Looking At Litres John Gough — Deakin University —
[email protected] [Published as Gough, J. (2007) “Looking at Litres”, Prime Number, vol. 22, no. 2, pp 34.] By definition, a “litre” is a measure of volume specified as 1000 cubic centimetres. The simplest or “standard” litre is a cube with dimensions 10cm x 10cm x 10cm.
It is a valuable experience for a student to personally make and OWN a litre, such as one made of cardboard (although wood is sturdier). Indeed, every student should personally own a litre, a cubiccentimetre, a squaremetre, and a tapemeasure! This raises the mathematically interesting question of how many geometrically different ways SIX 10cm x 10cm cardboard squares can be fitted together, in a flat NET, and then folded and glued together, or stickytaped. Gluing is a good method, as it adds the extra question of a FLAP for joining: for any particular NET, where can the flaps be sensibly placed before gluing? In this example of a 10cm x 10cm TEMPLATE, with flaps, NOT all the flaps will be needed. (Note that the picture is not to scale. Draw your own template, or use photocopy enlargement to make the lengths correctly 10 centimetres.)
In this example of a net, where should flaps be placed, before cutting out the shape made with 6 squares? That is, the folded squares should be easily glued together, with
a flap that is on one square tucking neatly BEHIND an adjacent square (after folding, appropriately) without a flap. (Again, this net example is not to correct scale.)
This general question about which sixsquare nets fold to make a cube can be mathematically extended to the question: — how many OTHER mathematically different sixsquare shapes can be made, where the identical squares join by WHOLE edges, not just by a corner, or a part of an edge? We call a figure made using six congruent (geometrically equal) squares, joined by a wholeedgeonly rule, a HEXOMINO (based on the idea of a “domino” being made by TWO such squares joined by a whole edge). (See the inventor, Golomb: 1954; and popularisers, Gardner: 1959, Gough: 2001a, 2006.) But this is only the STANDARD (cube) litre. It is essential that students also experience many NONstandard litres. Here are some easy CUBOID (rectilinear box) suggestions to make, using cardboard (or wood). • 1cm x 1cm x 1000cm — that’s right, a 10metre stick with 1 squarecentimetre cross section. (I will omit any attempt at a diagram for this one.) • 1cm x 10cm x 100cm — a metrelong tile, 10cm wide, and 1cm thick. (I will also omit any attempt at a diagram for this one.) • 1cm x 5cm x 200cm. • 2cm x 2cm x 250cm — a twoandahalf metre “staff” with 2cm x 2cm square cross section. • 5cm x 10cm x 20cm.
• 5cm x 5cm x 40cm. • 1cm x (about) 31.5cm x (about) 31.5cm — a centimetrethick square (what is the
square root of 100?) Can you find some other solid litre cuboids? (Investigate a good timber supplier, where dressed timber often comes in convenient standard sizes, ready for cutting.) Consider the HOLLOW lidless box, made by four walls of 1cm x 4cm x 4cm, with a floor made of 1cm x 5cm x 5cm. Can you draw the diagram? What is the volume contained in this box? What is the volume of the walls and floor that make the box? What is the overall volume of the whole construction, including its (empty) contents? (What is “capacity”, versus “volume”?) Consider how many ways we can fit EIGHT congruent 5cm x 5cm x 5cm cubes together: each resulting object (an OCTOCUBE) has a total volume of 8 x 125 cu.cm. = 1000 cu.cm. For example:
It is also important that students experience NONcube, and NONcuboid examples of a litre. Consider, for example: • pyramids; • prisms, such as puptentlike objects, and “wedge” shapes; • cones; • cylinders; and • spheres and hemispheres. Certainly these are harder to make than simple straightcut cardboard or wood. But why not try making suitable containers, and then filling them with, for example: • plaster of Paris (or Polyfilla, which does not shrink on drying); • polyurethane (e.g. Estapol, or equivalents) mixed with dry sand to bulk the hard setting plastic; • foam rubber, or polystyrene foam; or • any other sculptable plasticinelike material that can either airdry or ovendry. Investigate the supermarket for litresize containers, and for unusual container shapes that can be replicated with a volume of a litre!
And don’t forget one most irregular example of a litre: fill a shoebox with 1000 minis, and spill them into a large tray — Oops! Spilled the minis! Exploring a wide range of nonstandard LITRES challenges the conceptual stereotype, while also stimulating Piagetian reflection on conservation of volume: THIS is a litre, and so, too, is THAT! References and Further Reading Gardner, M. (1959). Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Golomb S.W. (1954). “Checker Boards and Polyominoes”. American Mathematical Monthly. Golomb, S. W. (1994). Polyominoes: Puzzles, Patterns, Problems, and Packings, 2nd ed.: Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 9092. Gough, J. (1999). Perimeter Versus Area — Fixing False Assumptions, Prime Number, 14 (3), 1922. Gough, J. (2001a). Learning to play: Playing to learn — Mathematics Games That Really Teach Mathematics. Mathematical Association of Victoria [MAV], Brunswick. Gough, J. (2001b). Weighty Matters and Dense Arguments – CSF Versus Real Experience, Prime Number, 16, (2), 1014. Gough, J. (2006). “Editorial: Do You Know Blokus?”, Vinculum, vol. 43, no. 4, p. 2.