Hling Bwar

tvif;tdrf

awmfveS fa&; v_difbGm;

&mZrRo*F[usr;f udk rdz&k m; pkz&m;vwfu zwf=unfjh y;D a,mrif;}u;D OD;zd;k v_id t f m; olyek [ f k owfrw S u f m zrf;qD; axmifcscahJ vonf? Luminary Magazine

vl w d k @ onf raumif ; wmud k r vd k c sif / aumif;wmudkrSvdkcsif=uonf? xdk@ a=umifhaumif; wmud k & S m azG = uonf ? raumif ; r_ u d k rjyKvd k = u aumif ; r_ u d k o mjyK csif = uonf ? xd k @ a=umif h aumif;r_vyk =f uonf? raumif;jcif; aumif;jcif;udk tp yxru rod a yr,f h =umaomf o d v m=uonf ? (od@k r[kw)f rdryd wf0ef;usi&f dS vl rsm;. aqmif&u G rf _ wd@k ukd rdrad qmif&u G cf pH m;ae&onf wd@k EiS hf ESikd ;f ,SOI f =unfh &mrS aumif;r_raumif;r_udk odvmEdkifonf? rd r d & &S d c H p m;ae&onf r S m raumif ; [k j rif v m/ od v mygu aumif ; wmud k vk y f & ef t wG u f ajyif;vJjcif;udyk if awmf vSeaf &;[k pwif ac:a0:=uygp@kd ? (Oyrm) vlwpfa,mufonf tvkycf sed f enf; enf;vkyI f tem;,lcsdef rsm;rsm; &onf? odk@aomf 0ifaiGrSm enf;aeonf? t u,fI xdv k o l nf 0ifaiG rsm;rsm; vd k y gu tem;,l c sd e f e J & ayrnf ? yif y ef ; rnf / tdyaf &;ysurf nf/ cENmud, k . f anmif;jcif;/ yifyef;jcif;/ tdyaf &;ysujf cif; ponf wd@k ukd cHpm;&ayrnf? tqdyk g Q @kd ukd (wGe;f vSe)f awmfveS I f tvkyo f mG ;& rnf? 'kuw 'grS0ifaiGydkrnf? 4if;onfyifrdrdudk,fudk rdrdawmf vSejf cif;yifjzpfonf? 1947 ckEpS rf wfv 27 &ufae@ eHeuf atmifvH jrdK@Y usi;f yaom awmf vSeaf &;ae@ tcrf;tem; wGif Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; rd e f @ =um;cJ h a om rd e f @ cG e f ; rS AdkvfcsKyf.awmfvSefa&;tay:t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk csufudk tusO;f r#azmfjy&aomf awmf vSeaf &; qdw k t Jh "dyg` ,f [mbmvJ / rsm;aomtm;jzifh ,lq ae=uwm u ao;G xGuf oH,kd jzpfwahJ wmfveS af &; udo k m awmfveS af &;vd@k ,lqae=uw,f? Volume 3, No.6

