Human Environment

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT TIME -SCALE Below is a time line of all the main events in the history of the Universe. This web site also contains a geological time scale. The Stories in date order are: 15 Billion Years ago Alpha Particles Atom Big Bang Cosmic Background Radiation Cosmos Electric Charge Electron Expansion of the Universe False Vacuum Field Gas Gravity Higgs Fields Inflation Interactions Macrocosmos Neutron Nuclear Fusion Particles Positron Proton Radiation Beta Radioactivity Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking Universe 13 Billion Years ago Clusters of Galaxies Disc of Galaxy Galaxies Globular Star Cluster 12 Billion Years ago Binary Stars Birth of a Star Galaxy Problems How a Star Works Milky Way Galaxy Open Star Clusters Spiral Arms Stars 11 Billion Years ago Black Holes Cosmic Dust HONC Atoms Hydrogen Bond Ice Molecules Neutron Star Nova Red Giant Supernova Water White Dwarf Star 4.7 Billion Years ago Earth Origin Planets Solar Disc Solar System Solar System Model Sun 4.5 Billion Years ago Earth Magnetic Field Earth Structure Radioactive Dating Radioactivity Alpha Radioactivity Volcanoes 4 Billion Years ago Amino Acid Chains Amino Acids Base Pairing Biological Environment Causes of Ice Ages Climate Continental Drift Dry Joining Early Atmosphere Enzyme breaks target Evolution Genes Genetic Problems Greenhouse Effect Ice Ages Life Liquid Water Making Protein Meteorite Era Mutation Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid Bases Nucleic Acid Message Origin of Life Process of Life Protein Rain Reproduction Sunlight Weather Weathering of Rock 3.9 Billion Years ago Cell Membrane Cell Wall Fermentation 3.8 Billion Years ago Cell Division Chromosomes 3.5 Billion Years ago Energy Crisis Archaebacteria Bacteria Bacterial Spores Nitrogen Cycle Photosynthesis Viral Diseases Viruses 3 Billion Years ago Blue Green Bacteria Oxygen Poisoning 2 Billion Years ago Ozone Respiration 1.5 Billion Years ago Algae Eukaryotes Fertilization Mitochondria Protozoa Sex Symbiosis 1 Billion Years ago Air Colony of Algae Death Ecosystem Fungi Hormones 700 Million Years ago Continental Drift Movie Earth 700 my ago Sponge 650 Million Years ago Earth 650 my ago Jellyfish 600 Million Years ago Earth 600 my ago 570 Million Years ago Ancestral Flatworms Animal Groups Arthropods Mollusk 550 Million Years ago

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT Earth 550 my ago 500 Million Years ago Bone Earth 500 my ago Fish Immune System Immune System Diseases Jawless Fish Vertebrates 470 Million Years ago Moss 450 Million Years ago Bony fish Earth 450 my ago Lichen 400 Million Years ago Earth 400 my ago 390 Million Years ago Lobe Finned Fish Ray Finned Fish Sharks 380 Million Years ago Insects 350 Million Years ago Amphibians Earth 350 my ago Ferns Invertebrates onto Land 300 Million Years ago Earth 300 my ago Gondwanaland Invertebrates Free From Water Reptiles Seed Plants 250 Million Years ago Dinosaurs Earth 250 My ago 200 Million Years ago Earth 200 my ago Fruiting Plants Invertebrate Reproduction Mammals 150 Million Years ago Birds Earth 150 my ago 100 Million Years ago Earth 100 my ago 65 Million Years ago Meteorite 50 Million Years ago Earth 50 my ago Grasses Horse Family Primates Spread of mammals 40 Million Years ago Cow Family 3 Million Years ago Homo Erectus Recent Ice Age 700 Thousand Years ago Fire 200 Thousand Years ago Neanderthals 100 Thousand Years ago People 11 Thousand Years ago Farmers Nomads 6 Thousand Years ago Cities 5 Thousand Years ago Kings and Peasants 3 Thousand Years ago Empires Iron Middle East Migrations 2 Thousand Years ago China Greeks India Roman Empire South America 1.6 Thousand Years ago Byzantium 1500 Years ago Dark Ages 1400 Years ago

