Introduction To Bio Process
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UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS OF BIOPROCESS INTRODUCTION TO BIOPROCESS
LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOPROCESS
Objectives •
Understand the term Bioprocess
•
Temperature
•
Working of the fermentors
•
pH
Introduction to Bioprocess
•
Dissolve O2
When our early ancestors made alcoholic beverages, they used a bioprocess.
•
Concentration of substrate
•
Concentration of product
The combination of yeast cells and nutrients (cereal grains) formed a fermentation system in which the organisms consumed the nutrients for their own growth and produced by-products (alcohol and carbon dioxide gas) that helped to make the beverage. Bioprocess technology is an extension of ancient techniques for developing useful products by taking advantage of natural biological activities such as production of enzymes (used, for example, in food processing and waste management) and antibiotics. Use of living material offers several advantages over conventional chemical methods of production. They usually require lower temperature, pressure, and pH. They can use renewable resources as raw materials and greater quantities can be produced with less energy consumption. With the development of automated and computerized equipment, it is becoming much easier to accurately monitor reaction conditions and thus increase production efficiency. As advances in bioprocess technology, particularly separation and purification techniques, are made, commercial firms will be able to economically produce these substances in large amounts, and thus make them available for use in medical research, food processing, agriculture, pharmaceutical development, waste management, and numerous other fields of science and industry.
•
Agitator speed
•
Other process variables
Knowledge of the metabolism of microbial cells is indispensable for (a) the optimization of bioreactor operation, (b) the selection of the best microorganism for a given biochemical conversion, (c) targeted or evolutionary improvement of an existing microorganism and (d) design (metabolic engineering) of microorganisms with new reactivities and/or morphology. This helps improve the efficiency of bioprocesses by focusing on microbial performance. Growth and production characteristics of the microorganisms or cell culture must be measured as a function of environment. Shake flasks of 250 ml to 1 liter capacity are used for these experiments. Varying conditions for optimal growth of microorganisms and their productivity are medium composition, pH, temperature and other environmental conditions. How is the working of the bench top fermenter which is also a bioreactor works? Bench Top Fermenter (bioreactor) This is the first step of the scale up process for large-scale operation of the bioprocess for which optimum conditions for the growth are established in the shake flask experiments above. 2.203
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
The bench top fermenter usually is of 1 to 2 liter capacity. It is equipped with instruments for measuring and adjusting
After this session you will be able to
Process can be more closely controlled than in Shake flask experiments. Information is collected on •
O2 requirements of the cells
•
Sensitivity of the cells to shear
•
Foaming characteristics
Many proteins and polymers produced will cause extensive foaming. The main concern of this study is whether optimal conditions can be provided or not for the cell growth in a reactor and their determination. Information gathered from this study is used for the further scale-up of the bioreactor. The information obtained includes: •
Mass transfer coefficients (concentration gradients)
•
Mixing time (a parameter used for determining mixing efficiency)
•
Gas hold up ∈=
Vg ———— Vg + VL
Vg is the volume of gas bubbles in the reactor VL is the volume of liquid Power number P ————— r N3 D5 P is the power required r is the viscosity Ni3 is the stirrer speed Di5 is the impeller diameter •
Impeller shear rate
It is also decided whether the bioreactor must be operated for batch process or continuous process. At this stage, the commercial viability of the process is also evaluated.
© Copy Right: Rai University
1
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
Pilot Scale Bioreactor (10 – 1000 liters) You can clearly see the increasing role of engineering science from this step onward. The aim of the pilot scale is to examine the response of the cells to scale-up. Operation of the same process in a larger vessel outwardly may appear relative trivial. However, loss in performance of the cells occurs when size is changed. Even though the geometry of the reactor, the method of aeration, mixing, impeller design and other features may be similar in small and large fermenters, the effect on activity of cells can be great. The loss of productivity due to scale-up may or may not be recovered. Therefore, reevaluation of economic feasibility may be necessary from the results of pilot scale findings. Review Question •
What do you understand by the term bioprocess?
•
How does a bioreactor works?
