Hari Chidambaram Final Reporet.pdf

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FULL WHEEL STEERING SETUP A MINI PROJECT REPORT Submitted by A.ASARUDEEN

(513316114004)

N.BALASUBARAMANI

(513316114006)

M.HARI CHIDAMBARAM

(513316114014)

K.SACHIN

(513316114034) in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ARNI (A CONSTITUENT COLLEGE OF ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI)

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 APRIL 2019

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FULL WHEEL STEERING SETUP” is the bonafide work of (513316114004),

“A. ASARUDEEN

N. BALASUBARAMANI(513316114006),

CHIDAMBARAM(513316114014),

M. HARI

K. SACHIN(513316114034)”

who

carried out the project under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

Mr.P.SARAVANAKUMAR,M.Tech.(Ph.D.)

Mr.K.MURALI.M.E(Ph.D.)

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT,

SUPERVISOR

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

University college of engineering Arni

University college of engineering Arni

Thatchur-632326

Thatchur-632326

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset we express our deep gratitude to the almighty lord for bestowing his grace and blessings upon to complete the project. We express our sincere thanks to Professor Dr.S.BOSE M.E,Ph.d,M.B.A. our beloved Dean who gave an opportunity to carry out the project work and completing the same. We honestly thank Mr.P.SARAVANAKUMAR.,M.Tech.,(Ph.D). Head of the Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his kind permission to carry out this project work. We are most obliged to our guide Mr. K.MURALI M.E.,( Ph.D).,Teaching Fellow, Department of Mechanical Engineering for his excellent guidance that inspired to the very height of sincerity leading us all the way to reach the goal.. We thank our beloved parents for providing a huge financial assistance to support our project encouragement and blessings .We also thank all our teaching staff of our department who helped us directly or indirectly to complete this project successfully.

ABSTRACT Now a day’s purchasing of new vehicles by is people too high. So, naturally there is a big problem of parking of these vehicles. So there is difficulty while parking the vehicle with conventional four -wheel steering mechanism as it needs space of 1.75 times of the vehicle size. Also between four vehicles we need to leave some space for free and efficient moving of the vehicle and also it takes several time to properly park a vehicle, which is a big waste of space and time and after a certain point it becomes hectic too. Also in industry there is a space constraint and this problem is faced while moving cargo. Hence we have come up with a solution of four-wheel steering which gives easy steering and parking in less space

TABLES OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO.

TITTLE

PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

1

LIST OF TABLES

ii

LIST OF FIGURES

iii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

iv

INTRODUCTION 1.1Need of steering

1

1.2 Steering and their

3

types that already in use 1.3 Four wheel steering set up 2

5

MANUFACTURING PROCESS 2.1 Surface finishing

8

2.2 Metal cutting

9

2.3Surface grinding

9

2.4Welding

10

2.5 Sheet metal cutting

11

2.6 Sheet metal bending

11

3

4

2.7 Machining

12

2.8 Drilling

12

2.9 Reverting

13

ASSEMBLING 3.1Making base frame

14

3.2Fitting of sprocket and chain

14

3.3Fitting of handle

15

3.4Nut and bolt tightening

15

MATERIAL SELECTION 4.1 Selection of frame

5

17

4.2 Selection of bolt

17

4.3 Selection of chain

18

4.4 Selection of bearing

18

4.5 Selection of sprocket

19

4.6 Selection of wheel

19

DESIGN CALULATION 5.1 Area of the frame

20

5.2 Length of the chain

20

5.3 Calculation position of center of gravity to the rear axle 6

21

WORKING AND MECHANISM INVOLED 6.1 working process

26

6.2 Mechanism

26

7

ADVANTAGES

28

8

DISADVANTAGES

28

9

APPLICAIONS

28

10

CONCLUSION

29

11

REFERENCES

30

LIST

TABLE NO. 1

2

OF

TABLES

LIST OF TABLE COMPONENTS AND DIMENSION

COST ESTIMATION

ii

PAGE NO. 23

24

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO.

FIGURE NAME

PAGE NO.

