Infra Report.pdf

Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................................................................................II LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................II LIST OF PHOTOS ....................................................................................................................................... V CHAPTER 6.

PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................ 1

6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1 6.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF EXISTING SITUATION ANALYSIS ............................................................................ 1 6.3 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 2 6.4 WATER SUPPLY ............................................................................................................................... 4 6.4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4 6.4.2 Source of Water ......................................................................................................................... 4 6.4.3 Storage, Transmission and Distribution ..................................................................................... 5 6.4.4 Coverage and Connections ........................................................................................................ 7 6.4.5 Frequency of water supply ......................................................................................................... 9 6.4.6 Issues Identification ................................................................................................................. 10 6.4.7 Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 10 6.5 DRAINAGE .................................................................................................................................... 13 6.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 13 6.5.2 Topography .............................................................................................................................. 13 6.5.3 Human Interventions ............................................................................................................... 13 6.5.4 Road side drains....................................................................................................................... 14 6.5.5 Issues identification ................................................................................................................. 14 6.5.6 Inference .................................................................................................................................. 15 6.6 SEWARAGE ................................................................................................................................... 15 6.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 15 6.6.2 Septic tank use coverage ......................................................................................................... 16 6.6.3 Desludging of Filled septic tank ............................................................................................... 16 6.6.4 Existing system ........................................................................................................................ 17 6.6.5 Issues identified ....................................................................................................................... 17 6.6.6 Inference .................................................................................................................................. 17 6.7 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................................................... 18 6.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 18 6.7.2 Sources of solid waste generation ........................................................................................... 18 6.7.3 Waste collection ...................................................................................................................... 20 6.7.4 Transportation of waste .......................................................................................................... 21 6.7.5 Treatment and Disposal of waste ............................................................................................ 21 6.7.6 Issues Identification ................................................................................................................. 23 6.7.7 Gap analysis ............................................................................................................................. 23 6.8 EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES............................................................................................................. 24 6.8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 24 6.8.2 Pre-primary schools ................................................................................................................. 24 6.8.3 Lower Primary Schools ............................................................................................................. 25 6.8.4 Upper Primary School, High school, Higher secondary schools ............................................... 25 6.8.5 Colleges .................................................................................................................................... 26 6.8.6 Issue Identification ................................................................................................................... 27 6.8.7 Gap analysis ............................................................................................................................. 27 6.8.8 Inference .................................................................................................................................. 28

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan 6.9 HEALTHCARE FACILITIES ............................................................................................................... 28 6.9.1 Hospitals .................................................................................................................................. 28 6.9.2 Dispensaries ............................................................................................................................. 29 6.9.3 Issue Identification ................................................................................................................... 30 6.9.4 Gap Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 30 6.10 SOCIO-CULTURAL FACILITIES ........................................................................................................ 32 6.10.1 Community Halls and Auditoriums ...................................................................................... 32 6.10.2 Cinema Theatres.................................................................................................................. 34 6.11 HOUSING ...................................................................................................................................... 35 6.11.1 Housing conditions .............................................................................................................. 35 6.11.2 Settlement Pattern .............................................................................................................. 36 6.11.3 Homeless and migrant workers. .......................................................................................... 37 6.11.4 Apartments in Kannur Municipal Corporation .................................................................... 38 6.11.5 Slums in Kannur Municipality .............................................................................................. 40 6.11.6 Issues Identification ............................................................................................................. 43 6.11.7 Gap analysis ........................................................................................................................ 44

List of Tables TABLE 1- OHSR AND ITS CAPACITY (KWA, 2019) ....................................................................... 7 TABLE 2 - NO. OF CONNECTIONS (KWA, 2019)............................................................................ 8 TABLE 3 - SHORTAGE ESTIMATION OF OHSR (COUNCILLORS, 2019) ............................................. 11 TABLE 4 - GAP ANALYSIS FOR WATER SUPPLY (COUNCILLORS, 2019) ............................................... 12 TABLE 5 - GAP ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................ 23 TABLE 6 GAP ANALYSIS OF SCHOOLS (URDPFI) ......................................................................... 27 TABLE 7 GAP ANALYSIS OF COLLEGES (URDPFI)......................................................................... 27 TABLE 8GAP ANALYSIS OF HOSPITALS (URDPFI) ......................................................................... 30 TABLE 9GAP ANALYSIS OF DISPENSARIES (URDPFI) ...................................................................... 31

List of Figures FIGURE 1 - METHODOLOGY FOR EXISTING SITUATION ANALYSIS .......................................................... 2 FIGURE 2 - METHODOLOGY FOR CUMULATIVE SCORE DERIVATION....................................................... 3 FIGURE 3 - SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY (KWA, 2019) ................................................................... 4 FIGURE 4 - SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY IN MUNICIPALITY (CORPORATION) .......................................... 5 National Institute of Technology

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FIGURE 5 - SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY

(CENSUS OF INDIA 2011).................................................... 5

FIGURE 6 - OHT IN MUNICIPAL CORPORATION (KWA, 2019) ........................................................ 6 FIGURE 7 - OHT WARD WISE MAP

