BD \uVV_ VD > D clV| o_ J VkBm>V[..!'' B>V> WB B>V| sk>V VV_|. cl s Bm k[ xD..? VV_| V[> >D u VV^. VDLD [ >^ > V_o ""cBV lz ]D s|kVD. _B[V_ D m [ ] >V]>V[..! [V^. VD >m VV. ""VD k B EB BD FVD. >.. kD VV|D >\ V >|m..? Vm ]D Vm.. >Vm BVD..!'' VD>V[ > o[ >k. k V_Kk>>V[ \uk^ V
k|D. gV_ BVD >V _. VV_ |D \ukD x[V K>s_ . k> kaB l V ]D K> >V. V VDv 19 D m k VF\ D]_ VV^. >kV > VD km V E|> V. BVE>V. VV_ w>V. ""lA c [D > Vz kD..?'' \]BV V. ""cD m D m zD [D m V[z Vz \|\ kD. l[ VF Dk >Vz z\V [ kBV m. >V_ >V[ c > kB>V sm'' [V[ k>>V| V_|. ""kVl_. ^ V_ ] V[z VD V[ k[ VV\_, >V\_ >V_ z^ c, ^ >V[m D [D V^ |>V VVt_ B..? [ W>V\V V VD. ""VVD''[BVBV|V>V[ VV_|. ""kVl_. z cD >D
V| kVD. V[ M Vk>V_ V^ >_kV..? > V_ mD >[VsV_ [ # o_ V|s| ^ _ VD ]\V VF ^..!'' [V. km Eom c]B | \m Vk^, x[V ]V^. m \|\_ k smD sV^. x[V [ _ VD 24 \ | xB 4 \ D zD V>.. >Vkm 20 \ ]B B >Vm. ""]BVk |m sVD..!'' [ m^ z]> l_ V. gV_ m k > k> ]BV _. \V [ A]B >D. VDL[ V]B DD, kVBxD, ]>k \V> VmBxD, mKD>V[ ku k x>t>uV VD. VD Vm VV_ > V^ B> w]>V_ kB _V xBuED TVlzD..! kVD k \m VlzD..! kVD k \m VlzD.
wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
39
V> E^
c>\Vw[ [ BV \V\V V] Vl[ \z \ m V D\VF Wtm Wum "xmt k['. m \]Ot V>[ BV> cwV_ > kul[ BV E[D. > V> V> u|> >Vl[ B "xmt' BV > ku V>^..? > "B' V_KD V> \z^ g>D D. >[ kV> OD V> VEz^ M\ D. kz x[ Vs_ ]]VF D. kVKD VV|D "BV > k[' Wk VzD g\VF km VzD ]tz. . . k VV, . . MkVVV [ B^>V[. V> u\z tE> x[>V\V ]D k_ J>k k VV > ]_ >B > \VD Wk> ku\V BzD ]\ Vk [V_ Bk MkVVV WkD _V KD, c>B\V ka> |zD k_\ Vk. > kl_ Bk "Jk' [V_, E[k "cuk' [ V_VD. k ]>V[ BV >kM[ >\B\V xmt kz^ OwVD. kuB k|] k]zD k ] VVD [ k ckV| [ D\ ""kV.. kV..!'' [ cV V_os|, k W[
40 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
""gVlD zD \ V. [D V_ VV V >VaVV W]_. kVkD ^ z|D]_ >[>V[ WVD. kV>l V_VV, ^ z|DD gVlD Vm. > B c V z|DD.. cB ^ z|D\V>V[ xD..!''
MA c
c>sBV Vs>[ |m V|> >KD, VVm Vk K] BVt "" V'' [V. V[ . . k VV k kM>VD. \BV >V. kz [ km x[ >FkV >> . . ]]VV, >VF xmt E kk]_ \m >m kV^ \KD \KD k kV] V >V^. > WkV w VzD Vm \z^ >V[B ^ m>V[... "V]m VB kzD.. \>V[ z\V..! \KD \KD V] Wkz V V> T V>V..!' V> V>_ BkV . . MkVVV k^ Kko[ V| kB [>>V_, J>kV . . k VV[ gD>VD.