2.1

Abrasive paper

08

2.2

Metal Cutter

09

2.3

Surface Grinding

10

2.4

Welding

11

2.5

Machining

11

2.6

Drilling

13

2.8

Riveting

14

3.4

Nut and Bolt tightening

15

6.2

Idle Position

26

6.3

Position After turn

26

iii

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS mm - Millimetre cm - Centimetre m - Metre s - Second h - Hour l - Litre ha - Hectare l h-1 - Liter per hour l ha-1 - Liter per hectare cc - Cubic centimetre g - Gram kg - Kilogram t - Tonne t ha-1 - Tonnes per hectare ha h-1 - Hectare per hour man-h ha-1 - Man hour per hectare person-h ha-1- Person hour per hectare m ham t - Million hectareMillion Tonnes q - Quintal g cc-1 - Gram per cubic centimetre Rs. h-1 - Rupees per hour Rs. ha-1 - Rupees per hectare km h-1 - Kilo meter per hour % - Per cent iv

°C - Degree Celsius RH - Relative humidity DAT - Days After Transplanting Z1 - No. of teeth on smaller sprocket Z2 - No. of teeth on big sprocket N - Speed of big Sprocket n - Speed of small sprocket a - Centre distance between two sprockets lp - Length of the chain in terms of pitch d1 - Diameter of small sprocket d2 - Diameter of big sprocket P - Chain pitch lengt

1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 NEED OF STEERING

Nowadays most of the vehicles use the two wheel steering mechanism as their main handling system. But the efficiency of the two wheel steering vehicle is proven to be low compared to the four wheel steering vehicle. In standard 2 Wheel Steering System, the rear set of wheels are always directed forward and do not play an active role in controlling the steering. While in 4 Wheel Steering System, the rear wheels do play an active role for steering, which can be guided at high as well as low speeds. Four wheel steering system can be employed in some vehicles to improve steering response, increase vehicle stability while moving at certain speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed. Four-wheel steering is a technologically, tremendous effort on the part of automotive design engineers to provide near-neutral steering. In situations like low speed cornering, vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces, high speed lane changing would be very difficult due to vehicle’s larger wheelbase and track width which brings high inertia and traction into consideration. Also in situations like low speed cornering, vehicle parking and driving in city conditions with heavy traffic in tight spaces, driving would be very difficult due to a sedan’s larger wheelbase and track width. Hence there is a requirement of a mechanism which result in less turning radius. In this system, all the four wheels are connected to each other by means of a single chain with the help of a sprockets and the same chain is coupled to steering wheel rod with another sprocket mounted on it. This arrangement of the wheels enables the vehicle to turn 90 degrees, without moving from the spot, i.e. the vehicle has zero turning radius.This help in maneuvering the vehicle in tight space such as parking lots within small compounds. Modern 1

development and economical progression of Indian society resulted in increase of cars on roads. Due to space constraints, car parking is the major problem faced in most parts of the country. Present study aims for development of a system to reduce the turning radius of a car. The indigenously developed system consists of Ackerman steering and various mechanism with arrangement of the various kinematics links. In this system at first vehicle is stopped and wheels are then turned in the required direction with the help of steering system. It has turning radius nearly equal to negligible of the length of car itself. This system can be useful in better parking, traffic jam, back turning on narrow roads, etc.4-Wheel Steering System is not a new technology but it has not gained popularity over 2-Wheel Steering System even though experiments have proved that it has excellent maneuverability, high stability and it is a solution to oversteer /understeer. If 4-Wheel Steering is a better placement for age old 2-Wheel Steering, why has it not replaced it yet?

