VePi Newsletters The Electrical Power Systems Division Centers section
The Motor Controllers & motor Control Number: 2
The defining parameters for low voltage alternating current magnetic contactors/starters: The defining ratings for low voltage alternating current magnetic contactors/starters are: the NEMA size, the voltage rating, the maximum HP for single phase and three phase motors (for both non plugging/non jogging and plugging/jogging applications), the continuous current rating of the contactor/starter, the service limit, transformer switching capability rating for single and three phase applications, the capacitive switching capability (in volt and KVAR), the dimensions, the weights, the overload protective element type and rating. The defining parameters of l.v. combination starters: The defining parameters of low full voltage combination starter units: the starter size, the maximum motor HP at the different standard voltages (200v, 230, 460 and 575v), whether the unit is reversing or nonreversing, the fuse or circuit breaker size (used as a protection against short circuit or protection/load break device), the size of the unit in inches or space factor, the weight of the unit, method of attachment to riser bus bars of MCC (bolton or plug in) and size plus type of motor overload protection element/relay. The defining parameters for full voltage 2speed starters: The defining parameters for full voltage 2speed starter units are: the starter size, the HP (maximum) at the different nominal voltages, the circuit breaker or fuse size for the short circuit protection, the dimension in inches or space factor for the 1winding and 2winding motor starter unit, unit weight, method of attachment to MCC and the type plus size of o/c protection device. Defining parameters of low voltage, reduced voltage starter units: The defining parameters of low voltage reduce voltage starter units (applicable to part winding and autotransformer units): the starter size, the maximum motor HP at the different rated voltages, the circuit breaker or fuse rating, the dimensions or space factor for the units, the weight, the size plus type of the o/l element, the installation method in the MCC. Defining the motor protection circuit breakers: The table will have the following headings: 3phase motor HP, the motor full load current at the different nominal voltages, the circuit breaker continuous current, the different adjustments (eg. 7x/11x/13x), the weight and dimension, the adjustable range. Defining motor protection fuses: The fuses for motor protection table will have the following: the maximum motor HP rating, the motor full load current rating, the fuse size for the different voltage classes, the fuse type (50KA interrupting
fuse, HRC200 KA I.c., code fuse 10KA or size L over 600a 200KA), the fuse weight. Defining m.v. controllers: The table for a medium voltage controller (contactor and fuse) will have the following headings: the contactor maximum continuous current, the interrupting capacity (at the specified KV), the designation, the voltage rating and range, the interrupting capacity of the fuse (in KA and MVA @ the rated voltage), the maximum HP motor rating for the motor design/p.f./voltage/controller current rating, the dielectric withstand voltage, the controller type (full voltage, reversing vs nonreversing, reduced voltage auto transformer vs reactor). The m.v. fuses for controllers can be defined when the following values are given: the motor locked rotor current, motor full load current x service factor, the maximum continuous current rating of the fuse inside the compartment, the fuse size, the peak current let through characteristics. Control panels: Control panels can be built in different constructions depending on the environment and may include any or all of the following devices: c ontactors, breakers, switches, relays, pushbuttons, selector switches, meters, pilot lights (filament or LED). These panels incorporate the logic (decision making), input & output devices. Distribution panels and switchboards: Most of the codes define a circuit breaker as a device designed to open and close a circuit automatically at a predetermined overcurrent values (short circuit or overload) without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating. A molded case circuit breaker irrelevant of the manufacturer comprises of: the molded case(frame), operating mechanism, arc extinguishers, contacts, trip elements and the terminals (connectors i.e. mechanical/ compression lugs or solid bar). The function of the molded case is to provide an insulated housing to assemble and mount all of the circuit breaker components. The cases are molded from phenolic material. It provides ruggedness and high dielectric strengh to the breaker in a compact design. Maximum current, voltage and interrupting current determine the size and strength of the molded case circuit breaker. Different manufacturers build breakers for the same rating with different physical sizes i.e. noninterchangeable. The faceplate gives all the important data such as: catalog number, serial number