Identification And Study Of Various Local Species Of Drosophila
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Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
Biology Project Report INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, KOLKATA SEMESTER – III
Nov. 2008
IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF VARIOUS LOCAL SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA
JYOTHI V. NAIR (07MS-72) HARSH PURWAR (07MS-76) 1
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
CONTENTS Abstract
03
Key words
03
Introduction
03
Aim of the Project
03
Theory
03
Experiment
03
Observations
04
Results
06
Few Other Interesting Results
06
Discussions & Conclusions
06
Acknowledgements
07
References
07
A Few Pictures
07
2
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
ABSTRACT:
Semester III – Nov. 2008
Our project dealt with collecting local drosophila, and identifying their species based on their morphological features. We studied the degree of sexual dimorphism in these species and compared it with the laboratory species.
KEY WORDS: D. melanogaster, D. ananassae, sexual dimorphism, species identification
INTRODUCTION: Drosophila, commonly known as fruit fly has a considerable diversity. Several of these species are found in our country. Our campus, with its rich environment should have a few too. Collecting and identifying these species sounded like a pretty interesting project. These species turned out to by ideal models to see sexual dimorphism in a species. Hence we carried out experiments to study and compare degree of sexual dimorphism in these species.
AIM: To collect, identify and study various local species of drosophila.
THEORY: Females in drosophila are generally morphologically similar in all species. In order to differentiate between drosophila of two different species you have to look for certain morphological characters in the males like differences in the genital plates, shape of their abdomen and several other. Sexual dimorphism is the difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. Examples include colour (specifically referred to as sexual dichromatism), size, and the presence or absence of parts of the body used in courtship displays or fights, such as ornamental feathers, horns, antlers or tusks. The degree of sexual dimorphism is different in different species. It is one of the tools used to see when a species diversified from its ancestor and helps in drawing phylogenetic trees.
EXPERIMENT: In order to collect the flies, we prepared traps made of yeast smear and placed them at several places within the campus for a day or two.
3
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
Then we placed each fly in separate food vials and marked them on the basis of day of capture and place of capture. After 10 days we looked for vials which had progeny. We killed the flies by freezing and took out the males from each vial. We examined the males under the microscope. We looked at the genital plate and tried to identify the species. The vials which didn’t have any progeny contained either males or virgin females. The females were also examined in such cases. In order to study degree of sexual dimorphism in the species we took 10 males and 10 females from each species. We measured their body weights and compared the average value. We took high magnification images of the flies and measured their wing length and thorax size. We calculated the degree of dimorphism in each species and compared the data.
OBSERVATIONS: Table 1: For normal body weight of 10 males and 10 females measured at once.
S. No. Avg.
Normal Body Weight (mg) D. Ananassae D. Melanogaster Males Females Males Females 0.406 0.455 0.854 1.093 0.049 0.239
Difference in the average body weight of the males and females of drosophila melanogaster and of drosophila ananassae is 0.239 mg and 0.049 mg respectively. 4
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
Table 2: For Wing size of each of 10 males and 10 females.
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Avg.
D. Ananassae Males Females 2.33 2.12 1.93 1.81 2.01 2.20 1.85 2.23 2.22 2.26 1.91 2.24 1.76 2.23 2.27 1.85 2.07 1.88 1.99 2.07 2.03 2.09 2.0615
Wing Size (mm) D. Melanogaster Dimorphism# Males Females 0.1019 2.02 2.36 0.0582 1.96 2.29 0.0922 1.82 2.39 0.1843 2.12 2.41 0.0194 1.84 2.42 0.1601 1.94 2.37 0.2280 2.01 2.43 0.2037 2.03 2.31 0.0922 1.94 2.29 0.0388 2.06 2.25 0.118 1.97 2.35 2.163
Dimorphism 0.1572 0.1526 0.2635 0.1341 0.2681 0.1988 0.1942 0.1294 0.1618 0.0878 0.175
Difference in the average wing length of the males and females of drosophila melanogaster and of drosophila ananassae is 0.38 mm and 0.06 mm respectively. #
It is a measure of sexual dimorphism i.e. defined as the ratio of the difference in the trait value between males and females of a species to the average trait value for that species.