2

1.2

STEERING AND TYPES OF STEERING USED The various functions of the steering wheel are, to control the angular

motion of the wheels; direction of motion of the vehicle, to provide directional stability of the vehicle while going straight ahead, to facilitate straight ahead condition of the vehicle after completing a turn .Automotive steering mechanisms are divided as either manual or power steering. In both types, the arrangement and function of the linkage are same. The major difference is that manual steering requires more human efforts to steer the vehicle. Some construction equipment has articulated steering which is facilitate by hydraulic system. We are going to use the steering similar to that of Go-kart. This system gives nearly perfect steering. Its working is purely on the movements of linkages. Linkages are connected by ball joints to have accurate motion in one plane. As this type of steering system is simple and hence its design and maintenance is also easy. This system does not consist of any gear mechanism. It is light in weight. Hence its overall weight reduces which helps in turning of wheel. We also have another option of utilizing the Ackermann and Power steering mechanism. But this will become costly and bulky. The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired directions. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears. One of the fundamental concepts is that of caster angle - each wheel is steered with a pivot point ahead of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-cent usually conforms to a variation of Ackerman steering geometry, to account for the fact erring towards the direction of travel. The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually travelling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns. 3

The angle the wheels make with the vertical plane also affects steering dynamics as do the tyres. Today cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a linear gear that meshes with the pinion, converting circular motion into linear motion along the transverse axis of the car (side to side motion). Mechanisms: The two types of steering mechanisms are; 1) Davis Steering Gear 2) Ackermann Steering Gear 1) Davis Steering Gear: The Davis steering gear has various sliding pairs resulting in high friction, wear and tear in the component parts. Therefore, this makes the design inaccurate and hence is no more used in vehicles. 2) Ackermann’s Principle: The Ackermann principle states that when a vehicle takes a turn, its wheels should make arcs round the same Centre. In other words, the front wheels must move in relation to each other and the axis of front wheels should meet the axis of rear wheels at a point. This point about which the wheels rotate is known as the instantaneous centre (o). This situation makes sure true rolling motion to all the wheels and avoids lateral slip and minimizes wear of tyre. Here we are going to the coupled Ackerman steering mechanism.

4

Fig.No.1.2.1 Davis Steering Gear

Fig.No.1.2.2 Ackermann Principle

Advantages of Ackermann Mechanism: i.Lesser wear of tyres ii.Lower friction in pair iii.Simplicity and durability of pin joints

1.3

Four-wheel steering: Four-wheel steering is a method developed in automobile

industry for the effective turning of the vehicle and to increase the maneuverability. In a typical front wheel steering system the rear wheels do not turn in the direction of the curve and thus curb on the efficiency of the steering. In four-wheels steering the rear wheels turn with the front wheels thus increasing the efficiency of the vehicle. The direction of steering the rear wheels relative to the front wheels depends on the operating conditions. At low speed wheel movement is pronounced, so that rear wheels are steered in the opposite direction to that of 5

front wheels. At high speed, when steering adjustments are subtle, the front wheels and the rear wheels turn in the same direction. By changing the direction of the rear wheels there is reduction in turning radius of the vehicle which is efficient in parking,low speed cornering and high speed lane change. In city driving conditions the vehicle with higher wheelbase and track width face problems of turning as the space is confined, the same problem is faced in low speed cornering. Usually customers pick the vehicle with higher wheelbase and track width for their comfort and face these problems, so to overcome this problem a concept of four-wheel steering can be adopted in the vehicle. Four-wheel steering reduces the turning radius of the vehicle which is effective in confined space, in this project four-wheel steering is adopted for the existing vehicle and turning radius is reduced without changing the dimension of the vehicle.

6

CHAPTER 2

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The full wheel steering set up which was manufactured has parts, the base tray and wheel, tray steering handle. It consists of four small bearing and two big ball bearing and five sprocket are machined and connected with wheel and they are connected with chain. The steering is connected with sprocket and big ball bearing and these are connected with chain so if we made turn it will turn in all direction. The nut and bold are used to fix the wheel with the rod. The “I” shape frame and bar are cut and machined by lathe, metal are cut in proper dimension and the shaft is inserted into the sprocket by machining process.Arc weld is used to weld all these things

MACHINING PROCESS

2.1. Surface finishing 2.2. Metal cutting 2.3. Surface grinding 2.4. Welding 2.5. Sheet metal cutting 2.6. Sheet metal bending 2.7. Machining 2.8. Drilling 2.9. Riveting 7

2.1

SURFACE FINISHING Surface finishing is done mainly by abrasive sand paper , in order to

remove the dust particles and the rusting which gets formed because of the exposure to the Moisture using a sand paper we can obtain the shiny surface and the other operations become much easier and convenient ,marking can be done easily for cutting, welding and drilling operations

. Fig .No 2.1 Abrasive Paper

8

2.2

METAL CUTTING

Metal cutting is basically done to get the right dimensions and size as per the required design, using machines that have single point cutting tool or multi-point cutting tool.The dimensions are marked and then the metal cutting operation is done.

