Handbook On Sanitation-pub 393-1965

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HANDBOOK ON SANITATION OF

Vessel Construction STANDARDS OF SANITATION AND RATPROOFING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF VESSELS

U.S. DEPARTMENT O F HEALTH, EDUCATION, A N D WELFARE Public Health S m i c e Bureau of D i w a u Prcvmtion and

Gtvimnmontal Contmi National Center for Urban and lndumial Health

Public Health Service Publication No. 393 1965 ~ E Y I s I O N (Reprinted 1967)

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1967 For d e by the Superintendent of Docurnenq U.S. Government Printing O5ce Washington, D.C., 20402 Price 4C cents

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PREFACE

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Set forth in this handbook are minimum public-health standards relating to general sanitation and ratproo6ng in the construction of vessels. These standards have been developed over a period of seven1 decades; experience has shown that their observance during construction, reconstruction, o r major repair, will make it much easier to maintain the vessels in an acceptable, sanitary condition during operation. Provisions of this cilition apply to vewls contctcted for after ,January 1, 1966. Prepared by the Interstate Carrier Brnnch, Nutional Center for Urban and Industrinl Health of the Pnblic Health Service, Depnrtmcnt of Health, Edutcation, and Welfai~,this Handbook supersedes the publication Handhook on Sanitation of T'esoe7 C'onsb~rctiun:dated 195i. The stand:ircls contained herein are essentially tlic same as those ii~cluclediu the former publication, but. :ippropri:xte ~.evisionshare been made in ~wognitionof o p e i ~ ~ t i n g experiencest ted~noiogicaladmncements, and changes in the Interstate t&~ac~atinc Reg~lations. Advice \x-ns requested from naval architects, sl~ipbnildcls~ vessel o \ ~ n c ~and s opelxtols, industrial suppliers, and other Gorern~nentagencies. Their sug~estionsand comments harc inndc it possible to produce n more prnct~calhandbook. Improved methods and equipment, undoubtedly will he developed from time to time. It is the policy of the Public Health Service to F+ quest, that individuals, whose disciplines are closely associated with v-l design and- construction, provide information and advica on technologiul developments which can affect shipbwrd sanitation. From time to time,as the health significance of these items is eralnated and as circumstances permit, improved methods and new topics mill be included in revisions of this pnblication. Such developments will lead to c h a n p s in existing standards of sanitation for vessel cons~uction. T h ~ shandbook will be revised accordingly, as circumstances may requirk. This pnblication is one of two handbooks dealing with vessel sanitation. The other, entitled Handhook on Sanitetion of Vessels i?~ Opertziion, P H s Publication No. 68, ~ s n srevised in 1963. Vessel plmm slrool~lbe subn~itteclfor review of their s:rliitatioll fe:ltnres. Two copies should be sellt to: Chief, Interstate Cnrrier Branch. Sational Center for tTrban :md Industrinl Hedth, Pnblic FIcnlrh Service, Dcp;~rtment of He:~ltlr, Eclucntion, nntl ll?elf:~rc: Cl~cl-yChase, Jlrl., 20015. Inqniries r e p r d i n g this vessel snnitiltion prognrnr and this handhook should be directed to the appropriate Regional Oflice listed inside the back cover. iii

CONTENTS Pane P~EFA~E----------------------.-----.---.------------------------

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9 P o ~ l s r aWATEESYSTEX: 1. G e n d- - - - - - - - - . - - - - - . - . - - - - 1- - - - - - 2. Filling H o s e . - - - . - - - - . . - - - - - - . . - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 3. Filling-Hose Stowsge-.--......-.--------------------.------.-2 4, F i g L i n e - - - - . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . 2 5. Starage Capacity- -. ----- - - ------.-------- I------------- -.. 2 6. Storage T a n k s - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 7. Storage Tank Vents---.------.---------- - - - - - - - 6 8. Storage Tank Ovemom- - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - 6 - - - - 6 9. Storage Tank .Manholeses..- .--------.----------------10. Water Level Gauges--.--- - - - - - - - - - - - . - - 6. - - - - - 11. Tank Drains --.-------.-------------.-----7 1 2 Distribution System. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -7 - - - - - - 13. 10 14. Pneumatic (Pressure) Tanks 10 15. Identification and Marking 11 16. 11 .. 11 17. Procedure for Dlsrnfection- ---.-.------..------------18. Purification of Water - . - . . - - - - . - - - - - - - - -13 -------

SECTION

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SE~10N.B..Wasz W A TSYSTEX: ~ 1. G e n e r ; t l . - - - - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - 19 2. S t o - T a n k s - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . 19 3. Distribution System- - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - -19 ------4. Parificstion of Wmh Water --.---..---.------------20 .

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SECTIONC. SarnTaBY 0a.O~EEOAIWWATERSYSW: 1. G e n e d . - - - - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 .-----2 Salt Water Baths - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - -21 ----.-

O~ ATEX CONNECTION: SECTION D. V E S S E L ~ O - S HPEESBI~EE-W 1. General . - - . - - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 - - - - - SECTION E. SPACESFOE

TEE

STORAGE.PBEPAEATION, AND SERVICE O F

FOOD:

1. Decks .

................................. . m . Deckheads-. ..................................... Pipmg

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22 ' 2. Bulkheads, Deckheads and Other Overhead IdaUstions .----.--

23 4. Drabage of Spaces. . - . - - . - - - - - - - - - - -23- - - - - 5. Insect Smeens. . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - 23 - - - - - - 6. Toilet and Lavatory Facilities - . - . - . - . . - - . - - - - 23- - - - . i. Water Supply -.--.-.---------------..-.-------24 8. Lighting..-.-.--------------.-.----------.---------------24 9. Venthtion _ - - . - . - . - - - . - - - - . . - - - -24- - - - - - . 10. Disposal of Rduse . - - - - . . - . - - - - - . - - - . . . -25 -------If. Equipment - - - . _ . - . . - - - - - - - - - . . - 25 -.--.-I?. Washing and Bactericidal Treatment Facitities.. .....--.-----25 13. Stowage of Equipment - - - - . . - . . . - - - - . . - - -2i -.-.. 14. Refrigention . . . . . . - . - - - . - - - . - - - - - - .27. - - . .

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SA.YPARYDESIGX, COSSTRC~ION AXD ISSTALWTION OF VESSELC O ~ ~ S SE~QR~ P Y~ E N T : Page 1. Gene*& ....................................... 29 2. Ddnitions . - - - - . - - - - - . - - - . - - - . . . . . 29- . - - - . 3. M a e r ialg..----.~-----.-----..--.....~~~~..~~~~~-...... 30 4. Deign and Construction--......--.---..-----.------...---30 5. Installation ................................... 33

SECTION

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

5. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

G. PLWEING: Materials ------.------.-----...-.---.-----.....---Airgaps~~~-.-...------------...-----.-.-Backflow Preventem--. .-.....-------.----------..---Backwater Valves---.....--.-.---..-.------------F i x t m .~--....--------------...--------Pmventioo of Backffow into the Potable-Water System------.-.. Drinking Fomtah-..-.------.----.---------------..-----Dninage Systems-.--......----.....-.--.----.---------. Vents and Tmps .------------...-.---.-------.Cleanouts--....-------------------------.------------..--prevention of Bacmow of Waste- ....---.....--.-....-..--.--Sewage Retention and Treatment Systems.-...-....------ ..-

S n m o H. ~ SlvrnnrrNG POOLS: 1. Genenl-.------...----.------------------------.---.-----2. Salt-Water Pool-. ------.---....-..--.....-...------...-.-3. Recirculation Type Pool ------.-...-..--.-----------SECTIONI. Acco~or.4TIONS: 1. Genel3L--..----.-----------..-.--------...---.----.-----S E ~ OJ.NHEATING,VEXTILATISG, AXE LKGHTING: 1. Genent~.---.---------------.--...---~.---...---.---..----

S ~ m o r K. r RATPROOF Coss~~ucnos: I. General-.--.-.--------------.....---------. 2. Defin~tlons----.-------.-------..----.--------------------3. Ratpmof Materid-.---_-.----------..---..---..4. Aceeptabie Nonmtprooi 313terials.. ..-..----.-.--.-------j. btpmof-Exempt S u h e e-.--.......-..------------.--6. Geneml Ratpmo8ng Criteria.. .-

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D ~ S L E ORATPROOFING: 7. Hull nndSuppo ris-----------.---..-.-.-.........-..--.-----8. Lightening Holes and Void Spaces. ...---.-..-.-..----.----..9. Interior Foundntions ..----.-.....-.--.-----..-----.10. Steel Tank-Top in Lover Hold. .--.. -----..-...---.-..------. 1 I. Wooden Cargo Pads --._- -......-- - ---- ----. --. .-. .- - - - - - 12. Chain Lockers--....--..-----.~~~.~~-~~~ 13. Doom....-----------.------..-..---------.--.------------14. Window Casingz~ . - - . . . - . . - - ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ 15. Ballat .................................................. 16. Skylight ...----------.-----....----..-----17. 3Ianholes . ~ . . . . . - - - - . . . - - - - . - ~ . . ~ ~ ~

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SERVICEFICILITIES-PROTECTIONF ~ o nDAHIOE: IS. Generd .................................................... 19. Battens ................................................... vi

SECTIONK. R A T P R ~ OCPO N ~ T R ~ ~ O N - C o n t i n u e d

SERTICEF n c ~ ~ m e s - P a m c n O N FROMDAMAGE--Continued P W 20. Plate Guards. - - - - - . . . . . - - - - - - - - - 66 ------~~ 21. Wirevay and Cable Guards....-..........-------------.... 68

SERP~CE FACILITIES-INSTALI~\~ONS: 22. Generd ...-.....-.-....---..-------....--.~~~~~~~ 70 CEILINGSIN RATPROOF AREAS: 23. Pipes~~~------...-.--------.----..----.~~~~~~~~~~~..~~..~~ 71 ?4. Cablbies-Electric, Telepphic, and * l e e L a n i d --.-....-....-.-.. Ti 25. Ventilating, Air-Cooling, Air-Conditioninq, and Heating Systems. 73 26. Screening of vent Openings ..........---.-------..---.-...-i5

