Iucn Trans Boundary Areas In Southern Africa

Review of the Legal and Policy Framework for Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa

The IUCN - ROSA Series on Transboundary Natural Resources Management - Paper 3 T BNRM Pa pe r 3

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Published by:

IUCN - The World Conservation Union (Regional Office for Southern Africa)

IUCN The World Conservation Union

Citation:

Mohamed-Katerere, J. 2001. Review of the Legal and Policy Framework for Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa. Paper no.3, IUCN-ROSA Series on Transboundary Natural Resource Management.

Author:

Jennifer Mohamed-Katerere is a constitutional lawyer, specializing in enviroment and development, based in Harare.

Copyright:

IUCN - The World Conservation Union This Publication may be produced in whole or part and in any form for education or non-profit uses, without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. IUCN would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication which uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes without the prior written permission of the IUCN.The views expresed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or those of the sponsors of the publication.

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Review of the Legal and Policy Framework for Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa

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LIST OF BOXES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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THE BASIS FOR COLLABORATION

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B

HUMAN RIGHTS – IMPLICATIONS FOR TBNRM?

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C

IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEMS FOR TBNRM

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D

DO THE TBNRM AGREEMENTS ESTABLISH SYSTEMS FOR THE INCORPORATION OF KEY RIGHTS AND VALUES?

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INTRODUCTION

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PART I: THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR DEVELOPING TBNRM APPROACHES

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A

THE LEGAL BASIS FOR COLLABORATION 1 General Principles 2 Priorities and Objectives of Collaboration 3 Comment

12 12 13 14

B

HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK 1 Traditional Resource Rights 2 Protection of Existing Rights 3 Respect for Civil and Political Rights 4 Rights of Local Participation 5 Right to a Remedy 6 Comment

16 17 18 19 20 21 21

C

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 1 Precautionary Principle 2 The Originator Principle 3 Comment

23 23 24 24

D

CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL 1 Compatibility 2 Power Relations 3 Resource Management 4 Comment

26 26 27 33 36

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PART II: RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

41

A

WATER RESOURCES 1 International Water Law 2 Water and Human Rights 3 SADC Water Protocol 4 Basin and River Agreements 5 National Legislation 6 Customary Construction of Water Rights 7 Comment: Constraints and Opportunities

42 42 43 44 47 57 61 62

B

TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE RESOURCES 66 1 Approaches at International Law 66 2 The SADC Wildlife Protocol 69 3 Southern African Convention for Wildlife Management (SACWM) 71 4 Transfrontier Conservation Areas 72 5 National Legislation 82 6 Comment: Constraints and Opportunities 85

C

MARINE RESOURCES 1 International Law 2 SADC Marine Sector 3 Co-operative Agreements 4 National Legislation 5 Comment

92 92 94 95 98 99

D

TRANSBOUNDARY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES 1 The SADC Framework For Transfrontier Development Co-operation 2 Spatial Development Initiatives 3 National Policies and Laws 4 Comment

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PART III: FURTHER DEVELOPING THE FRAMEWORK FOR TBNRM

111

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SUMMARY OF CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES

112

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DEVELOPING SYSTEMS THAT SUPPORT TBNRM 1 Sovereign Equality 2 State as Trustee 3 Multiple Stakeholders 4 Environmental Management 5 Human Rights Approaches 6 Dispute Resolution

113 113 114 115 115 115 116

C

CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

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Review of the Legal and Policy Framework for Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa

LIST OF BOXES BOX 1: EPUPA DAM - NAMIBIA

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BOX 2: TBNRM MAY EXACERBATE LOCAL CONFLICT

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Box 3: ENVISAGED BASIN TRANSFERS FROM THE ZAMBEZI

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BOX 4: CHECKLIST FOR DEVELOPING TBNRM AGREEMENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS ADMADE

Administrative Management and Design for Game Management Areas (Zambia) BCLME Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem BNRMP Botswana Natural Resource Management Programme CAMPFIRE Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (Zimbabwe) CAPCO Central African Power Corporation CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBNRM Community-based Natural Resource Management CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora DBSA Development Bank South Africa DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo E Elangeni (Swaziland’s Currency) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ELMS Environment Land Management System FOREST PRINCIPLES Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests GEF Global Environment Facility GKG Gaza-Kruger-Gonarezhou Transboundary Park IBCC Interim Benguela Current Commission IDP Internally Displaced People IL International law IMERCSA India Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa IUCN The World Conservation Union IUCN ROSA The World Conservation Union, Regional Office for Southern Africa LHWP Lesotho Highlands Water Project LIFE Living In Finite Environments (Namibia) MCC Maputo Corridor Company MDC Maputo Development Corridor NGO Non-governmental organisation NRM Natural Resource Management OKACOM Okavango River Basin Commission OUZIT Okavango Upper Zambezi International Tourism PCU Programme Co-ordinating Unit PIC Prior Informed Consent RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance RETOSA Regional Tourism Organisation of Southern Africa SA South Africa SACIM Southern African Center for Ivory Marketing SACWM Southern African Convention for Wildlife Management SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Consultative Conference SDI Spatial Development Initiative

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Review of the Legal and Policy Framework for Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Southern Africa

SHARED WATERCOURSES PROTOCOL SKPE TDA TBNRM TCU TFCA TFCA TRR UN UNCED UN CONVENTION ON WATER WILDLIFE PROTOCOL WSTCU WWF ZIMOZA ZRA

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Protocol on Shared Watercourses Systems in the Southern African Development (SADC) Region Swaziland Komati Project Enterprise Transboundary Diagnostic Assessments Transboundary Natural Resource Management Tourism Co-ordinating Unit Transfrontier Conservation Area Transfrontier Conservation Area Traditional Resource Rights United Nations United Nations Conference for Environment and Development, 1992 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Water Courses Protocol on Wildlife Conservation and Law Enforcement in the Southern African Development Community Wildlife Sector Technical Co-ordination Unit World Wildlife Fund Zimbabwe Mozambique Zambia Transboundary Natural Resource Management Programme Zambezi River Authority

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