(COUNCILLORS, 2019)............................................................. 6

FIGURE 8 - WATER TANKS ........................................................................................................... 7 FIGURE 9 - GAP IN WATER CONNECTIONS (KWA, 2019) .............................................................. 7 FIGURE 10 - % OF MUNICIPAL CONNECTIONS (KWA, 2019) ........................................................... 8 FIGURE 11 - MAP SHOWING % OF MUNICIPAL CONNECTIONS (COUNCILLORS, 2019) .......................... 8 FIGURE 12 - MAP SHOWING % USE OF GROUND WATER (COUNCILLORS, 2019) ................................. 9 FIGURE 13 - FREQUENCY OF WATER SUPPLY (COUNCILLORS, 2019) .................................................. 9 FIGURE 14 - MAP SHOWING FREQUENCY OF WATER SUPPLY (COUNCILLORS, 2019) ........................... 10 FIGURE 15- SHORTAGE IN CAPACITY OF OHSR (COUNCILLORS, 2019) ............................................ 11 FIGURE 16EXISTING DRAINS AND NATURAL STREAM ORDER (DEM, KERALA) ................................... 13 FIGURE 17 ROAD SIDE DRAINS (COUNCILLORS, 2019)................................................................. 14 FIGURE 18 WATER LOGGING ISSUE (COUNCILLORS, 2019) .......................................................... 15 FIGURE 19

PERCENTAGE HOUSEHOLDS WITH SEPTIC TANKS

(COUNCILLORS, 2019) ........................... 16

FIGURE 20 - % OF PER DAY SOLID WASTE GENERATED (SURVEY) ..................................................... 18 FIGURE 21 - ILLEGAL DUMPING SITES (COUNCILLORS, 2019)......................................................... 19 FIGURE 22 - MAP SHOWING WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM (COUNCILLORS, 2019) .............................. 20 FIGURE 23 - SOLID WASTE COLLECTION (COUNCILLORS, 2019)...................................................... 21 FIGURE 24 - CHELORA DUMPING YARD ........................................................................................ 21 FIGURE 25 - UNUSED MRF AND RR CENTERS AT CHELORA DUMPING GROUND ................................... 21 FIGURE 26 - HH WITH WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM (COUNCILLORS, 2019) ......................................... 22 FIGURE 27 - % OF HH WITH WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM (COUNCILLORS, 2019) ................................. 22 FIGURE 28 - ILLEGAL WASTE DUMPING ........................................................................................ 23 National Institute of Technology

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FIGURE 29 NO OF PRESCHOOL ACCESSIBLE BY WALK ..................................................................... 24 FIGURE 30 NO OF LP SCHOOL ACCESSIBLE BY WALK ...................................................................... 25 FIGURE 31 NO OF UP/HS/HSS SCHOOL ACCESSIBLE BY WALK ....................................................... 25 FIGURE 32 NO OF COLLEGES ACCESSIBLE .................................................................................... 26 FIGURE 33 1.5 KM SERVICE AREA OF COLLEGES. .......................................................................... 26 FIGURE 34 NO OF HOSPITALS WITHIN 3KM (GOOGLE EARTH) ........................................................ 28 FIGURE 35 1KM AND 3KM SERVICE AREA- HOSPITALS (GOOGLE EARTH) ......................................... 29 FIGURE 36 NO OF DISPENSARIES WITHIN 1KM (GOOGLE EARTH)................................................... 29 FIGURE 37 1KM SERVICE AREA- DISPENSARIES (GOOGLE EARTH) ................................................... 30 FIGURE 38 - EXISTING COMMUNITY HALLS AND AUDITORIUMS (GOOGLE EARTH)............................... 32 FIGURE 39 - GAP ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY HALLS AND AUDITORIUMS (URDPFI)............................ 32 FIGURE 40 - PROXIMITY FROM COMMUNITY HALLS AND AUDITORIUMS .............................................. 33 FIGURE 41 - % OF AREA SERVED BY COMMUNITY HALLS AND AUDITORIUMS ........................................ 33 FIGURE 42 - CINEMA THEATRES ................................................................................................. 34 FIGURE 43 - % OF DILAPIDATED HOUSES (COUNCILLORS, 2019) .................................................... 35 FIGURE 44 - MAP SHOWING % OF DILAPIDATED HOUSES (COUNCILLORS, 2019)............................... 35 FIGURE 45 - % OF PUCCA HOUSES (CENSUS OF INDIA 2011) ........................................................ 36 FIGURE 46 SETTLEMENT PATTERN (GOOGLE EARTH) ................................................................... 37 FIGURE 47 POPULATION DENSITY.............................................................................................. 37 FIGURE 48 PERCENTAGE OF HOUSELESS POPULATION (LIFE MISSION PROGRAM) .............................. 38 FIGURE 49PANCHAYTH WISE HOUSELESS POPULATION (LIFE MISSION PROGRAM) ............................. 38 FIGURE 50 - NO. OF FLOORS IN APARTMENTS IN KANNUR (SURVEY, TCP DEPT.)............................... 39 FIGURE 51 - % OF OCCUPANCY IN FLATS (SURVEY, TCP DEPT.)...................................................... 39 FIGURE 52 - SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY IN APARTMENTS (SURVEY, TCP DEPT.) ................................ 39 National Institute of Technology