Ixsn~anorr: 2'7. General ~ - - - - . . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - 75 . . . . - . - - 28. General-Cargo Holds -.-.----.--.-------------------..--.-77 29. Refrigerated-Cargo Spacbies- -.-...--.-..---.---------.-.---.. 78 30. Refrigerating-Machinery Space is 31. Engine and Machinery Caaing.-.--.---...----------..-.--.-is 32 Galley, Pantry and Food Storeraoms---.....-------.---..---78 33. S l e c v e s . - - . . - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 78 ~~~~~~~~~.~~ 34. P i p e s - - - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . 79 35. Ventilating, Air-Conditioning, and Heating Ducts--_-..--.__.- 79 DECX&&cRINERY L Y D EQUIP~NT: 36. Genenl-..---.-.---------------------------.-------------81 37. Rope and Cable Reels ----..----------------------81 .. . 38.&100ringF1tt1ngr --.---------- ------.--.----.-----------82 S T O W A ~ ~ P FA~UTIES: ACB 39. S h e l v e s - - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~82 ~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4.Bins---.--..--.------------------------------------------83 41. S P B o x83 42. L~ockem---------.--------------------------------.-------84 43. Boxes-..------------------------------------------------84 F-YITURE LVD FLTTURES: u. General-.--.-------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -&- - - - - - - - 45. Gdley Fixtures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84 ............. 46. Electric Refrigeratom, Drinking Fountains, and Drinking-Water Coolem .........--..-----------------------.-..-85 APPEXDIZ.I--1Iinimum Tbickness-Approved h t p m o f >laterial--.-.-. 87 APPESDIZB-4Iinimum Thickness-Acceptable Nonmtproof Materid--89 A P P E SG--O.S. ~ Standard Gauges for Sheet and Plate Imn and Steel... 90 -..------.---.eryeryeryeryeryeryery.eryeryeryeryeryeryeryery

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HANDBOOK ON SANITATION OF VESSEL CONSTRUCTION Section A. POTABLE WATER SYSTEM 1. GENERAL. The term pota6le water,as used herein, means water which meets the requirements of the Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.' Whenever practicable, only one water system should be installed, supplying potable water for drinking, cooking, dishwashing, ablutio~mry,hospital, and laundering purposes Where dual systems must be installed, potable water should be piped to outlets where it may be used for drinking, cooh-ig, dishwashiig, or medical-care purposes (exclusive of hydrotherapy), but it need not be piped to slop sinks, lavatories, laundry facilities, bathtubs, showers, water closets, bidets, and hose connections used for deck rrashing purposes. Only potable water should be supplied to food preparation spaces except as note in section E,item 10. Water for potable purposes should be obtained from acceptable watering points. When purification or treatment on board is ueeessary, the method selected for use should he that rrhich is best suited to the water and most easily understood by the operating personnel. U 1 parts of the potable water system should be located so they e l l not be submerged in bilge water (a minimum of 18 inches above the bilge lei-el), nor pass through tanks storing nonpotable liqnids. 2. FILLING HOSE. A special hose should be provided for loading pofsble water from shore sources, except on vessels where distillation or other treatment process is used to provide potable water and where shore sources are never used. The hose should he durable, should have a smooth, impervious lining, and should be equipped rrith the necesarp fittine for fastening it to the filling line and the hydrant. I t is preferable that the fittings and threads be different from those on other hoses on the vessel: and suitable adapters tor connecting these fittings to hydrants should be provided. For vessels whose specific needs are not known? a t l e s t two 50-foot sections should be 'Subpart J of the

Interstate Qnarnntioe Re,~laiians. as amended.

provided. The potable \\-ster filling hose should be clearly marked with one-inch (minimum) lettering rending POT.UJL~E WATER HOSE ONLY. -All potable water hose adapters should be properly identified. 3. FILEiNG-HQSE STOWAGE. The potable water hose and such hydrant adapters as may he required should be stowed in a selfciraining closet cabinet or on a rack or reel, or hung on brackets and located near the vessel's filling line connection. These facilities should be installed at least 18 inches above the deck and used for no other purpose. When the hose is stowed on a rack or me! or hung on brackets, means should he pmvided to secure the hose to its supports or to the bulkhead. -% hose which is not stowed in a closed cabimet should have its ends capped with threaded fittings. The hose cabimet or stowage spnce shonld be permanently marked by m e m of %-inch lettering (minimum) on a noncorrosive label plate, or equivalent, reading PDTABLE NATER HOSE 0.m~. 4. FILLING LINE. A potable-water tank system which may he filled by hose should have an independent filling line which should not be cross-connected with any line of a nonpotable system, and should not pass through any nonpotable liquid. The filling line should begin, either horizontally or in a gooseneck pointing downward, at a point a t least 18 inches above the top of the tank or of the deck which the line penetmtes. Screw threads, or other devices permitting hose attachment on the end of the potablewater illling line, preferably should be different from the threads or devices on other filling lines and on fire hydrants. The filling line should have a scremcap or plug fastened by a chain to an adjacent bulkhead or surface in such a manner that the cap or plug will not touch the deck when hane.ing free. Each filling line should be clearly marked by means of Vz-inch lettering (minimum) stamped on a noncorrosive label plate, or equivalent, and located at or near the The filling point of hose connection reading POTABLE WATER FILETG. line within the vessel should be painted or stt-uciledt as recommended in ,%tion A, item 15. 5. STORAGE CAPACITY. Adequate storage should be provided for -potable water. I n determining the amount, considemtion should be +en to the size of the crew, the maximum number of passengem D to be accommodated, the frequency with which water can be loaded from acceptable sources, the avail:~bility of m-nter suitable for treatment and facilities for treating it, and the Qpes of water systems nboard. The consumption values given in table I, below, are intended merely as guides for the amount of s t o n e required. The actual unit values will depend upon the type of vessel and the service i n rrhieh it is engaged. Present d e s i p practice esceeds this amount for n combined system.

T ~ B L I.-Apprmimde E

minimum rot.%

gi con;lumpl&m of dmnwlic tDaler on owseis

The amount of storage may be decreased when the potable-water supply will be supplemented with water pudled aboard, but only by such an amount as can be supplied dependably by the p M c a t i o n When the entire potable-~atersupply is obtained by distillation of .overhoard water: or by acceptable treatment of overboard fresh water, d c i e n t stmage should be provided to preclude the need for treating overboard water from harbors or other heavily contaminated areas, and to provide for periods of maintenance and repair. The treatment of water from h e a d y contaminated are= can be avoided by loading from acceptable shore sources while in port, or by the treatment of water from mash-h-matertanks which have been filled from satisfactory sources. In the latter .case, total storage requimeuts can be made up of a combination of wash-~aterstorage and potable-water storage, bnt in no case should the potable-water storage be 1 s than a 2 d a y

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6. SORAGE TANKS. Potable xvater should be stored in one o r more tanks which are so constructed, located, and protected as to be safe against any contamination from the outside. Such a tank should be constmcted of metal or other suitable mnterial. It should be independent, rrith no common boundary m t h a tank holding nonpotable water or other liquids.' The tank should be independent of the shell th;, ship, unless the bottom of the tank is at least 2 feet above the maximum-load waterline, and all sliell seams and connections in way of the tank are continuously velded on the inside of the tank. There should be no r i ~ e t s i nthat part of the shell or shell connections which form the side of the tank. KO through-bolts should be used in or on potable vater tanks. A deck may be ~ j e das the top of a potable-&r tank,provided that there are no access or inspection openings therein, and that the seams are continuously welded on the inside of the tadk. There should be no rirets or bolts in that part of the deck which forms the top of the

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tank. Xo toilet or urinnl should be installed orer rhat part of a deck which forms the top of a potable-rrater tank. A deck may form the bottom of a potable-water tank, provided that it does not also form the top of a tank which holds nonpotahle rrater or other liquids. The bottom of any potable-water tank in the lover part of the ship should be located so thnt the tank drain is at least 18 inches above the top of inner-bottom tanks used for the storage of liquids (see lig. 1). mhen an operating deck, platform, or , - is installed in the vicinity of the potabie-water tank and near the inner-bottom plating, it is that the bottom of the potable-water tank be above such operating deck: platform, or g a t i n g (see %. 1B). I n the absence of inner-bottom plating, the bottom of the potable-water tank drain should be a t least 18 inches above the lowest point of the bilge space. The bottom of a potable-water tank may be formed by the innerbottom plating provided that : a. A n 18-inch-deep void space exists underneath; and b. There is no way for the void to be filled: and

LVOID TANK D

C

ACCEPTABLE LOCATION OF POTABLE WATER TANKS I N RELATION TO BILGE OR INNER BOTTOM TANK5 Figure 1

C. The void space and the inner-bottom plating around the tank are pprovided with mfor adequate drainage. I f the interior auif.a of a t d s h d d -air. ming, an -t. able tanklining material should be nsed. NO drainline or pipe carrying nonporable liqnids should pw through the tank m h s a watertight -tunnel is pmnded (a fig 2). TYI"~Isshould be made of h e a q plate or pipe, have a continuow slope for drainage PUTT and be open for inspection. Lines o w i n g sewage or other contaminated liquids should not p s directly over the maahole in the tank. The potable water t;mk should be clearly marked by means of %-inch lettering (minimum) -stamped on a noncom61se 1ab.l piat., o;equiardent, reading warn Vessels using tanks for the storage of potable water wh& do not meet the above recommendations should have provision for mT1ta,ble

'A list of Potoak Water To& Linings Accepted fw ~rrterstrrt~ . m y be obtained from the Poblic Health Serpice region^ omce s&g

carrier concerned

gae the

NON-POTABLE LIQUID LINES THROUGH POTABLE WATER TANKS

EXAMPLES OF SELF DRAINING NNNEL DESIGN

treatment of water d r a m from those tanks before its use as potable water. 7. STORAGE TANK VENTS. Potable water stonge h k s should be provided with a vent so located and c0nSt~ctedas to prevent the entnnce of contaminating substances. *$ single pipe x-ithout takeoffs may he used as a combined rent and overflow. d potable water tank vent should not be connected to the vent of any tank holding or intended for holding nonpotxbie liquid. The vent or combined vent and overflow should terminate with the open end pointing downward and should he screened with 16-mesh corrosion resistant wire. It sbould terminate a minimum distance of 18 inches above the deck. When the end is exposed to wave action, it should be equipped with a hackwater (check) valve. 8. STORAGE TANK OVERFLOWS. The pobhle water tank should be provided with an overflow, or relief valve, which should be so located that the test head of the tmlr is not exceeded. The overflow should be constructed and protected in the same manner as recommended for rents in item 7. -4n overflow may be combined with a vent, but the provisions described for the construction and protection of both vents and overflows should he observed. 9. STORAGE TANK MANHOLES. The potable v-ater tank should be provided with a manhole, to provide access into the tank for cleaning purposes. The manhole sliould be located in the side, but mag be in the top when the top ie not formed by n deck. When located in the top, it should be provided with a coaming, or curb, raised at least onehnlf inch above the tank-top. The cover should extend to the outer edge of the curb or flange, and should be provided with a gasket and :I device for securing i t in place. Flush manholes will be acceptable in the sides of tanks. 10. WATER-LEVEL GAUGES. - b y means provided for determining rbe depth of water in the potable-mter tanks should be so constructed as to prevent the entrance of contaminntecl substances or liquids into rhe tanks. Devices n-hicb are consiclered s a t i s f a c t o ~for ~ determining the ~vater level in a potable-water tank include, bnt are not restricted to: a. Water-gauge glass with ~11utoRvalve on a side of the tank. b. Petcoeks at appropriate intervals on the side of the tank. c. Petcocks installed in a i-ertical, offset pipe 11.1iich is connected to t.he tank near the bottom m d top. d. Water-level indicators actu:lterl by air presmlre. (The nir may be supplied by a handpomp, or a n in~le~ettdent compressor, or througli :I "press-on" valve wit11 a liqnicl i m p installed in the supply line from rhe main compressed-air sFstem.) e. .In enclosed float gauge. f. .I rrater-oper:ttecl pressilre g:uugc.