tvif;tdrf

'g[mvH;k 0rrSeb f ;l / awmfveS af &;[m aoG;xGuo f , H &kd w dS hJ awmfveS af &; / aoG;xGuf oH,rkd &Sw d hJ awmfveS ;f a&;&,fv@kd 2 rsKk ;d &Sw d ,f[k ajym=um;cJah vonf? a&S;jrefrm pum;yHw k iG v f nf; vdck siw f m&atmif awmfveS zf @kd v_@H aqmf xm;aom pum;yHrk sm;pGm &So d nf? 4if;wd@k xrhJ 2S ckukd tusO;f r#azmfjy&v#if “t&dyu f &kd mS =uwJt h cg aeylrmS udk ra=umuf&” “temcHrt S ompH&onf” qdk onfph um;yHrk sm;udk pm&_@ow l @kd zwfz;l / =um;zl; =uayvdrrhf nf? 4if;pum;yHrk sm;rSm awmfveS af &;twGuf qH;k rpmrsm;yif r[kwyf gvm;/ urBmo h rdik ;f udk jyef=unfv h #if ya'o&mZfacwf aus;ydik /f u|eyf ikd af cwf/ ukv d ekd aD cwf/ t&if;&Siaf cwf ponfjzifhf acwfaygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmudk jzwf oef;vmcJ&h onf? rnfonfh acwfwiG rf qdk tvG,w f ul ajymif;vJvm onfr [kw/f awmfveS af &; qifEcJG &hJ onfukd urBmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;&Sd &mZ0ifrsm;udk avh vm=unfhv#if awG@Edkifayonf? xdk@twl jrefrmjynfvnf; tygt0if jzpfayonf? ukdvdkeDacwfudkvnf; awmfvSefcJh&onf? qd k & S , f v pf a cwf u d k v nf ; awmf v S e f c J h & onf ? ,ck ppf t m%m&S i f a cwf u d k v nf ; awmf v S e f a e=u&onf r[k w f y gavm? rnf o nf h a wmf v S e f a &;acwf w G i f r qd k awmfveS cf =hJ uaom tmZmenf&J abmfrsm;udk paw;cJ&h ayonf? wkid ;f &if;om;&Jabmfrsm;/ &[ef ; oH C mrsm;/ ausmif ; om;ausmif ; ol r sm;/ jynf o l j ynf o m;rsm; ponf j zif h ajrmufrsm;pGmaom tmZmenfw@kd . toufrsm;udk paw;I atmify&GJ ,lc&hJ ayonf? jrefrmjynf. aemufq;kH rif;quf uke;f abmifacwf. aemifq;kH rif;wpf yg;jzpfaom oD a ygrif ; vuf x uf (1878-1885) wG i f jref r mjynf . yxrqH k ; aom 'Drdku&pDawmif;qdkcsuf[k ac:Edkifavmufonfh ta&;tcif;wpfck 1884 ckESpfcef@u ay:ayguf c J h o nf u d k ord k i f ; q&mrsm;rjiif ; Ed k i f y g? 4if ; rS m oD a ygrif ; vuf xuf a,mrif ; }uD ; OD ; zd k ; vd _ i f [ k a c:aom 0ef } uD ; wpf y g;u &mZ"rR o *F [ usrf ; (ac: ) pnf;rsOf;cHbk&ifcHpepfudk bk&ifxHodk@wifoGif;cJhzl;onf[k ukef;abmif&m Z0ifwGif rSwo f m;&zlygonf? tqdyk g &mZ "rRo*F[usr;f rSm ,ae@t*Fvef/ *syef/ xdik ;f tp&Sad om bk&ifvufuse&f o dS nfh Edik if rH sm; usio hf ;kH aom pepf[k vnf; q&mrsm;.ajym=um;csut f & od&ygonf? tqdyk g &mZ"rRo*F[usr;f udk wifoiG ;f ol a,mrif;}uD; OD;zd;k v_id o f nf jrefrmh rdu k a&;pDa&; awmif;qdo k l rsm;. bd;k ab;jzpfrnf[k pma&;olxifjrifryd gonf? 4if; &mZ rRo*F[usr;f udk rdz&k m; pkz&m;vwfu zwf=unfjh yD; a,mrif;}uD;OD;zd;k v_id t f m; olyek [ f k owfrw S u f m zrf;qD;axmifcscahJ vonf? trSepf ifppfa,mrif;}uD;OD;zd;k vdi_ f wifcahJ om &mZ "rRo*F[usr;f rSm 'Dru kd a&pD Volume 3, No.6

Luminary Magazine

tvif;tdrf

awmfveS af &;[m aoG;xGuo f , H &kd w dS hJ awmfveS af &; / aoG;xGuo f , H rk d &Sw d hJ awmfveS ;f a&;&,fv@k d 2 rsKk ;d &Sw d ,f[k ajym=um;cJah vonf?