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT Islam 1000 Years ago Middle Ages 550 Years ago Colonialism Renaissance 450 Years ago Copernicus 350 Years ago Science 250 Years ago Industrial Revolution 225 Years ago Capitalism Democracy Law 200 Years ago Industrial Growth 150 Years ago Communism 100 Years ago New Industrial Nations 75 Years ago Industrial Wars Totalitarian Dictatorships 55 Years ago Fascism Nuclear Weapons 50 Years ago Other Technology The Past 50 Years Today Climate Threats Computers Futures Longer Term Threats Modern Technology National Governments Opportunities Pollution Poverty Social Strengths SWOT Analysis Threats Trade War Weaknesses 20 Years in the future Future of Medicine 200 Years in the future Future of Energy 2 Thousand Years in the future Future of Climate Future of Humanity 10 Thousand Years in the future Future of Computers 10 Million Years in the future Earth 10 my in future 20 Million Years in the future Earth 20 my in future 30 Million Years in the future Earth 30 my in future 40 Million Years in the future Earth 40 my in future 50 Million Years in the future Earth 50 my in future 60 Million Years in the future Earth 60 my in future 70 Million Years in the future Earth 70 my in future 80 Million Years in the future Earth 80 my in future 90 Million Years in the future Earth 90 my in future

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT 100 Million Years in the future Earth 100 my in future 110 Million Years in the future Earth 110 my in future 120 Million Years in the future Earth 120 my in future 130 Million Years in the future Earth 130 my in future 140 Million Years in the future Earth 140 my in future 150 Million Years in the future Earth 150 my in future 160 Million Years in the future Earth 160 my in future 170 Million Years in the future Earth 170 my in future 180 Million Years in the future Earth 180 my in future 190 Million Years in the future Earth 190 my in future 200 Million Years in the future Earth 200 my in future 250 Million Years in the future Future of Earth 5 Billion Years in the future Future of the Sun 10 Billion Years in the future Future of Galaxy 1000 Billion Years in the future Future of Universe

HOMO-ERECTUS Small intelligent apes which could walk on their back legs appeared in Southern Africa about the time the recent ice age started 3 million years ago. This freed their front feet which could then evolve into hands. At the same time their brains evolved so they became intelligent and were able to make and use tools. Although called Homo habilis, meaning "handy man", these creatures were more like apes than men. About two million years ago Homo habilis evolved into the first people called Homo Erectus. Their bodies were like ours but their faces were still ape-like. They ate raw plants and meat, so they needed strong jaws to chew their food. They made stone hand-axes, wooden spears and containers. They built huts and helped each other to hunt big game and gather food. Homo Erectus evolved in Africa and spread as far as China.

PEOPLE Some people find it hard to accept that humans have evolved from animals. Yet there are many facts leading to that idea. Human cells are eukaryotic, the same as animal cells. Our chromosomes and genes are almost identical to some of the apes. So are our tissues and organs. Fossil bones have been found, showing how people evolved. The main difference between people and other animals is their ability to think, which comes from the large size of their brain, and their use of language.

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT Modern people (Homo Sapiens) seem to have evolved in Africa about 100 thousand years ago (although the date is far from clear) and lived there while the Neanderthals were spreading around the world. An interglacial (warm period) began 35 thousand years ago. Then modern people came out of Africa and spread. Within a few thousand years they replaced the Neanderthals in Europe and Asia. Then about 25 thousand years ago the weather turned cold again and a glacial began. During the glacial, people improved the tools used by Neanderthals, developing specialized tools for different jobs. But the thing which really set them apart from Neanderthals was their use of art and decoration. Cave paintings, beads, clay statuettes, carvings on the handles of tools, all show a more developed sense of art than Neanderthals ever did. Many animals were hunted to extinction and people spread around the world. The weather turned warm 11 thousand years ago and the present interglacial began. Many of the glaciers melted, it rained heavily, and the oceans rose 100 meters. New animals and plants replaced the old. People took up different ways of life: Nomads and farmers. Nomads Farmers Cities Kings and Peasants India China South America Middle East Migrations Empires Iron Greeks Roman Empire Byzantium Dark Ages Islam Middle Ages Renaissance Colonialism Copernicus

SCIENCE Mathematics, ideas and technology together led to the invention of science in about 1650. Science is a way of understanding the world, but the method can be used to solve almost any problem. The method is as follows: •

The first thing to do is to realize that there is a problem.

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You then explore the problem, looking at and measuring things, looking for patterns, for things which stay the same while other things change, or for things which change in a regular way. Scientists call these patterns laws of science. Usually you need some mathematics to state the law.