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11. TANK DRAINS. The potable-water tank should be so designed that it can be completely drained. The drain opening should be of at least one and one-half inch diameter. %%en drainwe & by p a r i t y flow, the opening should be in the bottom of the tank and sllould terminate flush with, or below the inner surface of the tank bottom. The insmilacion should be such its to avoid a reinforcing plate, a raised welding bead, or a protruding pipe in r a y of the hole, vhich would prevent complete drainnge. This can be accomplished as shorn in figure 3. When the potable-7l.ater-pump suction line is used to drain the tank: it should drain from a sump, as shown in fimre 3C. -& drain in the discharge line should be located ahead of any branch takeoff to the distribution system. A valve sl~oulrlbe installed on the main immediately beyond the dminline takeoff. A screwplug or capped nipple should be installed on a tank drain only where it is easily accessible and where t l ~ enater can be wasted directly therefrom. F h e n a pipe dmiiiage system is installed, it sbould be independent of all orher drainage systems, and should be protected as specified in section G, item 6. The drainline should be plugged or capped, to prevent the loss of water in case the drain valve should become loosened by vibration, unless a loclring-type valve is

12. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. The distribution lines, including the

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suction,lines of the potable-mater pump, sl~ouldnot be cmss-connected with the pipping or storage tank of any nonpotable-mater system. There should be no blind or spectacle flimges, nor any removable or swing sections of pipe in the lines, whereby such n connection can be made. The distribution lines, including the suction lines of the potable water pump. should be located so tliey r i l l not be submerged in bilge rater, (see section G, item 6) nor pass through tanks storing nonpotable liquids?without benefit of an acceptnble, self-dmining tunnel. The distribution system should be protected against the introduction of contamination by baokflow, as Specified in section G, item 6. KOdireet connection from the potable-water system should be made for the pu$ose of cooling machinery or operating an aspirator, ejector, or other bydmulically operated device. -k hot-rater heating, aircooling, or air-conditioning circulating-nater system should not be supplied directly from a potable-rater system, unless it is a closed system wirh no nonpotable r a t e r connections, and unless the r a t e r is not I L S for he:tt-exchange purposes in a unit containing toxic materials. Potable Inter should not be used for cooling boiler mater for t s t i n g purposes, lulless it is supplied to or discharged from the cooler tlirough an a i r p p .

Potable-water ouclets should be provided in or near passenger, officer, and crew quarters, and in the en*&e and boiler rooms. Drinking water fountains (see section G, item 7) should be installed. if practicable. Coolers which permit direct contact of ice with the mater, or which consist of a cooling chamber into which a water-filled bottle is inserted in an inverted position, should not be used for dispensing drinking water. Hot and cold potable water should be supplied under pressure to the galley, pantry, and scullery. Steam mhich is to be applied directly to food should be made from potable water. Boiler steam is satisfactory as a means of heating potable water and f w d if applied indirectly, as through coils: tubes, or separate chambers. Hot and cold potable xater should be supplied under pressure to the hospital and other medical-care spaces for handmashing and medical-care purposes (but not necessarily for hydrotherapy, toilet and bedpan flushing, or bathing). Only potable water should be used for making ice that vill come in contact mith food or d r i i . 13. PUMPS. The potable-water pump should have adequate czpacity for service demands, and should be used for no purpose other than for pumping potable water. The installation of a standby pump is recommended for emergencies, such as a breakdown in the main unit serving the potable-mater system. Handpumps, which are to be installed on some vessels to serve galleys and pancries for emera-cy or routine use as a supplement to pressure outlets, should be so constructed and installed as to prevent the entrance of contamination into the potable-mater storage tank or into the water being pumped. No pump-heads with slotted tops, nor pitcher-type pumps, should be installed. 14. PNEUMATIC (PRESSURE) TANKS. Compressed air which is t o be introduced into a pneumatic tank should be supplied by: B h "snifter" (air-intdce) airvalve on the pot3ble-mater pump, or b. An independent compressor, or c. A main compressed-air system using a press-on valve with a liquid trap installed in the supply line (the liquid trap being installed in the line lending directly to the pressure tank, and not less than 2 inches in diameter and 8 inches in length), or d. Any other device which will prevent contamination of the potable water. T h e r e a common compressed air system supplies pressure to both ~lonpotableand potable water pneumatic tanks, the air supply to tanks

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should be via a press-on type of air vahe and hose. A press-on type air valve is one which must be held in place manuaUy and which can... ...>:..-.. .

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15. IDENTIFICATION AND MARKING. The piping of the potablewater system, including the filling line, should be suitably stenciled, painted light blue, or striped with 6-inch light blue bands, or a light blue stripe, a t fitting, on each side of partitions, decks, and bulkheads, and at intervals not to exceed 15 feet in all spaces except quarters, dining rooms, salons, and similar public places where the decor would he marred by such markings. When potzble water is produced aboard the vessel by treatment, the identifying markings of the piping system should begin a t a point lteyond the last treatment unit. When superchlorination and dechlorination are involved in the treatment process, the markings should begin immediately following chlorination. When chlorination alone is used, the piping beyond the retention tank should be marked. The bodies of valves installed in that part of the potable-water system which is marked should be appropriately labeled. nonpotable water outlets should be labeled m r n x D ~ G I n some c w faucets for both potable and nonpotable water may be so located as to be indistin,&shable from each other. To avoid confusion in such cases the potsble-water outlet should be labeled POT==. 16. DISINFECTION. Before bemg put into service, the potablewater stonge tank and distribution system should be cleaned, disinfeeted, and flushed. Where % water distiller. is conneded to the potable-water tank or-system, the pipe and appurtenances between the distiller and the potable-water tank or system shonld be disinfected by the same treatment as that given the potable-water spstem. 17. PROCEDURE FOR DISSINFECTION. Chlorine compounds which are used for disinfecting water systems are chlorinated lime, high-test hypocblorite, or commercially prepared liquid sodium hypochlorite. Chlorinated lime and liquid sodium hypochlorite can be purchased at almost any ,pcery or drug store. S s these compounds deteriorate on expos& to air, they should be purchased in small containers, which should be tightly closed d e n not in use. AU such pmducts should be kept. in a cool, dark place. The following instructions should be utilized in the disinfection of potable-water systems by the use of chlorine compounds : a. Thoroughly scrub tXe inside surfaces of the stomp tanks, and flush the tanks and distribution system \rich potable water. b. Determine the voiume of vater necessary to.fil1 the tanks and distribution ?stem completely. The amount of disinfecting agent require4 may be determined from table 11.

.

Tns=s 11.-Amount cawtitY 01 573-

(mdudinp d s )

a j chlorine eomprmnd rcquircd for a 60-p.p.m.1 solution

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p x t s per million.

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lleaping tablespoon hold. spprw%mtef7 6 oqnees

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a meqauring cop, approxi-

I n e n chlorine compounds or solutions other than those noted in the table are used, the dosap should be: "a

Pounds of

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percent chlorine in compound X amount in 70-percenz coiumn. 5

Gallons of liquid=pement chlorine inliqnid

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Xamount in 5-percent column. c. Prepare the chlorine solution as follows: (1) C%nuted Erne. Place the proper amount of chlorine compound in a clean, dry bucket, Add a small amount of water, and mis to a thick paste. Dilute the paste by adding water gradually m d stirring constantly until a gallon or two of solution is obtained. F a r m vater is better than cold for this purpose. Allow the solution ro stand for 30 minutes so that the undissolved particles may settle to the bottom. Pour off the clear liquid (which is the chlorine solution) and, if necesssry, filter it through muslin or cheesecloth. (2) Righ-test hypocUon'te. Place the proper amount in s bucket? till xith water to mithii a few inches of the top, and stir until the powder is dissolved. Disregard slight turbidity, if any. (3) L i p 2 s o d i m hypochEorite. Tl~esesolutions require no prepar~tion d. Pour the chlorine solution into the potablewater tanks. e. Immedaitely after introducing the chlorine solution, the tanks should be completely filled with potable water. Su5eient mixing iis~iallymill be obtained by the s~rirlingaction of the incoming water. f. Open the taps grid outlets on the distribution system nearest the jcorap tanks, and allom the water to flow until chlorinated water is detected. After the aenrest taps have been opened, the process should b ' e continued outward from the ranks until all taps and ontlets have &en flushed with chlorinated n-nter. Care should be taken to insure

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that the pressure tank is Hled with chlorinated water. Since a certain amount of the chlorinated water will have been dmwu from the storage tsnks, they should be refilled to overflowing, and chlorine solution should be added, if necessary, to obtain the %-p.p.m. dose in the tanks. g. After the s t o m p tanks and the piping system have been filled, tlte chlorinated water should be allowed to stand in them for at least 4 hours before discharging the rrater. In an emergency, the contacc time mzy be shortened to 1hour by increasing the dosage to 100 ?.p.m. h. After this contact period, the tanks and distribution system should be drained and then flushed with potable water until the chlorine tmte is not objectionable. i. Fi the storage tanks with potable water. 18. PURIFICATION OF WATER. Water which is to be pursed on hoard for use as potable water m;lp be stored in tanks formed by the shell of the vessel provided that such tanks a free from apparent leakage, have no nonpotable piping passing through them, unless a water-tight, self-dnming tunnel is provided for such piping, and are adequately protected against both the backEow and the discharge thereto of bilge or highly conbminated water. Treatment facilities, shere provided, should be suitable for the water to be purified, and should be designed to insure efficientopention and the production of a potable water which confonns to the Pdlic Zealth Service DhJ5ng Wa~e?. iStandarEs. Overboard water which is to be treated on vessels should be taken from areas relatively free from contamination and pollution. Bypasses should not be installed around treatment units, except where n e c w as part of the t r e a e n t pnxess. A sufficient supply of vital and f r e e parts of the treatment apparatus should be available. R i ~ e sater r should be distilled before use as potable water. Water d n m from areas in t.he Great Lakes, which are relatirely fmfrom cont%mination,if properly disinfwted FFill be acceptable as potable water. The water-stomp capacity in connection with a purification system . 2 item 5. should be as recommended in section : Then overboard water is treated on board, the discharge of sewage (in re&tion to the water intake) should be as specified in section G. item S. a. Distillation. A distilling plant which supplies notes to the potable-water system should be of such desim that it will produce potable sater consistently. Provision should be made in the erapolator to prevent flooding and to minimize foaming or carryorer of rater into the distiller condenser. The steam coil or tubes in the emponting chamber, and the cooling coils in tlte distiller condenser and the condensate cooler, sl~ouldbe nrnnged to facilitate inspection for corrosion, pitting, or le&. 13

