Implementing Gis
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Implementing GIS into a Law Enforcement Agency Training conducted by …
Carolinas Institute for Community Policing An Educational Partnership Between: • • • • • •
The US Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department Pfeiffer University at Charlotte The University of South Carolina at Columbia The University of North Carolina at Charlotte South Carolina Educational Television
1
Introduction • Meet the Instructors • Today’s Goal: To provide an overview of how Geographic Information Systems “should” be implemented in police departments. • Other Details – Student manual – Frequency of breaks
2
Meet the Class • • • • •
Name Agency Size of Department Role / Responsibilities Exposure to GIS
• Expectations
3
GIS and the Implementation Process
GIS Enables Technology Integration • • • •
Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) Records Management System (RMS) Global Positioning System (GPS) Internet
And Institutional Integration • Information link between departments in the same agency or between agencies • Promote open communication between partners – private – public – community
• Reduces duplication of effort
TYPES OF GIS
Internet
Enterprise
Intranet
Project-Based
Departmental
Project-Based GIS Cambridge, MA
Enterprise GIS Chicago: ICAM
GIS Implementation
Needs of GIS Users • Have a list of questions developed to make sure you get relevant information • Listen carefully to all concerns/interests and find a way to address • Conduct a formal written survey and combine with GIS development meetings
Hardware/software Inventory • • • • •
What types are currently used? What alternatives exist? How is data stored? How is hardware/software networked? Who is currently responsible for various components?
Determines what hardware/software is needed.
Data • • • •
What types are currently used? How are data stored? Do current data standards exist? Who is currently responsible for maintaining?
What exists and what will need to be collected?
Current GIS Applications • What are the current uses of GIS? • What types of analysis are currently taking place? • What would people like to do?
Ways GIS can support decisionmaking process
Available Resources (Money) • Which sections/departments have money for hardware/software purchase or database development? • Is it a department-wide effort or even inter-agency?
Exercise: GIS Implementation Readiness Survey
Establish Goals and Objectives Considerations: Short-term goals Long-term goals Audience Mission statement
Exercises: Identifying Expectations for the GIS Sample Mission Statements
20
Reasons for Goals and Objectives Creates direction Prevents stagnation Reduces wasted resources Provides a method of evaluation
21
Where will GIS fit within the Agency? • Location in organizational structure – – – –
One unit/section Within Info Services or Crime Analysis Centralized or decentralized Civilian and/or sworn
Complexity
Choosing an Appropriate GIS
Spatial Indexing Serving on the Web Professional Systems Desktop
Cost
What would be the best system? • • • • • • •
Does it have the capability required? What is the learning curve? Is full cost of implement within budget? Is it Internet/Intranet friendly? Does it have flexibility for the future? Is it compatible with other agencies? Will the company support the product?
24
Data Collection • • • • • •
What sources are already available? Who will create the data? Who will maintain the data? How often will data be maintained? What sources will be used to create the data? Who will have access? – Confidentiality
Exercise: Data Wish List
Data Process Database Building Data Collection Data Integration
On-going Process
Data Maintenance Data Organization
Analysis Transformation to New Information
Information Distribution Who, How, and When
On-going Process
Data Quality • Importance of good data • Forget/ignore/lose sight of errors in data once in digital form • You must determine the level of accuracy and precision that meet your needs • Be aware of error in ALL data – impacts reliability of results
Some Ways to Evaluate Data • How well does it fit your use? • Logical consistency (does it pass the common sense test?) • Data lineage -- as much detail as possible • • • •
Is there a contact person? Were there data standards used? What format is it in? Date collected? Updated?
US Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Metadata Standards • Provides guidance for documentation of geographic data • ‘Data about data’ • Describes content, quality, condition, and numerous other characteristics of data
(FGDC) Metadata Components • • • • • • •
Identification Information Data Quality Information Spatial Data Organization Information Spatial Reference Information Entity & Attribute Information Distribution Information Metadata Reference Information
Legal & Ethical Issues • 28 CFR part 23 – federal regulations governing intelligence data
• Information has value • Access to information – privacy & confidentiality vs. Open Records Law & Freedom of Information Act (federal)
• Information from a GIS may end up as evidence – assumptions throughout entire process – must take error into consideration – sometimes difficult to convey
Acquiring the GIS System
Considering Options • • • •
Out-of-box GIS Custom GIS Application GIS with custom front-end interface Outsource GIS as service
Keep current and future needs in mind! 33
GIS Software and Vendors •
Robust / Professional Systems: provide additional functionality and ability to perform more complex tasks but tend to be less user friendly than other types of applications and are more expensive Examples: – ArcInfo (ESRI) – GeoMedia Pro (Intergraph)
•
Desktop Applications: provide a friendlier user interface and functionality needed by most users to get started with GIS Examples: – ArcView (ESRI) – Autodesk World (Autodesk) – GeoMedia (Intergraph) – MapInfo (MapInfo) – Maptitude (Caliper)
34
GIS Software and Vendors (cont.) •
Demo
Front-end Application: higher cost than simply purchasing a desktop GIS but provides a simpler interface to a desktop application Example: – CrimeView (Omega Group)
35
GIS Software and Vendors (cont.) •
Serving Maps on the Web: high initial investment but easiest way to distribute GIS to the most people Examples: – ArcView Internet Map Server (ESRI) – MapObjects / Internet Map Server (ESRI) – MapX (MapInfo)
36
Hardware Specifications Processor / CPU • • • • •
the brain of the computer that performs all of the calculations speed measured in megahertz always buy the fastest the budget can afford upgrading is not easy or cost-effective contributes to the overall computer speed
RAM (Random Access Memory) • • • •
stores information for the processor to use the more RAM that is available, the less time the system will spend reading and writing information to the hard drive additional RAM can be easily added later contributes to the overall computer speed 37
Hardware Specifications (cont.) Storage Space • •
GIS data layers can be extremely large which requires a larger than normal amount of disk space storage devices store digital data and allow for quick and easy data retrieval – Hard drives: 9 gigabyte or greater recommended • faster but harder to exchange data
– CD-rom drives: hold a large amount of data and are easy to share between users • moderate speed but not always write-capable
– Zip / Jazz drives: removable disk that can store substantial amounts of data • slower than hard disk drives but are removable which makes them good for exchanging large data sets between GIS users
38
Hardware Specifications (cont.) Monitor • • •
for GIS, the larger the monitor the better smaller monitors make it more difficult to view spatial relationships for a large geographic area be aware that monitor prices increase exponentially as the size increases
Video Card • •
fast redraw times require a system with a good video card and a substantial amount of RAM 16Mb to 32Mb recommended
39
Hardware Specifications (cont.) Network • • •
facilitates the exchange of information allows multiple users to share data in order to prevent duplication because of large file size, data exchange between computers is not easy without a network
Backup • • •
need to implement some means of backing up data collection and creation of GIS data can be time consuming which translates into a large investment hardware failure recovery can be expensive when considering cost of creating GIS data 40
Hardware Specifications (cont.) Printers • • • • •
Black & white printing: allows for easy duplication but limits the quantity of information that can be displayed on a map Color printing: allows for more information to be included on map but duplication is much more difficult Color plotter: allows for printing of large maps (24” x 36”, 36” x 48”) Many laser printers can support more than one size of paper (8.5” x 11”, 8.5” x 14”, 11” x 14”) for producing larger maps Memory Issues – Standard amount of RAM in printer / plotter may not be enough (48 Mb or more may be needed) – Make sure that you can upgrade
41
Request for Proposal (when applicable)
request proposals from companies (vendors) who can provide the means to achieve the GIS design
Exercise: Examining an RFP
Elements of an RFP: You Provide ➨ Statement of purpose of project ➨ Detailed description of objectives ➨ Detailed description of how GIS will integrate with current hardware/software ➨ System and software diagram ➨ Deadline for submission
Elements of an RFP: You Ask For ➨ ➨ ➨ ➨
References Detailed pricing Financial statement Implementation timeline
