Insulation
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PHYSICS WRITE UP TOPIC: TO DETERMINE A FACTOR THAT ENHANCES EFFECTIVE INSULATION. RESEARCH QUESTION: HOW DOES THE THICKNESS OF ACOUSTIC INSULATION MATERIAL AFFECTS THE RATE OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITH TIME. VARIABLES: •
Independent: the time it takes the temperature of the water to drop every 30s.
•
Dependent: the temperature of the water after every 30s
•
Controlled: the thickness of the acoustic material (1.3±0.01cm thick)
•
Uncontrollable: the temperature of the room, the atmospheric pressure.
INTRODUCTION: Insulation is the property that a substance possesses to minimize heat losses. In this experiment we are going to use an acoustic insulating material in determining how thickness of the material affects its insulation by using hot water and observe how the temperature drops with time. HYPOTHESIS: I can therefore predict that the thicker the insulated material is the lesser the rate of fall of temperature. APPARATUS/MATERIALS •
A calorimeter
•
A reasonable amount of acoustic material suitable for three turns.
•
A thermometer (0 to 100ºC).
•
A stop clock.
•
Hot water
•
Measuring cylinder
PHYSICS WRITE UP
APPARATUS SET UP Retort stand
Thermometer
Acoustic material
Calorimeter
Water
PHYSICS WRITE UP
TABLE SHOWING THE RATE OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITH RESPECT TO TIME OF THE DIFFERENT THICKNESS OF ACOUSTIC MATERIAL
Temperature/ºC (±0.005ºC)
Time/s(±0.001s) 0.000
T1 73.000
T2 73.000
T3 73.000
30.000
71.600
72.100
72.300
60.000
70.700
71.300
71.600
90.000
69.900
70.500
71.000
120.000
68.900
69.800
70.500
150.000
68.300
69.200
69.900
180.000
67.600
68.500
69.400
210.000
66.900
68.000
68.900
240.000
66.300
67.400
68.400
270.000
65.500
66.900
67.900
300.000
65.100
66.400
67.500
PHYSICS WRITE UP
METHOD/PROCEDURE •
Using one layer of acoustic material, pad the inner part of the calorimeter.
•
Measure 100cm3 of water with a measuring cylinder and take note of the temperature. ( At least make sure that the temperature of the water is above 70ºC)
•
Pour the water into the calorimeter and cover it with the lid.
•
Insert your thermometer into the hole on top of the lid of the calorimeter and immediately start the timer.
•
Record the temperature of the water after every 30 seconds neatly in a table of time against temperature.
•
Keep on recording until you reach 300 seconds is reached.
•
Now wrap another layer acoustic material around the outer side of the calorimeter.
•
Repeat all the above steps and lastly wrap a third layer of acoustic material and repeat the same processes above.
PRECAUTIONS •
Make sure that the thickness of the layers of acoustic material is the same.
•
Make sure the calorimeters lid is properly fitted on it to prevent the escape of excess heat.
PHYSICS WRITE UP
Graph showing how the temperature of water varies with time of the various thickness of the acoustic material. Temperature/ºC
thickness of 1.3cm thickness of 2.6cm
74
thickness of 3.9cm
With thickness 3.9cm
72
70
68
66
With thickness 2.6cm
64
With thickness 1.3cm 62
time/s 30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
EVALUATION OF THE GRAPH •
For the first graph with the thickness of acoustic material to be 3.9cm, we can obtain the gradient by taking the values of the first and last points on the line.
Gradient= Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 72.3-67.5/30-300 = -0.018 •
For the second graph with the thickness of the acoustic material to be 2.6cm, the gradient is:
Gradient= Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 72.1-66.4/30-300
300
PHYSICS WRITE UP = -0.021 •
Lastly for the third graph with the thickness of the lagging material to be 1.3cm, the gradient is:
Gradient= Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 71.6-65.1/30-300 = -0.024 So we can clearly see that as the thickness of the lagging material increases, the gradient of the graph decreases. This shows that the change in temperature with respect to time decreases as the lagging increases. Hence the thicker the material, the more the insulation produced. CONCLUSION A factor which affects insulation is the thickness of the lagging material. And from the experiment carried out it can clearly be seen that the thicker the lagging material is the more effective the insulation. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR IN THE EXPERIMENT •
The water used for the experiment was not distilled and may have contained impurities, altering the temperature values.
•
The experiment was not carried out under the standard conditions of 298K and at a pressure of 1atm.
•
Although heat losses were minimized, some heats escaped form the walls of the calorimeter and may have affected temperature values.
•
Though a constant volume of 100cm3 of water was used, the mass of the water measured in grams varied since impurities in the water may have altered its density
•
Some of the water in the calorimeter may have evaporated even after the burner was removed due to the fact that there was already heat energy present.
PHYSICS WRITE UP •
During the process of transferring the water into the calorimeter some of the heat will have been lost to the environment.
IMPROVEMENTS TO THE EXPERIMENT •
The experiment could be carried out in a closed room.
•
The mass of the water should be kept constant instead of the volume.