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SOLENOID VALVE

FROM DISTILLER

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SAUNITY CELLSOLENOID VALVE ARRANGEMENT

(a) Xaintain a tempenture of 165" F. or higher for 5 seconds o r more in the boilinpchmber. or (b) Provide for heating the discillate to 16j0 F. or higher for 7 seconds or more, or (c) Provide facilities for adequate disinfection of the distillate. b. Ch7orhaiion. When water is to be regularlp disinfected rrith chlorinel the chlorine should be applied in the f o m of a hypochtorite solution, using a commercial hppochlorinntor mhich h a been designed to produce the required chlorine residuals. I c is desirible to apply the chlopine in direct proportion to the instantaneous flow-rate of the rrater being tre;lted. Therefore, an automatic, propoftional-control hppochlorinntor should be used. I t should he constmeted or equipped so chat tlie flov of the hq.pochlorite solution miy be observed. Its capacity diorild be determined on the basis of the maximum rate of flov of x:lter and the treatment required to produce a satisfadorqchlorine residual (not less than 0 3 p.p.m. of ires chtorine after 20 minutes detention or 2.0 p.p.m. of chloramine :rfter 3 hours detention). A *,ampiing cock should be provided at an appropriate place in the system for taking test si~mplesto check the chlorine residual and the

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openting efficiency of the feeder. .k commercial testing kit for determining the chlorine residual shoulcl be obtained with the hgpoclllorinator. Waste drainage from the chlorinator should discharge to the drainapsystem tltrough an airgap. When water. is treated regularly by chlorination, provision should be made for a baffled 11olJing tank of sufficient capacity to provide a suitable contact period for the chlorine :md vater (see fig. 7 ) . This period of contact should be provided before any water is delisered to the next successive treatment unic or to the &distribution system, and should be computed on the basis of rnaximnm rate of florr t l ~ r o u g l ~ the contnct tank. men a normal dosage of clilorine is applied, the contact period should be at least 20 minutest with a resultant free chlorine residual of 2.0 p.p.m. When superchlorination is pncticed a contact time of 5 minutes with 3 p.p.m. of free chlorine residual is required. Superchlorinated water must be dechlorinated to remove excess clloriue and render the water p:rlatable. Dechlorination may be accomplished either by introducing the proper m o u n t of reducing agents - such as sodium t h i ~ s u l f a t esodium ~ sulfite, or sodium bisulfite, or by passing the water through granuiar activated carbon. The 1stter method is usually practiced on shipboard by water contnct r i c h a bed of carbon in a pressure-filter type unit. All such dechiorinaton should be equipped with a steam connection nt the bottom, because neglected units may become incubators of after-growth bacbria. All carbon particles should be heated to at. least 16j0 F. daily for satisfactor)- control. Dechlorination may be accomplished terminally by nn element type fLtter (if acceptably cotistmcted) without steam connections. Dechlorinating units sllould be designed on the basis of 1 pllon per minute per square foot of surface aren for each 10 inches of depth. While n t e s in escess of this may be handled in n e r filten,

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If dechlorination is effective before the mater enters the distribution system, it is still desirable to maintain 3 chlorine residual in tile distribution sytem. This may be accomplisl~edby. bypassing -. - a smil amount of the super-chlorinated marer around the dechlorinating units. c. L~ltruvioZet. Ultraviolet light is an aweptahle disinfectant f o r mater within certain limitations. I.1tniviolet is not acceptable :IS the sole trestmenc of river maker: or water with a high orgxnic content. Turbidity and certain colors also hare an interferingeffect. S o bypass around the ultnviolet disinfection unit wilt be permitted. The ultraviolet unit shotzld produce light mith a peak intensity of 2,537 Angstrom units. Bulbs should be jlrcketed in quartz or T c o r so that a temperature near 104" F. is maintained at the bulb mall. Provision must be made for frequent cleaning of the esremal surface of the bulb jackets. The unit must be designed to p r o ~ d ean energy dose of at least 11,000 micromatt-seconds per square centimeter a t all points throughout the water chamber. The following controls are the minimum necessary to achieve proper opention of an ultnviolet disinfecting unit : (1) I n automatic flox control ralve on the line to or from the unit to restrict the flow through the unit under all operating conditions to no more than its rated capacity. (2) An accurately calibrated and properly fiitered intensity meter to continuously measure the ultmviolet imdiation reaching the farrhesr point in the unit from the bulb or bufbs. (3) A voltmeter to indiwte l i e voltage at the unit. (4) .In electrical circuitry coupling the ult.nriolet intensity meter to a flom diversion valve and pump shutoff switch. When the u l t n violet intensity drops below that necessary to achiex-e the minimum I I , microaratt-seconds ~ per square centimeter for disinfection, the c i r c n i t ~should cause the unit to automatically divert flom from the ~otnblevater system feed line through an ah-gap. ( 5 ) -1?-minute flom delay should be designed into the circuitrp to allon- complete varm 11p of the bulbs before r a t e r is delivered to the potable mater system when the disinfecting unit is first actuated o r folloming any automatic inierruption. (6) .In audible alarm to warn of any malfunction causing shutdo~xm of the unit. ( 7 ) Prorision should be made for draining the unit mhen it is shuidorm. 17 ...

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( 8 ) Since there is no disinfecting residual from ultraviolet, provision should be made for the addition of chlorine to the water distribution system on a routine basis. (9) 3fi~ximumi\-ater depth from tlie bulb surface throuzh the ivater should not exceed 3 inches. d. Filtratian. Filtration should be used only when it is a necessary part of a purification system rrhich includes a baczericidal treatment. Filtration of potable water, through charcod, activated carbon, or other tppes of filter, is considered unnecessary ercept for dechlorkation purposes. Faucet and other tppes of terminal filters often collect and accelerate the growth of bacteria, and the storage and manual insertion of replaceable filter elements may be a me= of introducing contamination. Because of these potential health hazards: the use of terminal filters is discouraged unless some means is provided for disinfecting the filtering media after insertion and periodiczlly thereafter. I f replaceable filter cartridges are utilized, provision must be made for cleaning and disinfecting that ponion of the distribution system subjected to manual contamination. Water that is loaded from approved sources through clean, separate hoses and into properly constructed and majntained storage tanlis should not require filtration. I f filtration is necessary, it should be accomplished with approved t.qes of pressare filters after adequate pretreatment. Where the pressure type filter is used, the filtering media should consist of a t least 24 inches of suitably sized hard filter sand, or other suitable filtering material, supported either on a porous stone filter bottom or on a 12-inch bed of p v e l . There should be a free board space above the sand of not Iess than 2.1 inches. The optimum rate of flow through sand or quartz should not esceed "xllons per minute per square foot of filter bed area. ;1method for automatically controlling the rate of flow should be provided, such :is a pump, the m u h u m discharge of which is not greater than the ntedcapacity of the 6lter. Backwashing Rith water of a quality at least equal to that of the filtrate should be accomplished at a rate of at. least 15 gallons per min>te per square foot of filter be3 area for a period of a t least 10 minutes. The Iilter should be equipped irith a loss-of-had gauge, to indicate the need for backwashing the filter media. The valve nest or multiple port valve controlling the operation of the filter should be desi,mied so that the filter cannot be bypassed unless the rrater is prechlorinnted and filtration is not: in fact: a necessary part of the purification process.

1. GENERAL. A single water sysrem, supplying potable water for drinking, cooking, diihwmhing, ablutionary, hospital, and laundering purposes, should be installed when practicable. However, when a n-ash-rater system is installed in additon to a potable-water system, wash watez may be piped to slop sinks, lavatories, laundry facilities, bathtubs, showers, water closets, hose conneetons used for deck washing purposes, and other special uses, as indicated in item 3, be lo^. 1U1 wash water faucets should be clearly and permanently labeled, UNFIT FOR DBINHING.

Great Lakes water is taken from areas unaffeded by shore or vessel contamination, is geuerally satisfactorg to use as mash water without prior treatment. When water for washing pnrposes is to be taken from rivers, equipment should be installed to provide filtrakion and disinfection prior to use. When wash water is to be taken from acceptable shore sources, stonge tanks may be filled through the potable water filling system provided an air gap is installed in the filling line to the wash water system. 2. STORAGE T A W . Wash-water-storage tanks should be so eonstrncted as to minimize the possibility of the water therein becoming contaminated. Double-bottom, fore an aft peak, wing, and topside tanks and tanks with sides common to other nonptable-water tanks, are satisfactory, provided thatno d n i e s pass through them (nnless provided with acceptable, self-draining tunnel), that they have covered mnholes, and that all sounding tubes are capped or ping-d. When a deck forms the top of a wash-water tank, a11 opeshould be curbed and covered. Thr: tanks should be adequately protected against the backfiow or discharge thereto of bilge or contaminated trateK 3. DlSTRfeUNON SYSTEM. The distribution lines, including the suction lines of a rash-rater pump, should not be connected directly to the fire, bilge or any other contaminated m&r system The suction line to a wash-~aterpump should be SO located as to prevent its submergence in bilge rater. Wash-rater lines should be protected against bacMom, in a manner similar to that required for potable wnter :LS specified in section G, item 6.

Wash water may be piped into the hospital or other medical-treatment space for use in hydrothenpg, and for any other purposes except handwashing, medical care, and drinking. Wash water should not be piped into the galley, pantry, or scullery, except to a food waste-,gindeer eductor line where the delivery line is protected against backflow. 4. PURlFlCAnON OF WASH WATER. If river water is to be filtered before use for washing purposes the filtration should be accomplished nith properly designed pressure filters. The filtering media should consist of at least 24 inches of hard properly graded Jilter sand, or other suitable filtering material, supported either on a porous stone filter bottom or on a 12 inch bed of e v e l . There shonId be a freeboard space above the sand of not less than 24 inches. The optimum rate of flow through the media should not exceed 2 d o n s per minute per square foot of filter bed area. Some method C for antomatically controlling the rate of flow should be provided. Control may be achieved with a pump, the maximum discharge of ~rhiehis not greater than the rated capacity o f the Bter. Backwashing with water of a quality at least equal to that of the filtrate should be accomplihed at a rate of at least 15 gallons per minute per square foot of filter bed area for a period of at least 10 minutes. The filter should be equipped with a loss-of-head gauge, to indicate the need for backwashing the filter media. The valve nest or multiple port valve contmlling the operation of the filter should be designed so that the filter canuot be bypassed unlm the water is chlorinated and filtration is not, in fact, a necessary part of the purification p m x s .

