Kenneth's Ch 21 Outline, Pt 1

Kenneth Li Euro Hist. 6th Period 10-12-07 Ch. 21 pg. 585-598 I. European State-Building and Worldwide Conflict 1) Europe expanded politically, militarily, and economically. -expanded more than any other country -In Europe, Spain and Portugal took lead in conquest in America 2) By mid-18th century, 5 major states would dominate European politics. -were Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia 3) Essential to rise was the weakened Holy Roman Empire. 4) Also had fought wars that made them first extensive world wars. -Arose European conflict II. Two Models of European Political Development 1) Changes of weapons and military rose cost of warfare highly. 2) Only monarchies that were good in building secure financial base didn’t depend on noble estates. -French monarchy succeeded this effort; English didn’t -English monarchs wanted more money, so threatened political interests. -more groups that they provoked, the more they retaliated. 3) In France, things went different for Louis XIV. -had the public support him, and he supported the public. -his powers had limits too, as his laws couldn’t pass until royal decree agrees. -had to have good reasons to tax people 4) Had religious matters in hand too. -had Puritanism go against Stuart monarchy -Louis crushed the Protestant communities 5) Also had many differences between France and England. -Parliament didn’t meet regularly in England. -but Parliament still existed to be consulted. 6) French lacked strong tradition and bargaining between monarchy and other national institutions. -Estates General met from time to time, but stopped in 1614. -monarchy looked for other sources until 1789, when the French Revolution had almost come. 7) France profited from two most valued statesmen. -named Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin. -Mazarin trained Louis to be hard-working; picked out capable ministers. -England, on the other hand, had distrusted Stuart monarchs. III. Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England A. James I 1) James VI of Scotland succeeded throne without opposition. -did this b/c he was son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots.

-inherited huge debt and divided the church 2) James didn’t call Parliament much; had other sources of income instead. -Parliament took it offensively, but never opposed of James. 3) James supported Anglican episcopacy. 4) James thought that they needed peace with Spain badly. -tried to relax penal laws against Catholics increased suspicion. -made his son and himself marry with Spanish queen and princess. -before James’ death, England and Spain were in war again b/c of parliamentary pressures. B. Charles I 1) Parliament refused to give funds to Charles b/c of distrust. -Charles then levied taxes and quartered soldiers into private homes. 2) When Parliament met, they said they wouldn’t pay income for Charles until he didn’t levy taxes or quarter soldiers anymore. C. Years of Personal Rule 1) Charles made peace with France and Spain b/c of limited resources. -made it seem like he was too friendly with Roman Catholic power. -Thomas Wentworth, chief minister, instituted policy named “thorough.” -made strict efficiency and administrative government. -his religious policies made war with Scotland, making him need Parliament. -Scots rebelled, and attacked England. -king needed to call Parliament; but they wanted a list of grievances before they would pay for funds. -king dissolved them, until an English army was defeated by Scots. -after that, he played by Parliament’s terms. D. The Long Parliament and Civil War 1) Many people and Parliament hated king and his ways. -so Parliament had widespread support 2) House of Commons impeached Strafford and Laud. -both were executed. -Parliament said taxes cant be levied without consent. -cant be dissolved unless if they wanted to themselves. 3) Parliament was divided over religion though -some were moderate Puritans, other were extreme. -moderates are Presbyterians; extremes are Independents. -Presbyterians wanted England to be Calvinist; Independents wanted every person to be free. E. Civil War 1) Parliament presented king with “Grand Remonstrance.” -was a summary of popular grievances against crown. 2) King went to invade Parliament, but they escaped. -he left London and raised an army. 3) Charles’s supporters were called Cavaliers. -parliamentary opposition was called Roundheads. IV. Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic

1) Two factors lead to Parliament’s victory. -an alliance with Scotland to Parliament. -second was reorganization of parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell. 2) Charles lost by 1645; tried to take advantage of divisions within parliament. -they foiled him though, and executed him. 3) From 1649-1660, England became a Puritan republic. 4) Cromwell’s army conquered Ireland and Scotland. -creates single entity of Great Britain. -Cromwell wasn’t a politician though; when House of Commons wanted to disband his army of 50,000, he disbanded Parliament. 5) Cromwell’s military rule wasn’t any better than Charles’s. -was just as harsh and hated. V. Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy 1) Charles II came into England as a happy man; set refreshing tone to England. -was a good ruler; summoned Parliament only when he said so. 2) Secretly have Catholic sympathies. -wants loyal Catholics and Puritans to worship freely. -between 1661 and 1665, excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterian, and Independents from religious and political life. 3) In 1670 the Treaty of Dover allied England and France against the Dutch. -Charles had secret portion in this Treaty; that he was going to announce his Catholicism for a price from Louis. -made Declaration of Indulgences to free all Catholics from opposition. -Parliament made king repeal that or else they won’t fund the war. -made king swear an oath to not go against doctrine of transubstantiation. VI. James II and Renewed Fears of a Catholic England 1) James II came to throne and repealed Test Act. -Parliament protested, he dissolved it. 2) Made another Declaration of Indulgence making all worship free. -jailed 7 bishops that didn’t publicize his suspension of laws. -was looked at like a direct assault on royal power. 3) Many hoped James eldest daughter would succeed his throne. -but James’s wife gave birth to boy; now has male heir. -open for William, husband of Mary, to invade England. VII. The “Glorious Revolution” 1) No one tried to stop William from taking the throne; James ran to France. -simply succeeded to the English throne. -also had to obey some rules from Parliament b/c of Bill of Rights. -Bill of Rights also prohibited Roman Catholics from taking the throne. 2) Act of Settlement in 1701 closed century of strife. -bill made English king go to Protestant House of Hanover if Anne, second daughter of James, dies, and William dies without heir. -so George I of England took throne. VIII. The Age of Walpole