of breaker, interrupting ratings at different voltage classes, standards registration numbers i.e. for the CSA or UL, calibration temperature for thermal magnetic units, lugs data &size, electrical accessories, date of manufacturing. The function of the operating mechanism is to provide a means of opening and closing the breaker. It is of the quickmake, quickbreak mechanism. These breakers are also trip free i.e. if the breaker operating handle is pushed and hold in the on position and there is a fault on the system (or the trip test button is pushed, if available) the breaker would trip open & stay open.There are three distinct positions for the handle to settle in the ON, OFF, TRIP (which is midway between the ON and OFF positions). The breaker has to be reset after tripping by pushing the handle all the way to the OFF position and than pushing it to the ON position. The function of the arc extinguisher is to confine, divide and extinguish the arc drawn between the breaker
contacts each time the breaker interrupts. The trip element provides the protection in case of prolonged overloads or short circuits. It actuates the operating mechanism and trip the breaker open. This element is made up of electromechanical or solid state components. The electromechanical element is referred to as the thermal magnetic and it includes: the bimetallic element and the electomagnet. The current(load) flows through or heats the bimetal. When a combination of high current level and a long duration exists which is sufficient to deflect the bimetal far enough to physically push the trip bar and unlatch the contacts, the breaker will trip open. There is no field adjustment available for the thermal element. The magnetic trip action is achieved through the use of an electromagnet connected in series with the load current. When the short circuit current passes through the coil this causes the electromagnet to attract the armature (trip bar) and the unlatching action causes the breaker to trip open. Magnetic trip is adjustable in 250A frame breaker and over. Two adjusting methods are available one is the independent adjustment of each pole of the breaker thus three adjusting knobs versus one knob to adjust all poles simultaneously. Thermal magnetic trip elements are temperature sensitive thus a modified unit to compensate for variations in ambient temperature (with a modified design) can be applied under specific conditions. An ambient compensated overload trip unit can be used whenever the breaker (protecting a cable or a down stream device) is located in a different place with different ambient temperature than the protected device or conductor, thus derating or uprating of breakers becomes unnecessary. Ambient compensation is obtained by using an additional compensating bimetal which counteracts the effect of ambient temperature changes on the overload bimetal. There are various methods of connecting the line and load sides of a circuit breaker: bus bars, panelboard straps, rear connected studs, plugin adapters, terminals (cable lugs for single or multiconductors for copper only or copper/aluminum ones). The tripping unit can be made up of solid state components or microprocessor based elements. These components replace the bimetallic & magnetic elements in a conventional molded case c.b. Internal current transformers in the breaker are required to feed in the S.S. trip unit. Each frame size can accomodate a set of rating plugs, these plugs set the rated continuous current of the breaker. Some types of rating plugs are adjustable between 70100% or 50100% of the rated current of the plug itself. The breaker characteristic curves are similar to the thermal magnetic trip curves except that the different tripping actions are more clearly defined and can be adjusted. The distinct portions of the ch/cs curve are: the long time ampere rating & the long time delay (simulates
the thermal section of a thermal magnetic c.b.) the short time pickup & the short time delay (I2t in or out), the instantaneous pick up (simulates the magnetic portion in a thermal magnetic curve). These breakers can come with a builtin ground fault protection (for solid effectivegrounded neutral only) with adjustment of ground fault pickup and time delay. The timecurrent ch/cs curves for current limiting type c.b. have basically the same shape as conventional c.b. The only difference is the current limiting action displayed at higher fault levels. A total interruption time of from 1/4 to 1/2 cycle is consistent with the current limiting operation. The electromagnetic repulsion created by closely spaced parallel contact arms carrying current in opposite directions intensified by an O shaped magnet surrounding the contact arm causes the contacts to blow open in an extremely short period of time. Circuits which produce high fault currents typically are associated with low short circuit power factors (i.e. high X/R ratios). The high speed contact separation enhances the ability of the c.b. to limit both the