Fig.No 2.2 Metal cutter

2.3 SURFACE GRINDING Grinding is done on the edges for getting the smooth finish, the grinding machine removes the material from the metal surface in the form of small particle.

9

Fig. No 2.3Surface Grinding

2.4

WELDING Arc welding is one of several fusion processes for joining metals.

By applying intense heat, metal at the joint between two parts is melted and caused to intermix - directly, or more commonly, with an intermediate molten filler metal. Upon cooling and solidification, a metallurgical bond is created. Since the joining is an intermixture of metals, the final weld element potentially has the same strength properties as the metal of the parts. This is in sharp contrast to non-fusion processes of joining (i.e. soldering, brazing etc.) in which the mechanical and physical properties of the base materials cannot be duplicated at the joint. In arc welding, the intense heat needed to melt metal is produced by an electric arc. The arc is formed between the actual work and an electrode (stick or wire) that is manually or mechanically guided along the joint. The electrode can either be a rod with the purpose of simply carrying the current between the tip and the work or it may be a specially prepared rod or wire that not only conducts the current but also melts and supplies filler metal to the joint. Most welding in the manufacture of steel products uses the second type of electrode.

10

Fig.No2.3 Surface Grinding

2.5

MACHINING The most important thing is the shaft to machined or fix in the

sprocket and to place the steering in correct place for the set up. This is carried out by lathe the lathe is a machine that rotate the work piece about an axis of rotation which can perform various operation like cutting,sanding,knurling,drilling, facing and turning with tools that are applied to work piece with symmetry about an axis or away from axis

Fig. No 2.5 Lathe Machine 11

a -bed b - carrige c-head stock d -back gear e -cone pulley for belt drive an external power supply f-face mounted on spindle g tail stock h -lead screw

2.6

DRILLING Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular

cross- section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off from the hole as it is drilled.

12

Fig. No 2.7 Drilling 2.8

RIVETING

A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite to the head is called the tail. On installation, the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail is upset or bucked (i.e., deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place. In other words, pounding creates a new "head" on the other end by smashing the "tail" material flatter, resulting in a rivet that is roughly a dumbbell shape. To distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail. Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support tension loads (loads parallel to the axis of the shaft); however, it is much more capable of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft.

13

Fig.No2.8 Riveting

14

CHAPTER 3

ASSEMBLING The assembly of the various parts and structure of our project is done using nuts and bolts, welded fixtures, fasteners, etc . 3.1

MAKING OF BASE FRAME

The frame is the back bone of a device. All the stress will act on the frame. It is a rigid member. The frame is made by the welding of flat steel bars.

3.2 FITTING OF SPROCKET AND CHAIN The sprockets are fitted with the bearing with the help of nut and bolt and washers are also used. Five sprockets and one chain are used in the transmission system. The big or driving sprocket is fixed at the handle bearing and the driving sprocket is fixed at the another bearing. A chain is used to connect these sprockets

3.3 FITTING OF HANDLE: A hollow steel pipe is welded horizontally with the vertical bearing support at the required altitude which is used a handle.

3.4 NUT AND BOLT TIGHTENING Generally nut and bolts are used to fasten two plates or two components. Here the nuts and bolt acts as a rod. Nuts and bolt are tightened using spanners up to the required limit.

15

Fig .No 3.4 Nut And Bold

16

CHAPTER 4

MATERIAL SELECTION

4.1 Selection of frame : L shape frame is selected because of its high resistance to bending and load carrying capacity.

Selection of type of metal: Steel is selected for frame and arm. Composition of steel: Carbon

- 0.25%

Phosphorus

- 0.040%

Sulphur

- 0.040%

Mechanical properties Grade YST 310 Yield strength

- 310MPa.

