Imagine Interface

User Interface O N - L I N E

M A N U A L

Copyright  1982 - 1999 by ERDAS, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ERDAS Proprietary - Delivered under license agreement. Copying and disclosure prohibited without express written permission from ERDAS, Inc. ERDAS, Inc. 2801 Buford Highway, N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2137 USA Phone: 404/248-9000 Fax: 404/248-9400 User Support: 404/248-9777

Warning All information in this document, as well as the software to which it pertains, is proprietary material of ERDAS, Inc., and is subject to an ERDAS license and non-disclosure agreement. Neither the software nor the documentation may be reproduced in any manner without the prior written permission of ERDAS, Inc. Specifications are subject to change without notice.

Trademarks ERDAS is a trade name of ERDAS, Inc. ERDAS and ERDAS IMAGINE are registered trademarks of ERDAS, Inc. Model Maker, CellArray, ERDAS Field Guide, and ERDAS Tour Guides are trademarks of ERDAS, Inc. Other brands and product names are trademarks of their respective owners.

User Interface On-Line Manual IMAGINE User Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Dialog Boxes and Frames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Moving a Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Resizing a Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Frameparts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Popup List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Scrolling List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Radio Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Check Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Text Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Number Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Meter Number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 File Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Numeric Expressions in Number Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 File Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 File Name Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IMAGINE File Name Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . On-Line Help - File Name Extensions. . . . . . . . . . C Programmers’ Toolkit Software - File Name Extensions . Other Software - File Name Extensions . . . . . . . . . Reading Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Writing New Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 13 19 19 20 21 22

Wildcard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Pyramid Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Raw File Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Format of the Raw File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

File Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

iii

User Interface On-Line Manual Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28 29

Files of Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 File Open Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 List of Recent Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Select A Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Mount/Unmount CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 UNIX Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

CellArrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Editing Cells of a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Selecting Rows and Columns in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Selecting Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Selecting Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Working with Columns in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Resizing Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Number Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Number Format Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Number Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Report Format Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Import Column Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

iv

User Interface On-Line Manual Import Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Export Column Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Export Column Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Column Delete Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Add New Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Row Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Sort Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Row Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Colorwheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Using the Colorwheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 IHS Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 RGB Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Color Selection by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Color Level Slice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Color Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Multiple Color Buttons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

Opacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Color Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

v

User Interface On-Line Manual Kernel Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Kernel Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Kernel Librarian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Digitizer Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Digitizer Setup Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Digitizing Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Tablet Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Map Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Tablet Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Quick Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Tablet Template Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Projection Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Spheroids and Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

vi

User Interface On-Line Manual Adding a New Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Adding a Projection Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Making Changes Available Globally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Category or Item Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Delete Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Rename Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Save Category or Item . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Arrow Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Fill Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Line Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Symbol Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Text Style Chooser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Link Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Print . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

vii

IMAGINE User Interface

IMAGINE User Interface This document explains how to use all of the elements of the ERDAS IMAGINE user interface. It is an introduction for the IMAGINE user who is new to graphical user interfaces, and it is also an introduction for anyone who will design user interfaces for IMAGINE applications with the ERDAS Macro Language (EML).

Dialog Boxes and Frames A dialog, is a window that is opened on the screen, containing menus, buttons, check boxes, and other elements called frameparts. Dialogs can be moved or resized as explained in this document. The EML keyword used to create a dialog is FRAME, so you may also see dialogs referred to as “frames.” Moving a Dialog All dialogs can be moved on screen to a more desirable position. To move a dialog, simply position the mouse cursor in the dialog border and left-hold and drag the dialog to the new position. On UNIX machines, a dialog can be placed in front of another dialog or Viewer by clicking in the dialog border or by placing the cursor in the dialog and pressing the Front button on the keyboard. The preferences of some windowing systems allow you specify that active windows automatically pop to the front. On Windows machines, a dialog can be brought to the front by clicking on a visible portion of the dialog or by clicking on its button in the task bar. Resizing a Dialog Some dialogs can be resized on screen to display more information. For example, you may want to enlarge a dialog which contains a CellArray to view the whole CellArray. If a dialog can be resized on screen, the cursor will change as it is positioned over an edge or corner of the dialog. Simply left-hold and drag the arrow to make the dialog larger or smaller. Windows Systems

1

IMAGINE User Interface Unix Sustems

Some UNIX windowing systems may have “pull handles” on each corner or the cursor may change to a resizing arrow as the cursor is positioned over an edge or a corner. Simply left-hold and drag the arrow or handle to make the dialog larger or smaller.

Drag this handle to resize the dialog. The cursor will change to a small circle with a dot in the center when it is correctly positioned over the handle.

2

IMAGINE User Interface

Frameparts The buttons, lists, and other contents of a dialog are called frameparts.

3

IMAGINE User Interface

Dialog Part Names

scroll bars dialog title menu bar

open file selector cellarray

tool bar

filename input scrolling list scroll button

checkbox edit text nudger

radiobutton popup list

color button

meter handle number field popup list handle

4

IMAGINE User Interface All IMAGINE dialogs use one or more of these frameparts, most of which are implemented with a single EML keyword. Basic Frameparts

EML Keyword

button

BUTTON

check

CHECKBOX

radio button

RADIOBUTTON

menu

MENU

popup list

POPUPLIST

scrolling list

SCROLLIST

number field

TEXTNUMBER

text field

EDITTEXT

meter number

METERNUMBER

file name

FILENAME

Advanced Frameparts CellArray histogram colorwheel color button

Menu A menu is a list of options. A menu bar is a row of menus which appears along the top of a dialog or window. For example, see the menu bar at the top of this page. Each word on the menu bar is the title of a menu. Click on a menu title and the entire menu drops down. Menus can have submenus, denoted by an arrow. To see the submenu, click on the arrowed item. You can then select any item in the submenu.

Popup List A popuplist is a list of options which “pops up” when activated. It can be anywhere in a dialog. The popup list appears as a button and may have a triangular or rectangular “handle” on the right side. When you click the button, a list pops up with other options. Then you can click on the selection you want in the popup list.

5

IMAGINE User Interface

Scrolling List A scrolllist lets you select one option from a list. Usually, scrolling lists are used for selecting from a potentially long dynamic list. The entire list is not always displayed, so you must look at the placement of the scrollbar to know if there are more items in a list. To scroll a scrolling list to view the options, you can:

♦ use the scrollbar at the right side of the list, if available, or ♦ use the up and down arrow keys on the keyboard. In general, to select an item in the scrolling list, click on it. If the scrolling list is part of a filename framepart, click to select a file and double-click to select and display the contents of a subdirectory.

Radio Button Radiobutton frameparts let you select one option from a small set, just as you might select one station on a car radio. A set of radio buttons represents a list of mutually exclusive options. When you check one radio button, all other buttons in the set will be turned off. Radio buttons are usually circular buttons. Occasionally, they are icons. The radio button of the selected option is shaded.

Button A button is a simple framepart on which you click to make something happen. Buttons can have text labels or they can be icons, such as the icons on the IMAGINE icon panel. An icon is simply a button with a picture or drawing on it. A button may be used to start a process, to open or close a dialog, or some combination of these events. Common buttons are:

♦ Cancel - to close a dialog without carrying out an operation ♦ Apply- to apply parameters and keep this dialog open ♦ OK- to close a dialog and execute an operation as specified Check Box A checkbox framepart lets you specify “Yes/No” conditions.

6

IMAGINE User Interface

♦ If the check is black and depressed, then the specified condition is “Yes” or “On.” ♦ If the check is light gray and raised, then the condition is “No” or “Off.” Text Field An edittext framepart provides an area where you can type an entry. Position the mouse pointer in the text field and then click. A blinking text cursor will display and you may begin entering text. In some cases, you can edit existing text. Text for text fields must be entered from the keyboard. If your keyboard supports them, you can also enter special characters, such as ®, Õ, ©, etc. See the Compose Key document for details.

☞ After you enter text in a text field, IMAGINE will read the text when you press RETURN. On UNIX machines, text is also read when you move the pointer out of the text field.

Number Field A textnumber framepart lets you enter a numeric expression. IMAGINE evaluates the expression after you move the pointer out of the number field. To enter a number, you can:

♦ double-click the existing number to select it, and then type a new expression over the old, ♦ click in the field and use the arrow keys to move the cursor, so you can edit an existing number, or

♦ click the nudgers that appear on the right side of the field to increment the number up or down. You can also hold the nudgers to continuously increase or decrease the number. To change the increments by which you can “nudge” a number, right-hold the nudger. A popup list gives you several increments from which to select.

7

IMAGINE User Interface

Meter Number A meternumber framepart is the same as a textnumber, but with the added feature of a meter or gage, which appears to the right of the number field, and works like a scrollbar to express the current value relative to a range. Meter numbers can be read-only, to show you a value that you cannot edit, or they can be editable. To change an editable meter number, you can:

♦ use any method that you would for a number field, ♦ hold on the meter handle and drag it across the range, or ♦ click to the right or left of the meter handle to increment or decrement the number by onetenth of the range.

8

IMAGINE User Interface

File Name Windows Each filename framepart consists of three basic elements:

♦ a scrolling list where you can select one file in the specified directory, and ♦ a text field where you can enter a drive, a file name, or both (including wildcards) from the keyboard,

♦ the file open icon to open the File Selector dialog.

You can use these elements in a variety of ways to specify the desired file. UNIX The filename framepart allows you to enter a file specification, consisting of the path and the name of a file that you want to open. You can also open a directory with a filename framepart by entering the directory name followed by a slash (/). The files that are listed in a filename framepart depend upon the default file extension of the type of file that you are reading or writing. Each filename framepart consists of three basic elements:

♦ a text field where you can enter a path, a file name, or both (including wildcards) from the keyboard,

♦ a scrolling list where you can select one file in the specified directory, and ♦ a popup list of the subdirectories that make up the current path, going up the tree structure to the root. You can use these elements in a variety of ways to specify the desired file. When a filename framepart first comes up, you will see a list of all of the appropriate files in the directory that you last specified, or in the directory specified under Preferences. You can specify a directory by selecting one from the popup list or by double-clicking on a directory listed in the scrolling list. You may display the parent directory by double-clicking on the ../ entry.

9

IMAGINE User Interface The file selection pattern is opened in parentheses next to the title of the filename framepart. You can change the file selection pattern simply by typing a new pattern into the text input field (for example: *.img to select only IMAGINE image files). Two special file selection patterns are displayed when working with ARC files. If you enter *.arcinfo, the selection pattern displayed is (ArcCover); if you enter *.grid, the selection pattern is displayed as (ArcGrid). In most dialogs, the file that you specify is not actually opened or written out until you click a button (such as OK). In some cases, where it’s appropriate, IMAGINE will check to see if the file exists or is the right type. If the file is not of the right type, you will get an error frame listing one or more problems with the specified file. When done reading them, click OK and enter a new file name. If the file name you entered already exists, you are given a warning and asked if you wish to replace it. If you select No, the text input area is blanked and you may enter a new file name. If you select Yes, the existing file is deleted so that it can be replaced by the new file of the same name. File checking is done when you move the mouse out of the text field, or when you press RETURN after typing. If your keyboard supports them, you can also enter special characters, such as ®, Õ, ©, etc. See the Compose Key document for details.

10

Numeric Expressions in Number Fields

Numeric Expressions in Number Fields You can use the following operators and functions in number fields to express a numeric value. (These also apply to the number field part of a meter number.) Notation such as <degrees> in angle brackets denotes an argument that requires a certain type of input value. denotes any number. <exp> denotes any numerical expression which may include other operators and functions. Operator/Function

Description

+

addition

-

subtraction

*

multiplication

/

division

** or ^

exponentiation (to the power of)

sin(<degrees>) cos(<degrees>) tan(<degrees>)

trigonometric functions

asin() acos() atan()

inverse trigonometric functions — results are in degrees

ln()

natural logarithm

log()

base 10 logarithm

dd(<degrees>, <minutes>, <seconds>)

convert degrees, minutes, seconds to decimal degrees

sqrt()

square root

<exp> TO or <exp> TO

convert the value of the expression <exp> from to the same amount expressed in Example: 2 feet to inches yields 24.

Valid strings for and include the following. For a complete list, see the file

11

Numeric Expressions in Number Fields <$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/units.dat. radians degrees dd (decimal degrees) meters centimeters kilometers feet inches yards miles points acres hectares sqmiles (square miles)

12

File Specifications

File Specifications A file specification is the complete name of a file. It consists of:

♦ a path, which is the directory and subdirectory where the file is stored, and ♦ a file name, which is usually something descriptive that will help to identify the contents of the file.

File Name Extensions A file name extension is a suffix, usually preceded by a period, that often identifies the type of data in a file. ERDAS IMAGINE uses file name extensions to identify the type of data in each file. You can use the part of the file name before the extension to give the file a name that is helpful to you. There is a default file extension for each type of IMAGINE file. This is the file name extension that IMAGINE will look for when reading an IMAGINE file, and append to new file names when a new file is created. IMAGINE File Name Extensions The following file extensions are used in or created by ERDAS IMAGINE. You may never encounter some of the file types listed, since they are used internally for system setup, configuration, etc. . Extension Format Description .aoi

HFA

Area of Interest file - stores a user-defined area of interest.

.arcgen

ASCII

ARC Generate file

.aux

HFA

Auxilliary file, mainly used in conjunction with nonIMAGINE files accessed by the Raster DLL, to store information not normally supported by the particular raster format. E.g. the TIFF file format does not store image statistics, so statistics generated by IMAGINE are stored in an .aux file with the same prefix name as the .tif file

.bdf

ASCII

X Bitmap Font Distribution Format File

.bil

Binary

ESRI Arc/Info BIL raster file.

.cbl

ASCII

Color Balance file

.cff

HFA

Coefficient file - stores transformation matrices created by rectifying a file.

13

File Specifications

Extension

Format

Description

.cfg

ASCII

Configuration file

.chp

HFA

Thumbnail image used by IMAGINE in the Preview parts of the File Chooser. Basically a 64 x 64 pixel reduced resolution dataset of the whole image, with band combinations determined by the Band Combination Defaults Preference settings

.config

ASCII

Installation file

.cov

ASCII

Image Catalog coverages

.cursor

ASCII

X icon that is used in conjunction with .mask files for setting the shape of the cursor.

.customize

ASCII

Installation file

.dat

ASCII

Stores map projection data.

.dfad

Binary

Digital Feature Analysis Data file - stores vector DFAD data.

.dlg

ASCII

Digital Line Graph file - stores vector DLG data.

.dxf

ASCII

Digital Exchange file - stores vector DXF data.

.e00 - .e99

Binary

ARC Interchange file

.eml

ASCII

ERDAS Macro Language file - stores scripts which control the operation of the IMAGINE graphical user interface. You can create new .eml files with the ERDAS Macro Language and incorporate them into the IMAGINE interface.

.ers

Binary

ERMapper format image file.

.fft

HFA

Fast Fourier Transform file - stores raster layers in a compressed format created by performing a Fast Fourier Transformation on an .img file.

.filelist

ASCII

Installation file

.fls

ASCII

File List file - stores the list of files that is used for mosaicking images.

.fit

Binary

Silicon Graphics image file format

.fsp.img

HFA

Feature Space Image file - stores the same information as an .img file plus the information required to create the feature space image (e.g., transformation).

14

File Specifications

Extension

Format

Description

.gcc

HFA

Ground Control Coordinates file - stores ground control points.

.gen

ASCII

Generic Options file - stores importing options used in the Generic Binary importer. Also used by the On-Line Help Generator for generated lists of hypertext markers.

.gif

Binary

GIF format static image files, usually downloaded from Web sites. The optional LZW Module is required to read these files as GIF is based on the LZW compression technique patented by Unisys.

.gis

ERDAS 7.x

Thematic file - raster data

.gmd

ASCII

Graphical Model file - stores scripts that draw the graphical model (i.e., flow chart) created with the Spatial Modeler Model Maker.

.grid

none

Use this pseudo extension in a file specification field to list GRID coverage directories as selectable items.

.icon

ASCII

Icon file - stores the icons used in IMAGINE.

.ict

HFA

Image Catalog file

.ifft.img

HFA

Inverse Fast Fourier Transform file - stores raster layers created by performing an inverse Fast Fourier Transformation on an .img file.

.iges

ASCII

Initial Graphics Exchange Standard file - stores vector IGES data.

.img

HFA

Image file - stores single or multiple raster layers, contrast and color tables, descriptor tables, pyramid layers, and file information.

.jpg

Binary

JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF) image files.

.klb

ASCII

Kernel Library file - stores convolution kernels.

.lan

ERDAS 7.x

Continuous file - raster data

.lst

ASCII

Security and installation

.mag.img

HFA

Magnitude Image file - this is an .img file that stores the magnitude of a Fourier Transform image file.

15

File Specifications

Extension

Format

Description

.map

ASCII

Map file - stores map frames created with Map Composer.

.map.ovr

HFA

Map/Overlay file - stores annotation layers created in Map Composer outside of the map frame (e.g., legends, grids, lines, scales).

.mask

ASCII

Used in conjunction with the .cursor files for changing the shape of the cursor.

.mdl

ASCII

Model file - stores Spatial Modeler scripts. It does not store any graphical model (i.e., flow chart) information. This file is necessary for running a model. If only a .gmd file exists, then a temporary .mdl file is created when a model is run.

.mov

ASCII

Movie file - defines the sequence of images used in a movie.

.msh

HFA

Map Series file - stores map series definitions for the Map Composer Map Series Tool.

.mtx

ASCII

Matrix file - stores a matrix used in Spatial Modeler.

.otl

Binary

Outline font file used for annotation.

.ovr

HFA

Overlay file - stores an annotation layer which was created in a map frame, in a blank Viewer, or on an image in a Viewer.

.pdf

ASCII

Preference Definition file - stores information that is used by the Preference Editor.

.plt

ASCII

Plot file - stores the names of the panel files produced by MapMaker. MapMaker processes the .map file to produce one or more map panels. Each panel consists of two files, one is the name file with the extension .plt.panel_xx.name which names the various fonts used in the panel along with name of the actual file that contains the panel output. The other is the panel file itself with the .plt.panel_xx extension. The .plt file contains the complete pathnames (one per line) of the panel name files.

.plt.panel_xx.n ame

ASCII

Panel Name file - stores the name of the panel data file and any fonts used by the panel (the font names are present only for PostScript output)

16

File Specifications

Extension

Format

Description

.plt.panel_xx

ASCII/ HFA

Panel Data file - stores actual processed data output by MapMaker. If the destination device was a PostScript device then this is an ASCII file which contains PostScript commands. If the output device was a nonPostScript raster device then this file is an HFA file which contains one or three layers of raster imagery. It can be viewed with the Viewer.

.pmdl

ASCII

Permanent Model files - stores the permanent version of the .mdl files that are provided by ERDAS.

.prereq

ASCII

Installation file

.preview.img

HFA

Preview Image file - an .img file that stores the result of an import preview.

.pro

Binary

Plus3 TerraModel project layers - vector engineering drawings.

.ps

PostScript

PostScript file - created when map compositions are printed to a file and in other applications when you print to file. The On-Line Help manuals are also supplied in PostScript form, so that they can be printed more easily.

.raw

ASCII

Header file used to describe the formatting of generic binary data files to allow them to be used by the Raw format Raster DLL. Thus, most raster data in BIL, BIP or BSQ file format can be accessed directly merely by defining this simple header.

.rrd

HFA

Pyramid layers stored externally to the associated IMAGINE .img image file. IMAGINE gives you the option to "pyramid" large images for faster processing in the Viewer. This option creates reduced subsampled raster layers. See Pyramid Layers.