Section C. SANITARY- OR OVERBOARD-WATER SYSTEM

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1 . GENERAL. The sanitary- or overboard-water system should be independent of the potable-water and the wash-water systems. All faucets on the sanitary- or overboard-wa%r-distribution system should be clenrly labeled with signs mding mmr ma DEIXXNG. Sanitary- or overboard-water outlets should not be located in any space where food is stored, prepared or served, except thnt nonpotable Tater may be used in a food waste-,@rider eductor line as noted in section E, item 10. Water fmm the sanitary water system may be piped to a food wastegrinder provided the food waste-,&der is not located in s food spsee. There should be no outlets from the sanitary-water: system in the hospital or other medical-treatment spaces, escept those for slopsinks and flushin,: waste-disposal units, such 3s toilets and b e d p washers. 2. SALT-WA.TER BATHS. Salt-water ~ e c toebathtubs and showers should be independent, with no cross connections to either the potablewater or rash-water system. The supply line should originate a t a point in the salt-water system where adequate flushing of the system d l occur between the time the vessel leaves polluted water and the time water will be. d r a m for bathing purposes. Adequate flushing can best be assured by having tbe supply line originate a t or near the pump. -4shutoff valve should be installed so that this service can be made inoperative while the vessel is in polluted water. This shutoff valve should be installed just beyond the point of takeoff from the vessel's main salt-water system, and shonld be labeled ~ E E PCLOSED WHILEm C O ~ X I X A T E D WATERS. The principle is the same as shown forswimminc pools in figure 16.

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Section D. VESSEL-TO-SHORE PRESSURE-WATER CONNECTlON 1. GENERAL. When facilities installed on a vessel make it possible to connect any nonpotable-water system on the vessel to a potable-water system on a pier for the purpose of utilizing the pressure from the pier system, ;r si:indnrcl device, such as :L check valse or a redncecl pressure principle backflow prerenier, sllo~~lcl be instnlled on the ressel: nt or near the inlea of the nonpotnble svstem, to prercnt flor of Tnier from the ressel to rhe shore.

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Section E. SPACES FOR THE STORAGE, PREPARATION,

AND SERVICE OF FOOD 1. DECKS. The deck or flooring of all spaces in which food or drink is stored or prepared, or in which food preparation and eating utensils are washed, should be so constructed as to be easilp cleaned. The bottoms of shaft wells in these spaces should be so constructed as to facilitate cleaning and inspection. Decks should be sloped to deck drains, where provided. Access for clenning should be provided in the bottom of dumb-waiter shafts. If no drain is provided in the dumb-waiter shaft, the deck covering in the shaft should be sloped to the op&g for drainage to the accessible area.

2. BULKHEADS, DECKHEADS AND OTHER OVERHEAD INSTALLATIONS. Bulkheads and deckheads of spaces in which food is stored,

prepared or served, or in which utensils are cleaned or stored, should have hard-finished, smooth, light-colorsd, wasWle surfsces. Fibrous insulation or like material should be sheathed in such a manner as to prevent particles of the insulation from falling upon food. The use of cloth or plaster surfacing alone is not satisfactory. Fibrous air filters should not be installed in the deckhead or over food-processing equipment. Perforated. acoustical material should not be installed in galleys. pantries, sculleries, or other food-prepamtion or storage spaces. I t will be acceptable in dining spaces, provided that the sound-absording material is of such a nature, or is so sheathed: as to prevent particles

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D W B - WAITER

TRUNK

DECK DRAIN OR SLOPE DECK COVERING TO ACCESS OPENING WITH NO SILL ON INSIDE OF TRUNK

MACHINERY SHOULD BE AT TOP OF SHAFT W H E N POSSIBLE

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DOOR F O R ACCESS

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from falling through the holes and seams. When perforated sheets are used in the deckhead under a fibrous type of sound-absorbing or insulating material, a close-mesh, noncombustible fabric should be interposed between the fibrous material and the perforated sheet to prevent particles of the fibrous material from filtering through. The noncombustible fabric may be attached either to the insulant-absorbent or to the upper face of the perfonted sheet. Other a m g e m e n & may be accepted upon application. 3. PIPING IN-DECKHEADS. Pipes in u n s h d h e d deckheads over spaces where food is stored or prepared, or where utensils are wmhed; or over portions of spaces from which food is regularly dispensed, should be insulated if condensation is likely to form on them. The pasage of drainage lines in the deckheads of food spaces should be avoided where possible. Where unavoidable, they should be constmcted asspecified in section G, item 8. 4. DRAINAGE OF SPACES. Deck drains should be provided in all spaces where decks are subjected to flooding type cleaning or where normal operations release or discharge water or other liquid wastes on the deck. Drainage gutters may be used, provided that they are so located as to be easily accessible for cleaning. I f cover plates are -instdled over the gutterway, they should be easily removable, and should be made of he,%vy: flat, expanded metal or perforated plate. Deck drains should be located in the low points in a space. Drain location design should consider shear and camber and permanent trim and list. Deck drain coven should have no opening greater than onehalf inch (see &.17). Dnins from refrigerated spaces should be protected against backflow, as indicated in section G, item 11. 5. INSKT SCREENS. An effective means should be provided for the.exclusion of insects from spaces in which food is stored, prepared, or ser~ed. Screening, which is commonly used for this purpose, should be not. less thnn 1.6-mesh, preferably of corrosion resistant material. Door screens should be self-closing. Skylights which are located &borefood spaces, and which can he opened, should be equipped wit11 insect screens .which are easily removable for cleaning. A11 screens s h o a be tight-fitting. Forcled-dm&-ventilation openings into food spaces do not require insect. screening if insects are otherwise excluded. Tight-fitting, selfclosing louvers should be installed in the outlets of forced-draft-exhaust openings. 6. TOILET AND LAVATORY FACILITIES. Adequate toilet facilities should be located convenient to food preparation spaces. Toilet rooms should be adequately ventilated. Toilet mom doors opening directly into food preparation or serving areas shoud be self-closing and tight fitting. Handwashing facilities should be procided in or adjacent to

the toilet facilities and include hot and cold running uater, potable or wash water, single service paper or cloth towel dispenser, or electric hot-air drying machines, a suitable soap, detergent, or other acceptable cle* agent, and a permanent sign in the toilet space cautioning employees to wash hands. Handwashing facilities should also he provided in the food prepamtion areas listed below for use by the personnel working in these areas to keep their hands clean during their activities. These facilities should include the above appurtenances except only hot and cold potable water should be used, and a permanent sign reading, WASH HA^ om-, should be located over the lavatory. This wording should be used, also, where a common lavatory serves both the toilet hci1it.y and the food preparation space. Handwashing facilities should be provided as follows : a. Central cornmissafy (several lavatories may be needed when disstance, partitions, or other obstacles might impede convenient use of the facilities). b. Individual galleys, pantries, sculleries, bakery shops, butcher shops, and vegetable preparation rooms. Slop sinks and scullery sinks are not satisfactory as handwashing facilities. 7. WATER SUPPLY. Only potable water should be piped into spaces where food is stored, prepared, or served, escept for food wastegrinder eductor lines as noted in section E, item 10. The potable water system should be protected against backEow, as recommended in section G, item 6. 8. UGHTING. Au working surfaces in spaces where food or drink is prepared, or where utensils are cleaned, should be provided with illumination of not less than 20 foot-candles. This standard of lighking does not apply to the dining areas. Storage rooms should be lighted sufficiently to promote cleanliness and to facilitate sanitary operations (10 foot-candles minimum). 9. VENTILATION. 811 spaces in which food is prepared or stored andutensils washed, and all toilet spaces should be ventilated sufficiently to be reasonably free of disapreeabte odors and condensation. Natur ~ ventilation 1 should be supplemented bp mechmical ventilating systems, as needed. Louvers, filters, or r e e f s at ventilation terminals in food preparation areas should be readily removable, without tools, for cleaning. Wing nuts or snap-on devices are recommended for this purpose. Yentilation hoods in food spaces shall be designed to prevent g r e m or condensate from dripping into food or onto food preparation surfaces. Racks for the storrag3 of cooking vessels should not be placed under the ventilation hoods.

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10. DLSPOSAL OF REFUSE.

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Means should be provided for the sani-

adjustable spray nozzle, and a scrub brush. If ~otablewater or wash water is utilized acceptable bac&w preventers, mounted at le& 4 inches above the flood level of ang w n mar be washed in the space should be provided. The hose nozzle should not be adjustable to a completely closed position. Only ptable water should be introduced into the hopper, or the ,&der body of food waste-,sfinden or disposal unik l m t e d in sculleries or any other food service area. Overboard water or wash mater eduetors may be utilized in the horlzonbl discharge b from such ,&ders or disposal units. Ovepboboard or mash water supplies may be used in food waste-grinders which are installed in areas other than food spaces. -4ccepbble vacuum breakers or air p p s shodd be installed in the supply h e s to food waste-,&den or eductors that are flushed with potable water or eductors utilizing mash-water. 4 1 ground food waste shall be dischare& to the sewage treatment unit. 11. EQUIPMENT. TStensils and equipment should be so desirned, fabricated, and installed as to be free of sanitaq defeek which present a health hazard (refer to section F). 12. WASHWG AND MCTERICIDAL-TREATMENT FACILITIES. There are several acceptable methods of mashing and bactericidal-treatment of eating and drinking utensils. The following discnssion of these methods will provide sufficientinformation for the d e s i p and constmction of acceptable facilities. 9 trro compartment sink shall ix: provided whenever vasliing al~cl sanitization of equipment or utensils are conducted m a n ~ ~ ~ l lSinks y. ~tsedfor manual \~nshingand snnitizuig o~cmtionssllall he of nderiuate lengthhlxidth, and depth to pennit the complete imme~siollof the eqnipment nnd ~itensils~ nnd each compartment of wch sink shnll besupplied with hot and cold m i n g water. Dish baskets h l l be provided and shall be of such design as to permit complete etemersion of the utensils and equip&t components being sanitized. After utensils have been washed, and rinsed they should be subjected to bactericidal treatment by one of the following methods: (I) By immersion of the utensil or equipment for at least one-half minute in cle~nrater at a temperature of at least 170" F. To overcome the loss of heat from water in the bactericidal trmtment compartment a heating device should be installed which ill be intea-1 with the compartment and w1lich, preferably should be thermostatically controlled. This device should be capable of: ( a ) Tithin 5 minutes mising the temperature of the Inter in the companment to 170" F. or higher; (6) maintaining the water tempentuw in the