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This exploration will, if you are lucky, lead to an understanding of what is really happening underneath the things you can see. Often this involves a new idea, which scientists call a

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT theory. The theory must explain the laws. Inventing theories is a highly creative part of science. A scientist is every bit as creative as an artist or a composer.

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The theory must now be put to the test. (This is where the Greeks made their mistake--they did not test their theories.) You test a theory by using it to make a prediction: if your theory is true, what else will happen? It needs a lot of imagination to find a prediction which can be tested.

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Now you do an experiment to test the prediction. So you are back to looking and measuring.

If your predicted law proves to be true, then you can be a bit happier with your theory. If your theory explains every law in that area of science then you can be very happy with it. Notice however that any theory might be shown to be wrong at any time by somebody finding a law it cannot explain! Science changes, and old theories are replaced by new ones, all the time. Science does not tell us the truth, it just tells us the latest theories about things. (The same is true of this book). Around this time scientific clubs were formed where laws, theories and experiments were discussed. People started to print scientific books and journals and the findings of science spread round Europe during the next 100 years. Around 1750 the little ice age reached its coldest.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Modern civilization started to grow about 250 years ago, in size if not always in maturity. The results of this growth are shown most clearly in this graph of world population. The graph started to rise 250 years ago and has been getting steeper ever since. Many of today's problems are caused by this rise in population. So what caused it? It grew out of advances in science and technology which had grown after the Renaissance. It started in England when steam engines were used to pump water out of mines and to drive machines in factories. Steam power began to replace muscle power and let people do a lot more work. An important use of steam was to drive the cotton mills to manufacture cloth. People in England began to leave the land and move into cities. The factory owners grew rich, the workers were poor. Jobs were specialized and so production became more efficient. This is called the Industrial Revolution. Factories produced more goods than the country could use. So industrial countries needed their colonies both for raw materials and as a market for these extra goods. The technology gap between the industrial countries and their colonies increased. Most of the forests which grew before people arrived had been burnt or used for building. In England people began to use coal instead of wood to make iron and fuel their steam boilers. Pollution from coal began to affect industrial areas.

DEMOCRACY About 225 years ago a revolution in the American colonies led to the first modern democracy. This is a system of government which assumes that people have rights, and that one of these is the right to choose the government by regular, free elections. The purpose of the government is to protect the rights of the people they govern. This was the birth of the nation state. In the United States of America a federal system of government began in which power was shared between the central government and the states. Revolution spread first to France and then through most of Europe. Nationalism, the feeling that one nation is better than all others, grew in many of the nation states. Sovereignty was taken from the king and given to the government, who held it on behalf of the people.

CAPITALISM At this time the theory of capitalism was invented. This said that free markets, in which anyone could make, buy and sell freely, would evolve to produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Competition between businesses would bring prices down to the lowest possible level while

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT keeping employment at its highest possible level, and governments should not try to control markets. The theory said that monopolies kept prices too high and should not be allowed. Competition always led to the best conditions, according to capitalist ideas. The industrial countries adopted this system and it led to the end of mercantilism. INDUSTRIAL-WAR Two industrial wars were fought in which the whole economies of giant industrial nations were concentrated on war and destruction. Like almost all other wars, these were caused by nations trying to build empires for themselves. NUCLEAR WEAPONS Industrial scale war increased the speed of technological development. Nuclear weapons were made which could destroy whole cities. The first bombs used the power of radioactive decay to give out huge amounts of energy. They are often called nuclear or atom bombs. Around 50 years ago an atom bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing 100 thousand people and spreading pollution around the world. This day of shame and horror should have made scientists stop and think what they were doing. It did not seem to. Instead they competed with each other to make even bigger bombs. Later bombs used a nuclear explosion to trigger nuclear fusion, the same process which powers the Sun and other stars. These bombs are often called hydrogen bombs. Computers, rockets, poison gases, radar, television, jet engines, antibiotics and many other technologies were developed during these wars. Computers are machines which can process information. They follow a series of instructions called a program in order to process information called data. The invention of the computer allowed vastly more information to be handled than had ever been possible before.