The RFP Process ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺ ❻ ❼ ❽
Exercise
Evaluation Team Preparation of Request for Proposal (RFP) Distribution of RFP to companies Bidder's Meeting -- to clarify the RFP with potential Deadline for submission Evaluation of proposals Benchmark Selection
Free Crime Analysis Products
46
NIJ Funded Crime Analysis Extension
47
SCAS - Spatial Crime Analysis System
48
Expanding the GIS Horizons
49
Spatial Analyst
50
Network Analyst
51
ArcView Image Analysis
52
3D Mapping (Oklahoma City on April 19th, 1995)
53
3D Mapping Urban Topography
54
55
Regional Crime Analysis GIS (RCAGIS)
Contributing Crime Data • Anne Arundel County • Baltimore City • Baltimore County • Harford County • Howard County
New Members • Charles County • Maryland State Police • Montgomery County • Prince Georges County • Washington, DC
56
RCAGIS Development Goals Tools for:
Patrol officers Crime prevention officers Crime analysts Managers Commanders
Flexibility:
Add new users and data without additional computer programming
Easy to use:
Menu driven Automated reports Promotes analysis Generate maps and reports in less than one minute
Inexpensive:
$100 per PC - MapObjects 2.0
57
58
RCAGIS Reports
59
Automated Vehicle Location (AVL)
60
Consequences Assessment Tool Set (CATS) Emergency Management •
Hurricanes/Tropical Storms
•
Earthquakes
– Aug 1993 to Present – >25 storms
Hurricane Bonnie Damage Bands
– Northridge, California – Kobe
Northridge, California Earthquake Damage Bands
61
CATS: Accident Response and Assessment
62
CATS: Terrorist Response
63
Putting It All Together
Where to Go for Help • • • • • •
Universities Community Colleges Other city/county agencies Vendors Military Non-profits
Exercise: Technology Resources
Need More Money? Alternative Funding Sources: •
•
• • •
Federal – National Institute of Justice (NIJ) – Department of Justice COPS Office State – Department of Justice – Governor’s Crime Commission Local – Private Endowments / Foundations Vendors Partner with Other Agencies
66
Implementation Challenges • Overemphasis on technology • Resistance to change, taking place within an existing organizational structure – Change requires leadership – GIS could be considered a paradigm shift within an organization
Overcoming Obstacles •
Technical / Data Issues
•
Ignorance
•
Funding
•
Training
•
Organizational / Political Issues
•
Legal / Ethical Issues
•
Needs Assessment
68
Strategies to Facilitate Success • Cultivate a GIS ‘champion’ to sponsor • Management involvement (top down support) • Training and education • GIS responsive to needs of end-user • Define GIS mission, goals, objectives in a GIS plan
Strategies to Facilitate Success • Create a GIS demo – both digital and paper form
• • • •
GIS workgroup ‘Open door’ policy Informal discussions Formal presentations
Implementation Process: GIS Outcome
GOOD Outcome More Thought
More Investment
Undesired Outcome
Fast
Cheap
Carolinas Institute for Community Policing An Educational Partnership Between: • • • • • •
The US Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department Pfeiffer University at Charlotte The University of South Carolina at Columbia The University of North Carolina at Charlotte South Carolina Educational Television
1
Introduction • Meet the Instructors • Today’s Goal: To provide an overview of how Geographic Information Systems “should” be implemented in police departments. • Other Details – Student manual – Frequency of breaks
2
Meet the Class • • • • •
Name Agency Size of Department Role / Responsibilities Exposure to GIS
• Expectations
3
GIS and the Implementation Process
GIS Enables Technology Integration • • • •
Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) Records Management System (RMS) Global Positioning System (GPS) Internet
And Institutional Integration • Information link between departments in the same agency or between agencies • Promote open communication between partners – private – public – community
• Reduces duplication of effort
TYPES OF GIS
Internet
Enterprise
Intranet
Project-Based
Departmental
Project-Based GIS Cambridge, MA
Enterprise GIS Chicago: ICAM
GIS Implementation
Needs of GIS Users • Have a list of questions developed to make sure you get relevant information • Listen carefully to all concerns/interests and find a way to address • Conduct a formal written survey and combine with GIS development meetings
Hardware/software Inventory • • • • •
What types are currently used? What alternatives exist? How is data stored? How is hardware/software networked? Who is currently responsible for various components?
Determines what hardware/software is needed.
Data • • • •
What types are currently used? How are data stored? Do current data standards exist? Who is currently responsible for maintaining?
What exists and what will need to be collected?
Current GIS Applications • What are the current uses of GIS? • What types of analysis are currently taking place? • What would people like to do?
Ways GIS can support decisionmaking process
Available Resources (Money) • Which sections/departments have money for hardware/software purchase or database development? • Is it a department-wide effort or even inter-agency?