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compartment at 170" F. or higher during dishrrashing operation. This may be accomplisiied with one of the follorring devices: . steam or electricnlly l~eatecljacket under or around the (a) $ compartment. (b) Steam coils within the compnrtment provided that the unit is lemovable or rotative to :I r e r t i a l pnsirion for routine cleaning. (c) A removable, immersion-type. electrical unit in the wm[~artment. (d) One or more steam injectors at the bottom of the compartment, illstalled in such a matter :sto effect tl~orouphmixing of steam and rlie water. Boiler steam is satisfactory for use in this connection. t e a m injectors shell be self-draining. (e) A steam or electric recixulation unit attached directly to the Ixtctericidal tre;ztment compartment. ITi~enhot water is used as the bactericidal agent, the treatment conlpzurtrnent should be provided with a thermometer rrhich is accnnte to vitllin e0 F., nnd on ;\-hich tlie scale divisions are not more than F. The tl~ermometershould be of the dial type, v i t h the dial attached to the splaslz plate of the sink or to the adjoining bulkhead. If necessary for cleaning purposes, the thermal-immersion unit. ~honldbe removable from tlie sink. ( 2 ) By immetsion of the utellsil or equipmelit for at least 1 l i ~ i ~ i u t e in luke\mr~n(not less r11:1n 7;" F.) clllorine bath containing a t least .;I) parts per ~liillionof aruilabie cl~lorineif I~ypochloritesare 11sedl or :r concent~~tion of equnl bactericidnl strength if chlorxmines are used. IVitli this metlzod of bactericidal treatment, three oats sl~oulcl be pro~idecl-one vat for rrnsl~ing!the second for rinsing? and the rhircl for chlorine. ( 3 ) Equipment so designed or installed as to make immersion impractical may be @-en bactericidal treatment: (a) With live steam from a hose, xhen the steam call he confined in the equipment; (b) bx a boiling m t e r rinse; or (c) by spraying or swabbing rrith a solution of at least 100 parts permillion chlorine. (4) Any other method determined by the Surgeon General, upon application of an owner or operator of a conveyance, to be effective in tile bactericidal trealtment. of utensils and equipment. Dish;~.asl~ingrnaehines, if usecl, sl~oaldbe designed, installed, operated, :u1d muint:iined so that. the utensils are rendered free of visible soil, \\-ash water and detergent, leaving them clean, reasonably dry? and free of niicro-orp~~~isms irliicl~present a potential health hazarcl. .\cceptable dish\~.ashinpmachines are listed in the "List of .\ceeptitble Equipment for Interstate Carrier L-se." Scrapping facilities sllould be provided for removing food particles from 11tensils. Prerinsing facilities, if provided. \%.illmaintain the

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w~sh-waterin a cleaner condition; thereby enhancing the effectiven e s of the dishwashing machine. The eifeetiveness of a spray-type dishn-shing machine is eontingent upon several factors. Some of these areinherent in their design and fabrication, while others depend upon the provision of stisfactory appurtenant equipment and proper operation and maintenance. Among the factors to be considered are the -temperature and volume of the applied mash and rinse mters; the type and concentration of detergent used.; the cleanliness and maintenance of the machine (winch, in tt~rn:are related to its dur:rbility and ease of cleaning) ; the duration of sash and r i n s p e r i o d s ; the s p r q pattern;.and the nozzle sizes and operating pressures. -1 satisfactory dishwashing mwlline installation requires: (1) Provision for maintaining the wash-\~aterin tlie machine hl the temperature m n p of 140' to 160° F. Smgle-tank conveyor machines sliall -be provided xrith ~aslt-waterof a t least 160° F. (2) Prorision of an adequate xater supply for the &dishmashing operztion, with aa-dependablepressure-regulating device (flax-control or pressnm-reducing valve) if required, to maintain 15 to 25 pounds of flow pressnre on tile final-rinse line at the machine, and not less than I0 pounds per square inch a t the rinse nozzles. (3) Provision of adequate water-hexting facilities, xith dependable thermostatic control, to maintain a temperature of 180° F. or more in the final fresh-n-ater rinse line at the entrance of the rinse manifold on the machine. (4) Provision of an easily readable tlrerrnomecer for atch tank and the h a 1 rinse-3%-aterline. Each tlhermometer should be accurate to xicilin 2' F. ( 5 ) Provision of sufficient racks and clean-utensil-stora area to permit air drying (usually h u t 45 seeondsbefom removal of utensils from racks fallorring \vz~shing.) 13. STOWAGE OF EQUIPMENT. Provision A d d be made f o r the stoxGp of all utensils in a clean, dry place above the deck, for protection against contnmination. h k e n for stomye of cleaning materials and .equipment should be provided in or adjacent to the food prepamtion space. Dc~n-ewshonld be removable, easily cleanable. and made of materials n-hieh :ire impervious and corrosion resist:~nt. Felt lined dxawers are not sccept:tble. 14. REFRIGERATION. Refrigerators for the storage of foods should be c;~piibleof maintaining a temper:tture :it or belo~rMaF. a t all times. Interior surfaces of refrigemtors sltould be smooth, non:~bsortxtiit:easily cleaned, nnd light colored. -1 tllerrnometer should be pro!-irled to indicate the temperature in

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tlte >vannest.zone of each refrigemtor, and sl~ouldbe placed uhere it

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can be rerend with ease. The thermometer s a l e divisions should not

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be greater tlinn 2" F. ond tlle themlometer should be accurate to xithin 2. F. Tfiermometefs need !lot be instnlled on deep-freeze

refrigemtors. d tIlernlometer is not required in o sn~nll,com~nercinl refrimrator intended for personal use, such as tllat installed in the C. captain's prenntry.

Section F. SANITARY DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND INSTALLATlON OF VESSEL COMMISSARY EQUIP-

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1. GENEIIAL. These criteria pertain chi& to custom-made or built-in equipment designed and fabricated by the shipbuilders o r their subcontl-zctors. Commissary equipmen6 to be purchased on the open market, such as dishmashing machines, food misers, ran,and other food handling, preparation, or storage equipment, should be procured onlyif deemed acceptable, for the purpose intended, "og the Public Healtl~Service.' Such acceptance is tnsed on a careful reriem and evaluation of the equipment and its component parts and materid: to ascertain its freedom from undesinble sanitation features: its ability to perform its sanitary function satisfactorily; and itsfaculty for easy cleaning. 2. DEFINITIONS. FOOD is any riff, cooked, or processed edible substance, beverage, or ingedient used or intended for use or for sale in wbole or in part for human consumption. F O O D - C O N TSURFACES ~ are those surfaces of equipment and utensils with mhichfood normally wmes in contact, and those surfaces rrith which food may come in contact and drain back onto s u h c e s normally in contact with food. CORROSION R E S I S T AMATERLU, ~ is a material which maintains its ori=+al surface characteristics under prolong4 influence of food, clesning compounds and sanitizing solutions which may contact it. E . s a r CLU~ABLEis lpadily accessible and of such material and hi811 and so fabricated that residue may be completely m o v e d by nor& cleaning methods. SEALED is free of cracks or other openings vhich may permit the e n t F or passage of moisture. READ^ -%CCESSIBLE pertains to areas or surfaces that are or can be exposed for cleaning 31-ithout the nse of tools. Q list of acceptable equipment having *nitation significance is pnblished and distributed annnally bY the Equipment Review Activity, Interstate Carrier ~ m c h Dirision . of Environmental Engineering and Fwd Protection. Items of Equipment not found on this list mag b e rwluested for review and evaluation throw-h the Public Health Service Regional OBce seming the mrrier concerned.

ACCESSLBLE .Rea is one that can be readily exposed for inspection :tnd proper cleaning vith the use of simple tools REXOYIY R E U O V ~ Lparts E or components are those that can be dis.u~embledor removed without the use of tools ~ ~ ~ N A B S O R B E X~T ~ T E ~ L is L Lone whose surface is resistant to rnoisture penetration. ~ B L materid E and construction is thst which is able to withspand normal use and abuse. XONTOXIC materids are those ~rhich ill not introduce 11armful or injurious in,pdients or substsnees into the food. Sx-. T o be smooth, tho- metal surfaces shall h w e the following bis11es : (a) Corrosion resistant alloys sixill have at least a No. 4 mill finish properly applied. (b) Cast iron, c s t and for=& steel, and cast nickel alloy, in the arw, shall have a surface roughness not to exceed American Standard No. 125. (c) Other metals shall be a t l e s t as smooth as commercial grade rolled sheet steel and free of loose scale. 3. MATERIALS. Food contact surface maierials shodd be c o m i o n psistant, nontoxic, nonabsrbent, easily cleanable, smooth and durable. Galvanized metal for food contact surfaces is not recommended. Paint should not be applied to these surfaces. Cutting boards should be of a material equal to, or better than select hard maple. Solder, mhen used as a food contact surface, should be limited to joining metal or sealing seams betmeen abutting metal surfaxes: should be of such formulation as to be nontoxic under use conditions; should contain no more lead than is necessary under good manufacturing practice: and should, consistent with good industrial pmctice in the refining of its constituent elements, be free of cadmium, antimony, bismuth, and other toxic materials. melding materials used in melding together noncorrosive materiaIs should render the weld area corrosion resistant. Jlaterials, other than those already accepted nnd listed for use as food contact surfaces or cotltainersl should be approved by the Public Health Service before installation. PI:tstic: or other nonmetallic material~intended for food contact surface use, r i l l be investigated to determine their toxicologi~status. 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. Food contact surfaces should be free of open seams, cracks, or crevices and should be easilv clennable. Exposed bolts, nuts, threads, screw heads, and rivets are not acceptable on these surfaces. AII internal corners in equipment should be romded xith a minimum radius of one-fourth inch, and edges should be finished smooth.