PAST 50 YEARS The horrors done during the wars so frightened and appalled the world that the United Nations (known as the UN) was started. Its aims are: •

to stop war happening again;

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to establish human rights;

• to build international law (which governs the relations between nations); and to help world- wide social and economic progress. The United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, later replaced by Russia), China, France and Britain sit in the Security Council, together with a ten other nations elected by the General Assembly (see below). Their decisions are international law. But the nations still had not learnt their lesson. For many years the political struggle between the capitalist nations (led by the USA) and the communists (led by the USSR) paralyzed the Council. All nations send representatives to the General Assembly, where they can express their feelings on any subject. But their decisions are not law, and the representatives are not elected by the people but chosen by national governments. One of the first acts of the General Assembly was to proclaim the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is one of the most important documents ever written.

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT Almost all the old colonial powers were too weary of war to keep their colonies, none of which made a profit. These became independent countries, but usually supported by one of the two power blocks. Wars among these small nations supported by the super-powers continued. Capitalism created great wealth and many new technologies, but it did not work well for everybody. It led to high unemployment, big differences between rich and poor, and to the growth of monopolies in which one company could control a market. So governments began to soften the effects of capitalism by providing unemployment benefit, health care and other services, and to end monopolies. Communism failed to create wealth for its people, did not inspire them to work hard, and could not afford the military technology which capitalist countries invented. After much suffering communism was finally overthrown in most countries, and America became the sole remaining world power.

MODERN TECHNOLOGY There seems no end in sight to the discovery of new technologies. The invention of the rocket led to the conquest of space, and humanity reached the Moon. It seems comparable to the step life took when leaving the water and starting to live on land, although as yet humanity is far from being able to live permanently on the Moon. The climate continued to grow warmer during this period, probably due to the greenhouse effect

COMPUTERS Computers are machines which process information. At the present time most computers are electronic, but much faster optical computers are probably just around the corner. Computers have a number of advantages over animals such as humans, and I predict that in the future computers, not humans, will colonize the rest of the solar system and spread out into the Galaxy.

SWOT- ANALYSIS We have watched the birth, childhood and growth of modern industrial society. Now it is time for us to take stock of ourselves. Who are we, and where are we going? One way to do this is to carry out a SWOT analysis of humanity. SWOT is a method of analyzing a group or organization by looking at its Strengths and Weaknesses and at the Opportunities and Threats which it faces. After the analysis the managers of the enterprise have to decide what to do. What follows is my analysis. Perhaps before you read it you should do your own? STRENGTH This is part of a SWOT analysis of the current world situation. Not too many of these, unfortunately. Humans are good at solving problems, discovering science and using it in technology. Industrialized societies have highly developed educational, industrial communications, economic, legal and political systems. Most mothers are good at loving and nurturing their family. WEAKNESS This is part of a SWOT analysis of the current world situation. The rich do not share things readily with the poor. Charity and kindness are not strong traits, unlike excessive consumption and waste among the rich. Love and toleration of other ethnic, racial or religious groups is poor and fighting and development of war technology is common. Democracy is far less common among the systems of government of nations than dictatorships, which have a

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT strong tendency to become totalitarian. International cooperation is rare, with few rich nations contributing their full share either in aid to poor nations or to the UN. Industry shows little regard for environmental concerns until forced to by law or consumer pressure. Industry in developing countries shows signs of repeating this neglect. Farming uses sprays too often. Too much development is for short term gain and is not sustainable. Long term planning is rare. Consumerism and idolization of the motor OPPORTUNITY This is part of a SWOT analysis of the current world situation. Most of the threats in my list are global. I therefore look for global opportunities for change. The following are opportunities for increasing global economic and political cooperation and for managing the world more sensibly: •

the development of the internet is opening up new opportunities for the spread of information and for trade

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the development of computer technology extends human brainpower

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the collapse of communism in most countries has seen the decline in world tensions

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the spread of democracy and capitalism presents opportunities for increased trade and wealth creation

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the growing military, economic and political importance of multinational bodies such as the European Community will probably lead to less chance of war and better governance

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the recognition of the extent of global problems and the realization that individual nations are powerless to solve them alone has already led to greater international cooperation, and this trend will continue

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the growing power of green movements and public awareness of the need for conservation has already helped to reduce problems of pollution, and this will continue

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increasing international effort to control disease, which has already eradicated smallpox

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the growing importance of world markets to many businesses will lead to a more global view by a greater number of people

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the huge cost of major scientific research such as the development of controlled nuclear fusion and space exploration will lead to greater international cooperation

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the growing importance of the UN in coordinating action in many fields at a global level will increase stability in international relations

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of the 193 countries in the world today, 117 have broadly democratic governments, between them governing 54% of the worlds population. This is encouraging.

