. How Many Hexokinases Are There? What Are The Distinct

9 1

. How many hexokinases are there? What are the distinct characteristics of glucokinase

that distinguish it from other hexokinases? (total 8 points) 1/#a*rr1, .",.,'i,,.i

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2. Why is lactate produced during anaerobic condition? Which molecule is lactate derived from? What is the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction? What is the fate of lactate produced in muscle? (total 12 points)

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3. Arachidonic acid (arachidonate) is release from membrane phospholipids. Which enzyme is responsible for the release? From which position of a phospholipid molecule is , arachidonate released? What are the two stimuli that are responsible for the release?

What is the difference between the two stimuli? (total 12 points)

,&

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4. If there is a patient with defect of carnitine palmitoyl transferase I, why do you anticipate that he develop hypoglycemia in fasting state? What will you suggest him to take during fasting state in order to prevent hypoglycemia? (total 8 points)

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5. What makes brown fat brown? What is the physiological function of brown fat? What is the protein responsible for this function? How does this protein work? You can draw a graph to help your explanation. (total 9 points)

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NAD+, therefore elevating the NADH:NAD+ ratio. How does this happen? What are the mechanisms that lead to the formation of fatty liver in alcoholism? (total 9 points) ,A e.r.r "a*.,1i g 5"*' {.s/*\r"t t. {,rr ['ldtt ,4 &.tt{F u * i lLra_ opi&r.4i,"o ,.L 4.$tt<.t t",

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7. How is pepsin activated? What is the name of the precursor? Why do we call endopeptidase? (total 6 points) p4!v-'.r.. {

?"(

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1r <,

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tt

it an

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t!r. r{i{rl Cr.lqlgr.*fv.t {tr,ur'u ll"u<. FttLL\'L/'1('r.. f'{t,i/}tl:'d: e\ca| ' ?.r,#,4{ri rq dr.i,x dti f-.i.t: 4'q €1o41,1,1. c'lu,r,f {.x{r, Lu,'ttt f-l (l 7{ea'tn, t4 {}ttet;tti'tal i'1 p4t't ti'tttut { 'k'' f ts;iin'i"t l""-"otl o{' {'f* p["$ttt'$ ,tLi4,r,,r1 ('4tt "7f+ * a- 3^€'' t-''t *u 4*lr4it4r' t&'' '*{5 ' ,, [.ka.t,.i.1 t,t k., *a.t.:,.r--i ( 4net !i,;.t.a:11 ,*'i'.i 771vi.*Lt.{, f>r.;;o:.r

8. Please describe the overview of protein digestion, starting from the events happened in the stomach. You should draw a graph to help your explanation. (total 8 points)

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9. What is the physiological significance that peptides can be administrated directly into blood? What is the mechanism? (total 6 points) f*tt*t{'4 I 1'4ttLl ttett';"d T L (< e-- e1w,.'1 p{a..1
(

r g>*t' et**

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10. Pltiase name three nitrogen-containing nonprotein compounds. What are the amino acids which make the reduced form of glutathione? What are the physiological roles of

glutathione? (total 1l points)

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1 1' Here is a picture of a purine ring. Please identify the sources of each molecule carbon and nitrogen atom. (total 9 ponts)

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12' What is a transamination reaction? What is the enzyme that is responsible for converting alanine to pyruvate? What about converting of aspartate to oxaloacetate? (total 6 points) -(v{,,.srrvnrrL"t-1664. cv\ v..tl;gstr,t*,r\l.t

13

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13. Please describe alanine-glucose cycle. You can draw a graph to help your explanation.

(total 6 points) , '\ 4

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TCA cycle? Please point the intermediates and entuy points in TCA cycle. You can draw a graph to help your explanation. (total 6 points) 14. How does alanine, phenylalanine or isoleucine enter

1llta'.r,r r !,t

.--

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