.saf

ASCII

Sensor Attribute file - provides information about the bands of various sensors. These are used by the Profile tools to provide the proper wavelength number on the spectral plots.

.sca

ASCII

Scalar file - stores a scalar used in Spatial Modeler.

.shuffle

private

Header file for toolkit before unpacking

.sif

ASCII

Spectral Plot file - stores reflectance spectra developed in ERDAS IMAGINE.

17

File Specifications

Extension

Format

Description

.sig

HFA

Signature file - stores a signature set which was created by the Classification Signature Editor or imported from ERDAS Version 7.5.

.smd

HFA

Standar Map Definition file - stores standard maps, e.g., USGS maps, for use with the Map Series Tool.

.sml

HFA

Symbol Library file - stores annotation symbols for the symbol library.

.stk

ASCII

ESRI GRID Stack file

.stl

HFA

Style Library file

.tab

ASCII

Spheroid Information file

.tag

ASCII

Files for use by EML gettaggeddata function.

.tbl

ASCII

Table file - stores a table used in Spatial Modeler.

.tdf

ASCII

Template Digitizing file - defines the functionality of the digitizing tablet templates.

.tif

Binary

Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) file, including GeoTIFF raster file

.tfw

ASCII

TIFF World file header, providing simple georeferencing information if no GeoTIFF tags are present for an associated TIFF raster file.

.txt

ASCII

Text file - stores a variety of information including arrows, colors, external projection types, font list, line styles, symbol list, and more.

.vpl

ASCII

VUE Player List - list of Viewer View files to be displayed in the VUE player.

.vue

ASCII

Viewer View file - defines the configuration of a Viewer. These files are used to store and recall the exact size, position, and content of a Viewer of map composition.

.wk

ASCII

Digitizer Attributes file

.xpm

ASCII

X Pixmap files used for IMAGINE icons.

➲ For more information on IMAGINE file formats see the “File Formats and Extensions” Appendix in the Erdas Field Guide.

18

File Specifications On-Line Help - File Name Extensions

Extension

Format

Description

.hlp

HyperHelp (Binary)

On-Line Help file - stores the IMAGINE On-Line Help documentation.

.cnt

ASCII

On-Line Help Contents file - Displays the table of contents for an On-Line Manual when the Contents button is clicked.

.ndx

ASCII

On-Line Help context file - stores the component and frame name of each dialog so that the correct Help file is displayed when you click the Help button in a dialog.

.fts

Binary

On-Line Help word index file - generated by HyperHelp when the Find button is clicked if the file does not exist or is not current.

.pdf

Binary

On-Line Help Portable Document Format (not to be confused with IMAGINE’s preference definition files) allows for printing of on-line documentation. Requires the Adobe® Acrobat® Reader.

C Programmers’ Toolkit Software - File Name Extensions

Extension

Format

Description

.0

Binary

Shared library extension

.1

Binary

Shared library extension

.10

Binary

Shared library extension

.3

Binary

Shared library extension

.3e

ASCII

ERDAS man pages

.a

Binary

Static library extension

.awk

ASCII

UNIX awk scripts

.c

ASCII

C source code

.dll

Binary

Dynamically Loadable (Linked) Library

.example

ASCII

Example Makefile

19

File Specifications

Extension

Format

Description

.fx

ASCII

Example Makefile for the File Exchange Toolkit

.h

ASCII

C header files

.help

Binary

FrameMaker format file for help on keyboard macros.

.hpj

ASCII

HyperHelp Project file template

.macros

ASCII

On-Line Help Generator keyboard macros

.mas

Binary

Master template file - usually saved as MIF type for application.

.mif

ASCII

Frame Technology’s Maker Interchange Format

.o

Binary

Object file that may be used to link toolkit programs.

.rc

ASCII

UNIX shell script.

.tem

Binary

On-Line Help Generator templates

Other Software - File Name Extensions

Extension

Format

Description

.8900e

ASCII

Serveware files

.8900r

ASCII

Serveware files

.ASC

ASCII

USGS spectra

.adf

Binary

ARC/INFO files

.afm

ASCII

HyperHelp files

.aml

ASCII

ARC/INFO files

.alias

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.big5

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.bit7

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.bit8

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.ct

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.dat

Binary

ARC/INFO files

20

File Specifications

Extension

Format

Description

.dir

Binary

ARC/INFO files

.euc

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.fonts

Binary

HyperHelp files

.icl

ASCII

Iris support

.iris

Binary

Iris support

.jis7

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.jis8

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.MAP

ASCII

HyperHelp files

.mscode

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.nit

Binary

ARC/INFO files

.PCL

ASCII

HyperHelp files

.pjis

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.PPD

ASCII

HyperHelp files

.prolog

ASCII

HyperHelp files

.PS

ASCII

HyperHelp files

.TFM

Binary

HyperHelp files

.txt

ASCII

HyperHelp files

.ugb

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.ujis

ASCII

ICS Motif files

.wav

ASCII

JPL spectra

Reading Files In a filename framepart, IMAGINE always lists only those files with the default extension that is relevant to the current operation. For example, in the Open Annotation Layer dialog, the filename lists only files with the extension .ovr by default, since these are annotation (overlay) files. You can see a list of other files by entering a wildcard file specification into the filename’s text field. In some cases, another framepart in the dialog presents you with options for the type of file to list in the filename.

21

File Specifications Writing New Files When a new file is created, IMAGINE makes sure that the default extension is at the end of the file name (unless you end the file name with a space).

♦ If you enter a file name without an extension, the default extension will be added to your file name.

♦ If you enter a file name with a different extension (any text after a period), then the default extension will be appended to the file name in addition to the full file name you enter.

♦ If you enter a file name with the default extension, the file name will not be changed. ♦ If you enter a file name that ends with a space, the trailing space will not be part of the file name.

Wildcard IMAGINE uses the asterisk (*) and the question mark (?) as wildcard characters. The wildcard can represent characters in a file name. The asterisk (*) is used to represent zero or more characters, while the question mark (?) is used to represent exactly one character. For example, if you type *any* in a filename, you might see a list of file names like this: anyfile.img many.ovr somefile.any If you type *.img in a filename, you will see a list of files with the .img extension. If you type man?????.* in a filename, you might see a list of file names like this ... manholes.img manholes.ovr manholes.aoi ... but you would not get: manhole.img manholecover.img

22

File Specifications

Pyramid Layers IMAGINE gives you the option to “pyramid” large images for faster processing and is opened in the Viewer. This option creates reduced subsampled raster layers. These can either be stored within the .img HFA file, or as a separate file with the .rrd extension, determined by the Pyramid Layers External preference setting in the Image Files (General) category. For example, a file which is 4k x 4k pixels could take a long time to display when using the Viewer Fit To Window option. Using the pyramid layer option, IMAGINE would create additional layers successively reduced from 4k x 4k, to 2k x 2k, 1k x 1k, 512 x 512, 128 x128, down to 64k x 64k. Then IMAGINE would select the pyramid layer size most appropriate for display in your Viewer window. The pyramid layer option is available from the Image Information and the Import utility.

23

Raw File Format

Raw File Format One of the most important raster file formats to be supported within the Raster Dynamic Loaded Library (DLL) scheme is the generic or “Raw” format. The Raw DLL supports files which are not otherwise supported by a Raster DLL, but which are formatted in such a way that the arrangement of the data may be described by a relatively small number of parameters. In this way, rather than having to use the Generic Binary Import options to convert an image to IMAGINE’s internal .img format, the data can be directly accessed using the Raw DLL after defining only a few parameters about the image (such as number of rows, columns, bands, etc.) The Raw File format is simply another raster format supported under the DLL umbrella, and as such does not need any additional DLL design. However, it does need a well-defined method of describing the image parameters, which is the purpose of this section. The default file filter is “.raw”. A file with a raw extension is presumed to be a header file which indicates the name of the file(s) containing the pixel data and the arrangement of the data within the file(s).

Format of the Raw File The .raw file is an ASCII file consisting of keywords and associated values. There may be only one keyword per line. Keywords should begin at the first character of a line. Any line which does not begin with a recognized keyword will be ignored; this means that a file may contain comments or other data which is not part of the raw file description. By convention, a comment line is one which begins with the ‘#’ symbol (pound sign). All of the data associated with a keyword must be on the same line with the keyword, unless the continuation character ‘\’ appears at the end of a line. Keywords and strings must be written in uppercase letters, except strings which denote file names. Keywords and associated data are separated by white space (spaces and/or tabs). Keywords may be in any order except the recognition keyword IMAGINE_RAW_FILE, which must appear first.

Keywords The only keywords which are required are IMAGINE_RAW_FILE, WIDTH, HEIGHT, and if the data type size is greater than eight bits, BYTE_ORDER. All other keywords are optional and have default values.

IMAGINE_RAW_FILE This keyword must be at the very beginning of the file, on a line by itself.

WIDTH The number of pixels in the horizontal (x) direction. Must be an integer greater than zero. Required; no default value.

24

Raw File Format

HEIGHT The number of pixels in the vertical (y) direction. Must be an integer greater than zero. Required; no default value.

NUM_LAYERS The number of layers (channels, bands) in the image. Must be an integer greater than zero. Optional; default value is 1.

FORMAT The type of interleaving used in the file. Must be one of the following strings: “BIL” (Band Interleaved By Line), “BIP” (Band Interleaved By Pixel), “BSQ” (Band Sequential), or “TILED” (Tiled or blocked image). Tiled data is presumed to be band sequential within each tile. If the width and/or height of the file is not an even multiple of the tile size, the tiles must be padded with zeros so that all tiles are the same size. The tiles themselves are arranged left to right, top to bottom. For single-layer images, BIL, BIP and BSQ are the same. Optional; default value is “BIL”.

DATA_TYPE The data type used by the image. Must be one of the following strings: “Up”, “U2”, “U4”, “U8”, “Ul6”, “Sl6”, “U32”, “S32”, “F32”, “F64”. Optional; default value is “U8”.

LAYER_TYPE The layer type used by the image. Must be either “ATHEMATIC” or “THEMATIC”. Optional; default value is “ATHEMATIC”.

BYTE_ORDER For data types of sixteen bits or larger, the ordering of the high and low bytes must be either “MSB” (most-significant-byte first, or Motorola ordering), or “LSB” (leastsignificant-byte first, or Intel ordering). Required for DATA_TYPE values of U16, S16, U32, S32, F32, and F64; ignored otherwise.

PIXEL_FILES The name of the file(s) in which the pixel data reside. For BIL, BIP and Tiled formats, all of the pixel data must reside in the same file. For BSQ formats, each band may reside in a separate file. Optional; defaults to the name of the raw file without the .raw extension. If the file does not contain a path part, the same path part as the raw file will be assumed. Relative path definitions are allowed.

DATA_OFFSET The number of bytes to be skipped at the beginning of a pixel file. Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. Optional; defaults to zero.

RECORD_SKIP_BYTES The number of bytes skipped between data records. A data record is defined differently depending on the format. For BIL and BSQ images, a data record holds one row of pixels from one layer. For BIP images, a data record holds one row of pixels from all layers. For tiled images, a data record holds one tile of pixels from all layers. Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. Optional; defaults to zero.

LAYER_SKIP_BYTES BSQ format only: the number of bytes to skip between image layers. Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. Optional; defaults to zero.

25

Raw File Format

TILE_WIDTH Tiled format only: the number of pixels in the horizontal (x) direction per tile. Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. and less than or equal to the image width. Optional; defaults to the minimum of 128 and the image width.

TILE_HEIGHT Tiled format only: the number of pixels in the vertical (y) direction per tile. Must be an integer greater than or equal to zero. and less than or equal to the image width. Optional; defaults to the minimum of 128 and the image height.

END_RAW_FILE Indicates the end of the raw file information. Useful if the raw file information is embedded within a larger file (perhaps the image file itself), it signals the DLL to stop scanning for further keywords. No associated values. Optional; if not present the DLL will scan to the end of the file.

Examples Example 1: a 1201 x 1201-pixel DEM (Digital Elevation Model) file containing only pixel data, stored in the file “atlanta-e.dem” in the same directory as the raw file. The byte order is Motorola. IMAGINE_RAW_FILE WIDTH 1201 HEIGHT 1201 DATA_TYPE U16 PIXEL_FILES atlanta-e.dem BYTE_ORDER MSB Example 2: a 3-band image in BSQ format. All the data is in the file “/usr/people/Igscene.rgb”. The file is 1000 pixels wide and 1500 pixels high. There is a 622-byte header at the start of the file. Each band contains a 2000 byte header and an 1000 byte trailer. IMAGINE_RAW_FILE WIDTH 1000 HEIGHT 1500 NUM_LAYERS 3 FORMAT BSQ PIXEL_FILES /usr/people/Igscene.rgb DATA_OFFSET 2622 LAYER_SKIP_BYTES 3000 Example 3: a 4-band image in BSQ format. Each layer is in a separate file, named “bandl.dat”, “band2.dat”, “band3.dat”, and “band4.dat”. The image is 6000 bytes wide and 4000 bytes high. Each line of data contains 128 bytes of non-image data at the beginning and 32 bytes of nonimage data at the end.

26

Raw File Format IMAGINE_RAW_FILE NUM_LAYERS 4 WIDTH 6000 HEIGHT 4000 FORMAT BSQ PIXEL_FILES bandl.dat band2.dat band3.dat band4.dat DATA_OFFSET 128 RECORD_BYTE_SKIP 160 Example 4: A thematic image, 1024 by 1024 pixels, tiled with tile size 64 by 64 pixels. The image data is in the file “landcover.001”: IMAGINE_RAW_FILE WIDTH 1024 HEIGHT 1024 FORMAT TILED TILE WIDTH 64 TILE HEIGHT 64 LAYER_TYPE THEMATIC PIXEL_FILES landcover.001

27

File Selector

File Selector This dialog is used throughout IMAGINE to provide uniform access to the file system. The actual title in the dialog frame varies depending upon the application. Under UNIX, the Files and Permissions tabs are common to all instances but there may be additional tabs provided by the application. In these cases, there is an additional Help button on the tab to explain its use in that application. In general, this dialog is opened when you click on the

icon in any toolbar or palette.

Windows

File This tab provides access to the directory structures and files. Look in: The current or default directory is displayed. Click the popup list button to change drives. Click the Up Folder icon to go up one level in the directory structure. File name:

Enter the name of the file, or select it from the scrolling list above.

Files of Type: Click the popup list button and select the file type to display in the file selector window. Files of Type is the label given to the popup list that is available on all File Chooser dialogs.

OK Click this button to use the selected file and close the dialog. Recent... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed files. The List of Recent Files dialog is opened.

Goto... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed directories. The Select A Directory dialog is opened.

Cancel Click this button to cancel the selection and close the dialog. Help Click this button to display this help file.

28

File Selector

This icon occupies the space that is used for the image preview chip if no chip exists for the selected file or if you have disabled the preview function. The preview chip provides a miniature version of the selected file before the file is opened. You may elect to disable the preview function by setting a preference in the User Interface & Session category of the Preference Editor. UNIX

Files This tab provides access to the directory structures and files. Filename:

Enter or select the name of the file.

Directory: The current or default directory is displayed. You can enter a new directory path in the Filename: field. File Type: Click the popup list button and select the file type to display in the file selector window.

Permissions This tab provides easy access to file ownership and permissions. Under some conditions, this tab is not displayed. Filename: Owner:

The name of the currently selected file is displayed.

The owner of the currently selected file is displayed.

Permissions If you are the owner of a file, you can change the file permissions for yourself (Owner), your Group (those who have the same GID), and all Others. There are three basic modes of permission in each of these classes. Read

The file may be opened for viewing only. No changes can be made to the file.

Write The file may be opened for editing. Changes made to the image may be saved to the file. Execute

This permission is for executable files such as shell scripts and programs.

OK Click this button to use the selected file and close the dialog. Recent... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed files. The List of Recent Files dialog is opened.

29

File Selector

Goto... Click this button to view a list of recently accessed directories. The Select A Directory dialog is opened.

Rename... Click this button to change the name of a file for which you have write permission. You are presented with a dialog in which to enter the new name.

Delete... Click this button to delete the currently selected file. You are queried before the file is deleted.

CDROM... Click this button to mount a new CD-ROM. The Mount/Unmount CD-ROM dialog is opened. Cancel Click this button to cancel the selection and close the dialog. Help Click this button to display this help file.

This icon occupies the space that is used for the image preview chip if no chip exists for the selected file or if you have disabled the preview function. The preview chip provides a miniature version of the selected file before the file is opened. You may elect to disable the preview function by setting a preference in the User Interface & Session category of the Preference Editor.

30

Files of Type

Files of Type Files of Type is the label given to the popup list that is available on all File Chooser dialogs. This popup list contains a list of file types from which you can choose. MrSid is Multi-resolution Seamless Image Database (MrSID). It is a wavelet compression technology and data format developed by LizardTech. This patented new Portable Image Format (TM) provides a significant reduction in the disk space needed to store high-resolution images while maintaining the quality and integrity of the original. ERDAS IMAGINE can read images produced by versions 1.2, 1.3, and 2.0 of the MrSID Compressor. For more information on MrSID or LizardTech, visit their web site at http:// www.lizardtech.com RAW is a data file without any header information. The Raw DLL supports files which are not otherwise supported by a Raster DLL, but which are formatted in such a way that the arrangement of the data may be described by a relatively small number of parameters.

➲ For more information see Raw File Format. The ERDAS IMAGINE TIFF DLL supports TIFF version 6.0. The GeoTIFF specification defines how to include cartographic information in a TIFF file, and is not a separate file format. The ERDAS IMAGINE TIFF DLL supports all TIFF imagery including translation of any cartographic information conforming to the GeoTIFF rev 1.0 specification.

➲ For more information see TIFF Image Files DTED is Digital Terrain Elevation Data. ERDAS IMAGINE supports levels 1 and 2. The levels repress resolutions of the terrain. ERDAS IMAGINE does not support levels 3, 4, and 5.

31

File Open Dialog

File Open Dialog This dialog provides access to the IMAGINE file name part for file selection. It is used instead of the File Selector in special cases. It appears in several places throughout IMAGINE when you click the

icon.

File Name Enter the name of the file in the text field. OK Click to use the selected file and close this dialog. Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to open this On-Line Help document.

32

List of Recent Files

List of Recent Files This dialog presents a list of recently accessed directories from which you may select the current directory. This dialog is opened when you click on the Recent... button in the File Selector dialog.

Recent Files... Click on one of the recently used files in this list and click the OK button to display the file in the Files tab.

OK Click this button to pass this file to the FIle Selector for viewing the permissions and preview chip if one exists. The file is not opened until the OK button on the File Selector is clicked.

Clear... Click this button to clear the file history list. Cancel Click this button to cancel file selection and close the dialog. Help Click this button to display this help file.

33

Select A Directory

Select A Directory This dialog presents a list of recently accessed directories from which you may select the current directory. This dialog is opened when you click on the Goto... button in the File Selector dialog.

Enter New Directory... Enter the directory name or path or select one from the list below.

Recent Directories... Click on one of the recently used directories in this list and click the OK button to display the file list in the Files tab.

OK Click this button to display the file list for the selected directory. Files are listed in the Files tab.

Clear... Click this button to clear the directory history list. Cancel Click this button to cancel directory selection and close the dialog. Help Click this button to display this help file.