•
The temperature of the room in which the experiment is done should have been kept constant so that the rate at which the hot water looses heat may by stable.
Independent: the time it takes the temperature of the water to drop every 30s.
•
Dependent: the temperature of the water after every 30s
•
Controlled: the thickness of the acoustic material (1.3±0.01cm thick)
•
Uncontrollable: the temperature of the room, the atmospheric pressure.
INTRODUCTION: Insulation is the property that a substance possesses to minimize heat losses. In this experiment we are going to use an acoustic insulating material in determining how thickness of the material affects its insulation by using hot water and observe how the temperature drops with time. HYPOTHESIS: I can therefore predict that the thicker the insulated material is the lesser the rate of fall of temperature. APPARATUS/MATERIALS •
A calorimeter
•
A reasonable amount of acoustic material suitable for three turns.
•
A thermometer (0 to 100ºC).
•
A stop clock.
•
Hot water
•
Measuring cylinder
PHYSICS WRITE UP
APPARATUS SET UP Retort stand
Thermometer
Acoustic material
Calorimeter
Water
PHYSICS WRITE UP
TABLE SHOWING THE RATE OF CHANGE OF TEMPERATURE WITH RESPECT TO TIME OF THE DIFFERENT THICKNESS OF ACOUSTIC MATERIAL
Temperature/ºC (±0.005ºC)
Time/s(±0.001s) 0.000
T1 73.000
T2 73.000
T3 73.000
30.000
71.600
72.100
72.300
60.000
70.700
71.300
71.600
90.000
69.900
70.500
71.000
120.000
68.900
69.800
70.500
150.000
68.300
69.200
69.900
180.000
67.600
68.500
69.400
210.000
66.900
68.000
68.900
240.000
66.300
67.400
68.400
270.000
65.500
66.900
67.900
300.000
65.100
66.400
67.500
PHYSICS WRITE UP
METHOD/PROCEDURE •
Using one layer of acoustic material, pad the inner part of the calorimeter.
•
Measure 100cm3 of water with a measuring cylinder and take note of the temperature. ( At least make sure that the temperature of the water is above 70ºC)
•
Pour the water into the calorimeter and cover it with the lid.
•
Insert your thermometer into the hole on top of the lid of the calorimeter and immediately start the timer.
•
Record the temperature of the water after every 30 seconds neatly in a table of time against temperature.
•
Keep on recording until you reach 300 seconds is reached.
•
Now wrap another layer acoustic material around the outer side of the calorimeter.
•
Repeat all the above steps and lastly wrap a third layer of acoustic material and repeat the same processes above.
PRECAUTIONS •
Make sure that the thickness of the layers of acoustic material is the same.
•
Make sure the calorimeters lid is properly fitted on it to prevent the escape of excess heat.
PHYSICS WRITE UP
Graph showing how the temperature of water varies with time of the various thickness of the acoustic material. Temperature/ºC
thickness of 1.3cm thickness of 2.6cm
74
thickness of 3.9cm
With thickness 3.9cm
72
70
68
66
With thickness 2.6cm
64
With thickness 1.3cm 62
time/s 30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
EVALUATION OF THE GRAPH •
For the first graph with the thickness of acoustic material to be 3.9cm, we can obtain the gradient by taking the values of the first and last points on the line.
Gradient= Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 72.3-67.5/30-300 = -0.018 •
For the second graph with the thickness of the acoustic material to be 2.6cm, the gradient is:
Gradient= Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 72.1-66.4/30-300
300
PHYSICS WRITE UP = -0.021 •
Lastly for the third graph with the thickness of the lagging material to be 1.3cm, the gradient is:
Gradient= Y2-Y1/X2-X1 = 71.6-65.1/30-300 = -0.024 So we can clearly see that as the thickness of the lagging material increases, the gradient of the graph decreases. This shows that the change in temperature with respect to time decreases as the lagging increases. Hence the thicker the material, the more the insulation produced. CONCLUSION A factor which affects insulation is the thickness of the lagging material. And from the experiment carried out it can clearly be seen that the thicker the lagging material is the more effective the insulation. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF ERROR IN THE EXPERIMENT •
The water used for the experiment was not distilled and may have contained impurities, altering the temperature values.
•
The experiment was not carried out under the standard conditions of 298K and at a pressure of 1atm.
•
Although heat losses were minimized, some heats escaped form the walls of the calorimeter and may have affected temperature values.
•
Though a constant volume of 100cm3 of water was used, the mass of the water measured in grams varied since impurities in the water may have altered its density
•
Some of the water in the calorimeter may have evaporated even after the burner was removed due to the fact that there was already heat energy present.
PHYSICS WRITE UP •
During the process of transferring the water into the calorimeter some of the heat will have been lost to the environment.
IMPROVEMENTS TO THE EXPERIMENT •
The experiment could be carried out in a closed room.
•
The mass of the water should be kept constant instead of the volume.
•
The temperature of the room in which the experiment is done should have been kept constant so that the rate at which the hot water looses heat may by stable.
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