Hostel Automation

CONTENTS SR.

TITLE

NO.

1.

2.

3.

4.

PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iii

CONTENTS

v

LIST OF FIGURES

ix

ABSTRACT

xi

INTRODUCTION

1

1.1 Aim of Project

1

1.2 Brief History

1

1.3 Recent Trends and Development in the Field

2

1.4 Literature Survey And Technological Survey

4

1.5 Criteria for choosing Micro controller

5

1.6 Criteria for choosing SMART CARD

5

1.7 Use of smart cards

6

THEORETICAL DETAILS OF TOPICS & ANALYSIS

7

2.1 Why Energy Saving?

7

2.2 How Energy Saving?

7

2.3 Why Data Keeping Of Students?

7

2.4 How Data Keeping Of Students?

8

2.5 Why Centralized Message Conveying System?

8

2.6 How Centralized Message Conveying System?

8

ALGORITHM

9

3.1 Algorithm for Energy Saving

9

3.2 Algorithm for Attendance

10

3.3 Algorithm for Centralized Message Conveying System

11

BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR “HOSTEL AUTOMATION FOR

12

1

ENERGY SAVING AND RECORD KEEPING OF STUDENTS” 4.1 MASTER CARD

12

4.1.1 Block diagram description 4.2 SLAVE CARD

13

4.2.1 Block diagram description

5.

12

14

4.3 SMART CARD

15

SYSTEM DESIGN

16

5.1 Host System used for Project

16

5.2 16*2 LCD

16

5.2.1 Pin Description

16

5.2.2 Advantages of LCD over LED display

17

5.3 Max 232

17

5.4 KEYPAD

18

5.4.1 4*1 Keypad

18

5.4.2 4*4 Matrix keypad-(16 keys)

18

6.

APPLICATIONS

20

7.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

21

CONCLUSIONS

22

REFERANCES

23

2

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

TITLE

NO.

PAGE NO.

3.1

Flowchart for Energy Saving

9

3.2

Flowchart for Attendance

10

3.3

Flowchart for Centralized Message Conveying

11

4.1

Block Diagram for Master Card

12

4.2

Block Diagram for Slave Card

13

4.3

Block Diagram for Smart Card

15

5.1

4 x 1 keypad

18

5.2

4 x 4 Keypad

19

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ABSTRACT: Today’s world is going for making every system automatic. This reduces the error due to manual handling. Electronics equipments manufacturing companies (like Win Walk Systems, Nasik) manufactures Electricity Energy Saver Equipments, in different models & in different capacities. If such equipments are implemented with electrical energy consumable devices like tube, fan, air cooler, AC, refrigerators, street lights, machineries, motors, etc then such equipments saves 20% to 40% electricity. If S/w module is constructed with such energy saver equipments then such S/w produce online, accurate & appropriate information about input electricity towards the equipments, processed electricity by the equipments, consumed electricity by the equipments & actual energy saved by the energy saver equipments. When manufacturing company contracts with Municipal Corporations, Govt. units, Public sectors, industries, private businesses, etc for installation of Energy Saver Equipments then the S/w module generates complete information about the Electricity Energy related Transactions with respect to contract & energy saver equipments.

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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIM OF PROJECT: Our aim is to develop the system which can be effectively used to check the presence of any person in the room and turn ON/OFF the devices automatically and message conveying system for every single room. 1.2 BRIEF HISTORY: Now a day, there are so many problems in front of humidity. One of the dangerous problems is energy crisis. It directly affects on human being. Energy crisis also affect the industrial areas. It reduces the production of necessary things. This increases the demand of limited things which in turn increases the prices. This leads to the inflation. This inflation badly affects the people. To avoid these adverse effects it is very much necessary to save the energy but the people are not much aware of energy saving. But it is important to pay hid towards this problem. There are many areas where there is wastage energy but that energy we have to save. Generally in hostels numbers of rooms are there. These rooms are equipped with various electrical appliances such as tubes, fans etc. Many of the times some of the devices may be kept ON while leaving the room. But this should not happen. Atleast students should not aware of this, but unfortunately they are not so. We have to implement some system for saving the energy. Due to too many rooms in the hostel it becomes tedious for the rector to take attendance physically. Also it is not possible to convey some important messages to every student. So it is necessary to implement some sort of centralized message conveying system. Also in the hostels, we are facing some problem regarding to the data keeping of students. This data keeping includes attendance of every day. So there should be some kind of automated attendance system. This attendance system is already implemented in the industries.