THREATS This is part of a SWOT analysis of the current world situation. There are so many threats to the world that we can only deal with some of the major ones. I classify them as

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National Governments

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War

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Trade

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Poverty

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Social

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Pollution

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Climate

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT •

Longer Term

National Governments are one of the threats facing the world today, as I see it. •

We live in a time of international chaos. The world is divided into about 200 nation states, each with a government which claims total power (or sovereignty) over its land and people.

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These governments, whether elected or dictators, do what they think is best for themselves, not what is best for the whole world.

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The borders of ex-colonies have often been arbitrarily drawn across tribal geographical or migrational boundaries.

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These countries are often small and neither economically viable nor politically stable.

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Dictatorships can take over nations and the UN has no right to do anything about it until the dictator threatens another nation.

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Often only military dictatorships can enforce discipline on poor people who are getting poorer due to national debt and falling world prices. Democracy stands little chance of growing in these countries.

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Islamic fundamentalism is spreading, establishing religious dictatorships which do not recognize human rights.

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China has been isolated from the rest of the world for 5000 years. Ruled by communist dictators and being one of the poorest nations on Earth, she is unlikely to take a full part in the world in the near future.

WAR •

In all regions of the world, national governments spend far more money on arms than on development, health or education.

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Military sending takes colossal amounts of money, technical and human resources which are urgently needed for development.

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Chemical and biological weapons are being made in new varieties and greater quantities.

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Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons continue to spread.

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The movements of people fleeing war is still a huge problem in the world today. In 1999 the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimated there were 11.5 million refugees and between 20 and 25 million people who have been forced out of their homes but have stayed within their own country. No national government sees any benefit to themselves in paying to help them.

This is one of the Threats identified during a SWOT analysis of the current world situation. It is hard to over-emphasize the extent to which the world today relies for its energy on oil. If the rich nations (where most of the oil is burnt) were to stop using it, their economies would almost come to a halt. A huge investment will be needed to switch the world economy to a sustainable form of energy. International trade is heavily weighted against the developing countries. Industrial governments refuse to accept UN proposals for fair terms of trade and reform of the international monetary system. Debt and falling prices means the poor are getting poorer. TRADE

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT It is hard to over-emphasize the extent to which the world today relies for its energy on oil. If the rich nations (where most of the oil is burnt) were to stop using it, their economies would almost come to a halt. A huge investment will be needed to switch the world economy to a sustainable form of energy. International trade is heavily weighted against the developing countries. Industrial governments refuse to accept UN proposals for fair terms of trade and reform of the international monetary system. Debt and falling prices means the poor are getting poorer. POVERTY •

The poor countries owe the rich ones more than one million million dollars.

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For every dollar given in aid, three come back to the rich nations in interest on this debt.

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Two in every three people live in poverty.

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Half the children in Africa live in absolute poverty.

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One child under 5 dies every 2.4 seconds in the poor countries. At least half these deaths could be prevented by a few low-cost health actions.

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Of every four people in the developing world, two have no clean water and three have no toilets. This is the reason for most common diseases in those countries.

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The aid which most rich countries give to poor countries is often tied to large engineering projects or purchases from the donor country which are not always appropriate to the recipient country.

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The burning down of the forests which began 10,000 years ago continues today. To make money to pay their debts poor countries are destroying their wealth. Tropical rain forests are being burnt down to clear land for fields An area equal to a football pitch is being cleared every two seconds. Much of this turns into desert within a few years.

This is one of the Threats identified during a SWOT analysis of the current world situation. It is hard to over-emphasize the extent to which the world today relies for its energy on oil. If the rich nations (where most of the oil is burnt) were to stop using it, their economies would almost come to a halt. A huge investment will be needed to switch the world economy to a sustainable form of energy. International trade is heavily weighted against the developing countries. Industrial governments refuse to accept UN proposals for fair terms of trade and reform of the international monetary system. Debt and falling prices means the poor are getting poorer. SOCIAL Laws and police methods vary by country, making it easy for international crime and terrorism to use these differences for their own ends. There are 6 billion people in the world now, and this will probably double in the next 50 years. Half of these people live on less than US$2 per day. 130 million will never have an opportunity to go to school. 1.3 billion people have no clean water to drink. The population explosion, sparked by industrialism, is the cause of many of the world's other problems. Around the world cities are growing larger, producing slums and poverty for many and great wealth for a few. Rich countries waste a great deal of money and resources by needless packaging, by failing to recycle paper, glass and other materials, by producing new fashions rather than new goods, and by producing goods of poor quality which have short lives POLLUTION This is one of the Threats identified during a SWOT analysis of the current world situation. •

Acid rain is created by some nations and affects others.