34

Mount/Unmount CD-ROM

Mount/Unmount CD-ROM UNIX Only This dialog enables you to mount and unmount a CD-ROM. Normally CD-ROMs are automatically mounted and unmounted in the data loading program, but in special cases, you may have to use this utility to mount and unmount the CD-ROM. This is often the case when you are loading data that are not normally on CD. This dialog is opened when you select Utilities | Mount/Unmount CD-ROM... from the main ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel menu bar. It is also opened when you click on the CD-ROM... button in the File Selector dialog.

CDROM List: Select the CD-ROM to mount or unmount. Mount Click to mount the selected CD-ROM. Unmount Click to unmount the selected CD-ROM. Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For information on using the ERDAS IMAGINE graphical interface, see the on-line IMAGINE Interface manual.

➲ For step-by-step instructions on loading many types of data, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

35

CellArrays

CellArrays A CellArray is a group of “cells” which contains information, similar to a table. It is like a scrolling list that displays information organized in rows (records) and columns (fields). CellArrays can scroll in two directions if necessary. Scrollbars will appear at the side or the bottom of the CellArray, or both, if there are rows or columns not showing. Some CellArrays are read-only, and simply is opened data. Others have editable cells that you can treat like text fields or number fields. A CellArray can have both editable and read-only cells.

☞ Depending on the application, a CellArray may provide any combination of the following features.

Editing Cells of a CellArray In some situations, you can edit the contents of cells in the CellArray. To find out if a cell is editable, click on the cell. If it is editable, it will become like a text or number field and allow you to begin typing. When you finish editing, press RETURN. In some cases, RETURN also advances the cursor to the next editable field.

➲ For more information on changes in a CellArray, see Model Attributes. If your system allows them, you can also type special characters in cells, such as ®, Õ, ©, etc. See the Compose Key document for details.

Selecting Rows and Columns in a CellArray Rows (records) and columns (fields) may be selected and deselected for various manipulations. You can immediately tell if a row or column is selected by the color of the CellArray:

♦ When a row is selected, it is highlighted in yellow. ♦ When a column is selected, it is highlighted in cyan. ♦ The areas at the intersection of selected rows and columns are highlighted in green. ♦ Unselected rows and columns are white. Selecting Rows Use any of these options for selecting rows:

♦

To select one row, click in the first column of the row, or in any uneditable column. The row will

be highlighted.

36

CellArrays

♦

then middle-click in the first column of the last row in the range. Or, hold and drag across the range. All rows in the range will be highlighted.

♦

To select multiple rows that are not in a range, shift-click in the first column of each row that you

To select a range of rows, click in the first column of the first row in the range,

want to select. For more row selection options, right-hold in the first column of the CellArray for the Row Selection popup menu. Selecting Columns

♦

To select one column,

click in the header row of the column.

♦

To deselect a column,

press shift-click in the selected column header.

♦ Pressing shift-click will toggle a column between selected and deselected. ♦

To select a range of columns, click in the first column header in the range, and then middle-click

on the last column header in the range.

♦ When multiple columns are selected and you want to deselect all but one column, click in the column header that you want to remain selected.

♦

To select multiple columns that are not in a range, shift-click in the first column of each row that

you want to select.

Working with Columns in a CellArray Resizing Columns Each column is opened with an initial default size. This size can be changed to allow you to see more or less of the information in the column. To change the size of a column, place the cursor over the column separator in the header cell.The cursor will change from a simple pointer to a right-left arrow pair. You can now hold and drag the mouse to change the size of the column. Column Options For more options for working with columns, right-hold in the header row of any column except the first column. The Column Options popup menu displays. This menu lets you:

♦ Edit the title of some columns ♦ Import, Export, Copy, and Paste column data

37

CellArrays

♦ Select a standard format or create a customized format for numerical values in the CellArray (See Number Formats)

♦ Print a Report of the CellArray ♦ Create and apply a Formula using the columns as input and place the results back into the CellArray

♦ Align column data within the cells (Left, Right, Center) ♦ Compute statistics of CellArray data to be printed with the CellArray report

38

Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray

Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray Just as with the number fields in the rest of IMAGINE, numbers may be entered into the CellArray as a string with a great deal of flexibility. The string is an expression composed of any sequence of numbers and operators. The supported operations are: Variable Description [+-]ddd[.[ddd]][e+-[ddd]]

A simple number composed of digits, a sign, a decimal point, and an exponent.

[+-] dd mm ss [+-] dd:mm:ss dd mm ss [N/S] dd:mm:ss [N/S] dd mm ss [E/W] dd:mm:ss [E/W]

Converts the given degrees (dd), minutes (mm), and seconds (ss) to decimal degrees. Either a sign may be given before dd mm ss or a N/S or E/W may be given after the dd mm ss. Fields may be either space delimited or colon delimited.

pi

Returns the value of pi (3.141592.....).

<exp> + <exp>

Returns the sum of two expressions.

<exp> - <exp>

Returns the difference of two expressions.

<exp> * <exp>

Returns the product of two expressions.

<exp> / <exp>

Returns the quotient of two expressions.

<exp> ^ <exp>

Returns the first expression raised to the second expression.

<exp> ** <exp>

Returns the first expression raised to the second expression.

abs(<exp>)

Returns the absolute value of the argument.

int(<exp>)

Returns the integer portion of the argument.

mod(<exp>,<exp>)

Returns the remainder of the first argument divided by the second.

min(<exp>,<exp>)

Returns the minimum of the two arguments.

max(<exp>,<exp>)

Return the maximum of the two arguments.

sin(<exp>)

Returns the sine of the single argument. The argument is assumed to be in radians.

cos(<exp>)

Returns the cosine of the single argument. The argument is assumed to be in radians.

tan(<exp>)

Return the tangent of the single argument. The argument is assumed to be in radians.

39

Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray

Variable

Description

asin(<exp>)

Returns the arcsine of the argument. The result is in radians.

acos(<exp>)

Returns the arccosine of the argument. The result is in radians.

atan(<exp>)

Returns the arctangent of the argument. The result is in radians.

ln(<exp>)

Returns the natural logarithm of the argument.

log(<exp>)

Returns the common logarithm of the argument.

sqrt(<exp>)

Returns the square root of the argument.

dd(<exp>,<exp>,<exp>)

Treats the three expressions as degrees, minutes, and seconds, respectively and converts them to decimal degrees.

<exp> unitname

Multiplies the expression by the conversion factor for the given unitname. For example “3 feet” will multiply 3 by the number of feet per meter.

<exp> unitname unitname <exp> unitname TO unitname CONVERT(<exp>,unitname,unitna me)

Multiplies the expression by the conversion factor needed to convert from the first unitname to the second unitname. For example “3 feet inches” will multiply 3 by 12.

☞ In all of the forms above that deal with units, the unit names come from the file <$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/units.dat. This file defines a series of categories (distance, area, weight) and within each category a variety of units are defined. For each category a default unit is defined which has a conversion factor of 1.0. For example, the default unit in distance is the meter, so all of the other distance units are given in meters. Units and categories may be added to this file. If the environment variable ERDAS_ETC_PATH is defined, then the file units.dat will be found using that path. The default value of the path is ./:/<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/. This means that you can put a modified units.dat file in the current directory instead of modifying the file in <$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc.

40

Number Formats

Number Formats Select Formats from the Column Options and the Number Format dialog is opened. This dialog lets you select the way numeric values are displayed in the CellArray. The Standard Formats contains a list of commonly used formats. Number Format Variables You may also create a customized number format in the Custom Format: area. The custom format is a character string which uses variables to control the way the numbers are presented. The custom format string may consist of up to three fields of formatting information separated by semicolons. The default conditions for each field are:

♦ If only the first field is given, then it is used for all numbers. ♦ If the first and second fields are given, then the first is used for positive numbers and the second is used for zero and negative numbers.

♦ If all three fields are given, then the first is for positive numbers, the second is for negative, and the third is for zero. Each field may also specify a condition of the form []. Here is one of <,>,=,<>,>=,<= and is any number. A custom format string may look like this:

#,##0;(#,##0);0 Third field (number = 0) Second field (number < 0) First field (number > 0) Each field consists of format variables from the following list: Variable Description General

If the number is a whole number, the result has no decimal places. If it is not a whole number, the result will have as many decimal places as needed. If the number exceeds 12 digits then scientific notation is used.

41

Number Formats

Variable

Description

0

The general place holder for a digit. It is used to indicate the number of decimal places to be displayed if used on the right of a decimal point, and the number of leading zeros to be printed to the left of the decimal point.

#

The same as 0 except that nothing is printed if the position would contain a leading or a trailing zero.

?

The same as 0 except that it prints a space for leading and trailing zeros.

.

Indicates where the decimal point is to be included.

,

If this occurs between the digit place holders (0,#,?), then it indicates that thousands should be separated by commas.

E+,E-,e+,e-

Use scientific notation. E causes an uppercase E to be used and e causes a lowercase e to be used. E+ and e+ force the sign to be printed. E- and e- print the sign only if it is negative.

%

Indicates that the number is to be scaled by one hundred and then displayed with a percent sign (%).

$,/, ,-,+,(,),:

Includes each of these characters as is in the output.

\

Includes the following character as is with no interpretation in the output.

“...”

Includes the characters between the quotes as is with no interpretation in the output.

d

Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of the month (1-31) without leading zeros.

dd

Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of the month (01-31) with leading zeros.

ddd

Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of the week as (Sun, Mon, Tue, etc.).

dddd

Interpret the number as a time and extract the day. Print the day of the week as (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, etc.)

m

Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the month as a number (1-12) without leading zeros.

mm

Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the month as a number (01-12) with leading zeros.

42

Number Formats

Variable

Description

mmm

Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the month as (Jan, Feb, Mar...).

mmmm

Interpret the number as a time and extract the month. Print the month as (January, February, March, etc.).

yy

Interpret the number as a time and extract the year. Print the year as a two digit number (00-99) which is the number of years since 1900.

yyyy

Interpret the number as a time and extract the year. Print the year as a four digit number (1992).

h

Interpret the number as a time or an angle and extract the hour. Print the hour of the day without leading zeros as 00-23 if 24-hour time is used, or as 1-12 if twelve hour time is used.

hh

Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the hour. Print the hour of the day with leading zeros as 00-23 if 24-hour time is used, or as 1-12 if twelve hour time is used.

m

Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the minute. Print the minute as 0-59 without leading zeros. (m is interpreted as minute instead of month if it follows h or hh.)

mm

Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the minute. Print the minute as 0-59 with leading zeros. (mm is interpreted as minute instead of month if it follows h or hh.)

s

Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the second. Print the second as 0-59 without leading zeros.

ss

Interpret the number as a time or angle and extract the second. Print the second as 0-59 with leading zeros.

A/P,a/p

Use 12-hour time and indicate the 12-hour period with A or a for AM and P or p for PM.

AM/PM,am/pm

Use 12-hour time and indicate the 12-hour period with AM or am for AM and PM or pm for PM.

dg

Interpret the number as decimal degrees. Extract and print the degrees without leading zeros. This may be followed with (m,mm,s,ss).

deg

Interpret the number as decimal degrees. Extract and print the degrees with leading zeros. This may be followed with (m,mm,s,ss).

43

Number Formats

Variable

Description

N/S,n/s

If the number is positive print N or n and if the number is negative (south of the equator) print S or s. When this is used the sign on the degrees is always positive.

E/W,e/w

If the number is positive (east) print E or e and if the number is negative (west) print W or w. When this is used the sign on the degrees is always positive.

[Black] [Red] [Blue] [Magenta] [White] [Green] [Cyan] [Yellow]

Indicate the color code to be used for the output text.

[=value]

Use this field if the number is equal to the given value.

[>value]

Use this field if the number is greater than the given value.

[
Use this field if the number is less than the given value.

[>=value]

Use this field if the number is greater than or equal to the given value.

[<=value]

Use this field if the number if less than or equal to the given value.

[<>value]

Use this field if the number is not equal to the given value.

Numbers which are interpreted as times (of day) are assumed to be encoded as the number of seconds which have elapsed since Jan-1-1970, 12:00:00 AM GMT.

44

Column Options

Column Options This right button menu gives you a list of options that can be applied to the columns in a CellArray. To reach this menu, right-hold in the header row of any column except the first column.

☞ Depending upon the application you are using, you may not have access to all of these options.

Select None All columns are unselected. Select All All columns are selected. Selected columns are highlighted in cyan. Invert Selection Any columns that are currently unselected will be selected, and any selected columns will become unselected.

Edit Title When this option is active, it allows you to edit the existing title or enter a new title for the column.Type in the change and press Return. Currently, this option is active in the legend tool in Map Composer and the Table tool in the Model Maker.

Copy This option lets you copy data from the CellArray. Select the rows or columns to be copied. If no rows or columns are selected when you click on Copy, then the entire CellArray will be copied. The data are stored into a buffer until something else is saved with the Copy command. The copied data can be pasted into another application.

Paste This option lets you retrieve data that were copied with the Copy command. The data from the copy buffer are copied into the selected rows of the selected columns. If there are more rows in the copy buffer than there are in the CellArray, then the data will either be discarded or pasted into new rows (if the application allows for new rows).

Format... This option allows you to choose the format to use for displaying numeric values in the CellArray. The Format dialog is opened. Report... Using this option you can generate a report from the data in the CellArray. The Report Format Definition dialog is opened.

Import... This option allows you to import ASCII data into your CellArray. The Import Column Data dialog is opened.

45

Column Options

Export... This option allows you to export column data to an ASCII file for use in other applications. The Export Column Data dialog is opened.

Delete... This option is used to delete the selected columns if the application allows it. The Column Delete Warning dialog is opened. Add... This option is used to add new columns to the CellArray if the application allows it. The Add New Column dialog is opened.

Formula... This option lets you create a formula which can be applied to selected rows or columns. The Formula dialog is opened. Color... This option allows you to change the color used for a class. The Color Chooser dialog is opened.

Alignment Select this option to align the column data. Left

Align data to the center of the selected columns.

Right Center

Align data to the center of the selected columns. Align data to the center of the selected columns.

Compute Stats... The Statistics dialog is opened. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

46

Number Format

Number Format This dialog enables you to choose the format for displaying numeric values in the CellArray. To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of the column for which you want to set the number format, and select Format... from the Column Options that display.

➲ For more information on format descriptions and variables, see Number Formats. Categories: Select a category of standard formats. Choose from the General, Time, Money, or Coordinates format, examples of which display in the Standard Format field.

Standard Formats: Select one of the prepared formats listed below or use the Custom Format option. When one of these prepared formats is selected, it is copied to the Custom Format field for use as is or for modification. Default

Applies the default application formatting.

General If the number is a whole number, the result has no decimal places. If it is not a whole number, the result will have as many decimal places as needed. If the number exceeds 12 digits then scientific notation is used. 0 0.00 #,##0 #,##0.00 $#,##0;($#,##0) $#,##0.00;[Red]($#,##0.00) 0% 0.00% 0.00E+00 m/d/yy d-mmmm-yy dg mm ss N/S dg mm ss E/W hh:mm:ss

Custom Format: This option lets you create a customized number format by entering a string of number format variables.

Apply Click to apply the selected number format. This format will be applied to all of the selected numeric columns in CellArray.

Close Click to close this dialog. 47

Number Format

Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides manual.

48

Report Format Definition

Report Format Definition This dialog enables you to define the format for a printed report of a CellArray. The report is an ASCII file which retains the formatting and alignment used in the CellArray. If a CellArray contains more columns than will fit across a report page, then each page is divided into panels. The report pages are numbered by page and panel. To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column except the first column, and select Report... from the Column Options which appear.

Title: Enter a title to print at the top center of the first page of the report. Header: Enter the header text to print at the top center of each page of the report, except for the first page.

Footer: Enter the footer text to print at the bottom center of every page. It will be followed by the page number and the panel number.

Page Size: This group lets you enter the size of the report page in number of characters. Width:

Enter the width of the page in characters.

Height:

Enter the height of the page in characters.

Margins: This group lets you enter the amount of space to be left around the edges of the report. Width: Enter the width of the margin in characters. This insures that this much space will be left blank on the left and right hand sides of the page. Height: Enter the height of the margin in characters. This insures that this much space will be left blank on top and bottom of the page.

Statistics: This group lets you select the type of statistics to be included at the end of the report. These statistics are generated when you select Compute Stats from the Column Options. Count Total

Click to report the total number of rows selected. Click to report the arithmetic sum of the values in the column.

Minimum

Click to report the minimum value in the column.

Maximum

Click to report the maximum value in the column.

Mean

Click to report the average of the values in the column.

49

Report Format Definition Standard Deviation

Click to report the standard deviation of the values in the column.

OK Click to run this process with the options selected and close this dialog. The report will be written to a temporary file which is then displayed in the IMAGINE Editor for review. To save the report use the Save As option in the Editor menu bar. To print the report use the Print option in the Editor menu bar.

Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

50

Import Column Data

Import Column Data This dialog enables you to import column data from an ASCII file into the CellArray. To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table and select Import... from the Column Options popup.

Import From... Use this filename part to specify the name of the file to import. There is no default file extension assumed. OK Click to run this process with the options selected and close this dialog. View... Click to view the selected file before importing. The ASCII file is opened in the IMAGINE Text Editor.

Options... The Import Column Options dialog opens. This dialog enables you to define the separator character, terminator character, rows to skip, comment character, and column order of the import data. Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

51

Import Column Options

Import Column Options This dialog enables you to define how the import data are placed into your CellArray. To open this dialog, select Options... from the Import Column Data dialog.

Separator Character: Click the popup list button and choose the character that separates the columns in the import data. The default is Tab. Tab

Entries are separated by a tab.

Comma

Entries are separated by a comma (,).

Colon (:)

Entries are separated by a colon (:).

SemiColon (;)

Entries are separated by a semicolon (;).

Vertical Bar (|)

Entries are separated by a vertical bar (|).

Space

Entries are separated by a space.

WhiteSpace The WhiteSpace entry means that any number of sequential spaces and tabs are used as the separator. This is used if the file was formatted into columns by using spaces.

☞ Do not use the WhiteSpace option when two consecutive spaces or tabs have been used to delimit an empty field.

Row Terminator Character: Click the popup list button and choose the character that indicates the end of a row in the import data. This is based on the system on which the import file was created. NewLine (Unix)

Select this option if the import file was created on a UNIX system.

Return NewLine (DOS) system.

Select this option if the import file was created on a DOS

Return (MacOS) Select this option if the import file was created on a Macintosh system.

Comment Character: Indicates the character that is used at the beginning of a comment in the import data. The default is the # character. If a line begins with a comment character then it is not imported into a column.

Number of Rows To Skip: Enter the number of rows to skip in the input file. For example, if the import data contain some sort of header lines at the top of the file, you could tell IMAGINE to skip those rows when importing. The default value is 0.

52

Import Column Options

(table) You may edit this table to control the order in which the columns are imported. Column lists the columns in your CellArray which will receive data. These entries cannot be changed. Field indicates the field number of the imported data to be placed into this column. The first column in the import file is Field 1. By clicking in this column you may change the order in which the input columns are imported.

OK Click to accept the options selected and close this dialog. The data is not imported until you click OK in the Import Column Data dialog.

Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

53

Export Column Data

Export Column Data This dialog enables you to export column data to an ASCII file for use in another application, or simply as a means of saving the data for later use. To use this option, right-hold in the header row of any column of the CellArray, and select Column Options | Export...

Export To... Use this file name part to specify the output file name. The .dat extension is added automatically.

OK Click to run this process with the options selected and close this dialog. Options... The Export Column Options dialog is opened. Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

54

Export Column Options

Export Column Options This dialog enables you to select format options for the exported column text. To open this dialog, select Options... from the Export Column Data dialog.