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1.3 RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD: In today’s era of the hi-tech technologies man is always trying to achieve safety, excellence, reliability in each field, which he encounters. The ultimate way is to remove the physical medium & implement the wireless communication between the stations. It is also necessary to save the power simultaneously because of energy crisis we are facing now a days. There may be so many ways of saving the power. Many equipments like tube, fan, air cooler, AC, refrigerators, etc are used in day to day life. We can save 20% to 40% electricity, if we used some kind of automated systems. We are going to use IR sensors and relay circuitry connected to such equipments which in turn saves the energy considerably. Since smart cards are traditionally used to store sensitive data, security is one of the most important factors to consider. Security in this case not only assumes the physical tamperresistance of the card but also the logical integrity and authenticity of the data stored on it. The latter is achieved by the SCOS guaranteeing that the data can be accessed through predefined gates (operations) only. This resembles the object oriented paradigm in software engineering. These day’s Smart Cards are being used effectively. The confidence of the user in its flawless working is gradually building up and these cards are thus becoming quite popular throughout the country. A feature of the smart card includes readily configurable, reusable, more reliable and durable. Also they allow multiple applications to be store din the card. By using the Microcontroller the machine can be built up easily and it will make simple to operate. Another approach is the introduction of files and file-systems. This way, data (possibly belonging to different applications) can be organized into files and directories. Access can be restricted to these files by assigning permissions to them. For each file an access control list (ACL) can be provided defining the rights of the parties (e. g. users, applications) concerning that file. This concept requires user management. In this case, a user can authenticate itself toward the card with the help of a personal identification number (PIN) or some other authentication scheme. As smart cards are becoming smarter and smarter, the usage of more sophisticated cryptographic protocols becomes possible. 6

For instance, a traditional data-storage card could be used to store a RSA key. A smart card may also implement the RSA algorithm so it is not necessary to read the key off the card thus improving security. From the above discussion it should be clear that there exist quite a number of different approaches in smart card technology at the same time. For card issuers interoperability is becoming more and more vital. Without international standards the market would be too chaotic for solid applications. This problem was realized in the early stages of smart card history but the process of standardization is usually slow so the international standards of the field are only former de facto standards made absolute. The most important standard concerning smart cards is ISO 7816. Earlier standards – such as ISO 7810 and 7811 – described physical characteristics of different cards. The main significance of ISO 7816 is the specification of the communication protocol for smart cards specifically, although the standard also deals with hybrid cards (e. g. cards with a microprocessor as well as a magnetic stripe). High-level programming languages are also gaining more and more importance now a days. Since smart cards possess only very limited resources, one could believe that software development for smart cards is done in machine code. However, this could prove very costly because smart cards from different vendors are usually not compatible on the machine code level. This means that a software manufacturer would be exposed toward the card manufacturer. In such a situation it would be a catastrophe for the software manufacturer if the card manufacturer decided to redesign the card in question or maybe even not to produce it anymore. Therefore it is an important requirement that programming for the card should be done using a platform-independent, possibly high-level programming language. Of course the need for card-specific optimization cannot be eliminated but it should be done automatically by a converting tool provided by the card manufacturer. In practical cases studied by the authors the high-level programming language was Java (Java Card API) or Visual Basic although only a subset of the original languages was actually useable. This is not surprising since these languages were designed for use in PCs and smart cards provide a strongly different environment. Presently people carry 4-5 cards (magnetic and chip cards) in their wallet: ID card, credit card, phone card etc. As the memory of smart cards increases it becomes possible to integrate all these functions on a single card. 7

