Information Processing

  • November 2019
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‫اﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻮك اﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬

‫‪1‬‬

2

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺎ هﻰ أﻟﻴﺎت ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ؟؟؟؟‬ ‫ﻣﺎ أوﺟﻪ اﻟﺸﺒﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

‫و‬

‫ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫„‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻹدراك‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﺬاآﺮة‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﻬﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎآﻤﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‪ ،‬اﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.‬‬

4

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻰ آﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺬاآﺮة‪ :‬ﻧﻤﻮذج اﺗﻜﻨﺴﻮن‪-‬ﺷﻴﻔﺮن‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة اﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة اﻟﺤﺴﻴﻪ ‪ :‬اﻟﺬاآﺮة اﻟﺤﺴﻴﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻮرة إﻟﻰ أﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت )اﻟﻀﻮء واﻟﺼﻮت واﻟﺮاﺋﺤﻪ واﻟﺤﺮارة واﻟﺒﺮد ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺦ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻔﻬﻢ اﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﻪ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻻﻧﺴﺎن ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﺴﻴﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ وﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻔﻬﻤﻪ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ .‬هﺬﻩ اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬ ‫ﻣﺪاهﺎ ﻗﺼﻴﺮ ﺟﺪا )اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.5‬ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮؤﻳﺔ ؛ ‪ 3‬ﺛﻮان‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻤﻊ(‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ اﻻهﻤﻴﻪ ﺑﻤﻜﺎن ان ﻳﻬﺘﻢ وﻳﻨﺘﺒﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

8

‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﺪى ﺑﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬وﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﺣﻴﻦ ﻧﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻰ أو ﻓﻜﺮة داﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪى هﺬﻩ اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻳﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ ‪20 – 15‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻤﺪة ‪ 20‬دﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ واﻟﺘﻜﺮار‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻟﻭﺤﺔ‪ -2 .‬ﻨﺒﺘﺔ‪ -3 .‬ﺒﻴﻀﺔ‪ -4 .‬ﺘﻤﺜﺎل‪ -5 .‬ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪ -6 .‬ﺨﺎﺘﻡ‪ -7 .‬ﻤﺤﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -8‬ﺯﻫـﺭﺓ‪ -9 .‬ﻨﺤـﺎﺕ‪ -10 .‬ﻁﺎﺌـﺭﺓ‪ -11 .‬ﺤﻠـﻲ‪ -12 .‬ﻤﻌـﻠﻡ‪-13 .‬‬ ‫ﺩﺠﺎﺠـﺔ‪ -14 .‬ﺃﻟﻭﺍﻥ‪ -15 .‬ﻤﻌﺭﺽ‪ -16 .‬ﻗﻁﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻟﻭﺤﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻨﺒﺘﻪ‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻀﺔ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜﺎل‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺴـﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺘﻡ‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺃﻟﻭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺯﻫﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺩﺠﺎﺠﺔ‬

‫ﻨﺤﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻁﺎﺌﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻤﻌﻠﻡ‬

‫ﻤﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻗﻁﺎﺭ‬

‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺪى واﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻜﻢ آﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻟﻔﺘﺮات‬ ‫زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ وإﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ واﻟﺘﻜﺮار‪.‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

12

‫ﻧﻤﻮذج ﺗﻮﻟﻔﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﻟﻔﻨﺞ ﺑﻴﻦ ذاآﺮة اﻷﺣﺪاث وذاآﺮة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫واﻟﺬاآﺮة اﻻﺟﺮاﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫„ ذاآﺮة اﻷﺣﺪاث‪ :‬ﺗﺪور ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﺣﻮل اﻷﺣﺪاث‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺒﺮات اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔاﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ واﻷﻣﺎآﻦ واﻷوﻗﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ هﺬﻩ اﻷﺣﺪاث‪.‬‬ ‫„ ذاآﺮة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺪور ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ )ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ( واﻟﺘﻰ ﻣﻦ أهﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻠﻐﺔ واﻟﻘﻴﻢ واﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ‪.‬‬ ‫„ اﻟﺬاآﺮة اﻹﺟﺮاﺋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺪور ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻮك ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﺎدة‬ ‫‪ 13‬اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻯ‬

‫‪Procedural, Implicit‬‬

‫‪Declarative, Explicit‬‬

‫ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬

‫ﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻰ‬

‫‪Episodic‬‬

‫‪Semantic‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻁﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻴﻭ‪.... ،‬‬

‫ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺏ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﺭﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻗﺎﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﻁﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻡ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ )ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ(‬

‫‪Long-Terme Memory‬‬

‫ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻡ‬

‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺪى‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻭ –‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻴﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ" ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻰ ﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬

‫„‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ أو اﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻗﺼﻴﺮة ﻓﻰ اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻌﺐ اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت إﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺬى ﺗﻢ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎظ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺪرات ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮد‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫„‬

‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬ ‫„‬

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‫اﻟﺘﺮآﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ إدراك وﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻟﻔﺘﺮة ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت هﻮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ اﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ووﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ أﺷﻜﺎل ﺟﺪﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻗﺪرات ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮد آﺎﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮازﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻣﻮازﻳﺔ وﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺰن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺎت اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫وﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ وﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺎت ﻳﻨﺸﻂ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺜﺎرة وﺣﺪة ﻋﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆدى اﻟﻰ اﺳﺘﺜﺎرة او اﻋﺎﻗﺔ وﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎورة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻳﺆدى اﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﻮﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺬاآﺮة ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺬاآﺮة ذات ﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة‪.‬‬

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