1) Stuart pretender, James Edward Stuart, came into Scotland in 1715, but met defeat quickly. 2) Political situation remained mess up until Robert Walpole came in. -George gave him full confidence -his power largely depended on goodwill of George -also had a good control over government patronage and the Parliament. 3) 18th century British House of Commons was neither democratic nor representative body. -each county had to elect 2 members. -some were elected from units named boroughs 4) Structure of Parliament was chosen resulted in domination of government of England by owners of property and rich nobles. -owners of property were suspicious of bureaucracy controlled by king. -no absence of political authority b/c regarded Parliament as sovereign. 5) British life was freer than that on the Continent. -Walpole’s power had limits; Parliament likes independence. -no large standing army. 6) Walpole’s succession led to nation stability. -Britain’s trade spread from New England to India. IX. Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV 1) Louis’s absolutism was laid first by Cardinal, the powerful chief minister. -both Mazarin and Cardinal tried to impose direct royal administration. -lead to series of rebellions called Fronde. 2) Rebellions were unsuccessful -convinced Louis and his advisors that heavy-handed policies can endanger the monarchy. -Louis’s genius was to make monarchy most important political institution. -wouldn’t destroy existing local social institutions, but work through them. X. Years of Personal Rule 1) Mazarin died in 1661, making many nobles challenge king directly. -Louis didn’t appoint any chief ministers after that. 2) Louis ruled through councils that controlled foreign affairs. -unlike ancient noble families, they had no real power. 3) Louis would make sure others would benefit from his growing in power. -even though he controlled foreign affairs, he never tried to abolish those institutions. XI. Versailles 1) Louis never missed a chance to impress the grandeur of his crown. 2) He used physical setting of his court to exert political control. -palace of Versailles, built between 1676 and 1708, was permanent home. -to emphasize prominence, he organized life at court around every aspect of his own daily routine. -court nobles were excluded from real business government. 3) Some nobles avoided Versailles. -managed their estates and cultivated their local influence.

XII. King by Divine Right 1) Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bossuet was important tutor for Louis. -defended “divine right of kings.” -since only God can judge the pope, then only God can judge the king. 2) Louis didn’t exert oppressive force over daily lives. -focused on making of war and peace, regulation of religion, etc… -let some nobles and townspeople keep their ruling ranks. -wouldn’t let them interfere with his authority though. XIII. Louis’s Early Wars 1) By late 1660s, France was superior to other European nations in administrative bureaucracy, armed forces, and unity. -Louis would look for opportunities to maintain a large army. 2) Early wars with Louis were against Spain and United Netherlands. -1667, invaded Flanders and Franche-Comte. -Triple Alliance made by England, Sweden, and United Provinces. -By Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, he gained control of towns in Spanish Netherlands. 3) Invaded Netherlands again. -with Treaty of Dovers, England and France became allies against Dutch. -William of Orange forged alliance with Holy Roman Empire. -ended with Peace of Nijmwegen; France gained more territory. XIV. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1) Catholic majority and Protestant minority remained hostile. -Huguenots in France were still there, but numbers were declining. -made a campaign that went against Huguenots and rounded up Protestants. -many thought him fanatical and must be avoided. XV. Louis’s Later Wars A. The League of Augsburg and the Nine Years’ War 1) After Treaty of Nijmwegen, Louis maintained large army. -went to occupy free city. -there was some opposition against Louis. -something called the League of Augsburg went to war with France. -all the while England and France were fighting over America. -war ended with the Peace of Ryswick. B. War of the Spanish Succession 1) November 1, 1700, Charles II Spain died without heir. -Charles II left entire inheritance to Louis’s grandson, Philip of Anjou. -became Philip V of Spain -England, Holland, and Holy Roman Empire formed Grand Alliance to preserve balance of power by securing Flanders. 2) France went to war with little good things, while England went with superiority. -duke of Marlborough murdered Louis’s soldiers in every battle. -France triumphed in Spain -after 1709, war ended with a bloody stalemate.

-France made peace with England in 1713; peace with Rastadt in 1714. 3) After Louis’s death, France was economically wasted with no resources. -Louis XV was only 5 years old at accession -Cardinal Fleury worked hard to maintain authority of monarch.