Table 3: For thorax size of each of 10 males and 10 females. Thorax Size (mm) S.No. D. Ananassae D. Melanogaster Dimorphism Dimorphism Males Females Males Females 1 0.900 0.727 0.223 0.918 0.937 0.021 2 0.703 0.854 0.194 0.814 0.881 0.074 3 0.721 0.941 0.283 0.812 0.973 0.179 4 0.838 0.557 0.362 0.901 0.989 0.098 5 0.675 0.727 0.067 0.914 0.927 0.014 6 0.826 0.965 0.179 0.912 0.868 0.049 7 0.690 0.690 0.000 0.888 0.944 0.062 8 0.714 0.770 0.072 0.930 0.917 0.014 9 0.768 0.823 0.071 0.907 0.885 0.024 10 0.818 0.834 0.021 0.814 0.903 0.099 0.765 0.789 0.147 0.881 0.922 0.063 Avg. 0.7771 0.9017 Difference in the average thorax size of the males and females of drosophila melanogaster and of drosophila ananassae is 0.041 mm and 0.024 mm respectively.
5
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
RESULTS: We got only one species of drosophila i.e. Drosophila ananassae in our campus. Dimorphism in males and females in Drosophila melanogaster with respect to: • • •
Body weight – 0.239 mg Thorax size – 0.063 Wing length – 0.175
Dimorphism in males and females in Drosophila ananassae with respect to: • • •
Body weight – 0.049 mg Thorax size – 0.147 Wing length – 0.118
FEW OTHER INTERESTING RESULTS: One of the flies we caught was a bit jumpy and had black eyes but we couldn’t identify its species because it didn’t leave any progeny and dried before we could examine it. We got a magnified image of a female laying egg.
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: •
We could get only one species of drosophila, which is a very common species in India, probably because our traps were not evenly spread or due to the season.
•
We could look for newer species over different seasons and in places like cowsheds and orchards where there is a high probability of finding drosophila.
•
On comparison of sexual dimorphism in D. melanogaster and D. ananassae we saw that there was higher degree of dimorphism in melanogaster as compared to ananassae.
•
Thorax size showed higher dimorphism in ananassae as compared to melanogaster, probably because of the sample we took.
•
We could study these features in greater detail by increasing the sample size.
6
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We sincerely thank our mentors Dr. N G Prasad and Dr. Bornali Bhattacharya for helping and guiding us throughout the semester, without whom this project wouldn’t be a success. We would also thank Mr. Bodhisatta Nandy and Mr. Imrose Khan for helping us and training us to use the various instruments and laboratory equipments.
REFERENCES: • • •
www.wikipedia.org www.sciencedirect.com Google Image Search: http://images.google.co.in/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi
Determining sex in drosophila ananassae:
Measurement of Wing length and Thorax size:
7
Semester III – Nov. 2008
Biology Project Report INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, KOLKATA SEMESTER – III
Nov. 2008
IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF VARIOUS LOCAL SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA
JYOTHI V. NAIR (07MS-72) HARSH PURWAR (07MS-76) 1
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
CONTENTS Abstract
03
Key words
03
Introduction
03
Aim of the Project
03
Theory
03
Experiment
03
Observations
04
Results
06
Few Other Interesting Results
06
Discussions & Conclusions
06
Acknowledgements
07
References
07
A Few Pictures
07
2
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
ABSTRACT:
Semester III – Nov. 2008
Our project dealt with collecting local drosophila, and identifying their species based on their morphological features. We studied the degree of sexual dimorphism in these species and compared it with the laboratory species.
KEY WORDS: D. melanogaster, D. ananassae, sexual dimorphism, species identification
INTRODUCTION: Drosophila, commonly known as fruit fly has a considerable diversity. Several of these species are found in our country. Our campus, with its rich environment should have a few too. Collecting and identifying these species sounded like a pretty interesting project. These species turned out to by ideal models to see sexual dimorphism in a species. Hence we carried out experiments to study and compare degree of sexual dimorphism in these species.
AIM: To collect, identify and study various local species of drosophila.
THEORY: Females in drosophila are generally morphologically similar in all species. In order to differentiate between drosophila of two different species you have to look for certain morphological characters in the males like differences in the genital plates, shape of their abdomen and several other. Sexual dimorphism is the difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species. Examples include colour (specifically referred to as sexual dichromatism), size, and the presence or absence of parts of the body used in courtship displays or fights, such as ornamental feathers, horns, antlers or tusks. The degree of sexual dimorphism is different in different species. It is one of the tools used to see when a species diversified from its ancestor and helps in drawing phylogenetic trees.
EXPERIMENT: In order to collect the flies, we prepared traps made of yeast smear and placed them at several places within the campus for a day or two.
3
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
Then we placed each fly in separate food vials and marked them on the basis of day of capture and place of capture. After 10 days we looked for vials which had progeny. We killed the flies by freezing and took out the males from each vial. We examined the males under the microscope. We looked at the genital plate and tried to identify the species. The vials which didn’t have any progeny contained either males or virgin females. The females were also examined in such cases. In order to study degree of sexual dimorphism in the species we took 10 males and 10 females from each species. We measured their body weights and compared the average value. We took high magnification images of the flies and measured their wing length and thorax size. We calculated the degree of dimorphism in each species and compared the data.