Separator Character: Click the popup list button and choose a character to separate the columns in the exported text. The default is Tab. Tab

Entries will be separated by a tab.

Comma

Entries will be separated by a comma (,).

Colon (:)

Entries will be separated by a colon (:).

SemiColon (;)

Entries will be separated by a semicolon (;).

Vertical Bar (|)

Entries will be separated by a vertical bar (|).

Space

Entries will be separated by a space.

Terminator Character: Click the popup list button and choose a character to indicate the end of each row (based on the system to which the data are being exported). NewLine (Unix) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a UNIX computer. Rows are terminated with a newline. Return+LineFeed (DOS) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a DOS computer. Rows are terminated with a return and line feed. Return (MacOS) Select this option if you are exporting data for use on a Macintosh computer. Rows are terminated with a return.

Number of Rows To Skip: Enter the number of rows to leave blank at the top of the output file. The default is zero.

(table) Use this table to control the order in which the columns are exported.Right-hold on any column heading for the Column Options popup. Field lists the columns in the output file. There will be a field for each column that was selected when the Export option was chosen. If no columns were selected when the Export option was chosen, all columns are exported. Column lists the columns in your CellArray which are to be exported. To rearrange the order in which the data are written to the output file, select the name under Column, type in the desired column name, and press Return. Only valid column names will be accepted.

55

Export Column Options

OK Click to accept the options selected and close this dialog. The data is not exported until you click OK in the Export Column Data dialog.

Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

56

Column Delete Warning

Column Delete Warning This dialog enables you to delete a column from a CellArray. The column you want to delete must be selected before you choose this option. This dialog opens when you right-hold Column Options | Delete... with your cursor in a column header.

Deleting this column cannot be undone! This message warns you that once the column is deleted it cannot be retrieved.

Delete Click to delete the selected column and close this dialog. Cancel Click to close this dialog without deleting a column. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

57

Add New Column

Add New Column This dialog enables you to add a new column to a CellArray. It opens when you right-hold Column Options | Add... with your cursor in a column header.

☞ Some applications do not allow you to add columns. Column Name: Enter a name for the new column. Column Type: Click the popup list button to specify the data type for the new column. Select one of the data types below. Text Number Boolean Exclusive

Column Width: Enter the column width in characters. OK Click to add this column and close this dialog. Cancel Click to close this dialog without adding a new column to the CellArray. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

58

Formula

Formula This dialog enables you to create a formula that can be applied to selected rows or columns in a CellArray. You can either type the formula directly into the Formula text field or construct it from the other tools in this dialog. Most of the functions apply only to numeric values. However, the + function from the numeric keypad may be used to join two character strings and the format () function may be used to convert a number into a string. The format () function has two forms.

♦ The first form (with one argument) simply converts a number to a character string using the General format.

♦ The version of format () with two arguments converts the number (the second argument) to a string using the Format specified by the first argument. The formats may be chosen from the Formats list. These are the same as the Format menu option. To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table, and select Formula... from the Column Options menu.

Columns: Lists the columns which may be used in the formula. These names are used to build the expression.

Functions: This list contains the functions which may be used in building an expression. row pi

Returns the row number. Provides the value of pi (3.141592...)

mod(,) abs() int() even() odd()

Modulus — the remainder when is divided by .

Absolute Value of . Integer — truncate to integer part of . Returns 1 if is evenly divisible by 2.0. Otherwise it returns 0. Returns 1 if is not evenly divisible by 2.0. Otherwise it returns 0.

max(,)

Returns the larger of and .

min(,)

Returns the smaller of and .

sin()

Returns the sine of in degrees.

cos()

Returns the cosine of in degrees.

tan()

Returns the tangent of in degrees.

59

Formula asin()

Returns the arcsine of in degrees.

acos()

Returns the arccosine of in degrees.

atan()

Returns the arctangent of in degrees.

ln() log() sqrt()

Returns the natural logarithm of . Returns the common logarithm of . Return the square root of .

convert(,,) Returns multiplied by the conversion factor which converts from the units to the units. For example: convert(3,feet,meters)returns .9144. That is, it converted 3 feet to .9144 meters. format()

Converts to a character string using the General format.

format(,) argument.

Converts to a string using the “Format” specified by the

lowercase(<string>)

Converts all of the characters in <string> to lowercase..

uppercase(<string>)

Converts all of the characters in <string> to uppercase

Formats: Select one of the standard formats from the scrolling list or create a custom format for the argument of the format(,) function. See Number Formats for more information about custom formats. General 0 0.00 #,##0 #,##0.00 0% 0.00% 0.00E+00 m/d/yy d-mmmm-yy dg mm ss N/S dg mm ss E/W hh:mm:ss

(Numeric Keypad) The number pad works like a calculator, to let you enter numerical values into the query. The - and . keys are for negative and decimal, respectively.

60

Formula + This function is used to add two numbers or to join two character strings to create a new one. -

Subtraction

*

Multiplication

E

Use this operator to enter the exponent part of a number.

/

Division

(

)

Use the parentheses to group logical expressions to show precedence.

[ ] Use the brackets to specify a value from another row. Use the row number to specify a particular row, or an expression to indicate previous or following rows. For example [-1] indicates the previous row. [+1] indicates the next row.

Formula: Enter the character string defining the formula in this text field, either manually or by using the tools in this dialog.

Apply Left-click to apply the formula to the selected rows of the selected columns. Clear Left-click to remove the text in the Formula box. Close Left-click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Left-click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

61

Statistics

Statistics This dialog reports the statistics for the selected rows of the selected columns of a CellArray. If no rows are selected, statistics are calculated on all rows. To open this dialog, right-hold in the header row of any column of the table, and select Compute Stats... from the Column Options menu.

(Statistics CellArray) The statistics for the selected rows of the selected columns are reported in a CellArray. If the data in a column is non-numeric, the statistical value is reported as “N/A”. The automatically computed statistics are: Count

total number of rows selected

Total

arithmetic sum of the values in the column

Min

minimum value seen in the column

Max

maximum value seen in the column

Mean Stddev

average of the values in the column standard deviation of the values in the column

Close Click to close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

62

Row Selection

Row Selection This menu is opened when you right-hold in the first column of a CellArray, in any row except the header row. (This feature is inactive on some CellArrays.) Depending on the application, any of these menu options may be inactive and is opened shaded.

Select None All rows are unselected. Select All All rows are selected. Selected rows are highlighted in yellow. Invert Selection Any rows that are currently unselected will be selected, and any selected rows will become unselected.

Delete Selection The currently selected row(s) will be deleted from the CellArray if the application allows it.

Insert Row Inserts a new row into the CellArray. You must have a row selected before this option is enabled. This option is disabled for most applications, but is available in the Polygon/ Polyline Properties dialog so that you can more easily add vertices to polygons and polylines. Before Selection After Selection

Insert a new row above the selected row(s). Insert a new row below the selected row(s).

Criteria... The Selection Criteria dialog is opened, allowing you to use a query language to select rows logically.

Sort...

The Sort Rows dialog is opened, allowing you to sort (reorder) the rows of a CellArray according to the values of one of the columns.

Goto...

The Row Position dialog is opened, allowing you to move to a particular row

quickly.

➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

63

Selection Criteria

Selection Criteria In any CellArray, you can bring up the Selection Criteria dialog to use a “query language” to select or search for entries. To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Criteria... from the Row Selection menu. As you make selections from the scrolling lists in this dialog, you build a selection query in the Criteria: text field. In addition to building this query with selections, you can also edit this query as text.

Columns: This is a list of the columns in the CellArray that can be used for criteria selection. When you select a column, it is opened as an expression in the Criteria: query.

Functions: These functions can be used to create an expression. row

Returns the current row number.

mod(,) abs() int()

Modulus - the remainder when is divided by .

Absolute Value of . Integer - the greatest integer less than or equal to .

even() Selects all entries with even values in the column . If the modulus of and two is zero then it is considered even. This function should be applied only to whole numbers. odd() Selects all entries with odd values in the column . This is defined as the inverse of even(). This function should be applied only to whole numbers. max(,)

This function returns the maximum of the two arguments.

min(,)

This function returns the minimum of the two arguments.

row() This function returns the current row number, starting with zero (0) for the first row. This function takes no arguments. sin()

Returns the sine of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees.

cos()

Returns the cosine of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees.

tan() Returns the tangent of the argument. The argument is interpreted as degrees. asin()

Returns the arcsine of the argument. The result is in degrees.

64

Selection Criteria acos()

Returns the arccosine of the argument. The result is in degrees.

atan()

Returns the arctangent of the argument. The result is in degrees.

ln() log()

Returns the natural logarithm of the argument. Returns the common logarithm of the argument.

sqrt() convert

Return the square root of the argument. (,,)

Converts the first argument from one set of units to another. For example, convert (1.0,feet,meters) converts 1 foot to the appropriate number of meters. format()

Converts the numeric argument to a string. A general format is used.

format(,) Converts the numeric argument to a string as specified by the format argument. The format is a string as described in the Format option.

Compares: Use these comparison operators to create logical expressions (“true” or “false” statements) by comparing values. Most of the comparisons apply only to numeric values although == (equals) and != (not equals) may also be used with strings. >

Is greater than

<

Is less than

==

Is equal to

<=

Is less than or equal to

>=

Is greater than or equal to

!=

Is not equal to

contains This function checks to see if the right-hand value is a string which is contained in the left-hand value. This comparison is valid only for strings.

(Numeric Keypad) The number pad works like a calculator, to let you enter numeric values into the query. The - and . keys are for negative and decimal, respectively. +

Addition

-

Subtraction

*

Multiplication

E

Use this operator to enter the exponent part of a number.

65

Selection Criteria /

Division

( ) Use the parentheses to group logical expressions to show precedence, or with some of the Operators: as shown in the syntax examples above. [ ] Use the brackets to specify a value from another row. Use the row number to specify a particular row, or an expression to indicate previous or following rows. For example [-1] indicates the previous row. [+1] indicates the next row.

and Use and to combine two logical expressions. Both expressions must be true for the combined expression to be true.

or Use or to combine two logical expressions. If either expression is true, the combined expression is true. not Use not to negate any logical expression. Criteria: Build or type your selection criteria in this field. Select Click to select entries in the CellArray based on the query currently displayed in the Criteria: field. The appropriate entries in the CellArray and in the viewer are highlighted. The dialog will remain open.

Subset Click to select from the currently selected entries in the CellArray. Selected entries are tested against the Criteria. All rows which fail the test are removed from the selection.

Add Click to check every unselected row against the criteria. If the criteria are true for the row then the row is added to the selection. Remove Click to remove any rows from the current selection which do not meet the specified criteria.

Clear Click to clear the contents of the Criteria: field. This dialog will remain open. Close Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides. ➲ See Variable Numeric Values in a CellArray for more in-depth On-Line Help.

66

Sort Rows

Sort Rows This dialog enables you to sort (reorder) the rows of a CellArray according to the values of one of the columns. All rows will be sorted, regardless of which rows are selected. After sorting a CellArray, you can revert to the original order by selecting a Sort Order of None. To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Sort... from the Row Selection menu.

Column To Sort By: Select the column on which to base the sort. All columns of the CellArray are listed.

Sort Order: Indicate how to sort the rows. Ascending The rows are sorted in ascending order: numeric values will go from least to greatest, character data is in alphabetical order. Descending The rows are sorted in descending order: numeric values will go from greatest to least, character data is in reverse alphabetical order. None The rows are unsorted. This option is used to revert the CellArray back to its original order after sorting.

OK Click to sort the rows and close this dialog. Cancel Click to close this dialog without sorting the rows. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

67

Row Position

Row Position This dialog enables you to move to a particular row quickly. To open this dialog, right-hold in the first column of any row, and select Goto... from the Row Selection menu.

Goto Row Type: Specify whether you want the goto to work on all rows in the CellArray or just the selected rows. Any

Click to goto any rows in the table.

Selected

Click to goto only selected rows.

Row: Enter the row number to goto. Click the Goto button to actually go to that row. First Click to goto the first row in the CellArray or the first selected row. Prev Click to goto the previous row in the CellArray or to the previous selected row. Goto Click to goto the row number specified in the Row field. Next Click to goto the next row in the CellArray or the next selected row. Last Click to goto the last row in the CellArray or to the last selected row. Close Click to close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about using CellArrays, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Tour Guides.

68

Colorwheel

Colorwheel A colorwheel is an advanced framepart that lets you select a color from a wheel-shaped palette.

Setting the Current Color Using Custom RGB Parameters In the colorwheel, move the dot to control hue (around) and saturation (in/out), and use the meter slider bar to control intensity. Other meters, if displayed, will move accordingly. Use these slider bars to individually control the red, blue, and green content. More precise control of exact color content is achieved through use of the number fields and nudgers.

hue

saturation

Use this slider bar to control intensity.

Use this slider bar to control opacity where applicable.

69

Colorwheel

Setting the Current Color Using Custom IHS Parameters In the colorwheel, move the dot to control hue (around) and saturation (in/out), and use the meter slider bar to control intensity. Other meters, if displayed, will move accordingly. Use these slider bars to individually control intensity, hue, and saturation. More precise control of exact color content is achieved through use of the number fields and nudgers.

hue

saturation

Use this slider bar to control intensity.

Use this slider bar to control opacity where applicable.

70

Colorwheel

Setting the Current Color Using Standard Color Names Use this popup list to select a color library.

Select a color from the color library scroll list.

Using the Colorwheel There are several methods by which you may change a color using the colorwheel.

♦ Hold the black dot, drag it to a new color and release it. ♦ Use the slider bars to control individual components. ♦ Use number fields to enter exact values of components. ♦ Select a color by name from a library. The selected color is opened in the rectangle below the colorwheel. When you are satisfied with the selected color, click Apply to change the current color button.

IHS Color The colorwheel represents a color’s intensity, hue, and saturation (IHS).

71

Colorwheel You can select from millions of colors with the colorwheel. Although the wheel itself appears to be made up of relatively few wedges and arcs of color, each area on the wheel represents many colors.

♦ Intensity (brightness) is expressed with the slider at the right side of the wheel. The higher the slider, the greater the intensity. Intensity values range from 0.0 to 1.0.

♦ Hue is expressed in degrees around the colorwheel, from 0 (blue) to 360. Drag the dot around on the colorwheel to control hue.

♦ Saturation is represented by the distance of the dot from the center of the colorwheel. Drag the dot outward to add more hue to the color, or inward to make the color more gray.

72

Colorwheel

IHS

The IHS color scheme may be represented by a double cone. Intensity is the distance along the axis, Saturation is the radial distance from the axis, and Hue is the number of degrees around the axis. white = 1 Intensity

(tint >0)

Saturation (vivid =1)

Hue

Increasing Saturation increases the amount of color. Increasing Intensity increases the brightness of color.

black = 0

The axis is the gray scale. Grays are achieved by setting Saturation equal to zero and varying Intensity. Hue does not matter in this region of the color space.

Changing the Hue changes the color. red (120)

magenta (60) Hue blue (0)

yellow (180)

green (240)

cyan (300)

73

Colorwheel

RGB Colors Each colorwheel has a set of meter numbers to let you select a color in terms of RGB values (red, green, blue). As you move the sliders on these meter numbers, the corresponding intensity, hue, and saturation are represented on the colorwheel.

The RGB color scheme may be represented by a unit cube. The three coordinates to any color are the values of red, blue, and green.

RGB cyan

white (1,1,1)

(0,1,1)

Green (0,1,0)

yellow (1,1,0) Blue (0,0,1) magenta (1,0,1)

The diagonal line from (0,0,0) to (1,1,1) is the gray scale. Setting all three coordinates to the same value creates a shade of gray.

black (0,0,0)

Red (1,0,0)

74

Colorwheel

Color Selection by Name ERDAS IMAGINE is shipped with a color file (<$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc/color.txt). This file contains the RGB values and common names of some colors. You may add your own colors to this list. The first three columns represent RGB values, respectively, with ranges of 0 to 255. The fourth column is the color name.

Color Level Slice A color level slice applies a range of colors to the raster data. When a color level slice is performed on selected rows in the Color column of a CellArray, the resulting colors range from Start Color: to End Color:. The color range depends upon the slice method, the number of levels selected, and the hue variation option selected as shown in the following illustration:

Going from blue to red, IHS slice works from a color palette consisting of all colors along a curved path. You may specify the longer path (Maximal) or the shorter path (Minimal).

Minimal Hue Variation red

RGB level slice blue

Whichever method is selected, the color palette is then divided into N even increments where N depends upon the slice type.

Using the same start and end colors, RGB slice works with the color palette consisting of colors along a straight path.

Maximal Hue Variation

75

Color Buttons

Color Buttons Color buttons are used to allow you to select a color. Most notably, color buttons let you specify colors for annotation styles. A color button is a rectangle that is filled with a solid color. Usually, the default color of a color button is black or white. To change the color, click the color selector button for a popup list of colors. The popup list displays all of the colors contained in the Menu category of Standard colors, plus an Other option. Selecting Other brings up the Color Chooser dialog. This dialog features a colorwheel and other frameparts that will allow you to choose from an almost unlimited number of colors. Multiple Color Buttons If multiple color buttons are showing in one or more dialogs while the Color Chooser dialog is also showing, click on any color button to use the Color Chooser dialog on that color.

76

Opacity

Opacity Opacity is a measure of how opaque, or solid, a color is displayed in a layer. Opacity is a component of the color scheme of categorical data displayed in pseudo color or in the fill style of annotation, AOI, and vector layers.

♦ 100% opacity means that a color is completely opaque. Underlying layers cannot be seen. ♦ 50% opacity lets some color show and lets some of the underlying layers show through. The effect is like looking at the underlying layers through a colored fog.

♦ 0% opacity allows underlying layers to show completely. By manipulating opacity in the Color Chooser dialog, you can compare two or more layers of raster data that are opened in a Viewer. Opacity can be set at any value in the range of 0% to 100%.

77

Color Chooser

Color Chooser The Color Chooser lets you select colors for a variety of purposes, including annotation line styles and fill styles. This function also allows you to set the color and opacity of raster data to construct a color scheme for categorical data. You can use this function to set IHS or RGB values, control opacity, perform a level slice, or apply a gray scale. This dialog is opened when you select the Other... option from the color chooser menu of any color button. The Color column of a CellArray is also a color button so with your cursor on a color patch, hold and select Other.

Standard This tab lets you choose from a variety of pre-defined colors in various categories. Category: Color:

Click the popup list button to select the category.

Click on the color of choice from the scrolling list.

Custom This tab enables you to create custom colors. (Colorwheel) The colorwheel provides the most intuitive method for creating a new color. Simply drag the black dot (outlined in white) to change the current color. Use the vertical intensity slider next to the colorwheel to adjust the brightness of the colors. RGB This tab is for selecting colors based on red, green, and blue content. The R, G, and B meter numbers show the red, green, and blue values of the current color. If the Use Color checkbox (below) is enabled, then you can slide these meters to change the current color. R Red Component of the color (0.0 to 1.0) G Green Component of the color (0.0 to 1.0) B Blue Component of the color (0.0 to 1.0) IHS This tab is for selecting colors based on intensity, hue, and saturation. The I, H, and S meter numbers show the values of each of these components for the current color. If the Use Color checkbox (below) is enabled, then you can slide these meters to change the current color. I Intensity (0.0 to 1.0) H Hue (0.0 to 360.0) S Saturation (0.0 to 1.0)

78

Color Chooser O Enter the opacity as a number or by using the slider bar: 0.0 is transparent, 1.0 is opaque. This option is disabled until you click the Use Opacity checkbox below. This would be useful if you wanted to fill an AOI with a semi-transparent color to make it stand out and not mask the image under it. Use Color When this checkbox is enabled, you can modify the current color using the RGB or IHS slider bars or the colorwheel. Use Opacity

Click to modify the opacity (transparency) of a color.