Exercise: GIS Implementation Readiness Survey
Establish Goals and Objectives Considerations: Short-term goals Long-term goals Audience Mission statement
Exercises: Identifying Expectations for the GIS Sample Mission Statements
20
Reasons for Goals and Objectives Creates direction Prevents stagnation Reduces wasted resources Provides a method of evaluation
21
Where will GIS fit within the Agency? • Location in organizational structure – – – –
One unit/section Within Info Services or Crime Analysis Centralized or decentralized Civilian and/or sworn
Complexity
Choosing an Appropriate GIS
Spatial Indexing Serving on the Web Professional Systems Desktop
Cost
What would be the best system? • • • • • • •
Does it have the capability required? What is the learning curve? Is full cost of implement within budget? Is it Internet/Intranet friendly? Does it have flexibility for the future? Is it compatible with other agencies? Will the company support the product?
24
Data Collection • • • • • •
What sources are already available? Who will create the data? Who will maintain the data? How often will data be maintained? What sources will be used to create the data? Who will have access? – Confidentiality
Exercise: Data Wish List
Data Process Database Building Data Collection Data Integration
On-going Process
Data Maintenance Data Organization
Analysis Transformation to New Information
Information Distribution Who, How, and When
On-going Process
Data Quality • Importance of good data • Forget/ignore/lose sight of errors in data once in digital form • You must determine the level of accuracy and precision that meet your needs • Be aware of error in ALL data – impacts reliability of results
Some Ways to Evaluate Data • How well does it fit your use? • Logical consistency (does it pass the common sense test?) • Data lineage -- as much detail as possible • • • •
Is there a contact person? Were there data standards used? What format is it in? Date collected? Updated?
US Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Metadata Standards • Provides guidance for documentation of geographic data • ‘Data about data’ • Describes content, quality, condition, and numerous other characteristics of data
(FGDC) Metadata Components • • • • • • •
Identification Information Data Quality Information Spatial Data Organization Information Spatial Reference Information Entity & Attribute Information Distribution Information Metadata Reference Information
Legal & Ethical Issues • 28 CFR part 23 – federal regulations governing intelligence data
• Information has value • Access to information – privacy & confidentiality vs. Open Records Law & Freedom of Information Act (federal)
• Information from a GIS may end up as evidence – assumptions throughout entire process – must take error into consideration – sometimes difficult to convey
Acquiring the GIS System
Considering Options • • • •
Out-of-box GIS Custom GIS Application GIS with custom front-end interface Outsource GIS as service
Keep current and future needs in mind! 33
GIS Software and Vendors •
Robust / Professional Systems: provide additional functionality and ability to perform more complex tasks but tend to be less user friendly than other types of applications and are more expensive Examples: – ArcInfo (ESRI) – GeoMedia Pro (Intergraph)
•
Desktop Applications: provide a friendlier user interface and functionality needed by most users to get started with GIS Examples: – ArcView (ESRI) – Autodesk World (Autodesk) – GeoMedia (Intergraph) – MapInfo (MapInfo) – Maptitude (Caliper)
34
GIS Software and Vendors (cont.) •
Demo
Front-end Application: higher cost than simply purchasing a desktop GIS but provides a simpler interface to a desktop application Example: – CrimeView (Omega Group)
35
GIS Software and Vendors (cont.) •
Serving Maps on the Web: high initial investment but easiest way to distribute GIS to the most people Examples: – ArcView Internet Map Server (ESRI) – MapObjects / Internet Map Server (ESRI) – MapX (MapInfo)
36
Hardware Specifications Processor / CPU • • • • •
the brain of the computer that performs all of the calculations speed measured in megahertz always buy the fastest the budget can afford upgrading is not easy or cost-effective contributes to the overall computer speed
RAM (Random Access Memory) • • • •
stores information for the processor to use the more RAM that is available, the less time the system will spend reading and writing information to the hard drive additional RAM can be easily added later contributes to the overall computer speed 37
Hardware Specifications (cont.) Storage Space • •
GIS data layers can be extremely large which requires a larger than normal amount of disk space storage devices store digital data and allow for quick and easy data retrieval – Hard drives: 9 gigabyte or greater recommended • faster but harder to exchange data
– CD-rom drives: hold a large amount of data and are easy to share between users • moderate speed but not always write-capable