Notes:
2
© Copy Right: Rai University
2.203
LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOPROCESS
Objectives •
Understand the term Bioprocess
•
Temperature
•
Working of the fermentors
•
pH
Introduction to Bioprocess
•
Dissolve O2
When our early ancestors made alcoholic beverages, they used a bioprocess.
•
Concentration of substrate
•
Concentration of product
The combination of yeast cells and nutrients (cereal grains) formed a fermentation system in which the organisms consumed the nutrients for their own growth and produced by-products (alcohol and carbon dioxide gas) that helped to make the beverage. Bioprocess technology is an extension of ancient techniques for developing useful products by taking advantage of natural biological activities such as production of enzymes (used, for example, in food processing and waste management) and antibiotics. Use of living material offers several advantages over conventional chemical methods of production. They usually require lower temperature, pressure, and pH. They can use renewable resources as raw materials and greater quantities can be produced with less energy consumption. With the development of automated and computerized equipment, it is becoming much easier to accurately monitor reaction conditions and thus increase production efficiency. As advances in bioprocess technology, particularly separation and purification techniques, are made, commercial firms will be able to economically produce these substances in large amounts, and thus make them available for use in medical research, food processing, agriculture, pharmaceutical development, waste management, and numerous other fields of science and industry.
•
Agitator speed
•
Other process variables
Knowledge of the metabolism of microbial cells is indispensable for (a) the optimization of bioreactor operation, (b) the selection of the best microorganism for a given biochemical conversion, (c) targeted or evolutionary improvement of an existing microorganism and (d) design (metabolic engineering) of microorganisms with new reactivities and/or morphology. This helps improve the efficiency of bioprocesses by focusing on microbial performance. Growth and production characteristics of the microorganisms or cell culture must be measured as a function of environment. Shake flasks of 250 ml to 1 liter capacity are used for these experiments. Varying conditions for optimal growth of microorganisms and their productivity are medium composition, pH, temperature and other environmental conditions. How is the working of the bench top fermenter which is also a bioreactor works? Bench Top Fermenter (bioreactor) This is the first step of the scale up process for large-scale operation of the bioprocess for which optimum conditions for the growth are established in the shake flask experiments above. 2.203
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
The bench top fermenter usually is of 1 to 2 liter capacity. It is equipped with instruments for measuring and adjusting
After this session you will be able to
Process can be more closely controlled than in Shake flask experiments. Information is collected on •
O2 requirements of the cells
•
Sensitivity of the cells to shear
•
Foaming characteristics
Many proteins and polymers produced will cause extensive foaming. The main concern of this study is whether optimal conditions can be provided or not for the cell growth in a reactor and their determination. Information gathered from this study is used for the further scale-up of the bioreactor. The information obtained includes: •
Mass transfer coefficients (concentration gradients)
•
Mixing time (a parameter used for determining mixing efficiency)
•
Gas hold up ∈=
Vg ———— Vg + VL
Vg is the volume of gas bubbles in the reactor VL is the volume of liquid Power number P ————— r N3 D5 P is the power required r is the viscosity Ni3 is the stirrer speed Di5 is the impeller diameter •
Impeller shear rate
It is also decided whether the bioreactor must be operated for batch process or continuous process. At this stage, the commercial viability of the process is also evaluated.
© Copy Right: Rai University
1
BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
Pilot Scale Bioreactor (10 – 1000 liters) You can clearly see the increasing role of engineering science from this step onward. The aim of the pilot scale is to examine the response of the cells to scale-up. Operation of the same process in a larger vessel outwardly may appear relative trivial. However, loss in performance of the cells occurs when size is changed. Even though the geometry of the reactor, the method of aeration, mixing, impeller design and other features may be similar in small and large fermenters, the effect on activity of cells can be great. The loss of productivity due to scale-up may or may not be recovered. Therefore, reevaluation of economic feasibility may be necessary from the results of pilot scale findings. Review Question •
What do you understand by the term bioprocess?
•
How does a bioreactor works?
Notes:
2
© Copy Right: Rai University
2.203
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