Apply Click to apply the current color to the calling application. Save... Click to save the current color to a specified name in a particular category. The Save Category or Item dialog is opened.

Rename... Click to rename a saved color or category. The Rename Category or Item dialog is opened.

Delete... Click to remove a saved color or category. The Delete Category or Item dialog is opened.

Close Click to close this dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document. ( color patch ) This color patch displays the currently selected color. Click Apply to assign this color to the application from which you started the Color Chooser.

79

Kernel Selection

Kernel Selection This option enables you to select a kernel for filtering, or to edit or create a kernel. This dialog is opened when you left-hold Raster | Filter Image from the Viewer menu bar.

Kernel Library: Use this file name part to select the filter kernel library to access. The default file extension is .klb.

Kernel: The kernels in the selected library are listed. Click to kernel to use or edit. Handle Edges By: Reflection Fill

Options: Normalize the Kernel

Turn this on to normalize the matrix (kernel).

Edit ...

Click to edit the selected kernel. The Kernel Editor dialog is opened.

New ...

Click to create a new kernel. The Kernel Editor dialog is opened.

Ok Click to apply the selected kernel to the image in the Viewer. Cancel Click to close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

80

Kernel Editor

Kernel Editor This dialog allows you to edit an existing filter kernel or to create a new one. It opens when you click the Edit button in the Set Filter dialog. When creating a new filter kernel, you can use the X Size and Y Size parts to set the size and shape of the matrix. In cases where the number of rows or columns is even, the center pixel is defined as the shaded location in the following illustration:

Rows Odd

Even

Odd Columns Even

File This menu provides access to the Kernel Librarian and allows you to exit the Kernel Editor. Librarian ... Close

Select this option to access the Kernel Librarian.

Select this option to close the Kernel Editor.

Edit This menu provides many kernel editing operations that make creating and customizing kernels easier. Undo

Select this option to undo the last edit.

Fill ... Select this option to specify kernel fill values for both circular and rectangular kernels. The Fill dialog is opened. Shift

Select this option to shift all of the values in the kernel by one cell.

Right Shift contents one cell to the right Left Shift contents one cell to the left Up Shift contents one cell up Down Shift contents one cell down

81

Kernel Editor Flip

Select this option to flip the values in the kernel.

Horizontally The values in the kernel are flipped horizontally as illustrated in the example below: Flipped Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 7.000 4.000 1.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 2.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 9.000 6.000 3.000 Vertically The values in the kernel are flipped vertically as illustrated in the example below: Flipped Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 1.000 4.000 7.000 Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are flipped diagonally from the upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below: Flipped Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 8.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are flipped diagonally from the lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below: Flipped Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 Rotate

Select this option to rotate the values in the kernel.

82

Kernel Editor 90 The values in the kernel are rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 180 The values in the kernel are rotated 180 degrees counterclockwise as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 6.000 3.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 2.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 4.000 1.000 270 The values in the kernel are rotated 270 degrees counterclockwise as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 3.000 2.000 1.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 6.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 9.000 8.000 7.000 Reflect Copy

Select this option to reflect and copy the values of the kernel.

Left to Right The values in the kernel are reflected left to right as illustrated in the example below: Reflected Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 1.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 2.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 3.000 Right to Left The values in the kernel are reflected right to left as illustrated in the example below: Reflected Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 7.000 4.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 9.000 6.000 9.000

83

Kernel Editor Top to Bottom The values in the kernel are reflected top to bottom as illustrated in the example below: Reflected Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 1.000 4.000 7.000 Bottom to Top The values in the kernel are reflected bottom to top as illustrated in the example below: Reflected Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from the lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below: Reflected Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 2.000 3.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 6.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 Upper-Right to Lower-Left The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from the upper right corner to the lower left corner as illustrated in the example below: Reflected Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 4.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 8.000 9.000 Original Kernel

Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from the upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below: Reflected Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 4.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 2.000 1.000

84

Kernel Editor Lower-Right to Upper-Left The values in the kernel are reflected diagonally from the lower right corner to the upper left corner as illustrated in the example below: Reflected Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 8.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 6.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 Rotate Copy

Select this option to rotate and copy the values in the kernel.

Left to Right The values in the kernel are rotated left to right as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 3.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 2.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 1.000 Right to Left The values in the kernel are rotated right to left as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 4.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 6.000 9.000 Top to Bottom The values in the kernel are rotated top to bottom as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 4.000 1.000

85

Kernel Editor Bottom to Top The values in the kernel are rotated bottom to top as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 6.000 3.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 Lower-Left to Upper-Right The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the lower left corner to the upper right corner as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 6.000 3.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 2.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 Upper-Right to Lower-Left The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the upper right corner to the lower left corner as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 7.000 4.000 9.000 Upper-Left to Lower-Right The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the upper left corner to the lower right corner as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 1.000 4.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 2.000 5.000 2.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 4.000 1.000 Original Kernel

Lower-Right to Upper-Left The values in the kernel are rotated diagonally from the lower right corner to the upper left corner as illustrated in the example below: Rotated Kernel Original Kernel 1.000 4.000 7.000 9.000 6.000 7.000 2.000 5.000 8.000 8.000 5.000 8.000 3.000 6.000 9.000 3.000 6.000 9.000

86

Kernel Editor

Help Select this menu option to access On-Line Help. Help For KernelEditor Click to display on-line help for the Kernel Editor.

Click to open the Kernel Librarian.

Click to undo the last change.

Click to fill circle or rectangle from center. The remaining icons displayed on the toolbar are a function of the currently selected matrix operation. Click the popup list button and select one of the following matrix operations.

Shift Click to shift contents one cell to the right. See example above. Click to shift contents one cell to the left. See example above. Click to shift contents one cell up. See example above. Click to shift contents one cell down. See example above.

Flip Click to flip contents left to right. See example above. Click to flip contents top to buttom. See example above. Click to flip contents upper left to lower right. See example above. Click to flip contents lower left to upper right. See example above.

Rotate 87

Kernel Editor

Click to rotate contents 90 degrees. See example above. Click to rotate contents 180 degrees. See example above. Click to rotate contents 270 degrees. See example above.

Reflect Copy Click to reflect copy of left half to right half. See example above. Click to reflect copy of right half to left half. See example above. Click to reflect copy of top half to bottom half. See example above. Click to reflect copy of bottom half to top half. See example above. Click to reflect copy of lower left half to upper right half. See example above. Click to reflect copy of upper right half to lower left half. See example above. Click to reflect copy of upper left half to lower right half. See example above. Click to reflect copy of lower right half to upper left half. See example above.

Rotate Copy Click to rotate copy of left half to right half. See example above. Click to rotate copy of right half to left half. See example above. Click to rotate copy of top half to bottom half. See example above.

88

Kernel Editor

Click to rotate copy of bottom half to top half. See example above. Click to rotate copy of lower left half to upper right half. See example above. Click to rotate copy of upper right half to lower left half. See example above. Click to rotate copy of upper left half to lower right half. See example above. Click to rotate copy of lower right half to upper left half. See example above.

(CellArray) The kernel is displayed in a CellArray. You can use the options described in this document or the regular CellArray tools to manipulate the data in the CellArray.

X Size: The number of columns in the kernel matrix is displayed in this number field. You can change the size and shape of the matrix by changing this value.

Y Size: The number of rows in the kernel matrix is displayed in this number field. You can change the size and shape of the matrix by changing this value.

Default: This is the value that is placed in the cells of the matrix when a shift operation populates empty cells.

89

Fill

Fill This dialog allows you to fill a circular or rectangular area of a kernel with a value. It is opened when you left-hold Edit | Fill... from the Kernel Editor menu bar. You can open the Kernel Editor dialog from Image Interpreter | Spatial Enhance | Convolution | Edit.

Fill shape: Specify the shape you want to fill. Rectangle Width: Height:

The fill shape will be rectangular. If you select a rectangular fill, enter the width of the rectangle here. If you select a rectangular fill, enter the height of the rectangle here.

Circle The fill shape will be circular. You can create doughnuts by putting a smaller circle inside a larger one. First fill the circle of larger radius then fill the smaller one. Fill radius:

If you select a circular fill shape, enter the radius of the circle here.

Fill with: Enter the value to use to fill the specified area. Apply Click to apply the fill to the kernel displayed in the Kernel Editor. Close Click to close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

90

Kernel Librarian

Kernel Librarian This dialog provides access to the Kernel Librarian where you can select kernels to edit or save kernels to kernel libraries. This dialog is opened when you left-hold File | Librarian in the Kernel Editor menu bar.

Library: Select the kernel library to use from this file name part. The default file extension is .klb.

Kernel: The kernels in the selected library are listed. Select the kernel you want to create or edit.

Name: Enter a name for the kernel or edit an existing name. Desc: Enter a more detailed description of the kernel than the name. Save Click to save this kernel to the library. New Click to create a new kernel that reflects the current Size and Default parameters set in the Kernel Editor.

Delete Click to delete the selected kernel from the library. Close Click to close this dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document.

91

Digitizer Setup

Digitizer Setup When you setup for a digitizing session with the Map Setup dialog, follow these steps. 1. Select the type of setup, either Rectangular (to a Cartesian coordinate system) or Lat/Lon (to Latitude/Longitude coordinates). 2. If Lat/Lon is used, you must specify the map projection of the map on the digitizer. This projection is used so that a 1st-order transformation can be calculated from the digitizer coordinates to a Cartesian projection system, which can be converted to Lat/Lon. 3. Using the Digitize Points CellArray, enter the known map or Lat/Lon coordinates for three points from the keyboard. 4. Using the “>” column in the CellArray, select a point to digitize with the tablet, and digitize that point. You can click on any cell in the > column to change the current point to digitize. 5. If you want to use more than three points for your setup, be sure the > arrow is on the last entry in the CellArray and digitize the point. The last row of the CellArray is always blank so that you can add points. 6. Click Apply to save the setup to a file. A transformation is calculated from the digitizer coordinates to the map system. This transformation will be applied to all other points that you digitize. When the Map Setup dialog is on the screen, all input from the tablet is directed into its CellArray. To test the setup, click Apply and then close the Map Setup dialog. Once the Map Setup dialog is gone, the transformation will be applied to all tablet input and will be shown in the Status dialog. 7. To test the digitizer setup, digitize one or more additional points for which map or Lat/Lon coordinates are known. Compare the known coordinates to the coordinates that appear in the tablet Status dialog. If the results are not satisfactory, you can...

♦ change the coordinates in the CellArray. Simply edit those cells, and then click Apply again to recalculate the setup transformation.

♦ change the digitized points. Click on the > column to move the arrow to the row that you want to change, and re-digitize that point. Then click Apply again to recalculate the setup transformation.

♦ refine the transformation by adding more points. Be sure that the > arrow is at the last row (an empty row). Then digitize a new point on the digitizer. Enter known coordinates into the new row and click Apply again to recalculate the setup transformation.

92

Digitizer Setup 8. When the setup is satisfactory, click Close to end the setup without saving it, or click Apply and then Close to save it to a file before closing the dialog.

Digitizer Setup Files The following files are created when you configure and setup a digitizer tablet. The files are named after the CPU from which the setup was performed, denoted below as . These files are in <$IMAGINE_HOME>/etc.

♦ .tablet.name — an ASCII file containing the type of tablet and the port assigned. ♦ .tablet.setup — contains the transformation coefficients that are saved when you Click Apply in the Map Setup dialog.

♦ .tablet.prj — contains map projection parameters that are entered in the Projection Chooser if a Lat/Lon setup was performed. If these files are present when you start IMAGINE from , then IMAGINE reads these files and defaults to these same setup parameters. You can change the setup for a machine by using the Map Setup... button on the Tablet Status dialog.

☞ A digitizer setup file is valid only for one map while it remains in position on the digitizer. If the map is changed or moved, the setup must be performed again.

93

Digitizing Tips

Digitizing Tips When you are using the digitizing tablet to digitize into vector, annotation, or AOI layers (and also in the Measurement tool and GCP Editor), the following information may be helpful.

♦ Before digitizing, bring up the layer’s tool palette from the Viewer menu bar (or use the digitizing template included in your Important Information material).

♦ Select the tool you wish to use. These tools work exactly as they do for screen digitizing when you are using the digitizing tablet. Use the lock feature to retain a tool.

♦ Press the 0 (zero) button on the digitizer keypad to start digitizing a line or a polygon and press 0 to digitize points.

i

When using a Calcomp Drawing Board III press the 1 button on the digitizer keypad to start digitizing a line or a polygon and press 1 to digitize points.

♦ Press 2 on the digitizer keypad to terminate a line or polygon. ♦ When using the marquee tools, press 0 to start the selection and 0 again to end the selection. ♦ While digitizing is enabled, you can also use the layer’s tools for screen digitizing.

94

Tablet Setup

Tablet Setup This dialog allows you to select a digitizing tablet to use. It appears in several places throughout ERDAS IMAGINE, such as in the AOI, Vector, and Annotation menus of the Viewer menu bar. It is also used in the rectification process if you are going to select GCPs using a digitizing tablet. Your tablet must already be configured and connected to your system.

Tablet: Click the popup list button and select the digitizing tablet that you will use from among the supported models. This list varies among platforms. Calcomp 9100 GTCO Series Altek Tablets Drawing Board

Format: Click the popup list button and select the output format which corresponds to your digitizing tablet switch settings.

Port: Click the popup list button and select the port to which the tablet is connected. Under UNIX, this could be /dev/ttya, /dev/ttyb, etc. Under Windows, this could be com1, com2, etc.

OK Click to accept these parameters and close this dialog. Cancel Click to close this dialog without making any changes. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For helpful hints on using a digitizing tablet or instructions on how to create new vector layers using a digitizing tablet, see the Digitizing Tips section of this manual.

➲ For additional information about configuring digitizing tablets, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Installation Guide.

95

Map Setup

Map Setup The Map Setup dialog allows you to set up a digitizing tablet for a digitizing session. In the process of using this dialog, you will create a setup file for this digitizer. If a setup file exists for this CPU, then there may be a setup loaded by default. This setup is valid only if you are using the same map and that map has not moved on the digitizer. This dialog is opened when you click OK in the Tablet Setup dialog or when you click Map Setup in the Tablet Status dialog. It also opens when you click the palette.

icon on the Annotation Tools

This is a flexible tool that allows you to enter coordinates in map units and in Lat/Lon in the same session. If a map projection is specified, then reference coordinates are automatically converted to Lat/Lon and vice versa.

Setup Options: Select the type of setup, according to the map coordinates you will use. Rectangular Setup The known coordinates that will be used for the setup are in a Cartesian (rectangular) map coordinate system. If you switch to Lat/Lon Setup, then these coordinates are automatically transformed to Lat/Lon. Lat/Lon Setup

The known coordinates are in Latitude/Longitude coordinates.

If you switch to reference coordinates (Rectangular Setup), then these coordinates are automatically switched to reference coordinates, provided that you have specified a map projection below.

Digitize Points: Use this CellArray to enter at least three known map coordinates from the keyboard. Then digitize those points on the digitizing tablet, using the “>” column to select the point to digitize next. Read the information on digitizer setup for more about using this table.

OK Click to calculate the transformation matrix that will convert the digitized coordinates into map coordinates. The digitizer setup is saved to a file.

Projection... When you select this option, the Projection Chooser is opened. This dialog allows you to select a map projection and appropriate projection parameters. If you specify a map projection, then you can enter both reference coordinates and Lat/Lon coordinates in the same session. Coordinates will automatically be transformed to the coordinate system you are using.

96

Map Setup

Clear This button erases the current setup so that you can start over. You may want to use this if you are deleting a setup from another session, or if your setup is not accurate enough and you want to start over.

3 Point Setup... Click to display the Quick Setup dialog. Cancel Click to close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For helpful hints on using a digitizing tablet or instructions on how to create new vector layers using a digitizing tablet, see the Digitizing Tips section of the IMAGINE Interface manual.

➲ For more information about configuring a digitizing tablet, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Installation Guide.

97

Tablet Status

Tablet Status The Tablet Status dialog is opened after you have selected a digitizing tablet, and stays on the screen while you digitize. You can use it at any time to record a new tablet setup, reconfigure a digitizer, set up the digitizing template, or to turn stream mode on or off.

From Tablet: The most recently digitized X and Y coordinates are shown. X: Y:

Projection: The projection of the map is reported. Initially this is reported as No Projection. Click the Projection button in the Map Setup dialog and select a projection; the selected projection is displayed here.

Map Setup... Click to set up your map for a digitizing session. The Map Setup dialog is opened.

Template... Click to set up a digitizing template to use the digitizing tools directly from a template attached to your digitizing tablet. The Tablet Template Setup dialog is opened. This template is included in your Important Information material.

Stream Mode Click to turn stream mode on and off. In stream mode, vertices are generated automatically as the digitizer keypad is moved across the tablet.

Device Setup... Click to set up your tablet for a digitizing session. The Tablet Setup dialog is opened.

Close Click to close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For helpful hints on using a digitizing tablet or instructions on how to create new vector layers using a digitizing tablet, see the Digitizing Tips section of this manual.

98

Quick Setup

Quick Setup This dialog enables you to quickly setup a digitizing tablet. It is opened when you click 3 Point Setup in the Map Setup dialog. This option can be used when the map you are using does not have grid lines, and you must use points at the edge of the map. This setup is not as accurate as the regular setup.

Map Coordinate: Locate three reference points on the map, for which precise map coordinates are known. Marking them lightly with a pencil makes them easier to locate when you are ready to digitize. X:

The X reference point is normally a tick mark on the bottom border of the map.

Y: The Y reference points are normally tick marks on the left and right borders of the map.

Scale 1: Enter the map scale. Units Specify the map units as either Meters or Feet. Meters Feet

Digitize Points: Use this CellArray to enter at least three known map coordinates from the keyboard. Then digitize those points on the digitizing tablet, using the “>” column to select the point to digitize next. Read the information on digitizer setup for more about using this table.

OK Click to use this setup and close this dialog. Cancel Click to close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

99

Tablet Template Setup

Tablet Template Setup Templates are provided with IMAGINE to allow you to use Vector, Annotation, and AOI digitizing tools directly from your digitizing tablet. This dialog enables you to set up a template. ERDAS provides horizontally and vertically oriented templates to fit your preferences. Each orientation is provided with both English commands and graphical tools. The size of the template is unimportant so you may enlarge or reduce the template to fit your needs. The setup program determines the size of the template form the corners you digitize and then divides this area into a pre-defined grid. Simply tape the template to your tablet and follow the instructions in this dialog to make it available to IMAGINE. Once you have performed this setup, you can use this template whenever you digitize in IMAGINE as long as the template is not physically moved from its original position. If the template is moved or resized, simply repeat this procedure. This dialog is opened when you click Template in the Tablet Status dialog.

(instructions) Digitizing the upper left and lower right corners of the template as instructed.

Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For helpful hints on using a digitizing tablet or instructions on how to create new vector layers using a digitizing tablet, see the Digitizing Tips section of this manual.

100

Projection Chooser

Projection Chooser The Projection Chooser allows you to set the map projection information for geographic data. This dialog opens in several contexts throughout ERDAS IMAGINE where geographic projection information is needed.