enf;uspGm jynfolrsm; ua&G;cs,f wifajrmufxm;aom 0ef}uD;rsm;u wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfjyD; bk&ifuxdef;odrf;ay; &H k o mjzpf o nf ? ,ae@usif h o H k ; ae aom bk & if & S d o nf h wdkif;jynfrsm;. pepftwdkif;yifjzpfygonf? tqdkygtcsufudk =unfhjcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynfwGif jynfolwdk@u 'Drdkua&pD awmif;qdak eonfrmS 1884 ckrpS I a&wGuv f #if ESpaf ygi;f 125 ESpw f ikd cf ahJ yjyD? xdu k o hJ @kd qv kd #if 'Dru kd a&pDa&;twGub f &k iftyk cf sKyf ol w d k @ ud k yxrqH k ; awmf v S e f a &;qif E G J c J h o l r S m OD ; zd k ; vd _ i f yifjzpfayonf? trSepf ifppf t*Fvyd f wd@k onf jrefrmEdik if t H m; 1823 ckESpfrSpI weoFm&D urf;&dk;wef;/ &cdkifurf;&dk; wef;/ jrpf0u|e;f ay: ponfjzifh wpwp odr;f ydu k jf yD; tavmif;bk&m; wnf axmifcJhaom wwd,jrefrmEdkifiHudk 0ifa&mufusL; ausmfcJh=uygonf? 1823 ckrS onf 1885 ck oDaygrif; ygawmfro _ nfh tcsed x f d atmufjrefrmjynfukd ESpaf ygi;f 62ESpf wdik o f rd ;f ydu k x f m;cJyh gonf? wzef oDaygrif;ygawmfro _ nfh 1885 ckESpfrS vGwfvyfa&;&onfh 1948 ckxd wEdkifiHvHk;udk 63 ESpw f ikd t f yk cf sKyfcjhJ yef&m t*F vdyw f @kd onf jrefrmjynf wEdik if v H ;kH udk pkpak ygi;f 125 ESpw f ikd f tkyf csKyfcahJ v&m/ &mpkEpS w f ckausmrf # tkyfcsKyfcJhonf[kqdk&ayrnf? udkvdkeD pepfjzpfI 'Drdkua&pD r&&Scd yhJ g? t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd aD cwf wckv;kH jrefrmwd@k vw G v f yfa&;&&ef awmfvSefcJh ay&m ta&;awmfyHk ajrmufrsm;pGm /vlaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm aoa=ucJh&ygonf? t*[email protected];pcef; toD ; oD ; wG i f awmf v S e f a &; &J a bmf ajrmuf r sm;pG m aoa=uysupf ;D cJ&h ygonf? aemufqHk; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf wdkif;&if;om;jynf oltm; vH;k wd@k . acgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; vufxuf a&mufrS vGwfvyfa&;&cJhygonf? tqdkyg vGwfvyfa&;udkyif u|Ekfyfwdk@onf u|Ekfyfwdk@ cspfcifav;pm; &aom Adkvf csKyfESifh

Luminary Magazine

Volume 3, No.6

tvif;tdrf wdkif;&if;om;tmZmenf &Jabmfrsm;. toufjzifhvJI &cJ h j cif ; jzpf y gonf ? vG w f v yf a &;&+yD ; p jref r mEd k i f i H w G i f 14ESpfwmr# acwWc% vGwfvyfaom'Drdkua&pDudk &&SdcJh ygonf? a&S;,cifu bk&ifpepfjzifh aexdkifcJhaom jref rmEd k i f i H w G i f ES p f a ygif ; wpf & mausmf r # u|ef j yKcH c J h & +yD ; rS vGwfvyfa&;&cJhonf jzpf&m acgif;aqmifaumif; r&SdcJhyg? xd@k a=umifh jynfaxmifpyk pkH jH zifh wkid ;f jynfukd rxl axmifEikd cf yhJ g? xdk@a=umifh 1962 ckESpfwGif Adkvfae0if; OD;aqmif aomppf w yf r S t m%mod r f ; cJ h & mrS ,ae@wd k i f 47 ES p f r # ppftyk cf sKyf a&;jzifh tkycf sKyfcahJ yonf? ppftm%m&Sirf sm;. tkycf sLyfrr_ mS vnf; &mpkEpS w f 0ufyif&cdS +hJ yDjzpfygonf? ppftm%m&Sipf epfuv kd nf; 1962 Zlvikd v f 7 &uf ausmif;om; ta&;tcif; 1974 ZGev f tvkyo f rm; ta&;tcif; 1974 'DZifbm ausmif;om; ta&;tcif; (OD;oef@psye) 1975 a&$w*d kH taxGaxG oydwf 1976 r_id ;f &mjynfh 1988 vlxw k &yfv;kH 'Dru kd a&pDa&;wdu k yf GJ 2007 a&$0ga&mif oHCmta&; txufyg ta&;tcif;rsm;wGif awmfvSefa&;&Jabmfrsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;. toufaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmudk ay;cJh&+yD; jzpfayonf? t*Fvdyfwdk@ odrf;ydkufaom ESpfaygif; 125 ESpf/ vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D csed rf S ,ae@txd 61 ESp/f ESp&f yfaygi;f ygu 186 ESpf+yD;jzpfayonf? 'Drdkua&pD&&dSzdk@ awmfvSefa&;um; &Sn=f umvSay+yD? ,ae@tar&d u ef E d k i f i H & ,f v d k @ jzpf v matmif tar&duef wd@k onf awmifyikd ;f vlerD sm;/ Oa&my rSajymif;a&$@ tajccsaom vl j zLrsm;/ aus;u|ef t jzpf tmz&d u rS Volume 3, No.6