Running multiple applications on a single card would ease our every-day life but would also induce some technical problems. The most important thing is that the applications must not be able to access each other’s data. In this case namely the policeman checking your ID could also access your medical records or have a look at your account’s balance. This criterion puts a heavy burden on the SCOS. It has become more common in industries that have recently entered the telecom industry to refer to an Automated Attendant as a smart card. This means that when discussing a smart card application, it is important to ensure that the person you are talking to understand the term to mean the same thing as you do. Generally-speaking, those with a traditional telecom background are more likely to refer to an Automated Attendant. 1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY AND TECHNOLOGICAL SURVEY : Electronics equipments manufacturing companies (like Win Walk Systems, Nasik) manufactures Electricity Energy Saver Equipments, in different models & in different capacities. If such equipments are implemented with electrical energy consumable devices like tube, fan, air cooler, AC, refrigerators, street lights, machineries, motors, etc then such equipments saves 20% to 40% electricity. If S/w module is constructed with such energy saver equipments then such S/w produce online, accurate & appropriate information about input electricity towards the equipments, processed electricity by the equipments, consumed electricity by the equipments & actual energy saved by the energy saver equipments. When manufacturing company contracts with Municipal Corporations, Govt. units, Public sectors, industries, private businesses, etc for installation of Energy Saver Equipments then the S/w module generates complete information about the Electricity Energy related Transactions with respect to contract & energy saver equipments. There are numerous ways of taking attendance or data keeping in the industries and day to day life. Few of them are discussed below.

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1.5 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING MICRO CONTROLLER: 1. The first & foremost criterion in choosing a Micro controller is that it must meet the task at hand efficiently & cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a Micro controller based project, we must first see whether an 8-bit, or 16-bit, or 32-bit Micro controller can best handle the computing needs of the task most effectively. Among other considerations in the category are: •

Speed: What is the highest speed that the Micro controller supports?

•

Packaging: Does it comes in 40-pin DIP (dual in line package) or a QFP (quad flat package) or some other packaging format? This is important in terms of space, assembling & prototyping the end product.

•

Power consumption: This is especially critical for battery-powered products.

•

The amount of RAM & ROM on chip.

•

The number of I/O pins & the timer on the chip.

•

How easy it is to upgrade to higher-performance of lower power consumption versions.

•

Cost per unit: This is important in terms of the final cost of the product in which a Micro controller is used. For example, there are Micro controllers that cost 50 cents per unit when purchased 1,00,000 units at a time.

2. The second criterion in choosing a micro controller is how easy it is to develop products around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, a code – efficient c language compiler, emulator, technical support, and both in-house and outside expertise. 1.6 CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING SMART CARD: Smart cards have been utilized excessively during the last couple of decades. In recent years though, a new generation of smart cards evolved: programmable smart cards. The first chip cards were memory cards. They contained only memory modules which were controlled by the contacts.

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Generic cards were chip cards too. They received instructions from the outside which were processed by the card’s operating system. Nowadays chip cards possess more and more memory and computation power. This makes it possible that the cards not only execute commands from the outside but also be able to run separate programs. These are programmable smart cards. They introduce the concept of a possibly multitasking, multithreaded, multi-user smart card operating system (SCOS). This way, access to the data stored on the card is controlled by the card itself. Thus, the smart card itself can guarantee for security – instead of delegating this responsibility to the possibly entrusted terminal. 1.7 USE OF SMART CARDS: The latest trend in industries is to use smart cards replacing the very old trend of direct attendance or muster attendance. The people prefer to carry these smart cards. Also it is convenient for the industries than the traditional one which is very tedious to handle.

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CHAPTER-2 THEORETICAL DETAILS OF TOPICS & ANALYSIS Our aim of project is to automate hostel for energy saving and data keeping of student. It mainly consists of three parts of working: 1. Energy saving 2. Data keeping of students 3. Centralized message conveying system 2.1 WHY ENERGY SAVING? •

I n day to day life there is wastage of energy in many fields. This wasting energy can be saved by just awareness of peoples.

•

But today’s people are not that much aware about energy crisis & energy saving.

•

But it is necessary to save the energy to overcome many global problems such as increasing prices of crude oil, global problems etc.