Standard This tab provides access to those projections that have been previously defined and saved in a library. Custom projections that have been saved also appear in this popup list. See Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE. Categories Select the projection category from this popup list. This is the name of a library in which the projection is saved. Projection Select the name of the projection from the scrolling list. The number in parentheses is the State Plane Zone.

Custom This tab provides access to the projection parameters for creating a custom projection. If you wish to add a custom projection to a library, enter a valid file name for storing the category, and click the Save button. Once defined, this saved file will appear in the Standard popup list. Projection Type: Select the projection type from this popup list. Depending upon the selected projection type, one or more additional options are displayed for setting projection parameters.

OK Click to perform the operation with the current specifications. Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog. Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog. Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog. Cancel Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document.

101

Projection Chooser

➲ See the On-Line Help about Spheroids and Datums for a complete list of the spheroids and datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE, and a geographical list to help you determine the correct datum for your area.

➲ See the Cartography chapter of the ERDAS Field Guide for information about specific projections and projection parameters.

102

Spheroids and Datums

Spheroids and Datums Datums A geodetic datum is a smooth mathematical surface that closely fits the mean sea-level surface throughout the area of interest. It is defined by a spheroid and the position and orientation relationship of the spheroid to a reference mathematical model of the earth. The georeferenced coordinates are unique only if qualified by a datum. If you go across two different datums during georeferencing without considering the coordinate shift between them, the potential error can be up to hundreds of meters. There are three kinds of datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE. One is defined by seven parameters referred to the reference ellipsoid WGS 84. The seven parameters are x-y-z translations, omega-phi-kappa rotations, and scale variation. The Standard Molodensky transformation and 7-parameter transformation are used for parametric datum shift. The second kind of datum is defined by NADCON grids in which the coordinate shifts among datum NAD 27, NAD 83, and HARN are calculated by bilinear interpolation. The third one is defined by Multiple Regression Equations (MRE) based on DMA documents. These datums can be identified by the labels ending with “(MRE)” in the tables that follow. Most parametric datums applied to global areas are basically spheroids themselves without any position shift and/or rotations relative to WGS 84. They are assumed to have same centers as that of WGS 84. They are marked by asterisk (*) in the following tables. The main reason to use the spheroid name as a global datum name is to make a smooth transition from older to newer projection versions. Avoid using them when other appropriate local datums are available. Or users can modify the ERDAS spheroid table by adding new datums if specific parameters are known to the local geographic regions. See Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE. It is not recommended to use any datum if you are not sure what it is. Using wrong datum may introduce significant geometric errors (up to a few hundreds of meters) when performing datum shift calculation. For more information about parametric datum shift, refer to the document DMA TR 8350.2. For NADCON, please check with the National Geodetic Survey. The following tables list the spheroids and datums supported in ERDAS IMAGINE.

♦ Table 1 is arranged alphabetically by region so that you can easily see which datums apply to a specific area of the world.

♦ Table 2 is arranged alphabetically by spheroid.

103

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area ✚ Datums followed by an asterisk (*) are assumed to have its center at the mass center of WGS 84 system without shifts and rotations. Their 7 parameters are all zero. They appear under Area Global. If any of them has shifts and/or rotations rather than zeros relative to WGS 84, please modify the ERDAS spheroid table (/etc/spheroid.tab) accordingly before using. Otherwise, datum shift errors up to several hundreds of meters may occur.. Area

Applicable Datum(s) Afghanistan

Herat North

Antarctica (McMurdo Camp Area)

Camp Area Astro

Antigua, Mean

NAD27 (East Central America)

Leeward Islands Argentina

Antigua Island Astro 1943 Campo Inchauspe SAD69 (Argentina)

Mean

SAD69

Continental, land areas only

Campo Inchauspe (MRE)

Ascension Island

Ascension Island 1958

Australia

Australian Geodetic 1966 Australian Geodetic 1966 (MRE) Australian Geodetic 1984 Australian Geodetic 1984 (MRE)

Austria, Mean

European 1950 European 1950 (West Europe) European 1979 European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)

Azores Faial, Graciosa, Pico, Sao Jorge, Teceira Corvo & Flores Islands

Graciosa Base SW 1948

Observatorio Metereo 1939

104

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Sao Miquel & Santa Maria Islands Bahamas

Sao Braz

Cape Canaveral

Except San Salvador Island

NAD27 (Bahamas)

San Salvador Island

NAD27 (San Salvador Island)

Bahrain

Ain el Abd 1970 (Bahrain)

Bangladesh

Indian (Bangladesh)

Barbados

NAD27 (East Central America)

Barbuda

NAD27 (East Central America)

Belgium

European 1950

Belize, Mean

NAD27 (West Central America)

Bermuda

Bermuda 1957

Bolivia

SAD69 SAD69 (Bolivia)

Mean

PSAD56 PSAD56 (Bolivia)

Botswana, Mean

Arc 1950 Arc 1950 (Botswana)

Brazil

Corrego Alegre SAD69 SAD69 (Brazil)

Continental, land areas only

Corrego Alegre (MRE)

Brunei

Timbali 1948

Burkina Faso

Adindan (Burkina Faso)

Mean Burundi

Point 58 Arc 1950 (Burundi) 105

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Caicos Islands

NAD27 (East Central America)

Cameroon

Adindan (Cameroon) Minna (Cameroon)

Canada

NAD27 NAD83 NAD83 (DMA)

Mean

NAD27 (Canada)

Continental, land areas

NAD27 (Canada) (MRE)

Alberta

NAD27 (Canada_AB)

British Columbia

NAD27 (Canada_AB)

Manitoba

NAD27 (Canada_MO)

New Brunswick

NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)

Newfoundland

NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)

Northwest Territories

NAD27 (Canada_NS)

Nova Scotia

NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)

Ontario

NAD27 (Canada_MO)

Quebec

NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)

Saskatchewan

NAD27 (Canada_NS)

Yukon

NAD27 (Yukon)

Canal Zone

NAD27 (Canal Zone)

Canary Islands

Pico de las Nieves

Caroline Islands

Kusaie Astro 1951

Cayman Brac Island

L. C. 5 Astro 1961

Central America

NAD83 (DMA)

Channel Islands

European 1950 (UK, Ireland)

106

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Chile

PSAD56 SAD69 SAD69 (Chile)

Northern, Near 19˚ S

PSAD56 (North Chile)

Southern, Near 43˚ S

PSAD56 (South Chile)

Southern, Near 53˚ S (Hito XVIII)

Provisional S. Chilean 1963

Cocos Islands

Anna 1 Astro 1965

Colombia

Bogota Observatory PSAD56 PSAD56 (Colombia) SAD69 SAD69 (Colombia)

Congo

Pointe Noire 1948

Costa Rica

NAD27 (West Central America)

Cuba

NAD27 (East Central America) NAD27 (Cuba)

Cyprus

European 1950 (Cyprus)

Denmark

European 1950 European 1950 (West Europe) European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)

Diego Garcia

ISTS 073 Astro 1969

Djibouti

Ayabelle Lighthouse

Dominican Republic

NAD27 (East Central America)

Easter Island

Easter Island 1967

East Falkland Island

Sapper Hill 1943

Ecuador

PSAD56 PSAD56 (Ecuador) SAD69 SAD69 (Ecuador)

107

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Baltra, Galapagos

SAD69 (Baltra, Galapagos)

Efate & Erromango Islands

Bellevue (IGN)

Egypt

Old Egyptian 1907 European 1950 (Egypt)

El Salvador

NAD27 (West Central America)

England

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England) Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England, Wales) European 1950 (UK, Ireland)

Espirito Santo Island

Santo (DOS) 1965

Ethiopia (Eritrea)

Massawa

Mean

Adindan Adindan (Ethiopia)

Fiji (Viti Levu Island)

Viti Levu 1916

Finland

European 1950 European 1950 (Finland, Norway) European 1979

France

European 1950 European 1950 (West Europe) European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)

Gabon

M’Poraloko

Germany, West

European 1950 European 1950 (West Europe) European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)

Ghana

Legion

Gibraltar

European 1950

108

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Global

165* Airy* Airy Modified 1849* Australian National* Bessel* Bessel (Namibia)* BTS87 Clarke 1858* Clarke 1866* Clarke 1880* Clarke 1880 IGN* Everest* Everest 1956* Everest 1969* Everest (Maylasian & Singapore 1948)* Everest (Pakistan)* Everest (Sabah & Sarawak)* Fischer 1960* Fischer 1968* GRS 1980* Hayford* Helmert* Hough* IAU 1965* Indonesian 1974* International 1909* IUGG 1967* Krasovsky* Mercury 1960* Modified Airy* Modified Everest* Modified Fischer 1960* Modified Mercury 1968* New International 1967* South American 1969* Southeast Asia* Sphere* Sphere of Nominal Radius of Earth* Sphere of Radius 6370997m* Walbeck* WGS 60* WGS 66 WGS 72 WGS 84

109

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Grand Cayman

NAD27 (East Central America)

Greece

European 1950 European 1950 (Greece)

Greenland

NAD27 (Greenland)

Hayes Peninsula South

Qornoq

Guam

Guam 1963

Guadalcanal Island

GUX 1 Astro

Guatemala

NAD27 (West Central America)

Guinea

Dabola

Guinea-Bissau

Bissau

Guyana

PSAD56 PSAD56 (Guyana) SAD69 SAD69 (Guyana)

Honduras

NAD27 (West Central America)

Hong Kong

Hong Kong 1963

Hungary

ETHZ Hungary

Iceland

Hjorsey 1955

India

Indian (India, Nepal)

Indonesia Bangka & Belitung Bukit Rimpah Islands Sumatra

Djakarta (Batavia)

Kalimantan

Gunung Segara

Iran

European 1950 (Iran)

Iraq, Mean

European 1950 (Middle East)

110

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Ireland

Ireland 1965 European 1950 (UK, Ireland)

Isle of Man

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England, Wales)

Isreal

European 1950 (Middle East)

Italy

European 1950

Sardinia

European 1950 (Sardinia) Rome 1940

Sicily

European 1950 (Sicily)

Iwo Jima

Astro Beacon E 1945

Jamaica

NAD27 (East Central America)

Japan (Mean)

Tokyo

Johnston Island

Johnston Island 1961

Jordan

European 1950 (Middle East)

Kenya, Mean

Arc 1960

Kerguelen Island

Kerguelen Island 1949

Korea

Tokyo Tokyo (Korea)

Kuwait

European 1950 (Middle East)

Lebanon

European 1950 (Middle East)

Lesotho

Arc 1950 Arc 1950 (Lesotho)

Liberia

Liberia 1964

Luxembourg

European 1950

Madagascar

Tananarive Observatory 1925

Madeira Islands

Porto Santo 1936

Mahe Island

Mahe 1971

111

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Malaysia,

Timbali 1948

East (Sabah, Sarawak) West

Kertau 1948

Malawi

Arc 1950 Arc 1950 (Malawi)

Mali

Adindan (Mali)

Malta

European 1950 (Malta)

Marcus Island

Astronomical Station 1952

Marshall Islands

Wake-Eniwetok 1960

Mascarene Islands

Reunion

Mexico

NAD27 (Mexico) NAD83 (DMA)

Midway Islands

Midway Astro 1961

Monserrat (Leeward Islands)

Monserrat Island Astro 1958

Morocco

Merchich

Namibia

Schwarzeck

Nepal

Indian (India, Nepal)

Netherlands

European 1950 European 1950 (West Europe) European 1979 European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)

Nevis

Fort Thomas 1955

New Georgia Islands (Gizo Island)

DOS 1968

New Zealand

Geodetic Datum 1949

Chatham Island Nicaragua

Chatham Island Astro 1971 NAD27 (West Central America)

112

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Niger

Point 58

Nigeria

Minna (Nigeria)

Norway

European 1950 European 1950 (Finland, Norway) European 1979

Okinawa

Tokyo Tokyo (Okinawa)

Oman (Misirah Islands)

Nahrwan (Oman) Oman

Paraguay

Chua Astro SAD69 SAD69 (Paraguay)

Peru

PSAD56 PSAD56 (Peru) SAD69 SAD69 (Peru)

Phoenix Islands

Canton Astro 1966

Philippines (excluding Luzon (Mindanao) Mindanao) Pitcairn Island

Pitcairn Astro 1967

Porto Santo

Porto Santo 1936

Portugal

European 1950 European 1950 (Portugal, Spain)

Puerto Rico

NAD27 Puerto Rico NAD83

Qatar

Qatar National

Republic of Maldives

Gan 1970

Salvage Islands

Selvagem Grande

Saudi Arabia

Nahrwan (Saudi Arabia) Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia) European 1950 (Middle East)

113

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Scotland

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Scotland, Shetland) European 1950 (UK, Ireland)

Senegal

Adindan (Senegal)

Shetland Islands

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Scotland, Shetland) European 1950 (UK, Ireland)

Singapore

Kertau 1948 South Asia

Somalia

Afgooye

South Africa

Cape

South America, mainland

SAD69 (MRE)

South Georgia Islands

ISTS 061 Astro 1968

Soviet Geodetic System 1985

SGS 85

Spain

European 1950 European 1950 (Portugal, Spain) European 1979

Sri Lanka

Kandawala

St. George Island

NAD27 NAD83

St. Helena Island

Astro DOS 71/4

St. Kitts (Leeward Islands)

Fort Thomas 1955

St. Lawrence Island

NAD83

St. Paul Island

NAD27 NAD83

Suda

Adindan

Sudan

Adindan (Sudan)

114

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Suriname

Zanderij

Swaziland

Arc 1950 Arc 1950 (Swaziland)

Sweden

European 1950 European 1979

Switzerland

European 1950 European 1950 (West Europe) European 1979 European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)

Syria

European 1950 (Middle East)

Taiwan

Hu-Tzu-Shan

Tanzania

Arc 1960

Tasmania

Australian Geodetic 1966 Australian Geodetic 1984

Tern Island

Astro Tern Island (FRIG) 1961

Thailand

Indian 1954 Indian 1975

Trinidad &Tobago

Naparima BWI SAD69 SAD69 (Trinidad & Tobago)

Tristan da Cunha

Tristan Astro 1968

Tunisia

Carthage

Turks Islands

NAD27 (East Central America)

United Arab Emirates

Nahrwan (United Arab Emirates)

United States, Continental

NAD27 NAD83 NAD83 (DMA)

Continental, Mean NAD27 (CONUS) NAD27 (CONUS) (MRE)

115

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Mean for East of Mississippi River including Louisiana, Missouri, Minnesota

NAD27 (East CONUS)

Mean for West of Mississippi River

NAD27 (West CONUS)

Alabama

HARN

Alaska (including Aleutian Islands)

NAD27 NAD27 (Alaska) NAD83 NAD83 (DMA)

Colorado

HARN

Delaware

HARN

Florida

Cape Canaveral HARN

Hawaii

NAD27 Old Hawaiian (Hawaii) NAD83

Mean

Old Hawaiian

Kauai

Old Hawaiian Old Hawaiian (Kauai)

Maui

Old Hawaiian Old Hawaiian (Maui)

Oahu

Old Hawaiian Old Hawaiian (Oahu)

Idaho

HARN

Louisiana

HARN

Maryland

HARN

Montana

HARN

Oregon

HARN

116

Table 1 - Alphabetical by Area

Tennessee

HARN

Washington

HARN

Wisconsin

HARN

Uruguay

Yacare

Venezuela

PSAD56 PSAD56 (Venezuela) SAD69 SAD69 (Venezuela)

Vietnam

Indian 1954

Virgin Islands

NAD27 Puerto Rico NAD83

Wake Atoll

Wake Island Astro 1952

Wales

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England, Wales) Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Wales)

Zaire

Arc 1950 Arc 1950 (Zaire)

Zambia

Arc 1950 Arc 1950 (Zambia)

Zimbabwe

Arc 1950 Arc 1950 (Zimbabwe)

117

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid Datums followed by an asterisk (*) are assumed to have its center at the mass center of WGS 84 system without shifts and rotations. Their 7 parameters are all zero. Their Area Applied is Global. If any of them has shifts and/or rotations rather than zeros relative to WGS 84, please modify ERDAS spheroid table accordingly before apply. Otherwise, datum shift errors up to several hundreds of meters may occur.. Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

165

165

parametric

Global*

Airy

Airy

parametric

Global*

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936

parametric

Mean for England, Isle of Man, Scotland, Shetland Islands, Wales

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England)

parametric

England

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (England, Wales)

parametric

England, Isle of Man, Wales

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Scotland, Shetland)

parametric

Scotland, Shetland Islands

Ord. Survey G. Britain 1936 (Wales)

parametric

Wales

ETHZ United Kingdom

parametric

United Kingdom

Airy Modified 1849

parametric

Global*

Ireland 1965

parametric

Ireland

Airy Modified 1849

118

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name Australian National

Bessel

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Australian National

parametric

Global*

Anna 1 Astro 1965

parametric

Cocos Islands

Australian Geodetic 1966

parametric

Australia & Tasmania

Australian Geodetic 1966 (MRE)

regression

Australian mainland

Australian Geodetic 1984

parametric

Australia & Tasmania

Australian Geodetic 1984 (MRE)

regression

Australian mainland

Bessel

parametric

Global*

Bukit Rimpah

parametric

Indonesia (Bangka & Belitung Islands)

CH1903 (Bern)

Germany

Djakarta (Batavia)

parametric

Indonesia (Sumatra)

ETHZ Austria

parametric

Austria

ETHZ Germany

parametric

Germany

ETHZ Switzerland

parametric

Switzerland

Gunung Segara

parametric

Indonesia (Kalimantan)

Massawa

parametric

Ethiopia (Eritrea)

MGI (Hermannskogel)

parametric

Potsdam

parametric

Germany

Tokyo

parametric

Mean for Japan, Korea, Okinawa

Tokyo (Korea)

parametric

Korea

Tokyo (Okinawa)

parametric

Okinawa

119

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Bessel (Namibia)

parametric

Global*

Schwarzeck

parametric

Namibia

Clarke 1958

Clarke 1858

parametric

Global*

Clarke 1866

Clarke 1866

parametric

Global*

Bermuda 1957

parametric

Bermuda

Cape Canaveral

parametric

Bahamas, Florida

Guam 1963

parametric

Guam

L. C. 5 Astro 1961

parametric

Cayman Brac Island

Luzon

parametric

Philippines (excluding Mindanao)

Luzon (Mindanao)

parametric

Philippines (Mindanao)

NAD27

grid

CONUS, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, St. Lawrence Island, St. George Island, St. Paul Island, Alaska, Canada

Bessel (Namibia)

120

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

NAD27 (CONUS)

parametric

Mean for CONUS

NAD27 (CONUS) (MRE)

regression

Continental US land areas

NAD27 (East CONUS)

parametric

Mean for CONUS (East of Mississippi River including Louisiana, Missouri, Minnesota)

NAD27 (West CONUS) parametric

Mean for CONUS (West of Mississippi River)

NAD27 (Alaska)

parametric

Alaska

NAD27 (Bahamas)

parametric

Bahamas (Except San Salvador Island)

NAD27 (San Salvador Island)

parametric

Bahamas (San Salvador Island)

NAD27 (Canada)

parametric

Mean for Canada

NAD27 (Canada) (MRE)

regression

Continental Canada land areas

NAD27 (Canada_AB)

parametric

Canada (Alberta, British Columbia)

NAD27 (Canada_MO)

parametric

Canada (Manitoba, Ontario)

NAD27 (Canada_NNNQ)

parametric

Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Quebec)

NAD27 (Canada_NS)

parametric

Canada (Northwest Territories, Saskatchewan)

NAD27 (Yukon)

parametric

Canada (Yukon)