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Land is being polluted by chemicals.

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT •

The ozone layer is thinning due to pollution of the air. This increases the risk of cancer for people and animals.

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Toxic waste produced by industry is often dumped on developing countries.

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Accidents involving dangerous chemicals and nuclear materials affect people, land, sea and air. Most of humanity's waste ends in the oceans, often without any processing.

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Rivers flow through different countries, passing pollution on.

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Humans have been hunting animals to extinction for at least 25 thousand years, but now, as the forests are burnt and rivers and lakes are polluted, so animals and plants are becoming extinct by sheer carelessness

CLIMATE In the short term the Earth is warming, probably because of the greenhouse effect caused by carbon dioxide pollution of the atmosphere. Most of the greenhouse gases are made by the rich countries who will not reduce them much because of the damage that would do to their economies. Instead they blame the poor countries for burning their forests. Warming will probably change the growth of plants, leading to more mass movements of people. Sea level will rise, flooding major coastal cities. In the medium term the Earth is probably heading toward another glacial. This will cause even more problems than global warming. LONG TERM EFFECTS In the medium to long term we can expect a huge meteorite impact, causing mass extinctions. Its not sure what the effects of the reversal of the Earth's magnetic field will be. POPULATION The population growth rate measures how populations change in size over time. The units of population growth rate are individuals per time. Population size can only be changed by four factors. Births add new individuals to a population whereas deaths remove individuals from a population. Similarly, immigration into a population adds new individuals whereas emigration out of a population removes individuals. Population growth rates are positive when more individuals are added to a population than are removed, negative when more individuals are removed than are added, and are equal to zero when an equal number of individuals are added and removed. This population size is known as the carrying capacity and is the size beyond which no significant increase can occur due to limitations of some type, e.g., food, water, space, etc. Effects of birth and death rates on population growth rate Although immigration and emigration can be important factors influencing patterns of population growth in some human populations (for example in the United States), for simplicity, most population growth models focus on how population growth rates are affected by birth and death rates. In population ecology, the population growth rate (dN/dt, units - individuals/time) is the product of the population size (N, units - individuals) and the per capita growth rate (r, units - individuals/time individual). The per capita growth rate, which can be calculated by subtracting the per capita death rate (d – the number of deaths/time/individual) from the per capita birth rate (b- the number of births/time/individual), is a variable that integrates the effects of birth and death rates. See Population growth rate example. Models of population growth Population ecologists and wildlife managers have developed models of population growth. Some models of population growth (e.g., exponential growth and logistic growth) make simple assumptions and have helped ecologists to .explore the factors that affect population growth. Other models have been developed to explicitly model population dynamics of particular species in a particular environment.

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION The General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed this Universal Declaration of Human Rights in December 1948, as a common target for all peoples and all nations so that every person and every part of society would try to promote for these rights and freedoms by teaching and education, and to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of lands under their rule by progressive national and international measures. 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They have reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brother-hood. 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set out in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Also there should be no difference in treatment because of the political, legal or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, nonself-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person. 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, in-human or degrading treatment or punishment. 6. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. 7. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. 8. Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. 9. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile. 10. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. 11.1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. 11.2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penalty offence was committed. 12. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. 13.1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each State. 13.2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. 14.1. Everyone has the and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT 14.2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from nonpolitical crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. 15.1. Everyone has the right to a nationality. 15.2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. 16.1. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 16.2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 16.3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. 17.1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. 17.2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. 18. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion of belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. 19. Everyone has the right of freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. 20.1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. 20.2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association. 21.1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. 21.2. Everyone has the right of equal access to public services in his country. 21.3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures. 22. Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural right indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. 23.1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. 23.2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. 23.3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. 23.4. Everyone has the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests. 24. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. 25.1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing and housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

HUMAN- ENVIRONMENT 25.2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. 26.1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. 26.2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental s. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. 26.3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children. 27.1. Everyone has the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. 27.2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. 28. Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. 29.1. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. 29.2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. 29.3. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. 30. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth here-in. Science is an integral part of culture. It's not this foreign thing, done by an arcane priesthood. It's one of the glories of human intellectual tradition. Stephen Jay Gould