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FIGURE 53 - SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN APARTMENTS (SURVEY, TCP DEPT.) .......................................... 40 FIGURE 54 - LOCATION OF SLUMS .............................................................................................. 40 FIGURE 55 - SLUMS AND LAND USE ............................................................................................. 41 FIGURE 56 - % OF SLUM HOUSEHOLDS (CORPORATION) ................................................................ 41 FIGURE 57 - RANK ORDER FOR MOST URGENT NEED IN SLUMS

(IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND

SOCIAL SCIENCE (IOSR-JHSS) ) ......................................................................................... 42 FIGURE 58 - SLUMS (IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE (IOSR-JHSS) ) .............. 42 FIGURE 59 - HOUSING

CONDITION IN SLUMS

(IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE

(IOSR-JHSS) )................................................................................................................ 42 FIGURE 60 - TOILET SCENARIO IN SLUMS (IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE (IOSRJHSS) ).......................................................................................................................... 43 FIGURE 61 - WATER SUPPLY AND GARBAGE FACILITY IN SLUMS

(IOSR JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND

SOCIAL SCIENCE (IOSR-JHSS) ) ......................................................................................... 43 FIGURE 62 - GAP ANALYSIS OF HOUSING STOCK (CENSUS OF INDIA 2011)....................................... 44

List of Photos NO TABLE OF FIGURES ENTRIES FOUND.

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

Chapter 6. 6.1

Physical and Social Infrastructure

Introduction

Infrastructure is the stepping stone for the development of any city. Without proper infrastructure, the growth of the city is difficult. And the type of infrastructure to some extend depends on the region, topography, lifestyle of people, homestead pattern, availability of land and water, etc. Infrastructure development in kerala is at present adequate, even though it is underdeveloped considering many big cities. But due to the peculiar nature of topography and homestead pattern, Kerala managed to have not much issue in the infrastructure. Since most of the houses have enough land and most of the places have good ground water availability, there is not much population concentration in the city centers as compared to the other north Indian states where the people cannot have a home at any place, instead they have to consider the water connection network and sewerage network provided by the ULBs. These factors determine the size or extend of cities. Unlike this pattern, Kerala doesn’t have much differentiation between urban and rural areas.

6.2

Aim and Objectives of Existing Situation Analysis

The existing situation analysis of physical and social infrastructure aims at studying the current scenario, analyzing and identifying the issues and problem facing areas. The analysis of each infrastructure is mainly done in a decentralised manner i.e. ward wise. Objectives of the study are 

To understand the present location-specific conditions



To identify the critical areas in terms of availability and accessibility of infrastructure



To derive a cumulative score ward wise, rating each ward in terms of overall infrastructure facility.

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

6.3

Methodology

Figure 1 - Methodology for existing situation analysis

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan % of connections (0.4)

Municipal water supply (0.6)

Water supply (1)

Frequency of supply (0.2)

Ground water (0.4)

Water logging (0.60)

Drainage and Sewerage (1)

% of road-side drains (0.4)

% of waste collection (0.5)

Solid Waste Management (1)

% of HH with waste disposal system (05)

Pre-schools (0.25) LP schools (0.25)

CUMULATIVE RATING

Education (1)

(ward-wise)

UP/HS schools (0.25) Colleges (0.25)

Health (1)

Specialty hospitals (0.6)

Within 1 km (0.4) Within 3 kms. (0.2)

Dispensaries (0.4)

Socio-cultural facilities (1)

Community halls and auditoriums (0.6)

Within 1 km (0.4) Within 3 kms. (0.2)

Cinema halls (0.4)

% of pucca houses (0.6) Housing (1) % of non-dilapidated houses (0.4) Figure 2 - Methodology for cumulative score derivation

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6.4

WATER SUPPLY 6.4.1 Introduction

Kannur Municipal Corporation is a recently formed corporation in 2015 which includes one old municipality area and five panchayats. The total population of Kannur corporation is 2,32,486. The whole corporation is divided into 55 wards. Kannur Municipal Corporation and Kerala Water Authority (KWA) are the statutory authorities providing water supply to the entire corporation. They are responsible for planning, Design, Construction, Implementation and Management of water supply. (Corporation) 6.4.2 Source of Water Wells, tube wells, natural streams and ponds are the main sources of water in addition to the water supplied by KWA. The water is supplied from Pazhassi reservoir at Veliyambara which is 40 kilometers away from the municipality area. The yield from the source is 30 MLD which is supplied to approximately 30,000 connections in the corporation area. There are two sections operating the supply - Section office 2 and Section office 3. (Corporation)

Figure 3 - Source of water supply

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan In the municipality area 25% of the population is dependent only on open wells and have no KWA water connections.