121

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Clarke 1880

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

NAD27 (East Central America)

parametric

Mean for Antigua, Barbados, Barbuda, Caicos Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grand Cayman, Jamaica, Turks Islands

NAD27 (West Central America)

parametric

Mean for Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua

NAD27 (Canal Zone)

parametric

Canal Zone

NAD27 (Cuba)

parametric

Cuba

NAD27 (Greenland)

parametric

Greenland (Hayes Peninsula)

NAD27 (Mexico)

parametric

Mexico

Old Hawaiian

parametric

Mean for Hawaii, Kauai, Maui, Oahu

Old Hawaiian (Hawaii)

parametric

Hawaii

Old Hawaiian (Kauai)

parametric

Kauai

Old Hawaiian (Maui)

parametric

Maui

Old Hawaiian (Oahu)

parametric

Oahu

Puerto Rico

parametric

Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands

Clarke 1880

parametric

Global*

Adindan

parametric

Mean for Ethiopia, Suda

Adindan (Burkina Faso) parametric

Burkina Faso

Adindan (Cameroon)

Cameroon

parametric

122

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Adindan (Ethiopia)

parametric

Ethiopia

Adindan (Mali)

parametric

Mali

Adindan (Senegal)

parametric

Senegal

Adindan (Sudan)

parametric

Sudan

Antigua Island Astro 1943

parametric

Antigua (Leeward Islands)

Arc 1950

parametric

Mean for Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Arc 1950 (Botswana)

parametric

Botswana

Arc 1950 (Burundi)

parametric

Burundi

Arc 1950 (Lesotho)

parametric

Lesotho

Arc 1950 (Malawi)

parametric

Malawi

Arc 1950 (Swaziland)

parametric

Swaziland

Arc 1950 (Zaire)

parametric

Zaire

Arc 1950 (Zambia)

parametric

Zambia

Arc 1950 (Zimbabwe)

parametric

Zimbabwe

Arc 1960

parametric

Mean for Kenya, Tanzania

Ayabelle Lighthouse

parametric

Djibouti

Cape

parametric

South Africa

Carthage

parametric

Tunisia

Dabola

parametric

Guinea

Fort Thomas 1955

parametric

Nevis, St. Kitts (Leeward Islands)

123

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Leigon

parametric

Ghana

Liberia 1964

parametric

Liberia

M'Poraloko

parametric

Gabon

Mahe 1971

parametric

Mahe Island

Merchich

parametric

Morocco

Minna (Cameroon)

parametric

Cameroon

Minna (Nigeria)

parametric

Nigeria

Montserrat Island Astro 1958

parametric

Montserrat (Leeward Islands)

Nahrwan (Oman)

parametric

Oman (Masirah Island)

Nahrwan (Saudi Arabia)

parametric

Saudi Arabia

Nahrwan (United Arab Emirates)

parametric

United Arab Emirates

Oman

parametric

Oman

Point 58

parametric

Mean for Burkina Faso & Niger

Pointe Noire 1948

parametric

Congo

Viti Levu 1916

parametric

Fiji (Viti Levu Island)

Clarke 1880 IGN

Clarke 1880 IGN

parametric

Global*

Everest

Everest

parametric

Global*

Indian (Bangladesh)

parametric

Bangladesh

Indian 1954

parametric

Thailand, Vietnam

Indian 1975

parametric

Thailand

Kandawala

parametric

Sri Lanka

124

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

parametric

Global*

parametric

India, Nepal

Everest 1969 Everest 1969

parametric

Global*

Everest (Maylasian & Singapore 1948)

Everest (Maylasian & Singapore 1948)

parametric

Global*

Everest (Pakistan)

Everest (Pakistan)

parametric

Global*

Everest (Sabah & Sarawak)

Everest (Sabah & Sarawak)

parametric

Global*

Timbalai 1948

parametric

Brunei, East Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak)

Fischer 1960 Fischer 1960

parametric

Global*

Fischer 1968 Fischer 1968

parametric

Global*

GRS 1980

GDA94

parametric

Australia

GRS 1980

parametric

Global*

NAD83

grid

CONUS, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, St. Lawrence Island, St. George Island, St. Paul Island, Alaska, Canada

NAD83 (DMA)

parametric

Alaska, Canada, CONUS, Central America, Mexico

HARN

grid

Alabama, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Maryland, Montana, Oregon, Tennessee, Washington, Wisconsin

Everest 1956 Everest 1956 Indian (India, Nepal)

125

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Hayford

Hayford

parametric

Global*

Helmert

Helmert

parametric

Global*

Old Egyptian 1907

parametric

Egypt

Hough

parametric

Global*

Wake-Eniwetok 1960

parametric

Marshall Islands

IAU 1965

parametric

Global*

Hough

IAU 1965

126

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name International 1909

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

International 1909

parametric

Global*

Ain el Abd 1970 (Bahrain)

parametric

Bahrain

Ain el Abd 1970 (Saudi Arabia)

parametric

Saudi Arabia

Ascension Island 1958

parametric

Ascension Island

Astro Beacon E 1945

parametric

Iwo Jima

Astro DOS 71/4

parametric

St. Helena Island

Astro Tern Island (FRIG) 1961

parametric

Tern Island

Astronomical Station 1952

parametric

Marcus Island

Bellevue (IGN)

parametric

Efate & Erromango Islands

Bissau

parametric

Guinea-Bissau

Bogota Observatory

parametric

Colombia

Camp Area Astro

parametric

Antarctica (McMurdo Camp Area)

Campo Inchauspe

parametric

Argentina

Campo Inchauspe (MRE)

regression

Continental Argentina, land areas only

Canton Astro 1966

parametric

Phoenix Islands

Chatham Island Astro 1971

parametric

New Zealand (Chatham Island)

Chua Astro

parametric

Paraguay

Corrego Alegre

parametric

Brazil

127

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Corrego Alegre (MRE)

regression

Continental Brazil, land areas only

DOS 1968

parametric

New Georgia Islands (Gizo Island)

Easter Island 1967

parametric

Easter Island

European 1950

parametric

Mean for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, W Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

European 1950 (Cyprus)

parametric

Cyprus

European 1950 (Egypt) parametric

Egypt

European 1950 (Finland, Norway)

parametric

Finland, Norway

European 1950 (Greece)

parametric

Greece

European 1950 (Iran)

parametric

Iran

European 1950 (Malta)

parametric

Malta

European 1950 (Middle East)

parametric

Mean for Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Syria

European 1950 (Portugal, Spain)

parametric

Portugal, Spain

128

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

European 1950 (Sardinia)

parametric

Italy (Sardinia)

European 1950 (Sicily)

parametric

Italy (Sicily)

European 1950 (UK, Ireland)

parametric

England, Channel Islands, Ireland, Scotland, Shetland Islands

European 1950 (West Europe)

parametric

Mean for Austria, Denmark, France, W Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland

European 1950 (West Europe) (MRE)

regression

Austria, Denmark, France, W Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland

European 1979

parametric

Mean for Austria, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland

GUX 1 Astro

parametric

Guadalcanal Island

Gan 1970

parametric

Republic of Maldives

Geodetic Datum 1949

parametric

New Zealand

Graciosa Base SW 1948

parametric

Azores (Faial, Graciosa, Pico, Sao Jorge, Terceira)

Herat North

parametric

Afghanistan

Hjorsey 1955

parametric

Iceland

Hong Kong 1963

parametric

Hong Kong

Hu-Tzu-Shan

parametric

Taiwan

129

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

ISTS 061 Astro 1968

parametric

South Georgia Islands

ISTS 073 Astro 1969

parametric

Diego Garcia

Johnston Island 1961

parametric

Johnston Island

Kerguelen Island 1949

parametric

Kerguelen Island

Kusaie Astro 1951

parametric

Caroline Islands

Midway Astro 1961

parametric

Midway Islands

Naparima BWI

parametric

Trinidad & Tobago

Observatorio Metereo. 1939

parametric

Azores (Corvo & Flores Islands)

PSAD56

parametric

Mean for Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela

PSAD56 (Bolivia)

parametric

Bolivia

PSAD56 (Colombia)

parametric

Colombia

PSAD56 (Ecuador)

parametric

Ecuador

PSAD56 (Guyana)

parametric

Guyana

PSAD56 (North Chile)

parametric

Chile (Northern, Near 19˚S)

PSAD56 (Peru)

parametric

Peru

PSAD56 (South Chile)

parametric

Chile (Southern, Near 43˚S)

PSAD56 (Venezuela)

parametric

Venezuela

Pico de las Nieves

parametric

Canary Islands

Pitcairn Astro 1967

parametric

Pitcairn Island

130

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Porto Santo 1936

parametric

Porto Santo, Madeira Islands

Provisional S. Chilean 1963

parametric

Chile (South, Near 53˚S) (Hito XVIII)

Qatar National

parametric

Qatar

Qornoq

parametric

Greenland (South)

Reunion

parametric

Mascarene Islands

Rome 1940

parametric

Italy (Sardinia)

Santo (DOS) 1965

parametric

Espirito Santo Island

Sao Braz

parametric

Azores (Sao Miguel, Santa Maria Islands)

Sapper Hill 1943

parametric

East Falkland Island

Selvagem Grande

parametric

Salvage Islands

Tananarive Observatory 1925

parametric

Madagascar

Tristan Astro 1968

parametric

Tristan da Cunha

Wake Island Astro 1952

parametric

Wake Atoll

Yacare

parametric

Uruguay

Zanderij

parametric

Suriname

Indonesian 1974

Indonesian 1974

parametric

Global*

IUGG 1967

IUGG 1967

parametric

Global*

ETHZ Hungary

parametric

Hungary

131

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Afgooye

parametric

Somalia

Krasovsky

parametric

Global*

Pulkovo 1942

parametric

Russia

System 42/83 (Pulkow)

parametric

Azerbaijan

Mercury 1960

parametric

Global*

Modified Airy Modified Airy

parametric

Global*

Modified Everest

Modified Everest

parametric

Global*

Kertau 1948

parametric

West Malaysia & Singapore

Modified Modified Fischer 1960 Fischer 1960 South Asia

parametric

Global*

parametric

Singapore

Modified Mercury 1968

Modified Mercury 1968

parametric

Global*

New International 1967

New International 1967 parametric

Global*

SGS 85

SGS 85

Soviet Geodetic System 1985

Krasovsky

Mercury 1960

parametric

132

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

South American 1969

parametric

Global*

SAD69

parametric

Mean for Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad & Tobago, Venezuela

SAD69 (Argentina)

parametric

Argentina

SAD69 (Baltra, Galapagos)

parametric

Ecuador (Baltra, Galapagos)

SAD69 (Bolivia)

parametric

Bolivia

SAD69 (Brazil)

parametric

Brazil

SAD69 (Chile)

parametric

Chile

SAD69 (Colombia)

parametric

Colombia

SAD69 (Ecuador)

parametric

Ecuador

SAD69 (Guyana)

parametric

Guyana

SAD69 (Paraguay)

parametric

Paraguay

SAD69 (Peru)

parametric

Peru

SAD69 (Trinidad, Tobago)

parametric

Trinidad & Tobago

SAD69 (Venezuela)

parametric

Venezuela

SAD69 (MRE)

regression

South American mainland

Sphere

Sphere

parametric

Global*

Sphere of Nominal Radius of Earth

Sphere of Nominal Radius of Earth

parametric

Global*

South American 1969

133

Table 2 - Alphabetical by Spheroid

Spheroid Name

Datum Name

Datum Type

Area Applied

Sphere of Radius 6370997m

Sphere of Radius 6370997m

parametric

Global*

Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia

parametric

Global*

Walbeck

Walbeck

parametric

Global*

WGS 60

WGS 60

parametric

Global*

WGS 66

WGS 66

parametric

Global

WGS 72

WGS 72

parametric

Global

WGS 84

WGS 84

parametric

Global

BTS87

parametric

Global

134

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE Introduction ERDAS IMAGINE comes with an extensive library of built-in projections, spheroids and datums. Every effort is made to include as many projection systems as possible. Frequently ERDAS is asked to add a new projection system to its library. IMAGINE provides a mechanism for adding new spheroids and datums into the Projections Chooser. IMAGINE allows you to save specific sets of parameters to the menu system for future access. Overview Adding a new set of spheroids and/or datums is simple. The file /etc/ spheroid.tab is read by the IMAGINE Projections Chooser to provide all the necessary parameters for defining spheroids and datums. You can access this file by going to Tools/Edit Text Files... from the main menu, and typing in the name of the file in the Text Editor dialog. The following listing shows an example entry from this file for the spheroid “Australian National”. ”Australian National” { 15 6378160.0 6356774.719 “Australian National” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 “Anna 1 Astro 1965” -491 -22 435 0 0 0 0 “Australian Geodetic 1966” -133 -48 148 0 0 0 0 “Australian Geodetic 1966 (MRE)” regression “Australian Geodetic 1984” -134 -48 149 0 0 0 0 “Australian Geodetic 1984 (MRE)” regression }

“Australian National” is the name of the spheroid.The next line defines its sequential number in the spheroid.tab file, the semi-major axis, and the semi-minor axis (in meters). The general syntax is: “Spheroid Name” { Sequential Number Semi-Major Axis Axis “Spheroid Name” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Datums ...

Semi-Minor

}

Following the spheroid definition are datums associated with each spheroid. The datums are recorded in terms of a shift to the WGS84 datum. Any datums added to the spheroid.tab file must also be recorded as datum shift parameters to WGS84. The parameters are recorded as: “Datum Name” dx dy dz rω rϕ rκ ds

Where 135

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE dx, dy and dz are the x,y,z translations to WGS84, in meters, rω, rϕ, and rκ are the omega, phi, kappa rotations to WGS84, in radians and scientific notation, and, ds is the scale change to WGS84 in scientific notation. Most parametric datums applied to global areas are basically spheroids themselves without any position shift and/or rotations relative to WGS 84. They are assumed to have same centers as that of WGS 84. The use of the “global datum” syntax below is no longer required by IMAGINE. “Spheroid Name” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The main reason to use the spheroid name as a global datum name is to make a smooth transition from older to newer projection versions. Avoid using them when other appropriate local datums are available. The spheroid.tab file is ASCII which is easy to edit and modify. Copy spheroid.tab to spheroid.tab.erdas. You can now make changes to spheroid.tab without the danger of loosing the original IMAGINE spheroid.tab file. You can add new datums to an existing spheroid by editing the spheroid.tab file with the IMAGINE Text Editor and adding a new line for each datum in the section for that spheroid. You can also add a new spheroid with associated datums by adding a block of text to the end of the file using the following syntax: “Spheroid Name” { Number “Datum “Datum “Datum “Datum

Semi-Major Axis Name 1” dx dy dz Name 2” dx dy dz Name 3” dx dy dz Name n” dx dy dz

Semi-Minor Axis rω rϕ rκ ds rω rϕ rκ ds rω rϕ rκ ds rω rϕ rκ ds

}

i

Edits made to the spheroid.tab are not available until the next time the Projections Chooser is activated.

Note: There are three ways to define datums in IMAGINE:

♦ Use a standard 7-parameter transformation, as illustrated above. ♦ Define datums by NADCON grids in which the coordinate shifts among datum NAD 27, NAD 83, and HARN are calculated by bilinear interpolation.

♦ Define datums by Multiple Regression Equations (MRE) based on DMA documents. These datums can be identified by the labels ending with “(MRE)” in the spheroid.tab. The first method is documented here because it is the method most encountered outside of the United States.

136

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE It is important to enter the correct parameters in the spheroid.tab file. The following example will guide you through the addition of a “new” projection system to the IMAGINE Projection Chooser. The source document is from the Azerbaijan International Operating Company (AIOC) which shows the necessary types of sources used to define the spheroid parameters. Adding a New Spheroid According to AIOC documentation: “In Azerbaijan the coordinate system in use by national agencies are: Ellipsoid:

Name: Defining Parameters:

Krassowski 1940 semi-major axis (a) = 6378245.0 metres inverse flattening (1/f) = 298.3

Geodetic Datum:

Pulkovo 1942

Prime Meridian (zero longtude):

Greenwich

Map projection:

projection method:

Gauss-Kruger (a form of TM)”

Before you can add the new spheroid and datum to spheroid.tab, a little computation is required. The spheroid name, semi-major axis, and inverse flattening are given in the AIOC document. You also need the semi-minor axis. The semi-minor axis can be derived with this equation: b --- = 1 – f a Where: a = semi-major axis b = semi-minor axis f = flattening Thus, for the “Krassowski 1940” Spheroid: b --- = 1 – f a b = ( 1 – f ) ⋅ 6378245.0 1 b = 1 – -------------  ⋅ 6378245.0  298.3  b = 6356863.019

137

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE You now have the necessary parameters to add the “Krassowski 1940” spheroid to the spheroid.tab listing. Adding a New Datum Using the same AOIC documentation, the datum used for this region is “Pulkovo 1942” (see quote above), defined by: “AOIC currently uses the following Helmert 7-parameter transformation from WGS84 to Pulkovo Datum: Transformation method:

Bursa Wolf (position vector rotation)

Geocentric translations (meters):

dx = -27.0 dY = +135.0 dZ = +84.5

Geocentric rotations (arc seconds):

rX = 0.0 rY = 0.0 rZ = -0.554

Scale change (ppm):

0.2263

Note that the sense of the rotation parameters needs to be reversed for the coordinate frame rotation method used by the US Defense Mapping Agency and others.” The Geocentric rotations (rX, rY, rZ) are equivalent to the IMAGINE notation (rω, rϕ, rκ). There are several differences to note in the way information is provided and the way IMAGINE expects it:

♦ The transformation is from WGS84 rather than to WGS84. ♦ Rotations are given in arc seconds rather than radians. ♦ Scale change is given in parts per million (ppm) rather than a direct value (scientific notation). If the transformation is not to WGS84, translations (dx, dy, dz), rotations (rω, rϕ, rκ), and scale (ds) must be negated. Positive values are made negative and negative values are made positive. The best way to tell whether or not to negate the rotations is to try it with some known coordinates and see (enter the new parameters into the spheroid.tab and then use the Coordinate Calculator to test, as shown later in this text). To convert from arc seconds to radians use the following equation: n r = n as ⋅ 1 ⁄ 3600 ⋅ π ⁄ 180 Where: n r = value in radians n as = value in arc seconds

138

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE So, for example, the rκ value to be entered in to the spheroid.tab file for “Pulkovo 1942” can be calculated by: rκ = – 0.554 ⋅ 1 ⁄ 3600 ⋅ π ⁄ 180 rκ = – 2.685867e – 06 Note that this value must be given in scientific notation. Add these values as your datum in the copy of the spheroid.tab file in the IMAGINE text editor. Your additions to the IMAGINE spheroid.tab file should look like the listing below. Note how the shifts and scale have been negated with respect to the values quoted in the AIOC document. “Krassowski 1940” { 35 6378245.0 6356863.019 “Krassowski 1940” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 “Pulkovo 1942” 27.0 -135.0 -84.5 0 0 -2.685867e06 2.263e-07 }

Save your edits and close the IMAGINE Text Editor. The new datums and spheroids will now be available for use in IMAGINE when you restart the Projection Chooser. Adding a Projection Library According to the AIOC documentation: “Two Gauss-Kruger map projection grid systems are used for national mapping. The first, referred to locally as the co-ordinate system of 1942 (CS42) is a zoned system, used throughout the former Soviet Union, similar in structure to the UTM grid system but using different parameters. Zones cover a longitude extent of 6 degrees. Zone 9 is used in Azerbaijan onshore east of longitude 48 degrees East, and all offshore areas. CS42 Zone 9 projection defining parameters are: latitude of origin:

