Hepatitis B Virus

Hepatitis B virus Introduction Hepatitis B virus infects the liver of hominoidae, including humans, and causes an inflammation called hepatitis. -It It is a DNA virus and one of many unrelated viruses that cause viral hepatitis. -The The disease was originally known as "serum hepatitis" and has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa. Hepatitis B is endemic in China and various other her parts of Asia. Transmission

1. unprotected sexual contact 2. blood transfusions 3. re-use of contaminated needles & syringes 4. vertical transmission

Pathogenesis -The The hepatitis B virus primarily interferes with the functions of the liver by replicating in liver cell -During During HBV infection, the host immune response causes both hepatocellular damage and viral clearance. -The The adaptive immune response, particularly virus virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), contributes to most of the liver injury associated with HPV infection. - Although liver damage is initiated and mediated by the CTLs, antigen antigennonspecific inflammatory cells can worsen the CTL-induced immunopathology, and platelet activated at the site of infection facilitate the accumulation of CTLs into the liver.

Symptoms  

Half of all people infected with the hepatitis B virus have no symptoms. Symptoms develop within 30-180 days of exposure to the virus. The symptoms are often compared to flu. Most people think they have flu and never think about having HBV infection. o o o o o o

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Appetite loss Feeling tired (fatigue) Nausea and vomiting Itching all over the body Pain over the liver (on the right side of the abdomen, under the lower rib cage) Jaundice - A condition in which the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow in color Urine becomes dark in color (like cola or tea). Stools are pale in color (grayish or clay colored).

Diagnosis Because many people with hepatitis B don't have sign and symptoms, doctors diagnose the disease on the basis of one or more blood tests. These tests include:   

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (HBsAg).Positive means you can pass the virus to other easily. Negative means you're probably not currently infected. Antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti (anti-HBs). A positive result means you have antibodies to HBV. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen gen (anti (anti-HBc). Although this test identifies people who have a chronic infection, the results can sometimes be ambiguous. If you test positive for hepatitis B core antibodies, you may have a chronic infection that you can transmit to others.

Additional tests:      

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) tests Hepatitis B DNA test Liver ultrasound or CT scan Liver biopsy E-antigen test Liver enzymes

Treatment Hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment because most adults clear the infection spontaneously. Although none of the available drugs can clear the infection, they can stop the virus from replicating, and prevent liver damage such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Treatments include antiviral drugs such as lamivudine, adefovir and entecavir, and immune system modulators such as interferon alpha.

Prevention &       

control

(if carrier) Cover open wounds, don't share razors or manicure tools. Practice safe sex Don't share needles, razors, toothbrushes, manicure tools or other items that could bear contaminated blood. Don't allow yourself to be pierced or tattooed with non-sterile equipment. Limit alcohol intake. Never share IV drug needles or other drug equipment.

Avoid sharing grooming utensils.

Made by 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Bander Hamed As-Sobhi Khaled Muhammad Jambi Khalid Eid Al-Harbi Hamed Muhammad As-Sulami Raed Ahmad Al-Malki

GROUP 1 (THE PIONEERS)