2.2 HOW ENERGY SAVING? •

In hostel there are many rooms. Generally these rooms are well equipped with electrical devices such as fans, tubes, etc.

•

We can automatically turn on/off these devices by sensing the presence of person in the room.

2.3 WHY DATA KEEPING OF STUDENTS? •

There are many students in the hostel.

•

It is necessary to keep the data of each student living in the hostel for the official purposes.

•

So we have to take day to day attendance of the student & keep it in the records.

•

But it is not possible to take physical attendance every day by the rectors.

•

It may lead to increase in the misbehavior of the students, this may result in many problems.

2.4 HOW DATA KEEPING OF STUDENTS?

11

•

There are many ways to keep data of the student viz. physical attendance.

•

But it is not possible to take attendance every day. For that purpose we are going to provide a smart card to each student.

•

The smart card contains the information of bearer. As he inserted the smart card in the smart card slot the data in the smart card gets verified. Verification is done because of smart card is connected to the PC containing database of all the students via serial device.

2.5 WHY CENTRALIZED MESSAGE CONVEYING SYSTEM? •

Generally in the hostels if we want to display some notice we have to display on notice board.

•

But each student is not much of aware to check the notice board everyday, so they may skip the important notices.

•

Also it is not possible for rector or anyone to convey such messages to each & every student.

2.6 HOW CENTRALIZED MESSAGE CONVEYING SYSTEM? •

To overcome these problems we are going to implement the centralized massage conveying system.

•

In this system, if rector wants to convey some message to students, he will just type it on PC provided to him & massage will get displayed on the LCD provided to each room.

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CHAPTER-3 ALGORITHM 3.1 ALGORITHM FOR ENERGY SAVING: 1. Start 2. If ray of entry IR sensor gets cut, then relays operate. 3. & if not, then relays don’t operate &power remains off. 4. As relays operate, power on. 5. If exit IR ray gets cut, again relay operate & power remains off. 6. & if not, power remains on. 7. Stop

Fig.No.3.1: Flowchart for Energy Saving

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3.2 ALGORITHM FOR ATTENDANCE: 1. Start 2. Message displayed on LCD for attendance. 3. Insert smart card in the smart card slot. 4. If card gets detected, database in PC gets updated. 5. If not, then go to step 2. 6. Otherwise stop.

Fig.No.3.2: Flowchart for Attendance

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3.3 ALGORITHM FOR CENTRALIZED MESSAGE CONVEYING SYSTEM: 1. Start 2. If we want to send message, then type on PC. 3. Otherwise go to step 7. 4. Send message from PC. 5. If message get sent, then display it on LCD of slave card. 6. Otherwise go to step 4. 7. Stop

Fig.No.3.3: Flowchart for Centralized Message Conveying

CHAPTER-4

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BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR “HOSTEL AUTOMATION FOR ENERGY SAVING AND RECORD KEEPING OF STUDENTS” 4.1 MASTER CARD:

Fig.No.4.1: Block Diagram for Master Card 4.1.1 Block diagram description: Master card consists of following blocks: 1. Micro-controller 2. RS 485 3. RTC (Real Time Clock) 4. Keypad 5. PC 1. Micro-controller: Micro-controller is the heart of assembly. It organizes all the functions of master card.

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2. RS 485: RS 485 is generally used for serial communication purpose. In this system it connects the Master card with the Slave card for the data exchange. 3. RTC (Real Time Clock): RTC is used for setting the time for particular task. 4. Keypad: There are two modes of operation of this system: a. Manual mode b. Automatic mode We can select the mode of operation of system by using keypad. 5. PC: PC contains all the necessary information (database) of the student. PC is also used for typing & conveying the messages. 4.2 SLAVE CARD: LCD

Entry IR Sensor MICRO CONTROLL ER

Exit IR Sensor To/ From Master

Relays

RS 485 485

Fig.No.4.2 : Block Diagram for Slave Card

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4.2.1 Block diagram description: Slave card contains the following blocks: 1. Micro-controller 2. RS 485 3. IR sensors (Exit & Entry) 4. Relays 5. LCD 1. Micro-controller: It is the heart of the assembly. It organizes all the functions. 2. RS 485: RS 485 is used for serial communication. In this system it connects the Master card with the Slave card for the data exchange. 3. IR sensors (Exit & Entry): This block is used for the entry & exit of the person from the room. 4.