[ B VV^
wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
41
""Vm ]BVkzD BV g>kz 54 ^. >D V sBVV]_. > kul[ EB> VD V_ x\V..?'' (\[\BV A[BV|) ""m _VzD >> EBD>V. \[ [..? kz [ zD..? Fm V|>V_ sDAkV[ >VD. >uz > \V] s> s>\V >BVA VD >\V V>V\ E V|VD. kVw kk^ kVBV^ >V[ [ ckV| k \BV>BV cVD. k^ V| \]Az VxD zBV\_ V^ V|zD V[ \]AD zD VmVD. V^ kVBV VV|VD. kV BV^ V|V^. k >V[. '' " "kVBVV sDD, >B_VD >zT..?''
""mz[ k D k]VD. > [ \V] >k^ z[ AVD. kV BV_ k^ kBu D, ED \V|m. >D _ |mVD. >uz u >BVVD. ''
""kB>\V].. \V|m[ V[, \V|m[ V_ x\V..?'' ""25 kBzkz g, g^, , VFBV[ > k E > MA^ zD. 3050 kBzkz AmAm MA k s VDB\V w\BV MA^ zD. 60z \u kz >^ c_ \E k| VA zkV \V \V ]]A^>V[ zD. g > \V] c_
42 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
]uu s>s>\V VD k\V Vm V|VD. ''
]]A k^ Vm >BV
""g > kBVD s|]_.'' ""[..! _VV\>V V VD. bm>V[ V gB..'' (c>| BV EV.)
""[ \V] MA k^ EVk V_V\V..?'' ""Vz m\ M M Vz \Vz, kV_ \V V[,w A u z_V. \u u A T >
z] TVKD.. m VD >\V.. kBV.. V>V\V zD. m \|\_ mk BVD.. zD FBV> AmAm ]]A k gVFE Am AmV VD.''
""MA \|D>VV..?'' ""Vt_V\_ MA ]]zD..? kVBV k> V\V V k >BVVD. >Vw MAD Vx\V 300z \u >BVA^ ^ kVBV \E|] V VD.''
"" > D WkVD FB xm..? sB_ >> >V>V_ >V[ kB_VD V]BD. cV> ]_ >B 54 D V >k_ >Va_O k]^ kD ]V_ VmD.. ||mkmD.. VD \Vsm. >B_VD |>k k kVKD VVD..!'' V_o V| zD V> >V l[ WkVB | ""VVBD kVB VVsuz.. V| V] m z V|..!'' [ V_o s| V kV.
"" [..?'' "" \ m AV km. > V]V> VD V]BV >m >. >V[ V[[. ''
""m [ VVBD kVB VV..?'' ""_>V z_V, ]_ko _kV[ V_V_, V VVBmV, V >BV Vz VVBm B m kVD.''
"".. cB > kE ..? BVV gDm..?'' ""B > kEzD, g] VD ^ >> . . ]] VV k^>V[. k ^ V VVB]_ t V> Wl_, t EB V] , V k]>V. k >B t EV k BVD FBV> suz F>V. >V_ sBVVD [V >m. >uz x[V xDl_
> >Vao_ >V. V> k A]B k MAD , V kD ckVzk]_ k_kV >V. k >BV> _kV, | VD Vm. >VKD, t (Savouries) >BV]_ WukV >V. k Vm\ t E> \B_ QV >V. sBVV O >m V| VVBD ]DV. ]D "z s' [ B_ >V[ gD>V.
""{V..!'' ""^ >>l[ xD kD, k >[M]B , k]B ]]A, Vk_ tE> >Va_ O k_KV \VuBm. m D\VD, m >DD >BVA
\E[ ]]A ""BV g>V T V_ [_ V_ [ W[ Ek[.. Vo_ > | s> >V| Vm V| W[V[. V_ \ k Vm.. "cz [ k|D..?' [ mD "| kbD..!' [ V[V[. "tV..?' [ k , "m..!' [ V_o.. u VF VB> |m V|>V. V\V \.. " VFz cz BVV | V|V..? sB[[ >\V..? x>_ kB V..!' [ >D VV. Bm V > B[ kB Vk> >BV V>, Bk MkVVV > B |, kz V V| c, k_ V| V|m s|, k[ V|> VF VB> kV _ u VV. > BV >V_ ABs_. x\_VD >VD, m^ z]> { sV[. \V "[ k T V|].., k[ V|> VB _ u V..!' >uz Bk V[ ]_ m>V[. "> VBV \]A [ >\V..? k[ >V\V z]| VV..! > >V> k s V|>VKD D\V kV x\V..?' [V.''