OBSERVATIONS: Table 1: For normal body weight of 10 males and 10 females measured at once.
S. No. Avg.
Normal Body Weight (mg) D. Ananassae D. Melanogaster Males Females Males Females 0.406 0.455 0.854 1.093 0.049 0.239
Difference in the average body weight of the males and females of drosophila melanogaster and of drosophila ananassae is 0.239 mg and 0.049 mg respectively. 4
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
Table 2: For Wing size of each of 10 males and 10 females.
S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Avg.
D. Ananassae Males Females 2.33 2.12 1.93 1.81 2.01 2.20 1.85 2.23 2.22 2.26 1.91 2.24 1.76 2.23 2.27 1.85 2.07 1.88 1.99 2.07 2.03 2.09 2.0615
Wing Size (mm) D. Melanogaster Dimorphism# Males Females 0.1019 2.02 2.36 0.0582 1.96 2.29 0.0922 1.82 2.39 0.1843 2.12 2.41 0.0194 1.84 2.42 0.1601 1.94 2.37 0.2280 2.01 2.43 0.2037 2.03 2.31 0.0922 1.94 2.29 0.0388 2.06 2.25 0.118 1.97 2.35 2.163
Dimorphism 0.1572 0.1526 0.2635 0.1341 0.2681 0.1988 0.1942 0.1294 0.1618 0.0878 0.175
Difference in the average wing length of the males and females of drosophila melanogaster and of drosophila ananassae is 0.38 mm and 0.06 mm respectively. #
It is a measure of sexual dimorphism i.e. defined as the ratio of the difference in the trait value between males and females of a species to the average trait value for that species.
Table 3: For thorax size of each of 10 males and 10 females. Thorax Size (mm) S.No. D. Ananassae D. Melanogaster Dimorphism Dimorphism Males Females Males Females 1 0.900 0.727 0.223 0.918 0.937 0.021 2 0.703 0.854 0.194 0.814 0.881 0.074 3 0.721 0.941 0.283 0.812 0.973 0.179 4 0.838 0.557 0.362 0.901 0.989 0.098 5 0.675 0.727 0.067 0.914 0.927 0.014 6 0.826 0.965 0.179 0.912 0.868 0.049 7 0.690 0.690 0.000 0.888 0.944 0.062 8 0.714 0.770 0.072 0.930 0.917 0.014 9 0.768 0.823 0.071 0.907 0.885 0.024 10 0.818 0.834 0.021 0.814 0.903 0.099 0.765 0.789 0.147 0.881 0.922 0.063 Avg. 0.7771 0.9017 Difference in the average thorax size of the males and females of drosophila melanogaster and of drosophila ananassae is 0.041 mm and 0.024 mm respectively.
5
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
RESULTS: We got only one species of drosophila i.e. Drosophila ananassae in our campus. Dimorphism in males and females in Drosophila melanogaster with respect to: • • •
Body weight – 0.239 mg Thorax size – 0.063 Wing length – 0.175
Dimorphism in males and females in Drosophila ananassae with respect to: • • •
Body weight – 0.049 mg Thorax size – 0.147 Wing length – 0.118
FEW OTHER INTERESTING RESULTS: One of the flies we caught was a bit jumpy and had black eyes but we couldn’t identify its species because it didn’t leave any progeny and dried before we could examine it. We got a magnified image of a female laying egg.
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: •
We could get only one species of drosophila, which is a very common species in India, probably because our traps were not evenly spread or due to the season.
•
We could look for newer species over different seasons and in places like cowsheds and orchards where there is a high probability of finding drosophila.
•
On comparison of sexual dimorphism in D. melanogaster and D. ananassae we saw that there was higher degree of dimorphism in melanogaster as compared to ananassae.
•
Thorax size showed higher dimorphism in ananassae as compared to melanogaster, probably because of the sample we took.
•
We could study these features in greater detail by increasing the sample size.
6
Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, Kolkata
Semester III – Nov. 2008
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We sincerely thank our mentors Dr. N G Prasad and Dr. Bornali Bhattacharya for helping and guiding us throughout the semester, without whom this project wouldn’t be a success. We would also thank Mr. Bodhisatta Nandy and Mr. Imrose Khan for helping us and training us to use the various instruments and laboratory equipments.
REFERENCES: • • •
www.wikipedia.org www.sciencedirect.com Google Image Search: http://images.google.co.in/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi
Determining sex in drosophila ananassae:
Measurement of Wing length and Thorax size:
7
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