Dimension of channel Size of channel

- 60mm

Thickness if channel

- 2mm.

Unit length weight

- 1.50kg/m.

17

4.2Selection of bolt Plain carbon steel bolt is selected – 45C8. Yield strength of bolt is 380N/mm2

4.3 SELECTION OF CHAIN For this set up standard available length of chain is selected

Dimension Length of chain=300mm

4.4

SELECTION OF BALL BEARING There are 4 ball bearings are used, there parameters are

RHP imperial ball bearing –open the most popular range of ball bearing in imperial size and found in wide range of application

Dimension of this sprocket Outer diameter

-28.57mm

Inner diameter

-12.7mm

Mechanical property Static load

-2.10KN

Dynamic load

-4.18KN

18

4.5

SELECTION OF SPROCKET As the full wheel steering set up the standard dimension

sprocket are selected so we can get more efficiency

Dimension of the sprocket

Pitch length

-12.7mm

Number of teeth

-18

Width

-3mm

4.6 SELECTION OF WHEEL As the standard wheels which are easily available in the market is selected

Dimension of wheel Diameter of wheel

=137mm

19

CHAPTER 6

DESIGN CALCULATION

5.1AREA OF THE FRAME; Length

-

600mm

Width

-

600mm

Area

= length *width

=600*600 =360000mm2 5.2

To find the chain length;

Length of the chain

= pitch length *number of link

Pitch length

=

2.7mm

No. Of link

=

93mm

Length of chain = 2.5*93 =232mm

20

5.3

Calculation of position of center of gravity with respect to the rear axle

We know that turning Radius of vehicle (R) = 1500 mm. Also we know that, Turning radius of vehicle: R= a22+ R12 Where, a2= Distance of CG from rear axis. R1= Distance between instantaneous center and the axis of the vehicle. To find a2 Load on front axel Wf=W× a2L Where, Wf= Load on front axle = 17kg (On basis weight distribution) Total weight of vehicle (W) = 30kg Wheel base (L) = 2669 mm Therefore, a2= 1200 mm Substituting the value of a2 in the above equation R1= 2010 mm If the load apply on the vehicle is 25kg and length 600 mm, width of vehicle 600 mm.Find the reaction force developed by each wheel and also find torque of each wheel?

Here Given Data W=25kg

21

Fig. no 5.3.1load Acting Diagram

Fiforce diagram Length=600 mm, Width=600 mm To find reaction force on each wheel (F), torque (T) r= ( ( a/ 2)2+ ( 𝑏/2 )2 )0.5 r= ( ( 600/2 )2 + (600 /2 )2 )0.5

r=425mm W= 25kg = 25 × 9.81 = 245.25N Force on each wheel =W/4 =61.32N According to Newton’s 3rd law of motion Reaction Force developed by each wheel: F =W/4 = 61.32N 22

Now Torque on each wheel: T=W/4×r = 26061 N-mm.

23

COMPONENTS Table No.1 List of Components

S.NO

COMPONENTS

QUANTITY

1

L channel

1.5mm

2

Nut and bolt

5

DIMENSION MATERIAL

60*60mm

Mild steel

30 mm length

Alloy steel

10 mm dia

4

Chain and chain

1

290mm

Alloy steel

Inside dia

Alloy steel

link

5

Bearings

2

25mm

Inside dia 6

Bearings

4

25mm

Length 7

Nut and bolt

4

Alloy steel

Alloy steel

150mm Dia 10mm

24

COST ESTIMATION

Table No.2 Cost Estimation S.NO

COMPONENTS

QUANTITY

COST (IN RUPEES)