Relay: Relays are connected to electrical appliances. Relay operates on sensing the entry & entry of the person.

5.

LCD: This block is used for displaying the message from PC.

Here the system will consist of two units. The master card will be placed at rector’s cabin. The rector can select the mode of working using keypad. There will be two modes of operation. In manual mode the rector can enter the times during which the electric supply to rooms should be ON. The LCD 16X2 with slave cards will be used to display different messages. RTC (i.e. real time clock) will be used to keep the track of time. In auto mode the electrical appliances will be turned ON/OFF accordingly presence of persons in the rooms. The slave card will be placed at every room. It will consist of IR sensors for entry and exit. By manipulating the IR sensor’s pulses we can count the number of persons present in the rooms and turn ON/OFF the supply. The relays will be used to cut the supply. Also by counting the no. of persons in the room we can take attendance. We will use RS 485 protocol for the communication between master card and the slave card. 4.3 SMART CARD:

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Fig. No.4.3: Block Diagram for Smart Card Smart card assembly consists of smart card and smart card slot. Smart card contains small micro-controller and connecting slots. These slots are used for the communication between smart card and smart card slot. Micro-controller of the smart card contains the data of card-holder. Micro-controller present in the slot contains all the database of all users like database of students. As we insert the card into slot, the information in smart card controller get cross-checked with that stored in slot controller.

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CHAPTER-5 SYSTEM DESIGN 5.1 HOST SYSTEM USED FOR PROJECT: The microcontroller is used as host system in the system. There are other options for the host system like microprocessor or computer but as microprocessor is a general purpose device and do not contain any on chip memory, serial communication facilities, parallel ports etc, it can not be used. Also it is not feasible to use a computer to process just few bytes of data. The microcontroller which satisfies the requirements of host is 89C51 which has on chip RAM & ROM, serial communication facilities & parallel ports. We are using the microcontroller from Philips Corporation i.e. P89C51 as a host system. 5.2 16*2 LCD: 5.2.1 Pin Description: Pin1- GND: For digital ground Pin2- VCC: VCC (5v) supply is given to this pin Pin3-(-VEE): We can control the contrast of LCD by connecting appropriate value POT to this pin. The connection is as shown in below fig. Pin 4- RS- Register Select: The display contains two internal 8-bit registers. One is for commands and another is for data (characters) to be displayed. When RS=0 Command Register is selected RS=1 Data register is selected Pin5- Read/Write: This pin is used to select read/write operation of LCD When R/W=1 Read Operation is Selected R/W=0 Write Operation is Selected

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Read operation is performed during status checking of busy flag. The MSB of data lines i.e. D7 bit acts as busy flag. Pin6-Enable: A high to low pulse is given to this pin to enable the operation of LCD Pin 7-14: Pin 7to14 are data lines (i.e. D0 to D7) of LCD. These pins can be connected to port pins of Micro Controller. Any data transfer will take place through these pins. Pin15- VCC Pin 16-GND Pin no 15 and 16 are used for backlight control of LCD 5.2.2 Advantages of LCD over LED display: 1) It can display numbers, characters and graphics, whereas LED displays are limited to numbers and few characters. 2) LCD has its own processor, so there is no need for refreshing it through micro controller. 3) Ease of programming for characters and graphics 4) It is cost effective. 5.3 MAX 232: The various devices such as PC, GSM handset operates with RS232 standard. Microcontroller operates with TTL voltage levels .To interfacing these devices with Micro-controller, we need to use s line driver (voltage converter) to convert the RS232’s Signal to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the 8051’s T*XD & RXD pins. For this purpose MAX232 level converter is used. The DS14C232 is a low power dual driver/receiver featuring an onboard DC to DC converter, eliminating the need for ±12V power supplies. The device only requires a +5V power supply. ICC is specified at 3.0 mA maximum, making the device ideal for battery and power conscious applications. The drivers’ slew rate is set internally and the