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Soldered and welded areas, used as food conhct surfaces, should be smooth and durable. The deposited metal should be h i s h e d to e]imin:rte sharp angles, cmcks, or crevices. F w d amas should be protected against l a g e or seepage of lubricants or other extraneous or foreign substances. Drawers and bins used as food contact surfaces should be readily removable and easily cleanable. They should be free of open seams or cracks and finished smooth on all sides. Covers, insets, or reeeptacles for unpackaged foods or beverages should be readily removable or designed for easy cleaning in piwe. Equipment housing or component parts should be free of openine inaccessible areas wherein food, liquid, or dust may en&r and insects harbor. Mixers, refrigerator compressors and similar units: if provided with openings or louvers, should contain readib m o v a ble inspection ports or panels. Control mechanL~ms,c o u p l i i , and other components mounted on the housing of the equipment should be so designed and installed as to preclude the entrznce of dirt and vermin nnd the formation of inaccessible areas which may prevent pmper cleaning and inspection. Top openings on horizontal food storage cabinets should be protected amund their periphery by a ewming three-sisteenth of an inch or more above the surface of the cahinet or above the overflorr level if applicable. Opening in ~ o r or k dish tables to garbage and waste receptsbles should have a water tight turned-down edge extending at least one-half inch below the table surface, unless the opening is provided with a scrap block. Exposed edges and nosing on horizontal surfaces such as tops of dre-sers, tables, and shelves should have turned down or return flanges with a space of at least three-fourths inch betmeen sheared edge and the frame angles: or they should be totally enclosed. Range sea rails shonld be readily removable and easily cleanable. Bmckets for range sea rails should be easily cleanable. Hoods over steam kettles, ranges, and other cooking units should have snlwth,easily cleanable interiors. Gutters, and gutter drains, if provided, should be designed and sized to faciIitate cleaning. rite;. if used, should be so installed as to direct drippings into gutters. B*, vanes, dampers, and other air contml facilities should be readily accessible or removable. %%ere esposed refrigerant coils are located in f w d compartments, the? shonld be of a finless type and arranged so as to allow through cleaning. B l o ~ e ror 6n type evaporators should be enclosed or shielded to protect them from spillnp of food and to protect the food from condensate drippage. Enclosed type refrigeration evaporators should be provided with condensate dm&. Xefrigerant and m i e r coils in m t e r cool in^ units should be readily accessible 31

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for brush cleaning and provided with plug and dmii to facilitate flushing and draining of the water bath compartment. Sliding doors on galley and pantry equipment should be removable and their tracks or guides so fabricated as to be free of inaccessible openings or slots. Lower tracks should be slotted at ends to facilitate removal of dust and debris. Equipment doors, whether sliding or hin-pd, should not contain openings into i n d b l e areas. If ,&ets are used on insulated doors, they should be easily cleanable, replaceable, and should fit tightly. Door catch openings. latch striker plates and other fastening devices should be free of openings into channels, door panels or other component parts of the equipment which could permit the entrance of vermin and debris. Latches, hin,ps, and other hardware should be fabricated of smooth and easily cleanable material. Cutting boards should be readily removable for cleaning or easily cleanable in place. They should be free of open seams or cracks and should be finished smooth on all sides. Insulation material should be protected from seepage and wndensation. Flashing or closing strips should not permit entry of food fragments or debris. Bases, curbs, or elevated islands for supporting equipment above deck level, if provided with toe space, should not be indented a distance ,marer than the height of the lower framing member of the equipment h ~ thee deck Toe space should have a minimum height of 2 inches. When the area under deck mounted equipment is not entirely enclosed, legs supporting such equipment should be so constructed as to prevent collection and harborage of dirt, vermin and debris. Enclosed spaces such as colnmns, vertical supports, legs, etc., should be sealed against vermin entrance. Coming around equipment such as steam kettles, should be sealed against seepage, inatration and vermin entrance, and should be provided xith b i n s having removable strainers. The drain should be ifor galley and located at the lowest polnt within the area. K sink equipment should be sized as follows: (a)-S+lUinches minimum diameter. (b) Steam tables and Bain Maries (wet type)--1 inch minimum diameter. Exposed horizontal drain pipes, .including the trap, should be so installed as to permit proper cleaning of the deck area beneath. Such pipes should not be lccated above food storage, pmparation or serving areas. unless designed and installed as per section G,item 8. Water inlets to steam tables, kettles, and other sink type equipment should be located a minimum distance of twice the diameter of the water inlet but not less than 1inch above the flood level nin. Vacuum breakers of an acceptable type and properly installed are satisfac-

tory where the water supply line is required below this height (see section G, plumbing, for-details and further explanation). Shelves used as false bottoms should be readily removable or sealed

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fabricated ss to permit hot water or chemical sanitization. Dipper wells, for ice cream dippers, should be equipped with running water from an above-the-rim inlet and constructed of smooth, s d e s s material. 5. INSTALIATK)K All pemnnently insblled or stationary equipment should be constructed o r flashed to exclude openings in way of adjacent structures or other equipment unless adequate clearance for .;propercl&g is provided. Deck or bulkhead mounted equipment which is not enelwed underneath should have a minimum clearance of 6 inches between the lowest horizontal framing member of the equipment and the deck. Counter mounted equipment should have a clearance of a t least 4 inches between lowest horizontal member and the counter top. ' Clearance between the back of enetoaed equipment, such as ranges nd refrigerators, and the bulkhead should be governed by the wm~ e length d of the items. Equipment up to 2 feet long should be it least 6 inches from the bulkhead; 3 feet long should be 9 inches; lfeet long should be 12 inches; etc., up to a maximum of 24 inches. I f he space between equipment and bulkhead is readily aceessihle from ~ t hends, the above clearances may be reduced in half, except that h e e i u m in ang case should be 6 inches. If t ~ items o of equipment, such as oven or m g g are located djacent to each other, the space between should be st least 6 inches, f the depth is 2 feet or less. For depths greater than 2 feet, the liding scale indicated above should be applied. In lieu of this, the pace between should be effectivelyclosed on all sides by tightly fitting pacers Equipment installed without the clearances stated a b v e should ave- the .spaces under,. adjacent, and in back thereof effectively nclosed and sexled to deck and/or bulkhead. Penetrations, such as able, conduit or pipe openings, should be provided with tightly fitting ollars?or other closure fittings and materials acceptable to the Public [ealth Service.

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G. PLUMBING

1. MATERIALS. Only new pipe, tubing, or fittings should be used in the potabIe-water system, and all materials used should he beptsble to the Public Eealth Sewice. Lead pipe and cadmium-lined fittings should not be used. Plumbing should comply with requirements of the current edition of the National Plumbing Code. 2. AIRGAK. An airgap is the nnobstrnefed vertical distance through the free atmasphere between the lowest opening from any supply pipe or W u r e drain and the flood-level rim of the receiving receptacle. The length of an airgap should be at least twice the inside diameter of the delivery pipe or drain that it protects, with a minimum of 1 inch. When a receiving funnel is provided, the gap should be meamled from the top of the funnel to the end of the pipe or drain .. fsee6g.9). 3. BACKFLOW PRMNTERS.

When an airmu cannot be urovided in the water supply Sine to a fixture, a suitabfe backtfow &venter &odd be installed in the supply line. When a vacuum breaker is used for this purpose, it should be installed on the discharge side of - the last control valve at lest 4 inches above the flood level rim of the future as shown in fim10, or in accordance. with the critical d i i n c e as indicated in the latest edition of Public Health Service "List of Accepted Equipment for Interstate Carrier Ese.?' The backflow preventer should be so designed that s complete cycle of any

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A i r gap a t l e a s t twice t h e i n s i d e diameter o f the p i p e

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. moving parts is made each time the control wltre and the supply line is opened and closed. Acceptable backfiow preventers may be found in the "List of Accepted Equipment for I n t e w t e CarriererVse." 4. BACKWATERVALVES. A backwater valve is is mechanical device installed in a soil or waste line to prevent the reversal of flow under conditions of back pressure. In the check-valve t y p , the flap should swing into a recess when the line is flowing full, to preclude obstructing the flow. 5. FIXTURES. &ures should be resistant to the eorzosive effects of salt water md saline atmosphere. FixhuPs shontd be easy to olean, and so designed as to fundion eiticiently. Internal corners of a b u r e should be rounded, wherever practicable. 6. PREVENTION OF BACKFLOW INTO THE POTABLE-WATER SYSTEM.

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The potable-water system should not be crm-co~ectedto any nonpotable-liquid system, and no provision should be made for such a eonnettion. Overflows, vents, and dnins from tanks, and drains from the distribution system (including any water treatment plant), should not be directly connected to sewage dnins. When drain lines are extended toward the bottom of the vessel, they should terminate at least IS inches above the inner-bottom plating, or above the highest point of the bilge in the absence of such plating, unless the hydraulics of the potable-water system are such that b W o w is i m h l e . Airpps and receiving funnels should be installed in these lines when %eydischarge to a closed tank of a nonpotabie-water system, or to a leek drain or to a sanitary drain.

The delivery of potable water to sinks, wash basins, bathtubs, expansion t a m laundry trays, clothes-washing machines, boilerwater spill-tanks (hot wells), waste-disposal units, laboratory and hospital equipment, aspirators, c e d n equipment used in the preparation or processing of food, or equipment for the washing of eating and drinking utensils, should be through an airgap. Where an airgap is impncticable, a baektlow preventer should be installed. A direct connection of the potable-water system to the jacket of a stem kettle is satisfactory. 7. DRINKING FOUNTAINS. Bowls or basins of drinking fountains and coolers shodd be constructed of impervious, nonoxidizing material, and should be so designed and constructed as to be easily cleaned and protected against bacgflow. The jet of a drinking fountain should be b t i n g , and the orifice of the jet should be protected by a guard in such a manner as to prevent contamination by droppings from the mouth or by splashing from the basin. The oriftes of such a jet should be at least three-fourths inch above the rim of the basin. The water-supply pipe should be provided with a pressureregalst;buvalve, which will permit the regulation of the flow of water to the fountain, so W the valve manipulated by the user of the fonnhin wiB merely turn the water on or off. The waste opening and pipe should be of sufiicient size to wn-y off the water, and should be provided with a strainer. The drain should be trapped, if it ties into a drainage @em. 8. DRAWAGE SYSTEMS. Dnins should be of adequate size to prevent clogehg and subsequent backflow of sewage or contamimted waste into the fixtures and spaces they serve. Provision shodd be made to prevent the pipes from freezing. No b i n a g e line of any kind, nor any pipe carrying =ash water, salt water, or other nonpotable liquid, should pass through any potable-nater tank, unless as specified in section 8,item 6. Soil-waste drains should not pass over potable-~ater-tankmanholes. Toilets and bathroom spaces should not extend over any part of a deck which formsthe top of a potable-water tank. -ill nonpotable piping (service and drainage lines) should be so a&*& that they do not pass directly over or through spaces where food isstored, prepnred, or served, or spaces where utensils are mashed. In instmces where structural limitations may conflict with the locxtion of drain lines in accordance with this criteria, special consideration n ~ z y be given to alternate designs minimizing connections, specill piping materials and installntion practices in order to preclude the possibility of leakage. Examples of stronger and less corrosive drain:* line materials mhich may be accepted in alternate construction are estra-he~1-ygalvanized steel n5th welded joints; galvanized. stand:rd, wrought iron with melded joints: cupm-nickel alloy tubing 36

(containing at least 10-percent nickel) with silver bmzed joints; or other approved materials on He with the Public Health Service. I n addition, the system should be hydrostatically tested for leakage: and

Food waste-"rinders or disposal units located in sculleries o r anp 9 other food semce area may cause an aerosol. Therefors an eductor s-hich may utilize overboard water shouid be provided in the horizontal discharge line from such grinders or disposal units. Such an instauation is not required for food waste-,ginders installed in separate garbage disposal areas or food waste-&der rooms. mhen fresh water from overboard to be treated aboard s vessel ior use as potable water, the sanitafp overboard discharge should not be on the s m e side as the water intake. When it is not pnctical to locate the s a i t a r y overboard discharge on the opposite side of the vessel from the water intake, i t should be located as far aft and as f a r above the water intake as feasible. Dmiolines carrying sewage, food particles, or other putrescible matter, shonld not be d i s e h a r ~ dto the bilge. Deck drains from kennels and other areas where anlmals will be housed should he connected to the sewge system. 9. VENTS AND TRAPS. Drainage systems which receive sewage, ablutionary water, or other putrescible Taste, shonld be provided with vents and water-sealed traps as are necessary to prevent gases or obnosious odors from entering any space served. The water-sealed traps should be so designed as t o minimize the deposition of settleable solids. trap should be of the same size as the drain to which it is connected. mhen there is an airgap in the drain, the t n p should he installed below the airgap. 10. CLEANOUTS. Cleanout and "rodding" plugs should he installed at appropriate places in the d r ~ i n a g esystem. They should ,not be installed in those parts of druinage systems &ich are near potdde-water-tank manholes or in spaces where food is stored, prepared, or served. Means of opening and cleaning t n p s should he

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provided. 1 1 . PREVENTION OF BACKFLOW OF WASTE.

