Histology Of The Blood

blood cells+ plasma blood smear: May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining cell types: red blood cells (erythrocytes) white blood cells (leukocytes) platelets (thrombocytes)

all cell types are formed in the bone marrow

7,5 m in diameter, biconcave-shaped Special membrane structure- deform readily in the mature cell there are no cell organelles and nucleus reticulocyte- immature form, ribosomes (Cresyl blue staining) normal value: 4,5-5,5 million/ l function: oxygen transport- haemoglobin

2-3 m in diameter no cell nucleus cytoplasm fragments (megakaryocyte) granules: coagulation factors, fibrinogen, plazminogen, PDGF, serotonin, histamine, ADP, hydrolytic enzymes etc. normal value: 150.000-300.000/mm3 function: haemostasis

function: protection against foreign antigens/ bacteria, viruses etc., clearing away dead cells (phagocyte) normal value: 6000-10.000/mm3 perform their function mainly in the connective tissue groups: granulocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes

I. GRANULOCYTES 1. Neutrophil granulocyte 12-14 m in diameter, most common type 60-70% of leukocytes highly lobulated nucleus with narrow cromatin bridges cytoplasmic granules: azurophilic granules: round shape, contains hydrolytic enzymes, myeloperoxidase, defensine specific granules: alkaline phosphatase , collagenase, phospholipase, lizozime, fagocitine 8-10 hour in circulation connective tissue the most effective phagocyte cell

neutrophil granulocyte

18. blood smear (MGG)

large lymphocyte

neutrophil granulocytes

18. blood smear, MGG

2. Eosinophil granulocyte 14-16 m in diameter bilobed nucleus, eosinophil granules 2-4 % of leukocytes granules: acidophilic granules: MBP, ECP, EPO, EDN azurophilic granules: lysosomes

function: defence against parazites, allergy eosinophilia: increased numbers of circulating eosinophils

monocyte small lymphocyte

neutrophil granulocyte

eosinophil granulocyte

small lymphocyte

eosinophil granulocyte

neutrophil granulocyte

18. blood smear, MGG

3. Basophil granulocyte Loose cromatine structure, bilobed U or J shaped nucleus obscured by numerous granules 13-15 m in diameter 0,5-1% of leukocytes granules: specific: basophil- covers the nucleus, histamine, SRS-A, heparin-sulphate/ metachromasia azurophilic: lysosomes

function: allergic reaction- anaphylaxis

basophil granulocyte

basophil granulocyte

largest of the white cells (15-20 m) 4-6% of lekocytes eccentrically placed, large, bean-shaped nucleus, nucleoli may be visible further differentiation in peripheral tissues (macrophag) mononuclear phagocyte system: Kupffer-cells, microglia, Langerhans cells, alveolar macrophages, osteoclasts

monocyte

monocyte

20-30% of leukocytes small lymphocytes: 90%, round densely stained nucleus, narrow cytoplasm margin large lymphpcytes: 10%, larger nucleus and cytoplasm margin two groups: T and B-lymphocyte large granular lymphocytes (NK-cells)

large lymphocyte

large lymphocyte

flat bones (vertebrae, costae, sternum, ala ossis ilii) 5-8% of body weight stroma: reticular connective tissue, reticulum cells cells: haemopoietic cells, macrophages, adipocytes sinuses (endothel+ dicontinuous basement membrane)

0,02-0,05% of bone marrow cells pluripotent cells proliferation+ differentiation origin: liver, spleen (embryo) bone marrow proliferation: HSC progenitor cells

periosteum

red bone marrow

enchondral ossification

megakaryocyte

megakaryocytes

19. medulla ossium rubra, HE