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receivers feature internal noise filtering, eliminating the need for external slew rate and filter capacitors. The device is designed to interface data terminal equipment (DTE) with data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE). The driver inputs and receiver outputs are TTL and CMOS compatible. DS14C232C driver outputs and receiver inputs meet TIA/EIA-232-E (RS-232) and CCITT V.28 standards. 5.4 KEYPAD: 5.4.1 4*1 Keypad: Keypad is used for entering various numbers, to do some setting, pushes to on keys are used in keypad, push to on key structure is show in fig blow:

Fig 5.1: 4 x 1 keypad In above fig, four contact points of keys are made common & connected to the ground. The other four contact points are connected to the port pins of micro-controller .when key is pressed the low signal (zero) is detected by port pin .In software, keypad routing will use polling. 5.4.2 4*4 Matrix keypad-(16 keys): In 4*4 keypad,16 keys are arranged in matrix fashion (i.e. 4 rows & 4 columns) to interface this keypad total 8 port pins are required. By making all rows as output, we can check the column input to the micro-controller port pins or vice verse e.g. If rows are used as output, then by making one row zero we can check all columns, the column at which we get low signal, corresponding key to that column is pressed.

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Fig 5.2 : 4 x 4 keypad

5.5 Relay driver circuit: We are using single pole double throw (SPDT) relay. To perform switching of relay transistor BC 547 is used.

Advantage of relays over transistor: 1) Relay can switch AC & DC, where as transistor can only switch DC. 2) Relays can switch high voltage, transistor can not. 3) Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (i.e.>5A). 4) Relays can switch many contacts at once.

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CHAPTER-6 APPLICATIONS It is already being used successfully in 1. Supermarkets, airports 2. Pharmaceutical companies, animal farms, 3. Blood banks, libraries, hospitals, container yards 4. Shipping, warehousing, logistics, transportation 5. Car parking, fuel payment systems, toll booths

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CHAPTER-7 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES: 1. By implementing this we can save the energy effectively. 2. Also we can get attendance report for every day. 3. We can convey the important messages to every single room. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Initial cost for implementation is high. 2. Sensitivity of devices is very high. 3. Devices are very delicate.

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CONCLUSIONS 1. In this way we can considerably save the power. 2. Also we can manage the database of students. 3. Also we can automate the attendance system of students. 4. This will help the rector to detect the ‘Parasite Students’. 5. This system helps us to secure the hostels. 6. And we can convey the common message to all the students at the same time. 7. This will reduce the work load & increase the efficiency. 8. This will help to store the data for long time.

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REFERANCES Websites: 1. www.mag-inc.com – Inverter Transformer Core Design, 1999 2. [email protected] 3. http://ebizlab.hit.bme.hu/smartcard

Books: 1. Douglas. V. Hall , Thiagarajan Vishwanathan

- “ Microprocessors And

Interfacing Telecommunication Switching System & Networks” (Pearson publication) 2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, M.Predko

- “The 8051 Microcontroller and

Embedded Systems Programming and Customizing The 8051µc” (second edition,2006) Research Papers: 1. Ito H. – “Current status and Future Trend of Controlled Switching System” – Mitsubishi Electric ADVANCE, March 2007 2. Brunke J. H. – “Elimination of Transformer Inrush Currents by Controlled Switching” – Part I, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 16, No.2, April 2002

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CONTACTS 1. Deshmukh Mandar C. “Leelawati”, M. Phule Housing Society, Bhadgaon Road, Chalisgaon, Dist: Jalgaon, (M.S.) Pin: 424101 Phone No. (02589) 226026 E-mail: [email protected] 2. Patel Manishkumar H. Sindhutara Society, Shivneri Road, Barav, Junnar Dist: Pune, (M.S.) Pin: 410502 Phone No. 9766828094 E-mail: [email protected] 3. Waykar Sandesh R. A/p Hiware Khurd, Tal: Junnar, Dist: Pune, (M.S.) Pin: 412409 Phone No. 9975516944 E-mail: [email protected]

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