1

L channel

1.5mm

960

2

Nut and bolt

5

120

3

Sprocket

5

4*75=300

4

Chain and chain link

1

300

5

Bearings

2

350

6

Bearings

4

110

7

Nut and bolt

4

80

25

WORKING AND MECHANISM INVOLED

6.1 WORKING This project consists of steering chain sprocket, wheel bearing, iron hollow pipe and chain drive the system first the vehicle is stopped and wheels turn in required directional with the help of steering set up teeth of the sprocket are completely meshed with chain drive which has used to provide rotatory motion to wheel by power steering is used to provide due to direction of motion vehicle

6.2

MECHANISM The name of our project is chain operated Quadra steering. We would

achieve Quadra steering by using sprockets and chain.The movement or turning motion of all the wheels takes place simultaneously. Each wheel is connected with a sprocket of designed parameters. The steering wheel is also connected with a sprocket at the bottom. All these sprockets are coupled together by using single chain. As we rotate the steering wheel in desired direction, the sprocket at the bottom also turn in the same direction with the same angle. This results into movement of chain attached to sprocket of steer wheel and simultaneously the chain will rotate all the sprockets of each tyre turning the vehicle is desired direction This simultaneous motion of all the wheels makes it possible to move vehicle in horizontal motion or turn the vehicle in 0 degree to 360 degree

26

Fig.No 6.2 It Is Idle Position

FIG .NO 6.3 position after turn

27

we concluded that (i)To increase the easy movement while parking Quadra steering or commonly known as four-wheel turning is more efficient. (ii)Horizontal movement of vehicle is possible. This will help in operating industrial Vehicles (iii)Cost of chain and sprocket would be less as compared to conventional steering.

7. Advantages I.

It consumes very less time to turn from one direction to other direction.

II.

It is more efficient compare to other type of load carry vehicle.

III.

This type of load carry vehicle is easily parked in any direction.

IV.

It is less costly to load carry vehicle.

V. VI. VII. VIII.

Eco friendly. Less noise operation. More efficient. Battery is using in this 360 degree wheel rotation vehicle to move forward and backward, so it is a kind of pollution free vehicle

8. Disadvantages I. II.

This type of load carry vehicle is not applicable to carry more weight Battery power is required to move of the vehicle.

9.Application I.

In Industries for automation of raw material moving from one place to another like automated guided vehicle.(robotics) In automobile sector there are so many types of vehicle are using to carry goods from one position to another position, there is space problem in the industry so this 28

vehicle is used in automobile applications because this vehicle consumes very less space compare to other type of vehicle. This vehicle is used in small Industries for transportation of raw material from one position to another position. II.

Modern development and economical progression of Indian society resulted in increase of vehicle in park so there are also problem. In park other vehicle are taking more space to move from one direction to other direction and 360 degree wheel rotation vehicle have capability to move parallel direction so this vehicle is easily move from one direction to other direction in park. Take easily U-turn because front wheel of this vehicle are rotating freely by steering, chain drive and sprocket arrangement.

III.

It is used in hospitals to carry the patient from one room to another room. Because there are lots of patients those are staying in one room.

10.Conclusion A prototype for the proposed approach was developed by introducing steering to wheel rotate 360 degree. This prototype was found to be able to be maneuvered very easily in tight spaces, and after manufacture of 360 degree wheel rotation vehicle consumed very less space to turn from one direction to another direction and it consumes less time to turn and this vehicle used in various area such as small industries, railway platforms.

29

REFERENCES [1] Jaishnu Moudgil, Shubhankar Mengi and Mudit Chopra,2015, 360 Degree Rotating Vehicle to Overcome the Problem of Parking Space, International Journal of Research in Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 22-25. [2] Sudip kachhia, Design of 360 Degree Rotating Car,2016, International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas In Education, 2(5), 15–16. [3] K. Lohith, K. Lohith, Dr. S. R. Shankapal, M. H. Monish Gowda,2013, Development of Four Wheel,Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology,12(1), 52-53. [4] Er. Amitesh Kumar, Dr.Dinesh.N.Kamble, Zero Turn Four Wheel Steering System, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,5(12), 22-24. [5] Mr. Sharad P. Mali, Mr. Sagar Jadhav, Prof. D.U.Patil, Zero Turn Four Wheel Mechanism, International Engineering Research Journal,2(2), 484-486

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