>k_: . s. V] VV wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
43
_ ~|V^. VD m >>D sBV> kMm V^kVD. g | \V> z|D\ > sBVV]_ V|VD. >s> V_, VD m V>D m _sB w >m. gV_ ^ >>z V^ cmBV >>V_.. ^ sBVV> |>V x>m. B sBVVD Vm c Wl_ km V>VKD, _sB w>]_ k>D>V[. >VKD k [ Fkm..?''
""[ [V[ wm>V[ Bul[ WB] [V^. c^ sB]KD >V[ ]m. '' ""g\VD, >V[ |m V^ k|D. z sBVV> s|> sDB m >> 1976_ "MkVV s' [ B_ gD>V. AD 1977_ [ kV l_ "p g> k[' [ B_ >VV. VD m >> ]] VVD [ B kMm VVD. m >D MkV VV B kMm VV. sBVVD kE kD BV_ "BV > k[' [ B_ A]B B 1988_ >VVD.''
""kVlozD
kV
>>B >Fk\V.. gVlmz \u >VaV >^ V> V mD cB> zD Vk^ . . k VVD, . . MkVVVD. km >>l[ W V AM>V^ V ] >VaV[ >k m > Wkuk]_ >MkD KmkV. Bk . . MVkVV VVBD \\ \[][ k >kV m \[][ B_V|^ EV \B m FV.
>k_: zE _k. V. \V. V>D, >V
44 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
lom >[Vl_ zD BV > [ ky^..?'' ""kV l_ k]>VKD, m kVBV^ DVKD >[[B >kV>V[ >V^. ]KD BV >k^ ]D. >V_ >V[ BV >>|>VD. >[z AkV]_ .. z [l[ _V z]KD Vm ]BVs[ z]KD zV.. [B >s VEAD.. VBx#.. \m.. ~V|.. ]E.. D.. .. V.. Am_o [B >]l_ 54 ^..! ''
""k>VV..?'' ""_. ]BVs_ ^ _V> Vm [m>V[ ^ z. A u \_V| >Va_ ] (Star Bucks - Coffee Shop) *]_ ]l_ V_ol>V. [ >V..? kV VD kV _ m Wk][ A]B [ >Vzkm>V[ [ EBD. B gD zD m>V[. m \|\_..! ss_ mVlKD.. \u \u V|KD >V ]t|^VD.
_V kuuzD VD ^ >>>V[. k JD > >Va_ OxD, kxD, gED>V[ VD. k>V[ [Vom VmD B VV. > V_ \BV| V_o V^ xD. kB >BxD, k |m V V> xBuED, ^ k> Vm > \V k |> xD z V\V \m, > cB> Wz V| km^m. ''
"" "BV g> k[' [ gD> z tkV _VB k>D >[D ~>m. >V| BV g\D, V]V V[kB_VD BV[ BV^. m Vk [V BV\V "BV g> kD' |D [ Wm > BVB w gD>VD. V^ W>m Vk.. Vm BV [V_ QV]uz kkm BV g> k[>V[.''
""VD \E. [D, >VD>V[ x[ >Fk^ [V^. VD [V k|\[ W]_ k s k BVD xBVm. ''
"", Vm c^ |> xBuE^ ..?''
""WD>V..! [D, ^ >VF >>B WV\_, mD V^ Fk]_. kV[D k^ gE>V[ >V V^ DAVD. kV kxD [>Vkm \V>D 9D >] ^ >>l[ W V^. [B ]]_ ^ Wk]_ k VzD >VaV_ tEV A>k_VD wm VV|kVD. m \|\_ tE> _k m_ tE> V>BVV ]k wm sVD. > ^ >>z V^ KmD c k\V WkoBV WVD. ''
""V_ >VaKD ^ kD ]D^m.. A2B [ B_ o >VE V k ck >VlVD. m ^ V^ . mD Vm Wk^m. V, BVD, w> B[|] wVz _ T >BVVD. ''
""z >D. VmkV V
""BV.. VD >V kB sBD.. , c > k VV.. '' ""gVlD zD \ V. [D V_ VV V >VaVV W]_. kVkD ^ z|D]_ >[>V[ WVD. kV>l V_VV, ^ z|DD gVlD Vm. > B c V z|DD.. cB ^ z|D\V>V[ xD..! k B z|D][ B "BV g> k[.' ' ([ V_os| WkV
EV.)
