Harvard Government 20 Week 5 Handout 2

Government 20 Week 5, Lecture 2 The Third Wave of Democratization I. The “Third Wave” of Democratization in the 1980s and 1990s A. Widespread Democratization and the Challenge to Structural Theories B. Explaining the Third Wave: The Role of International Factors a. The End of the Cold War i. Collapse of Soviet backed dictatorships ii. Western democracy promotion a) Military intervention (Haiti, Panama) b) Conditionality 1. Positive: EU membership conditionality 2. Negative: Sanctions, withdrawal of aid to dictators iii. Western liberal hegemony: democracy as the “only game in town” b. “Globalization” effects i. Transnational human rights and democracy networks ii. International demonstration effects C. The Limits of International Pressure: most countries remain non-democratic II. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism A. What is Competitive Authoritarianism? B. The Case of Post-Communist Russia C. Explaining Competitive Authoritarian versus Democratic Outcomes. Competitive authoritarian regimes lack either: a. External pull (e.g., EU enlargement in Central Europe) b. Domestic push via strong civil society (Spain, South Africa, S. Korea, Poland) III. Explaining Durable Authoritarianism in the Middle East A. The problem: persistent and widespread authoritarianism (despite moderate wealth) B. Cultural Explanations: the role of Islam and Islamicism C. An Alternative Explanation a. State-society imbalance i. Militarization ii. Oil b. International factors: external support for autocrats—even after the Cold War Terms to Know The Third Wave Conditionality Competitive authoritarianism Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin Gazprom Shari’a The Guardian Council in Iran The Islamic Salvation Front (Algeria) and Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) Muslim versus Arab