Figure 4 - Source of water supply in municipality

Figure 5 - Source of water supply

(Corporation)

(Census of India 2011)

6.4.3 Storage, Transmission and Distribution The water is conveyed through gravity main from the TP sump to OHSR. Water tanks have been strategically placed based on 2 factors – 1. Population density 2. Groundwater quality Municipality area has the maximum water tanks due to its high population density. Chelora panchayat has only one water tank which clearly indicates low municipal water coverage in the panchayat. A major portion of 35% shortage can be attributed to HH in Chelora. Also regions like pallikunnu and edakkad are well served by KWA due to its saline ground water. National Institute of Technology

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Figure 6 - OHT in municipal corporation

Figure 7 - OHT ward wise map

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(KWA, 2019)

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan Table 1- OHSR and its capacity

(KWA, 2019)

OHSR

Existing capacity (LL) 4 28 8 3 3 5 2 16 40 8.5

Chala OHSR Chovva OHSR Elayavoor OHSR Kakkad OHSR Kazanamkotta OHSR Pallikunnu OHSR Payangodapara OHSR Sangeetha OHSR Thana OHSR Vattakulum OHSR

Figure 8 - water tanks

6.4.4 Coverage and Connections The current coverage of municipal connections is 65% for the whole corporation area and the rest 35% are solely dependent on ground water. Most of this 35% lies in Chelora panchayat due to non-availability of water supply network. 60000

No. of HH

50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 HH

Total HH

Served HH

48673

31489

Figure 9 - Gap in Water connections

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan Table 2 - No. of connections (KWA, 2019)

Type Domestic Nondomestic Industrial

0.13%

No. of Connections 31489 3484 48

Percentage of Municipal Connections 10%

Domestic Nondomestic 90%

Industrial

Figure 10 - % of municipal connections (KWA, 2019)

Municipality and most areas of edakkad and pallikunnu (having saline ground water) are adequately supplied with municipal water with above 90% HH connections. Figure 11 - Map showing % of municipal connections

(Councillors, 2019)

The network suffers from leaking old pipes with unauthorized connections and inadequate carrying capacity of pipes to satisfy population and service demands. National Institute of Technology

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Figure 12 - Map showing % use of ground water

(Councillors, 2019)

6.4.5 Frequency of water supply Water is supplied in two shifts of 6 hours in Kannur Municipality. After the completion of the laying of new pipe line, 24 hours water supply can be achieved. 62% of the corporation receives daily water supply. (Corporation)

Frequency of supply

Daily

38% 62%

Alternate days

Figure 13 - Frequency of water supply (Councillors, 2019)

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Figure 14 - Map showing frequency of water supply (Councillors, 2019)

6.4.6 Issues Identification •

30% groundwater saline in coastal regions of edakkad and pallikunnu

•

Due to old design tank capacity, supply is difficult to increase

•

Some connections not metered and some metered connections are not in use.

•

Summer months scarcity of water faced due to drying of groundwater and insufficient supply of municipal water.

•

30% of the corporation has no coverage of municipal water supply

•

Water supply lines are difficult to repair and impacts road and traffic movement. 6.4.7 Gap Analysis

As per URDPFI 135lpcd is the standard to identify the water requirement. Considering it the quantity of water required for current population and the capacity of water tanks was calculated. A huge amount of shortage was identified which does not persist due to dependency of public on ground water sources. Current water usage in the corporation National Institute of Technology

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

is 95lpcd. Considering the ideal situation where the whole corporation is only dependent on KWA water supply, this is the shortage identified -

Table 3 - Shortage estimation of OHSR

(Councillors, 2019)

OHSR

Population served

Required capacity (LL)

Existing capacity (LL)

Shortage

Chala OHSR Chovva OHSR Elayavoor OHSR Kakkad OHSR Kazanamkotta OHSR Kodaparamba OHSR Malikaparambu OHSR Pallikunnu OHSR Payangodapara OHSR Perlassery water project S N College OHSR Sangeetha OHSR Thana OHSR Vattakulum OHSR

17059 20070 26290 21126 7919 20917 4130 25572 12096 23184

23 27 35 29 11 28 6 35 16 31

4 28 8 3 3

-19 0 -27 -27 -9

5 2

-31 -15

8603 20778 7878 17022

12 28 11 23

16 40 8.5

-12 29 -15

35

31

30

27

29

27

25 20

19 15

15

15 12

9

10 5 0

Figure 15- Shortage in capacity of OHSR (Councillors, 2019)

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan Table 4 - Gap analysis for water supply (Councillors, 2019)

INDICATOR

SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK

EXISTING VALUE

Coverage of water supply connections Per capita water availability

100%

65%

135 lpcd

90 lpcd

Frequency of water supply

24 hours

Quality of water supplied

100%

6-8 hours/day or alternate days 96%

As shown, considering sole dependence on KWA supply 184LL of shortage is prevalent in the corporation.

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6.5

DRAINAGE 6.5.1 Introduction

In the corporation region there are9 natural canals whichdrain all the storm water in the city to the sea. Majority of these drain channels flows to sea except varamthodu which flows to kakkad river. Main drain channels are chalathodu, kannampuzha, thottadathodu, ammayithodu, anonnithodu. Most of these channels are in bad condition with people dumping wastes into it and require rejuvenation. (Councillors, 2019) 6.5.2 Topography Kannur Corporation has a hilly terrain in the east side and sloped to a nearly plain terrain in the west. There are three hilly terrains with in the corporation limit, Highest hill terrain on the north side and second highest next south to the former one and the third far south extending from northeast of the corporation to the sea creating valleys in between the three hilly regions. All the drains run through these valleys with paddy fields on both sides. Edakkad, and Chelora zones are in the hilly areas and Pallikunnu and puzhathi are in the low lying areas. 6.5.3 Human Interventions In the Corporation region, there is a high tendency to divert the natural flow direction of drain channels or to fill the subsidiaries of these drains. Most of these conversions happened in old Municipality, Pallikunnu and Chelora zones.

