Ice Cassa

Potential Use and Designs for Ice Classed LNG Carriers A Paradigm Shift February, 2007

D. Braxton Scherz D. Braxton & Associates

The Russians Lead Early Arctic Exploration 9 Pomors from the town of Novgorod launch whaling and sealing expeditions into the White Sea and along the Murmansk coast as early as the 12th century 9 In the 16th and 17th centuries, European Monarchs desired to find an alternate trading route to China via the NSR and NW Passage. Supported with the latest technologies, the Russians determined that an ocean encompassed the North Pole 9 Mikhail Lomonosov defined the currents in the Arctic Ocean, described ice drift mechanics, and classified sea ice types 9 His Arctic map published in 1763 was revolutionary for its time 9 Future Russian excursions established settlements in Siberia and along the coast of Alaska before the end of the 18th century

The Arctic Ocean Arctic Region –

average temperature of the warmest month is below 10°C (50°F)

Artic Circle (Lat. 66°32’ N) – an imaginary line where the sun does not set on the day of the summer solstice (≈ 21 June), nor rise on the winter solstice ≈ 21 Dec.

Ice Breaking History •

USCG Bear purchased for the Greely rescue mission 1884 9 Converted whaler with reinforced hull 9 Light ice capability 9 Served in Alaskan waters for over 40 years 9 But wooden hulls could not withstand crushing ice loads

Early Icebreakers 9 Advances in shipbuilding technology resulted in the icebreaker, a vessel able to both withstand the crushing power of the ice and break through it. 9 In Russia circa 1864, the characteristic bow shape that is now used by all icebreakers appeared. 9 Naval Commander Makarov is credited with the construction of the Yermak, the first true icebreaker, which reached about 81° north of Spitsbergen on her maiden voyage in 1899, and continued in service for 40 years.

IB Yermak

Russian Icebreakers 9 In 1916, the first linear icebreaker supporting regular navigation along the northern coast of Russia was built in Newcastle, England to Russian Maritime Ministry specs, and named the Krasin. This icebreaker was crucial in the development of the Northern Sea Route until the late 1930s 9 Launched in 1992, the Yamal is a modern nuclear IB of 75,000 HP displacing 23,000 tons. One of five sisters it can break ridges of 9 meters and sail thru 2.3 meter ice at 3 knots. 9 With a beam of 28 meters, these ships are designed to keep shipping lanes open, but also offer passenger cruises to the North Pole

IB Krasin

IB Yamal

Finnish Icebreakers 9 More than 80 per cent of Finland's foreign trade involves seaborne transport. In winter, cargo vessels rely heavily on the assistance of icebreakers. For over 100 years Finland has relied on IB technology to maintain trade. 9 Finland´s first icebreaker Murtaja, built in 1890, was described as the "newest, biggest and strongest icebreaker in Europe". 9 In 1926 the Jaakarhu was the first IB to use oil as fuel which increased range

Finland - Worlds Leader in IB Design and Construction Technology Developed by Aker Yards 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Forerunners in diesel-electric icebreakers (1939) First four-screw icebreakers First polar icebreakers First shallow-draught river icebreakers First first air bubbling systems First stainless steel icebelts First Azipod developed First double-acting ship developed First oblique vessel developed

Finnish Ice Class Rules Set the Standard • •

IACS are seeking a Standard DNV translation to Finnish Swedish Ice Class Equivalents

Source: Finnish Maritime Administration – Bulletin 18/30.12.2005

Finnish Ice Class Rules Set the Standard • •

IACS are seeking a Standard ABS translation to Finnish Swedish Ice Class Equivalents

Source: Finnish Maritime Administration – Bulletin 18/30.12.2005

Other References for Ice Class Design • Lloyds Register Technical Notes: “Cold Climate Navigation – Design and Operation Considerations” • ABS Guidance Notes on Ice Class – March 2005 • ABS – Rules for Building and Classing – Steel Vessels – Part 6 Chapter 1 • 1932, DNV introduced the first special requirements for ships intended for operation in ice-covered waters. These rules included increased scantlings of frames, plates and stringers specified as percentage increase (15–25%) above standard class rules.

Typical IB Passage

9 IB operation is simple and until recently hasn’t changed for 100 years. 9 The icebreaker leads the way, its armor plated bow section rising slightly above the sea ice and cracking it like the action of a hammer. A channel of broken ice and open water results. 9 The merchant vessels follow in the wake of the leading IB.