jrefrmjynfwiG f jynfow l @kd u 'Dru kd a&pD awmif;qdak eonfrmS 1884 ckrpS I a&wGuv f #if ESpaf ygi;f 125 ESpf wdik cf ahJ yjy?D

Luminary Magazine

tvif;tdrf

ac:vmaom vlrJrsm;jzifh tar&duefw0Srf; ppfyJGrsm; jzpfyGm;cJh&m ESpfaygif;&mcsDI=umcJh+yD;rS tar&d uefjynf axmifpk EdkifiHtjzpf xlaxmifEdkifcJh=u onfudkrSwfom; cJ&h zl;ygonf? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &; wdu k yf GJ (odk@) ppftm%m&Sif epfudk awmfvSefaom wdkufyJGwGif a&S@wef;rS toufudk y"merxm;bJ wdkufyJG 0ifv#uf&Sd =uaom trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pD tzJ@G csKyfrS acgi;f aqmifrsm; ES i f h &J a bmf rsm; (ppf t m%m&S i f w d k @ . tusOf ; pcef ; toD ; oD ; wG i f a&muf & S d a e =uaom&J a bmf rsm;ES i f h wurBmvH;k wGif a&muf&w dS u kd yf GJ 0ifae=uaom &Jabmfrsm;) twlwuG wdu k yf GJ 0ifv#u&f =dS uaom wkid ;f &if;om; nDtpfukd armifErS rsm;rSvnf; tar&duefjynfaxmifpk uho J @kd ESpaf ygi;f 200 eD;yg;&Sd+yD;jzpfaom jrefrmEdkifiH. 'Drdkua& pD &&Sda&; wd k u f y J G w G i f yg0if w d k u f c d k u f v#uf & S d & m jynf a xmif p k jrefrmEdkifiHudk wnfaxmif+yD; jrefrmEdkifiH. wcsdefu u&ifvrl sK;d orRw}uD; ref;0if;armif/ &Sr;f vlrsK;d orRw}uD; p0fa&$ou kd f wd@k uo hJ @kd aemifay:aygufvmrnfh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; &cdik v f rl sK;d 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ausmZf o H m / &Sr;f vlrsK;d orRw}uD; OD;cGefxGef;OD;/ rGefvlrsKd; ppfaoemywd udkrif;udkEdkif ESifh wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyf/ orRw/ ppfaoemywd csKyfrsm;. OD;aqmifra_ tmuf0,f vGwv f yfI 'Dru kd a&pD tjynf h t 0 &S d a om jynf a xmif p k jref r mEd k i f i H o pf u d k azmfaqmif&ef wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tm;vH;k vufwjJG yD; ppftm %m&Sit f pd;k &udk pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG awmfveS =f uygp@kd //

vdKS ifbmG ; 23/2/09

( rSjD irf;// //q&m atmifa0;. rdk;rc *sme,fwGif (2/8/2008) a&;om;aom yOPr jrefrmEdkifiH wnfaxmifcef;(1) rS ) Luminary Magazine Volume 3, No.6