Figure 16Existing drains and Natural stream order

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

6.5.4 Road side drains Most of the old municipality has good drainage facilities. Chelora and edakkad zones have less no of road side drains. Most of these drains don’t have a proper connectivity with each other. Most of the drains in the Corporation are open drains. Most of the drains face blockage issue because of the illegal dumping of waste to the drains. There are very less number of drains in the divisions, varam, athirakom, adikadalai, kottali, etc. And in payyambalam and kannathur divisions most of the roads have drain facilities.

Figure 17 Road side drains (Councillors, 2019)

6.5.5 Issues identification Water logging issues are more in the municipality, pallikunnu and puzhathi zones. In chelora and edakkad, since both are hilly regions water will be drained easily. Most of the waterlogging issues are found in the natural drains because of the illegal filling and rerouting of these natural drains. Most of the drains are blocked because of the illegal dumping of waste. Palliyamoola ward has the most waterlogging issue because of the tidal effects from sea. And among the divisions this ward has very less road side drain facility. Even though the road side drain facilities are less in the chelora and edakkad divisions water logging issues are comparably low. (Councillors, 2019) National Institute of Technology

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Figure 18 Water logging issue (Councillors, 2019)

6.5.6 Inference More drainage facilities are needed in the low lying areas since waterlogging issues are more in these regions. Palliyammoola, Kokkenpara, Varam, Veliyanoor, Padanna, Aryakkal wards need more drainage facilities to deal with the waterlogging issue. And precautionary steps to be taken to avoid illegal filling and rerouting of existing drainage canals. 6.6

SEWARAGE 6.6.1 Introduction

In the corporation area there is no proper sewerage network or treatment system. Most of the households depend on septic tank and the sewerage is allowed to percolate to ground through soak pits. Above 90% of the houses in the corporation have septic tank within their plots. In the municipality area there is an issue of people connecting their septic tank soak pit outlet to the city drains. This is mainly because of the lack of adequate land available for digging soak pit where there is no ground water source within 7.5m. There is a proposal for sewerage network. But the difficulty in implementing is that proposed sewerage line goes along the existing roads through the centre of the road. To lay the system all the roads have to be demolished. Since there is a natural slope, Corporation has an advantage in setting a sewerage system.

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

6.6.2 Septic tank use coverage Most of the municipality, pallikunnu, elayavoorand puzhathizones have high percentage of toilets connected to septic tanks. Most of the wards in chelora, edakkad regions have less percentage of septic tanks connected to toilets. This can be accounted to the fact that earlier in panchayaths, it was not mandatory to have 3 chambered septic tanks. Instead, a house built with toilets connected to one pit tanks will get sanctioned. All the divisions in chelora zone except macheri; padanna and vethilapalli divisions in municipality and edakkad division have less than 90 % of its households have proper septic tank. This can be because of the earlier allowance of pit tanks and the fact that in slum areas people depend on public toilets rather than individual household toilets….. (Councillors, 2019)

Figure 19 percentage households with septic tanks

(Councillors, 2019)

6.6.3 Desludging of Filled septic tank There is no proper desludging system in Kannur Corporation. Most of the households depend on private parties to clear the septic tank, once it gets filled. In most cases the private agency will dig a hole in land and the sludge is pumped into it and buried. In case land is not available the private agencies will take the sludge with them to treat it proper. But there were complaints from many areas about the mass toilet waste National Institute of Technology

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dumping in the drainage canals which put these agencies under suspicion………. (Councillors, 2019)

6.6.4 Existing system At present there is no sewerage system in Corporation limits. Most of the households are using septic tanks and soak pits. In apartment buildings sewage treatment plant is mandatory, but most of the apartments are discharging the treated water into the public drains. With the efficiency of the treatment plants the quality of water discharged into the public drains can be questioned. The waste water from hospitals and commercial shops weather treated or not are discharged into the public drain.Thus making it to a breeding site for mosquitos. (Councillors, 2019) 6.6.5 Issues identified      

No proper sewerage system. Difficulty in lying sewer lines in existing roads. No septage treatment facility. Waste water is directly discharged to public drains resulting in clogging. No proper desludging system for septic tanks. In municipality there is difficulty for households to find suitable site for soak pits. 6.6.6 Inference

Lack of sewerage network or system is more affecting the municipality regions as there is less land available for households. This land deficiency creates problems, in making soak pits which leads to unhygienic disposal of waste water in to public drains. There should be proper treatment systems for commercial shops, markets, hospitals etc. Policy frameworks should be strong enough to prevent industries from discharging waste water into public drains. Having a proper sewerage network and treatment system should be in agenda for a long term planning.