0 degrees N

longitude of origin:

51 degrees E

scale factor at origin:

1.0

false easting:

9500000 meters [for other zones use 6

500000+(zone number * 10 )] false northing:

0 metres

grid units:

International meters”

139

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE Note: These coordinate systems are based on the Krassowski 1940 spheroid and Pulkovo 1942 datum, as quoted in the “Adding a New Spheroid” section above. Using the above information, you can create “custom” selectors with the Save Projection dialog. Select Tools | Coordinate Calculator... to start the Coordinate Calculator. From the Coordinate Calculator, select Projection | Set Output Projection and Units... to open the Output Projection and Units Setup dialog. Click the Set Output Projection button on the Output Projection and Units Setup dialog to open the Projection Chooser. From the Projection Type: popup, select Transverse Mercator. From the Spheroid Name: popup, select Krassowski 1940. From the Datum Name: popup, select Pulkovo 1942. In the Scale factor at central meridian: field, enter 1.0. In the Longitude of central meridian: field, enter 51:00:00.00 E. In the False easting: field, enter 9500000. Click the Save... button to open the Save Projection dialog. In the Save as: field, enter CS42 Zone 9. In the In Category: field, enter Azerbaijan National Mapping. Click OK. A message dialog opens informing you that the projection category does not exist and asks if you would like to create it. Click Yes. The Input Text dialog opens and asks for the base name of the new category file. Enter Azerbaijan, press Enter or Return, and click OK. On the Projection Chooser dialog, click the OK button. On the Output Projection and Units Setup dialog, click the OK button. The new projection category has been added to IMAGINE. Now it is time to verify that you have edited the parameters correctly (especially if you are unsure if negating the rotation parameters is required for this datum). This is accomplished by using a known set of co-ordinates. Validating Your Changes The AIOC documentation provides us with: “An example of a Zone 9 conversion is: Pulkovo 1942 datum

latitude 40d 00m 00.000s N, longitude 49d 06m 00.000s E

140

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE

CS42 Zone 9

northing (X) 4,431,337.01m, easting (Y) 9,337,743.73m”

To test the changes you just made, use the Coordinate Calculator from the IMAGINE Tools menu. You will need to reset the input and output projections. To reset the input projection: From the Coordinate Calculator, select Projection | Set Input Projection and Units... to open the Input Projection and Units Setup dialog. Click the Set Input Projection button on the Input Projection and Units Setup dialog to open the Projection Chooser. Select the Custom tab. From the Projection Type: popup, select Geographic (Lat/Lon). From the Spheroid Name: popup, select Krassowski 1940. From the Datum Name: popup, select Pulkovo 1942. Click the OK button. On the Input Projection and Units Setup dialog, click the OK button. In the Coordinate Calculator Cell Array, enter the Pulkovo 1942 datum Lon/Lat co-ordinates (given above) into the input projection fields. The output in CS42 Zone 9 is then calculated and compared to the AIOC result given above. The Coordinate Calculator CellArray shows the results and confirms that the projection system (including the spheroid and datum parameters) has been correctly defined, since the co-ordinate values correspond directly to the AIOC results. If there are discrepancies, check the values in the spheroid.tab file for the spheroid and datum. Also check the values entered in the Projection Chooser for Scale factor at central meridian, Longitude of central meridian, and False easting. Making Changes Available Globally Often a customer will want to make Global Changes to the projection libraries of an IMAGINE installation. The IMAGINE system administrator can replace /etc/spheroid.tab with the edited version with the newly defined spheroids and datums. The changes will then be available to all users who start this installation of IMAGINE. For new projection libraries, the Save... button in the Projection Chooser creates new projection categories (and their related projections) in /.imagine840/projections. In the example shown, a file called Azerbaijan.plb was created in /.imagine840/projections. For this local category to be available globally, the IMAGINE System Administrator must copy the .plb file into the /etc/projections directory.

141

Adding New Datums, Spheroids and Projection Categories in IMAGINE Note: Always make a backup copy of any files you replace in and remember that your new files may be overwritten themselves by patches! So have copies of those files saved as well. For example, the contents of /etc might have: spheroid.tab - the modified file spheroid.tab.erdas - the original ERDAS-supplied file spheroid.tab.customized - a copy of your modified file where spheroid.tab contains your new spheroids and datums, and is the same as spheroid.tab.customized.

142

Category or Item Chooser

Category or Item Chooser This is a general description for a class of dialogs that are used in many places throughout IMAGINE. They are designed to make the selection of object styles and colors easy and consistent. This dialog class is accessed from the Other... option at the bottom of a chooser button list. Simply hold on the chooser button and drag to select the Other... option. There are choosers for:

♦ Color ♦ Text ♦ Symbols ♦ Lines ♦ Arrows ♦ Fill Each of these kinds of dialog contain the common tabs and buttons described below.

Standard This tab provides access to standard items in the object class. Those items consist of the ones that are shipped with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved at your site.

Custom This tab provides access to those styles over which you have control in that object class. This allows you to create a custom style for an object and apply it to the current object. You may save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab.

Apply Click to perform the operation with the current specifications. Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog. Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog. Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog. Close Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document.

143

Category or Item Chooser

( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the object rendered with the currently selected options. It allows you to see how the object will look before the properties are applied.

144

Delete Category or Item

Delete Category or Item This dialog enables you to remove an entire category of objects or a single object from a specified category. Objects may be line styles, symbols, colors, etc. It is opened when you select Delete... from a Chooser dialog.

Delete Select Category or Item. Category

Click this radiobutton to delete an entire category.

Category Item

Click the popup list button and select the category to be deleted.

Click this radiobutton to delete a single item.

Item First select the category from the From Category popup list below then select the item to be deleted from this popup list. From Category Click the popup list button and select the category from which an item is to be deleted.

OK Click to delete the selected item or category. Cancel Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document.

145

Rename Category or Item

Rename Category or Item This dialog enables you to change the name of an existing category or object. It is opened when you select Rename... from a Chooser dialog.

Rename Select Category or Item. Category

Click this radio button to rename a category.

Category To Item

Click the popup list button and select the category to be renamed.

Enter the new name for the category. Click this radio button to rename a single item.

Item First select the category from the In Category popup list below then select the item to be renamed from this popup list. In Category Click the popup list button and select the category from which an item is to be renamed. To

Enter the new name for the item.

OK Click to rename the selected item or category. Cancel Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document.

146

Save Category or Item

Save Category or Item This dialog enables you to save an object to a specified name in a particular category. For example, if you have created a custom color, it may be saved to a name that you specify in one or more of several different categories. Other objects include line styles and symbols. It is opened when you select Save... from a Chooser dialog.

Save as: Enter the name of the object you wish to save. This is the name that is displayed in the (Style) list in the Standard tab of the chooser dialog.

☞ No warning is given when an object of the same name resides in the same category. It is simply replaced.

In Category: Click the popup list button and select the category in which to save the object or enter the name of a new category to create for the new style.

OK Click to create the new category and/or save the object. Cancel Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document.

147

Arrow Chooser

Arrow Chooser This dialog assists you in selecting or designing an arrow style for your annotation purposes. It is opened when you click on any Arrow style chooser button and select Other.... This field is enabled when the Ends: field contains a selection other than None.

Standard This tab provides access to standard graphics arrows that are shipped with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list button to select the library from which to choose a graphic arrow. Click on the arrow style that you wish to apply to the current object.

Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control in the arrow class. This allows you to create a custom graphic arrow style and apply it to the current object. You may also save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab. Base Angle: Enter the base angle of the arrow end. The range is 5 to 90 degrees. This parameter does not apply to Stick type arrows. Tip Angle: Enter the tip angle of the arrow end. The range is 5 to 85 degrees. Length: Enter the length of the arrow end.

i

The actual length of the arrow head is the product of the length specified above and the line width specified in the Line Style Chooser. Filled Select this option for an enclosed arrowhead that is filled with the base line color. The fill color does not apply to arrows. Unfilled Select this option for an enclosed arrowhead that is not filled. Any area of the arrow head that is not taken by the line thickness will show the background. Stick Select this option for an unenclosed arrowhead.

148

Arrow Chooser

base angle

tip angle

length

Apply Click to perform the operation with the current specifications. Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog. Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog. Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog. Close Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document. ( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the arrow rendered with the currently selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.

149

Fill Style Chooser

Fill Style Chooser This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a fill style for your annotation purposes. It is opened when you click on any Fill style chooser button and select Other.... You may fill an object with color and/or pattern and it may also be outlined.

Standard This tab provides access to standard fill colors and patterns that are shipped with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list button to select the library from which to choose a fill style. Click on the fill style that you wish to apply to the current object. Use Solid Color: Select this option to fill areas with a solid color. ( color patch ) This color patch shows the fill color of the current object. Click the chooser button to specify a different color for the solid fill. Use Outline: Select this option to outline areas. ( line style ) This style patch shows the currently selected line style. Click on the chooser button to specify a different line style for the outline.

Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control in the fill class. This allows you to create a custom fill style and apply it to the current object. You may also save a custom style and access it through the Standard tab. Use Solid Color: Select this option to fill areas with a solid color. ( color patch ) This color patch shows the fill color of the current object. Click the chooser button to specify a different color for the solid fill. Use Outline: Select this option to outline areas. ( line style ) This style patch shows the currently selected line style. Click on the chooser button to specify a different line style for the outline. Use Pattern: Select this option to fill areas with a pattern. Symbol: Select the symbol to be used for the fill pattern. Click on the chooser button to specify a different symbol for the fill pattern. X Separation: Enter the X-separation of symbols in the fill pattern. Y Separation: Enter the Y-separation of symbols in the fill pattern.

Apply Click to apply the current specifications to the parent object. Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog. 150

Fill Style Chooser

Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog. Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog. Close Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document. ( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the fill style rendered with the currently selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.

151

Line Style Chooser

Line Style Chooser This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a line style for your annotation purposes. It is opened when you click on any Line style chooser button and select Other....

Standard This tab provides access to standard line styles that are shipped with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list button to select the library from which to choose a line style. Click on the line style that you wish to apply to the current object. Join: Click on the popup list button to select the Join Style of line segments. Two line segments are joined at the point where the centers of their end points intersect. The manner in which the thickness of the line beyond this point is handled is the Join Style.

Rounded

The line ends are rounded to a radius of one half of the

line thickness.

Bevel

The line ends are beveled perpendicular to the bisector of the

angle of intersection.

Mitre

The line ends are extended to the natural intersection of the

exterior sides of the line segments Note: the mitre length is regulated by the Mitre Limit preference in the Annotation category of the Preference Editor. This limit is equal to the mitre length divided by the line width. The default value is 3.0 which means that the mitre length may be up to 3 times the line width. Beyond this limit, the mitre is simply truncated giving the appearance of a bevel.

Butt

The line ends are squared at the point of intersection.

Cap: Click on the popup list button to select the Cap Style of line segment ends. The terminal ends of a line segment or polyline may be displayed in one of the following manners.

152

Line Style Chooser Rounded thickness.

The line ends are rounded to a radius of one half of the line

Butt The line ends are squared. If an inner line exists, it is terminated flush with the outer line. Square The line ends are squared. If an inner line exists, it is terminated one-half line thickness shorter than the outer line. Ends: Click on the popup list button to select the line end on which to put an arrow head. None Start first vertex).

There will not be an arrow head on either end of the line. There will be an arrow on the start end of the line (the end with the

End There will be an arrowhead on the terminal end of the line (the end with the last vertex). Both

There will be an arrow head on each end of the line.

Arrow: Select an arrow head style from the popup list or use the Arrow Chooser to select from a different library or to create a custom arrow. Width: Enter the width of the outer line. Select the units of measure for the width. The choices are: pts points in inches cm centimeters Outer Color: Select the color of the outer line or use the Color Chooser to create a custom color. Inner Color: Select the color of the inner line. This option is enabled by setting the Inner Width on the Custom tab to a non-zero value.

Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control in the line class. This allows you to create a custom line style and apply it to the current object. You may also save a custom line style and access it through the Standard tab. Display Line: Indicate Whether To Display the Line Underneath the Symbols

153

Line Style Chooser ( patterns ) Use this CellArray to set the mark and gap for dashed lines. The set of rows in this CellArray establish a pattern that is repeated over the length of the line. The values are multiples of the line width. Fractional values are allowed. Mark Gap

This value sets the length of the dash. This value sets the space between dashes.

Join: The same options are available as described for Join under the Standard tab above. Cap: The same options are available as described for Cap under the Standard tab above. Ends: The same options are available as described for Ends under the Standard tab above. Arrow: Select an arrow head style from the popup list or use the Arrow Chooser to select from a different library or to create a custom arrow. This chooser is enabled only when Ends: is set to Start, End, or Both. Outer Width: Enter the width of the outer line. Select the color of the outer line or use the Color Chooser to create a custom color. Select the units of measure for the width. The choices are: pts points in inches cm centimeters Inner Width: Enter the width of the inner line as a percentage of the outer width. Select the color of the inner line or use the Color Chooser to create a custom color. Use Symbol: Select this option to display a symbol along the line. This is a valid option even if the line is not displayed. Symbol: Select a symbol style from the popup list or use the Symbol Chooser to select from a different library or to create a custom symbol. Spacing: Enter the spacing of symbols along the line. Offset: Enter the offset of the symbol above or below the line. A zero value centers the symbol on the line. If the symbol is on the wrong side of the line, simply change the sign of the offset value. Rotate: Click the popup list button to change the rotation of the symbol. The choices are:

154

Line Style Chooser None

The prefixed rotations of the symbol.

Rotate 90

OK

Click here to change the rotation to 90 degrees.

Rotate 180

Click here to change the rotation to 180 degrees.

Rotate 270

Click here to change the rotation to 270 degrees.

Applies the specification and closes the dialog.

Apply Click to apply the current specifications to the parent object. Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog. Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog. Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog. Close Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-line Help document. ( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the line style rendered with the currently selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.

155

Symbol Chooser

Symbol Chooser This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a symbol style for your annotation purposes. It is opened when you click on any Symbol style chooser button and select Other....

Standard This tab provides access to standard symbols and libraries that are shipped with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list button to select the library from which to choose a symbol style. Click on the style that you wish to apply to the current object. The Symbol Shown Is Not the Selected Symbol Use Color: Select this option to set the selected and default symbol(s) to a specific color. ( color patch ) This color patch shows the color of the current object. Click the chooser button to specify a different color. Size: Use this number field to specify the size of the symbol. Units: Click the popup list button to select the unit type of the symbol size. map Select this option to use map units. paper Select this option to use paper units. Click the popup list button to select the paper units. The choices are: m meters ft feet in inches cm centimeters pts points (72/inch) dev device units (300/inch default) other a unit of measure not defined above dd decimal degrees - This option is enabled for geographic (Lat/Lon) layers.

Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control in the symbol class. This allows you to create a custom symbol style and apply it to the current object. You may also save a custom style in a specified library and access it through the Standard tab. 156

Symbol Chooser

i

The Paste and View buttons are displayed only when the Symbol Chooser is opened from an Annotation Style tool. View...

Click to open the Symbol Editor dialog.

Paste Click this button to paste the currently selected annotation group to the preview canvas on this tab. That object may then be Saved to a library. In this way you can create custom symbols from existing symbols or from grouped annotation objects.

i

Even a single annotation element must be grouped in order to make a symbol from it.

Apply Click to apply the current specifications to the parent object. Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog. Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog. Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog. Close Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document. ( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the symbol style rendered with the currently selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.

157

Text Style Chooser

Text Style Chooser This dialog assists you in selecting or designing a text style for your annotation purposes. It is opened when you click on any Text style chooser button and select Other....

Standard This tab provides access to standard text styles and libraries that are shipped with IMAGINE as well as those that are created and saved in your own library. Click the popup list button to select the library from which to choose a symbol style. Click on the style that you wish to apply to the current object. Size: Use this number field to specify the size of the text. Units: Click the popup list button to select the unit type of the symbol size. map Select this option to use map units. paper Select this option to use paper units. Click the popup list button to select the paper units. The choices are: m meters ft feet in inches cm centimeters pts points (72/inch) dev device units (300/inch default) other a unit of measure not defined above dd decimal degrees - This option is enabled for geographic (Lat/Lon) layers. Alignment: This option available only for vector attributes. Click the popup list button to select the alignment of the vector attribute to a vector point. For example, Top Left places the top left corner of the attribute at the location of the point, making the attribute appear below and to the right of the point. The options are: Top Left Top Center Top Right Center Left

158

Text Style Chooser Center Center Center Right Bottom Left Bottom Center Bottom Right

Custom This tab provides access to those styles elements over which you have control in the text class. This allows you to create a custom text style and apply it to the current object. You may also save a custom style in a specified library and access it through the Standard tab. Fill Style: Select a fill style from the popup list or use the Fill Style Chooser to select from a different library or to create a custom fill. Weight: Click the popup list to select the weight of the font. Normal Bold Italic Select this option to display the text in italics. Angle: Enter the angle for the italic text. Use negative values for a backward slant. Underline Select this option to underline the text with the fill style shown. Offset: Enter the underline offset from the text. Width: Enter the width of the underline. Shadow Select this option to place a shadow behind the text. Offset X: Enter the X-offset for the shadow from the text. Offset Y: Enter the Y-offset for the shadow from the text. ( color patch ) This color patch shows the color of the shadow. Click the chooser button to specify a different color.

Apply Click to apply the current specifications to the parent object. Save... Click this button to open the Save Category or Item dialog. Delete... Click this button to open the Delete Category or Item dialog.

159

Text Style Chooser

Rename... Click this button to open the Rename Category or Item dialog. Close Click to cancel the operation and close the dialog. Help Click to display this On-Line Help document. ( canvas ) This area contains a small sample of the text style rendered with the currently selected options. It allows you to see how it will look before the properties are applied.

160

Link Viewer

Link Viewer This dialog enables you to specify the Viewer to which you want to link.

View#: Enter the Viewer number to which you want to link. OK Click to link to the specified Viewer and close this dialog. Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

161

Print

Print This dialog enables you to output information to a printer. It is accessible from several places throughout ERDAS IMAGINE; for example, the ModelMaker print icon.

Printer: Enter the name of the device on which you want to print. This must be a device that has been configured for use with ERDAS IMAGINE through the Configuration Editor.

Print Select this option to send the output to a printer. Save Output to File Select this option to save the output to a file. File Name: If you have selected Save Output to File, you must enter the file name to which the output will be written.

Print: If the document/file that you are printing is more than one page long, you have the option to print a subset. All

Click to print the entire file. This is the default.

Subset

Click to print a subset. Enter the page range to print below.

From: To:

Enter the first page number that you want to print.

Enter the last page number that you want to print.

Number of Copies: Enter the number of copies to print. The default is 1. OK Click to print the file and close this dialog. Cancel Click to cancel this process and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document. ➲ For more information about configuring printers, see the ERDAS IMAGINE Installation Guide.

162

Progress

Progress This dialog informs you of the status of an operation in ERDAS IMAGINE. It is accessed from many places throughout IMAGINE.

☞ You are free to perform other tasks in IMAGINE while a process is running. This message box just reports the progress for you.

Job State: The name of the task that is currently running. Percent Done: The progress of an operation is shown in this meter that moves from 0 to 100 as the job is processed. When the job is 100% done, the OK button will be enabled.

OK Click to close this dialog when a process is complete. This option will not be enabled until the job is finished.

Cancel Click to cancel this job and close this dialog. Help Click to see this On-Line Help document.

163