Typical IB Passage

•

In extreme conditions the icebreakers go one step further, taking merchant ships in tow and delivering them to harbor

Traditional Escorted Transits are Expensive

With Over 140+ Years of Ice Breaking Transits

Its Time to Change the Game

Game Changing Azipod Propulsion 9 The Azipod® is a podded propulsion system, azimuthing (rotating) through 360°, ranging in power from 5MW to 30MW. 9 It incorporates an electric motor mounted directly on an extremely short propeller shaft. The motor drives a fixed-pitch propeller. The motor is controlled by a frequency converter which produces full nominal torque, smooth and stepless, in either direction over the entire speed range.

DF 50 Reliability and Redundancy The Wärtsilä 50DF have inherited reliability from the Wärtsilä Vasa 32 and Wärtsilä 46 diesel engines The Wärtsilä 50DF carries a lower mechanical load burning 189 grams/kwH Furthermore, it runs on HFO or natural gas at sea, and clean diesel fuel or natural gas in port or near populated areas High availability can be guaranteed.

Electric propulsion systems have been provided to provide maximum redundancy. On LNG carriers, a reasonable amount of redundancy will be sufficient.

Propulsion Configuration

Podded propellers

Double Acting Vessels 9 IB Captains long ago noted that their vessels could break ice running astern almost as well as running ahead. 9 If Azipod propulsion was employed, Aker determined that reinforced ice breaking sterns could be designed to efficiently break ice 9 Ice basin model tests confirmed that running astern using Azipod propulsion was actually more efficient

Under Ice Photos - Basin Tests Fast Ice meets modeled ice ridge 12 meters deep, 300 meters wide

Azipods chew through ice ridge. Vessel continuously moving

Model Basin Test Confirm Design

• Ramming ice is inefficient and takes excessive power • Double acting designs using Azipod propulsion chew through ice. • Stopping, reversing, and ramming is no longer required

Double Acting Vessels Ahead if by Sea

Astern if by Ice

DATs - A Practical Success 9 The first double-acting cargo ship were introduced in 2002 9 The 106,000 dwt M/T ”Tempera” and ”Mastera” verified their superior ice performance in a shuttle service to Primorsk 9 With a 16 MW pod drive, these ships are able to achieve a speed of 6 knots in 70 cm thick ice and break independently through 13 meter deep ridges 9 The vessel do not require any icebreaker assistance during the whole winter and in fact act as icebreakers themselves to other merchant ships

Ice Class Tanker LU7 Comparison (75,000 dwt)

15t/21m

HFO TANK PROTECTED WITH DOUBLE

SLO P TAN K P&S

SKIN.

LWL

LWL

WB

15t/21m

HFO TANK PROTECTED WITH DOUBLE SKIN.

LWL SLO P TAN K P&S

LWL

Same cargo capacity in smaller hull, and modified bow provides more speed in open water

Conv. 25 MW

DAT 17 MW

Two 70,000 dwt DATs for the Pechora

13 MW Azipod DAS Solution for Kara Sea and Yenisi

Длина Ширина Грузовместимость

Length Breadth Deadweight

164.90 м 23.10 м 14 500 т

Side View, Вид сбоку

Ice Class LU 7 Design for an Arctic container vessel, shuttle service Dudinka-Dikson-Murmansk/Archangelsk

From Design to Reality

Norilisky’s first of two DA Shuttles - Maiden Voyage March 2006

Giving the Ship a Rest Actual voyage pictures March 2006

North of Novaya Zemlaya 1.5 m first year ice Avg speed – 5 knots 10 m ridge Avg spd ahead – 1.5 kts Avg spd astern – 2.0 kts

Proven DAT Design Provides the LNGC Solution 9 Diesel Electric Propulsion: Dual fueled Wartsila DF50 engine 9 Dual Azipod drives 9 Ice breaking stern 9 Bow thruster 9 Modified ice bow for thin ice and open water passages

Ice Management

Multi purpose double acting utility vessel 9 Capable of clearing ice from harbor 9 Capable of safely berthing LNGC 9 Note: Because DAT LNGCs are highly maneuverable, number of utility vessels to be defined

The Future is Astern of Us