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

6.7

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 6.7.1 Introduction

As per the DPR, total waste generated in the Municipal Corporation is 90 tons which works out to be 1230 grams / capita / day. As per an extensive survey conducted by NSS students, the amount of per day kitchen waste generated per household is 2kg and the amount of per month per household plastic waste generated is 5 kg. At present, there is no proper waste collection and waste disposal system throughout the municipal corporation. The system is inconsistent and irregular, clearly showing the disparity in management of solid waste. Chelora trenching ground located in chelora panchayat is the only dumping yard in the corporation where all the waste collected by contingency workers from illegal dumping sites is dumped. (Corporation) There is no clear estimation or measurement for the amount of waste collected and disposed at present. Haritha sena and some resident associations collect waste in some areas and some HH have their own biodegradable waste disposal system like pipe compost, biogas plant, etc. installed. (Councillors, 2019) 6.7.2 Sources of solid waste generation The primary sources of solid waste in Kannur town are local households, shops, vegetable market, slaughter house and debris. Domestic and commercial establishment are the main generator of waste. Major portion of the solid wastes is the organic. About 44 % is from residence and 22 % from vegetables and fruit markets. The density of waste in Kannur town is estimated to be around 455Kg / m3. (Corporation)

Figure 20 - % of per day solid waste generated

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

Municipality has the major concentration of illegal waste dumping sites due to inefficient waste collection and waste disposal system . Major portion of the waste generated in municipality is not only from residential uses but a mix of uses like commercial, industrial, etc.. (Councillors, 2019) Edakkad panchayat has low per day solid waste generation due to its low density of HH. There is less no. of illegal dumping sites in Edakkad as compared to other panchayats due to – 1. Efficient working of Haritha Sena for plastic waste collection 2. Around 50% of HH have waste disposal system

Figure 21 - Illegal dumping sites

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(Councillors, 2019)

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Existing Situation Analysis for Kannur Master Plan

6.7.3 Waste collection There is no proper waste collection system in the corporation. Plastic waste is collected by kudumbashree at some areas but not everywhere. Around 50 Rs. per month is the average charge per HH incurred. Rest areas have predominant waste dumping on road sides, vacant plots, etc. Contingency workers are appointed and given required tools and equipments to collect waste at some places. Night squads also work in the municipality area to avoid illegal waste dumping. But despite that there is n consistent and corporation wide system for waste collection and segregation.

Figure 22 - Map showing waste collection system

(Councillors, 2019)

Absence of waste collection system can be attributed to highest illegal dumping sites in municipality. 46% of the corporation has no waste collection system. Edakkad panchayat has consistent plastic collection facility and more than 50% of HH have waste disposal system which can be attributed to its less illegal waste dumping sites. Only 50% of the HH have waste collection facility and 46% HH have no waste collection system. National Institute of Technology

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Solid Waste Collection 4%

None

Haritha Sena - Plastic waste

4%

46% 46%

Resident Association

Figure 23 - Solid waste collection

(Councillors, 2019)

6.7.4 Transportation of waste A total of 1 dumper placer, 1 tractor, 2 tricycles are used for collection of wastes. About 21.04 metric tons were transported to Chelora dumping site. Earlier 4 loads per day sent to the dumping yard, now due to peoples protest reduced to 13 tones, once in 3 days with police protection (1 dumper placer + 1 lorry + 2 mini lorries). (Corporation) 6.7.5 Treatment and Disposal of waste There is no treatment plant in the corporation. the method adopted is open dumping in the Chelora dumping yard. Plastic waste collected at some locations by kudumbashree is collected but no efficient processing of that collected plastic waste is done. Material Resource Recovery (MRF) and Resource Recovery (RR) centers at Chelora trenching ground are not functioning at present.

Figure 24 - Chelora dumping yard

Figure 25 - Unused MRF and RR centers at Chelora dumping ground

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Kannur Municipal Corporation had been dumping the waste in Chelora which is 10 Km from the town which is functioning from 1954. Different vehicles are used to transport the waste to the trenching ground at Chelora. The yard has an area of 23.29 Acres of land. Out of the 23.29 Acres, 2 acres are used for filling waste. (Corporation) At HH level, only 10% of the houses have waste disposal system, rest 90% are dumping it illegally or is collected by contingency workers.

HH with waste disposal system 10%

90%

HH with waste disposal system

Figure 26 - HH with waste disposal system

(Councillors, 2019)

90% of the corporation has no HH level waste disposal facility, mainly concentrated in municipality , pallikunnu and puzhati panchayat. These are the critical areas facing situations of illegal dumping due to – 1. no HH waste collection system 2. less than 10% of HH with solid waste disposal system.

Figure 27 - % of HH with waste disposal system

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6.7.6 Issues Identification        

Solid waste generated is not collected from whole corporation, hence inefficient in terms of disparity in collection. Waste segregation is not done. Plastic waste collected is not processed at MRF or RR centers. Very few areas in municipality where waste is not collected is cleaned by contingency workers. Frequency of waste dumping by truck drivers is not regular. There is no treatment process like land filling followed at Chelora Trenching ground. At some places waste is burnt by contingency workers creating pollution. Solid waste is dumped in drains and canals, polluting them.