""_V KD ^ >VKD, m [ "BV' [ B.. Vm BV wS..?'' wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
45
g[* ~|V| g[* ml_ tD ~|V| V > V>^ F> E ]^. ]s_oA#z _ c^ ]kV\ Vso_ kD, V>D, > D V[kuuz [M| D F>^. m \|\_.. > \_ c^ > VsKz >D FBVzD>^kloKD..\wlKD V]V\_ .. | \_ \m >>m[.. z > k] Fm >m^. ]].. ]>.. ]#.. kVt\.. ]k_o V>V] Vl_.. \lV Vok Vl_.. BV > \V kVt Vl_.. B VB>D\[ Vs_ V[ u Vl_z ] Fm^V. \D, Vk]V \D V[kuuzD k^ k FB >ks_. >k_: [ kV VVBmV, . s. V] VV
]uz m _VzD V>\V c[ V_ x\V..?'' "">VV\V V_VD. c *] > gVFE | c\ [[V D oD, VDVD>V[ VA_V>,AV[,VV W> \V m V c[ V_olV. > sB] >twV V\ VD \ |_ VD. V\>V o VDVV |V^..! V| V V _ zV k V D\ o VDVz WB \ mz >V\V V_ o[.''
"", > cB> Wz kk>uz _sB w], > >s k i^..?'' ""( \V] A[V.) kol_V\_
46 wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
D zV..? kl_ > z>V[ WwV zEB s xD. zD >V[. >BV ^. >BV k\V^. >V_ u \k>^. EB^... _V kuD \[ ][|, >B kEz c\V|>V[ \ k]VD. [D \ \ km VD. gVKD, w >D V [D \],''
""k> z w \V\ zm tE> z\V..'' "">[\V... [D VD, [ V>D, gD ^] ^ B_VD QVD k|, ], ][ k | s]BVD VV\ \V, kV >V\V EE E, w AmzkVD. [z V \z VD >V\V zD.''
""> k VD >V\V z. [D [ F>V ]D kE..?'' ""c s_ V_ >Va_ xB \V z. gV z \V] BV ck V|m.. VD ]V
z. s]BV\V c k VD sDAV. > >kB Wk> _B gD>V VD. >V D VDB c kV ]D, V, V, gD V[ku >BV]_ >M kD K> sDAVD. > D k|\VVKD V|k>uz mkV " ~' k >BVm V[k ^ ]^.''
""mk c^ Wk D> sB u \|\ E V>VD. Vm \z B[|D s>]_ [k_ VD F]S^..? FT^..? '' ""\VD\[|^VD. _ Vzkm Vkz B[B Wwuz \m >m^VD. [ t[ \BV>B \V^ u^ ]m \m >m^VD. WB \Vkz cB _s u c>s EVD. >Vm FkVD. WB ^ A\ c>s Fm^VD. WB V_VD.''
""V>^ kD, tz> ^ ]D g[t ~|V|D Vk^ [ ^s VD. > kl_ >m ^..!'' ""WB Fm^VD.''
""t \E, c\_VD BV g> k[ mk ]BVs[ \B cB> k|\
\]O][ ku "" cw J>\V s>m AmAm sB_ Ob Az] V^ k 54 , AAB, A2B [ B_ Am_o, j, Am V[ _ Ws D\BV WkVD Fm, V_ >Vao_ x>_kV ]D ]B V>^ ]. . . k VV, ]. . . MkV VV kD ^ >B >FkD VDV x>V, E> ]\z. V\\BVV V[ BV\ lKD, \V\lKD, J lKD. ]B s_ >kV ]xD Vx] ]m V> | V^ kD t>D V^VD.''
>k_: . s. V] VV kVmVD.'' ""WB\V zD. [V_ ^ D x > WA>V[. >V_ ^ J >V k VxD > Wku [k_VD ka^ [ [ > > |m V [. kD.''
VxD ]_ kD V_o \_VD ]] s uVD.
wz kV_ c>BD w D 2009
47
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