– Zip / Jazz drives: removable disk that can store substantial amounts of data • slower than hard disk drives but are removable which makes them good for exchanging large data sets between GIS users
38
Hardware Specifications (cont.) Monitor • • •
for GIS, the larger the monitor the better smaller monitors make it more difficult to view spatial relationships for a large geographic area be aware that monitor prices increase exponentially as the size increases
Video Card • •
fast redraw times require a system with a good video card and a substantial amount of RAM 16Mb to 32Mb recommended
39
Hardware Specifications (cont.) Network • • •
facilitates the exchange of information allows multiple users to share data in order to prevent duplication because of large file size, data exchange between computers is not easy without a network
Backup • • •
need to implement some means of backing up data collection and creation of GIS data can be time consuming which translates into a large investment hardware failure recovery can be expensive when considering cost of creating GIS data 40
Hardware Specifications (cont.) Printers • • • • •
Black & white printing: allows for easy duplication but limits the quantity of information that can be displayed on a map Color printing: allows for more information to be included on map but duplication is much more difficult Color plotter: allows for printing of large maps (24” x 36”, 36” x 48”) Many laser printers can support more than one size of paper (8.5” x 11”, 8.5” x 14”, 11” x 14”) for producing larger maps Memory Issues – Standard amount of RAM in printer / plotter may not be enough (48 Mb or more may be needed) – Make sure that you can upgrade
41
Request for Proposal (when applicable)
request proposals from companies (vendors) who can provide the means to achieve the GIS design
Exercise: Examining an RFP
Elements of an RFP: You Provide ➨ Statement of purpose of project ➨ Detailed description of objectives ➨ Detailed description of how GIS will integrate with current hardware/software ➨ System and software diagram ➨ Deadline for submission
Elements of an RFP: You Ask For ➨ ➨ ➨ ➨
References Detailed pricing Financial statement Implementation timeline
The RFP Process ❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺ ❻ ❼ ❽
Exercise
Evaluation Team Preparation of Request for Proposal (RFP) Distribution of RFP to companies Bidder's Meeting -- to clarify the RFP with potential Deadline for submission Evaluation of proposals Benchmark Selection
Free Crime Analysis Products
46
NIJ Funded Crime Analysis Extension
47
SCAS - Spatial Crime Analysis System
48
Expanding the GIS Horizons
49
Spatial Analyst
50
Network Analyst
51
ArcView Image Analysis
52
3D Mapping (Oklahoma City on April 19th, 1995)
53
3D Mapping Urban Topography
54
55
Regional Crime Analysis GIS (RCAGIS)
Contributing Crime Data • Anne Arundel County • Baltimore City • Baltimore County • Harford County • Howard County
New Members • Charles County • Maryland State Police • Montgomery County • Prince Georges County • Washington, DC
56
RCAGIS Development Goals Tools for:
Patrol officers Crime prevention officers Crime analysts Managers Commanders
Flexibility:
Add new users and data without additional computer programming
Easy to use:
Menu driven Automated reports Promotes analysis Generate maps and reports in less than one minute
Inexpensive:
$100 per PC - MapObjects 2.0
57
58
RCAGIS Reports
59
Automated Vehicle Location (AVL)
60
Consequences Assessment Tool Set (CATS) Emergency Management •
Hurricanes/Tropical Storms
•
Earthquakes
– Aug 1993 to Present – >25 storms
Hurricane Bonnie Damage Bands
– Northridge, California – Kobe
Northridge, California Earthquake Damage Bands
61
CATS: Accident Response and Assessment
62
CATS: Terrorist Response
63
Putting It All Together
Where to Go for Help • • • • • •
Universities Community Colleges Other city/county agencies Vendors Military Non-profits
Exercise: Technology Resources
Need More Money? Alternative Funding Sources: •
•
• • •
Federal – National Institute of Justice (NIJ) – Department of Justice COPS Office State – Department of Justice – Governor’s Crime Commission Local – Private Endowments / Foundations Vendors Partner with Other Agencies
66
Implementation Challenges • Overemphasis on technology • Resistance to change, taking place within an existing organizational structure – Change requires leadership – GIS could be considered a paradigm shift within an organization
Overcoming Obstacles •
Technical / Data Issues
•
Ignorance
•
Funding
•
Training
•
Organizational / Political Issues
•
Legal / Ethical Issues
•
Needs Assessment
68
Strategies to Facilitate Success • Cultivate a GIS ‘champion’ to sponsor • Management involvement (top down support) • Training and education • GIS responsive to needs of end-user • Define GIS mission, goals, objectives in a GIS plan
Strategies to Facilitate Success • Create a GIS demo – both digital and paper form
• • • •
GIS workgroup ‘Open door’ policy Informal discussions Formal presentations
Implementation Process: GIS Outcome
GOOD Outcome More Thought
More Investment
Undesired Outcome
Fast
Cheap