Figure 28 - Illegal waste dumping

6.7.7 Gap analysis      

Out of the total plastic waste generated, only 50% households have plastic waste collection system. Only 10% house have HH level biodegradable waste disposal system installed. No waste treatment plant in the corporation. Plastic waste collected is not processed at present. No waste disposal at Chelora Trenching Ground, waste is just dumped there. Irregular trips of waste collecting vehicles creating illegal waste dumping sites along roads and in vacant plots. Table 5 - Gap analysis of solid waste management

COMPONENT

STANDARDS

EXISTING

Plastic waste collection

100%

50%

Bio-degradable waste collection Waste Treatment

100% (except those HH which have disposal plant) Treatment plant must

0% Not available

Waste Disposal

Sanitary Land filling method

Not Done

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6.8

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES 6.8.1 Introduction

Kannur corporation have several educational institutes most of them are concentrated inside the old corporation area. Sufficency of educational facilities are checked in terms of walkable distance from the school, and based on the population it is served.Number of school within a walkable distance from the boundary of wards are calculated for the analysis purpose. 6.8.2 Pre-primary schools There are 52 preprimary schools within the corporation limits mainly concentrated in the municipal area. Population in divisions range from 3900 to 4600, from the calculation of 1 preschool for 2500 students as per UrDPFi it is calculated that 2 school should be available for each ward. Based on this, Most of the Divisions except chelora and panjikkayilin elayavoor ,pallikunnu and chelora zones have sufficient no of school access. In municipality padanna, neerchaal, and aryakal divisions doesn’t have any preschools within a walkable distance. In puzhathi zone podikundu, kottali,andkakkadu doesn’t have enough preschools within a walkable distance. Except kizhthuli, all the divisions in edakkad zone is a concern area in terms of availability of preschools.

Figure 29 No of Preschool accessible by walk

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6.8.3 Lower Primary Schools In terms of lower primary schools most divisions of Corporation except valiyanoor, athirakom, kappicheri, thulicheri, edakkad, adikadalai and melechovva have enough access within walkable distance.

Figure 30 No of LP school accessible by walk

6.8.4 Upper Primary School, High school, Higher secondary schools All of the corporation except macheri division have access to either up, highschool or higher secondary school within walkable distance.

Figure 31 No of UP/HS/HSS school accessible by walk

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6.8.5 Colleges All the divisions in the corporation have access to colleges within 2.5km distance. Most of the colleges are concentrated with in the muncipality and along the NH to the thaliparambudirection.Edakkad and chelora zones have less number of colleges.

Figure 32 No of Colleges accessible

Figure 33 1.5 km Service area of colleges.

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6.8.6 Issue Identification As a whole Corporation doesn’t have much issue in the educational sector. More than the quantity available Corporation should ensure the quality of educational facilities provided. 6.8.7 Gap analysis

Table 6 Gap analysis of schools (URDPFI)

Table 7 Gap analysis of colleges (URDPFI)

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As a whole Kannur corporation there is shortage of 2 LP school . Zone wise, puzhathi and municipality is in shortage of LP schools, while pallikunnu zone is short of UP schools. There is no shortage for colleges in Corporation. 6.8.8 Inference Among the educational facilities in Corporation area, more pre-primary schools to be provided. And among divisions, adikadalayi and edakkad divisiions are most backward in terms of educational facilities. 6.9

HEALTHCARE FACILITIES

In corporation, municipality, pallikunnu, Elayavoor and puzhathi zones have more hospital access. Cheloranadedakkad divisions are more dependent on dispensaries and health centers. 6.9.1 Hospitals Most of the hospitals are concentrated in the municipality region. 2 new big hospitals are coming up in edakkad zone. All of Corporation except kuruva, attadappa, thilanoor, pallipoyil have access to hospitals within 3km.

Figure 34 No of hospitals within 3km (Google Earth)

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Figure 35 1km and 3km service area- Hospitals (Google Earth)

6.9.2 Dispensaries Most of the dispensaries, Phc andchc s are in the chelora, pallikunnu and municipality.

Figure 36 No of Dispensaries within 1km (Google Earth)

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Figure 37 1km service area- Dispensaries (Google Earth)

6.9.3 Issue Identification As a whole corporation doesn’t have any issue in terms of healthcare facilities. People in edakkad and chelora zones have to travel more to access hospital facilities.

6.9.4 Gap Analysis

Table 8Gap analysis of Hospitals (URDPFI)

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Table 9Gap analysis of Dispensaries (URDPFI)

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6.10 SOCIO-CULTURAL FACILITIES 6.10.1 Community Halls and Auditoriums Major concentration of community halls and auditoriums is in municipality area due to high density of population in municipality. Panchayat like edakkad, chelora and elayavoor have no facilities within.

Figure 38 - Existing community halls and auditoriums

(Google Earth)

Figure 39 - Gap analysis of Community halls and auditoriums

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Major portion of Chelora and Edakkad are not served within the distance of 3kms. from community halls and auditoriums.

Figure 40 - Proximity from community halls and auditoriums

Figure 41 - % of area served by community halls and auditoriums

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6.10.2 Cinema Theatres

Figure 42 - Cinema theatres

Considering a distance of 3kms from cinema halls only 11% and 42% of the area of Chelora and Edakkad panchayat is served respectively. Kannur municipality has almost all cinema halls within the corporation.

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6.11 HOUSING 6.11.1 Housing conditions Most of the municipality and pallikkunnu panchayat has less than 5% of dilapidated houses due to – 1. More than 94% of the houses are pucca structures. Edakkad panchayat has highest (20% to 40%) of dilapidated houses.