peak current and the let through energy. The integral current limiting breaker is similar to the standard thermal magnetic except that it incorporates a current limiting device. This device consists of 3 current limiters specially designed to coordinate with the breaker of which they are an integral part. All normal overloads and s.c. faults are interrupted by the thermal magnetic portion of the c.b. When a large fault occurs the trigger type current limiters will blow and operate the trip bar to open the breaker, thus preventing single phasing. The standard molded case switch, which is a more compact design than the conventional disconnect switch, has no trip unit. It consists of the standard breaker contacts, bussing and lugs for the highest ampere rating in each frame size and is manually operated only. The safety switches can be single throw or double throw. All switches to have visible blades and safety handles (interlock bypass lever, cross bar and operating spring). There are two types of switch contacts the butt and the knifeblade/jaw construction. In the former, only one of the blades contact surface is held in tension against the conducting path, electromagnetic forces due to high current faults will tend to force the contacts apart therefore arcing and contact burning may be the result. In the latter the jaws distribute a uniform clamping pressure on both sides of the blade contact surfaces, the electromagnetic forces due to the high s.c. currents will tend to squeeze the 2 sides of the jaw together onto the blade. The action of the blade moving in and out of the jaws aids in cleaning the contact surfaces. The contacts are made of copper and the current carrying parts of the switch are plated, to reduce heating. Fused switches will have fuse clips/holders plated and either spring reinforced or not, the classes found on these switches are J, R, or L for 800A and over. The molded case switches and the safety switches are installed in a variety of enclosures to meet practically all applications. The enclosures are designated according to Nema standards(1,3R,4,4X,5,...etc.) or CSA(1,2,3,..etc) all the enclosures have to go through a set of qualifying tests before been given such a designation. Now,we shall cover panelboards. These types of boards can be classified, broadly,into two categories: lighting and distribution/ power. Another method of classification is whether the board contains breakers, switches (fused or unfused) or a combination thereof. The panelboards can also be classified according to the main, accepting the incoming cable, whether it is a breaker a switch or just a set of lugs. The rating ranges, for single phase (three wire) or three phase (three or four wire) lighting panels, from 120/240V to 600V 50A 800A main breaker or main lug. The ratings range for single phase (two or three wire) or three phase (three or four wire) power panels from 120/240V through 600V a.c or 250V d.c., main breaker or switch or lugs, up to 1200A. The major components of the breaker panelboards are the boxwhich comes in standard dimensions, the interior which holds the breakers and comes in standard current carrying capacity & mounting spaces, the solid neutral which is a bare conducting bar with lugs, the trim either flush or surface which covers the gutters and has the door that covers the branch/main breakers, finally the breakers plug on or bolted type. For the fusible panels the components are: the fusible switch unit, the interior assembly, the enclosure the box and the front trim parts, the cover plates (blanks)and the neutral. There are metering equipment (centres or sockets) that are used for single phase and three phase systems. They are units that act as the point of placement for the P.U. to place its detachable meter (watthour). The single phase 120/240V,3wire units are used in conjunction with the load centre which
is located inside the single family resident. There are three types of meter sockets: the noncircuit closing, automatic circuit closing and the manual circuit closing. The first means when the watthour meter is removed the service to the down stream load is interrupted, the second means that a mechanism to short the line to the load jaws of the socket when the meter is detached is provided, the third offers the ability of shorting the line to the load jaws of the socket manually through the use of a slider or lever before removing the meter. All these mechanisms are meant for temporarily shorting the socket and usually rated 50% of the continuous current carrying capacity of the socket. The jumper bars are not to be used to make/break current. The 4 jaw meter socket is used on 120/240V a.c.,1 phase, 3 wire. The 5jaw used with single phase loads fed from 3 phase ,4w 120/208V ac system. For 3 phase, 4 wire systems the 7jaw meter socket is used with the proper meter to measure the energy consumption of the connected loads. The type of socket trim will suit the type of socket installed. These meter sockets can be assembled together in one lineup to meter different loads in one location like shopping centers, apartment buildings,...etc. They are built for indoor or outdoor installations. Home of VePi