% of Dilapidated houses Dilapidated houses

Remaining

5%

95%

Figure 43 - % of dilapidated houses

(Councillors, 2019)

Figure 44 - Map showing % of dilapidated houses

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Figure 45 - % of Pucca houses

(Census of India 2011)

Housing conditions on the basis of materials and condition of housing is mostly good and livable in whole corporation. The percentage of dilapidated houses is below 5% in the whole corporation except some wards in Chelora and Edakkad Panchayat. On the basis of materials, more than 90% of houses in Kannur Corporation area are pucca houses except in Chelora Panchayat where the percentage is 87%. 6.11.2 Settlement Pattern More compact development can be seen in the center municipality region. Surrounding this region also have high dense residential settlement pattern. Most of the vertical mass housing projects are in municipality mainly concentrated in the payyambalam division. Gated communities can be found outside the municipality region, mainly in elayavoor, chelora, and edakkad regions. Most of these residential communities are found in association with educational institutes. Slum communities are more in the municipality region. Most of the slums are near to ayikakara harbour or to the railwayline or coastal regions. These slums can account the high density of population in neerchaal and aryakkad divisions

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Figure 46 Settlement pattern (Google Earth)

Figure 47 Population density

6.11.3 Homeless and migrant workers. In Corporation highest percentage of homeless population are in Neerchaal division followed by Shadhulapalli and Kakkadu divisions. Pallikunnu and elayavoor has got less no of divisions with high percentage of homeless population. East side of Municipality, Edakkad, Chelora divisions have more percentage of homeless population.Puzhathi has got the highest % of homeless population amoung the old Panchayaths followed by municipality.

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Figure 48 Percentage of houseless population (Life Mission Program)

Figure 49Panchayth wise houseless population

(Life Mission Program)

6.11.4 Apartments in Kannur Municipal Corporation As per the survey conducted by Town and Country Planning Department on Private Residential apartments in Kerala, there are 26 apartments in kannur. Out of the total 26 apartments 25 are within the municipality area. Most apartments are ranging from 7 to 11 floors indicating the presence of mid-rise apartments and absence of high-rise apartments in Kannur corporation. (Survey, TCP Dept.)

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Figure 50 - No. of floors in apartments in Kannur

(Survey, TCP Dept.)

27% of the flats are vacant and 67% of the total flats are owner occupied.

Occupancy status Vacant

27%

Rental occupied

6%

67%

Owner occupied

Figure 51 - % of occupancy in flats

(Survey, TCP Dept.)

27% of the apartments have no KWA supply, hence likely to face shortage during summer months

Source of Water Supply KWA

Well/Bore well

Both

19% 54%

27%

Figure 52 - Source of water supply in apartments (Survey, TCP Dept.)

All apartments have their own waste disposal system installed.

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Sewerage System

42% 58%

Septic tank STP

Figure 53 - Sewerage system in apartments (Survey, TCP Dept.)

77% of the apartments are located in core area and the remaining in periphery area of the old municipality. 81% of the apartments are provided with recreational facilities and 85% of them are located in residential area. Rest 15% are located in residential cum commercial area. (Survey, TCP Dept.) 6.11.5 Slums in Kannur Municipality

Figure 54 - Location of slums

Location of slums can be related to Land use map and can be identified along the strategic locations in city. Slums are concentrated along railway track and water bodies like Kanam thodu and along the beach line. 21 slums in municipality area accommodates 4% of the total HH in the municipality area.

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Figure 55 - Slums and land use

Out of the total households in Kannur corporation, 4% of the households are living in slums. (Corporation) 4%

% of Slum HH in municipality

Slum HH Remaining 96%

Figure 56 - % of slum households (Corporation)

Distribution of household to the rank order of most urgent need 75% of the HH are using public taps indicating urgent need for private water facility . Also there is no proper sewerage and drainage facility available leading to water logging, dirty conditions. 58% of the waste is dumped road sides illegally. (IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) )

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RANK

SERVICES

1

Housing

2

Water supply

3

Toilet

4

Sewerage and drainage

Figure 57 - Rank order for most urgent need in slums Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) )

Figure 58 - slums

(IOSR Journal Of

(IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) )

Figure 59 - Housing condition in slums Science (IOSR-JHSS) )

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Figure 60 - Toilet scenario in slums (IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) )

Figure 61 - Water supply and garbage facility in slums (IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) )

6.11.6 Issues Identification   



Chelora Panchayat has least (87%) of pucca houses. 27% of the apartments have no KWA supply, hence likely to face shortage during summer months Households living in slums comprises 4% of the total households in corporation and are deprived of basic services like private toilets (only 24% have private toilets), housing condition (85% of the houses are non-pucca), garbage disposal facility (57.5% dump in public areas) leading to unhygienic and insanitary living conditions. As per Census 2011, there is surplus houses in the corporation but still there are many homeless families indicating a major proportion of houses not in use/vacant.

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6.11.7 Gap analysis As per Census 2011, there is no existing shortage of houses in the corporation. Instead there is surplus houses which may be vacant/unused posing a bigger threat. Major concentration of Surplus houses is in municipality and edakkad panchayat.

Figure 62 - Gap analysis of housing stock

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