Indi.pidual airgaps

should be placed in the drainlines from certain types of fistures, such as xaterbatb sterilizers, hospital water stills, autoclaves, steam kettles, drinking-@ass rinsers, vegetable peelers, and coffee urns, as well as from :dl hospital and food preparation and senicing equipment rrh'ich may be subject to subatmospheric pre".-sure. Airgaps should be placed, also, in tile individual drainlines from the refrigerated-cargo spaces, the ship's-stores refripratom: d p -

INDEPENDENT GRAVITY DRAINAGE Rgun 11

stores space, dishwashers, and equipment used in the preparation or processing of food: when such d m i n a ~ eis to a system which receives or hospital wastes. Individual n i r p p s d not tw human sewrequired in these drainlines when one of the folio- conditions is satisfied : a. The dninlines 3lre independent of each other and of dl other drainage Tstems (see @. 11). b. The drainlines discharge to open drainwells. When the drainline runs from equipment which map he subject to snbatmospheric pressure, it should not be submerged in the dninwell. c. The drainlies from such equipment and spaces are connected to a common drainage system seperate from any system taping human wastes, and there are tentale deck-dmins in each food-storage and foodprepamtion space; except that a deck-drain outside the space ill suffice in refrigerated spaces. I n the latter case, the telltale deckdrain should be in an adjacent, frequented space or passageway, and at a lerel at least 6 inches lower than that of the drain in the floor of the refriggnted space (see6g. 12). Nmreturn valves are preferred to telltnledeck &ins in drainage lines from refrigerated eargo spaces. Tlien 3 refrigerated space is located on the inner-bottom plating and its drnins go to a properly vented dniinrvell which is emptied with a sep:l.mte pump, steam-operated ejector, or bilge pump, a telltale drain map be connected to the dminwell. If a telltale drain is installed. it should be at least of the same diameter as the suction line to the ptunp (see fig. IS). 'Hnmsn sewage is defined as liquid wasres containing human excreta.

38

W M B l N W GRAVITY D@AlNAG€

R-

12

Either of the drainage systems mentioned in a, b, and c, may be discharged by gravity directly overboard, or through a i r e p s to other drainage systems. Pumps or srem-operated ejectors are satisfact o r y in continuous drainage systems which discharge above or below the raterline, regardless of the elevation of the spaces drained, provided that telltale, overflow deck-dnins are installed as recommended in c, abore (see fig. 14). Ejectors which are operated by overboard rrater should not be installed in continuous systems. When wastes

INNER BOTTON

DRAINAGE OF INNEa 80170M DRAIN WEU NOTE: Vent when n Rgun 13

v

from these food storage and preparation spaces are discharged through an a i r q p to a sump, ejection from the sump bp means of an overboard, water-operated ejector is satisfactory. 12. SEWAGE REENTfON AND TREATMENT SYSlEMS.* Facilities to treat rastes from toilets, urinals, facilities in hospital areas handling fecal material and wastes from food waste-,&ders, when such g&ders are installed, should be provided. In lieu of treatment, these xrastes may be collected in holding tanks properly equipped rrith pumps and piping, so that the Rastes can be dischared to approved shore-based or floating installations. All gllley wastes, exclusive of ground food waste, rrhich might contain ,pease should pass through grease interceptors prior to their disellerg overboard or to the treatment unit aboard the vessel. \\%ere grease intercepton are installed, the grease collected should he disposed of by incineration, stored for disposal ashohore or disposed of in another approved manner. Grease interceptors should be designed and installed in accordance n-ith the applicable provisions of the Slttional Plumhing Code, AS-% *[email protected]. TBe design of treatment facilities and holding tanks should be based on an avenge flow of a t least 30 gallons per capita per dap. For vessels with 3 normal complement. (passengers and crew) of 41 or more, minimum treatment should be such as to produce an effluentl rrithout the benefit of dilution with water in addition to that required for the nomnl operation of contributing sanitary- f i ~ tnres, rrith 30 MG/L or less of Biochemical O q g e n Demand (B.O.D.), 150 &IG/L or less of suspended solids, and 1,000 or less coliform bacteria per 100 ml. Facilities should be provided for the storage of excess sludge for proper ultimate disposal. 40

-1

dilution with wnter in addition to that required for the normal operation of the contributing smitary 6stures. 1 A method of .disinfection equally effective to chlorination may be ' acceptable where disinfection is required to prcduce m effluent meeting the colifom requirements specified. The discharge piping from the sewage treatment unit should be provided wizh a valve for sampling the treated &nent.

TYPICAL SEWAGE UNIT F O R LARGE VESSEL

-.if the ame this iesision was being printed. fbrie were w.nding Amendments to the fntpmtate Qoznntine Remlatlons and t h e Forelm Qoarantina Remiations which will require 112 n e w v-ls or vessels nnderxohg major wnverslon to h eqoipped with facilities 11 trclt or mmfn wastes as specified in thla Sedoa. I t is reermmmded that such f a c i l i r i ~ he gm.rided or that rwm be assigned, on new ~esselalor ratnre instahtion.

Section H. SWIMMING POOLS 1 . GENERAL. Fill-and-draw swimming pools should not be in-

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stalled. Recirculating swimming pools should be constructed in accordance with the recommendations in the latest edition of Suggested Ordinance and R e g u l a t i m Covaing Pdlic Swimmiing Pools, published by the American Public H d t h atio ion, 1790 Broadway, Xew York, N.Y. Flowing-through, salt-watm swimming pools-the type most practicable for seagoing vessels and their water-supply systems-should he SO designed 3s to provide maximum protection for srirnmers. 2. SALT-WATER POOL. The number of bathers that can use a swimming pool safely at one time, and the total number that can use a pool during one day, are governed by the area of the pool and the rate of replacement of its water with clean water. Therefore, the pool should be designed with special attention to the probable peak bathing load and the maximum space available for the construction of a pool. The follorring principle should be applied in the design of flon-ing-through: salt-aater pools: The design capacity of the pool should be judgged on the basis of 24 square feet per bather. For the maintenance of satisfactory clean water in the pool, the rate of flow of clean sea water should effect cornptete replacement at least once every 6 hours or less. The flowjuthrough rater should be delivered to the pool through multiple inlets,

FLOW-THROUGH SWIMMING POOL

K g v n 16

I

1;

located so as to insure uniform distribution. These inlets should be served by a branch line taking off Smm the main supply line, a t the

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i filling valve. : The overflow should be discharged into scum gutters or a similar boundary overflow, vith multiple outlets spwed not more than 15 feet :tpart, discharging to the overboard drain or the bilge. A drain should be installed at the lowest point in the pool, and its inside diameter should be of saificient size to insure quick emptying. The dmins from the pool should preferably be independent; however, ahen connected ti, any other drainage system, a backwater valve should be installed in the smimming-pool drainline. The bottom of the pool should slope toward the drain or drains in such 3 manner as to effect complete drainage. of the water from the pool. I n the interest of safety, the slope of the bottom of any part of the pool in which the water is less than 5.5 feet deep should be not more than 1foot in e d 15 feet. There should be no sudden change of slope within the area &ere the water depth is less than 5.5 feet. It is preferable to have a separate water-supply system, including the pump. The water intake should be forward of a11 sanitary &is from the vessel. However, if the pool will be Bled and the flowing through r i l l occur only when the vessel is underway, it will be satisfactory to use the fire or ~3.nitary-overboard-waterpumps, or a combination of these pumps, provided that: a. The delivery line to the pool is independent of other lines or@nating at or near the discharge of the pump or the valve manifold, or ;rt a point where the maximum o r near-maximum flushing of the fire or saitary-overboard-mater pump and main is routinely effected. b. 9 readiiy accessible shutoff vabe is located close to the point of take-off from the fire or sanitary-overboard-water spstem: and is permanently and conspicuously labeled XEEP CLOSED m N CONTA;HI:

.

nATED

All swimming pools of the recireulzion type shall be desised in accordance with the above referenced inannal so that, with proper operation, the danger to the health of passengers and crew is minimized. Water that is introduced into the pool directly or through the recirculntion system from tho potable rater sj-stem or into the recirculation system from the wash rrater system should be through an airgap. The s ~ s t e mshould provide filtration, including necessary water conditioning, which will clarify all anter in the pool every 8 hours or less. Equipment should be provided so that water can be properly disinfected and the alkalinity controlled. 3. RECIRCULATION TYPE POOL.

Secfion I. ACCOMMODATIONS 1 . GENERAL. -4ccommodations for pasengem and crew should be such as to protect the health of the occupant and to prevent the introduction, transmission, and spread of communicable diseases.

Section J. HEATING, VENTILATING, AND LIGHTING 1 . GENERAL. I t is beyond the scope of this handbook to set forth stmdards for these areas. In general, however, heat&*, ventilating, and lighting should be adequate in living spaces to main& a healthful and comfortable environment. Lighting and ventilation, as aids in the maintenance of good sanitary conditions in food-preparation, f o o d - s t o m and food-semice spaces, should conform to recommendations in section E, and items S and 9. Far standards of m - od practice, reference is made to the following publications : G d e & Deta Book. (F~wndamentalsASaRBE and Equipment Applicetk), American Society of Heating, ~efrigeratin~,-anh SirConditioning EnRineerj, United Engineering Center, 345 East 47th Street, N e w ~ o r k ; ~ .10017. ~., ZES L i g h t i q Handbook, Illuminating Engineering Society, Cinited Engineering Center, 345 47th Street, New York, N.Y, 10017.

.

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I . GENERAL Rats have followed man to almost all inhabited parts of the world carrying with them certain hornan diseases, destroying his poaesions, and interfering with his economic and physical -ell-being. Rats were probably first brought into the United States in early colonial times by vessels. Several epidemia of plague in sea; port cities are believed to have been transmitted through infected ship ' rats. I n addition to plague, murine typhus fever, salmonellosis, trichinosis, hemorrhagic jaundice or Weil's disease, nnd rat-bite fever are known to be transmitted by rats. To guard agninst further intmduction of disease-carxying ship rats, this section of the w u d is included in order that vessels may be constructed in a ratpmof manner. Ratproof construction of a vessel consists of design and fabrication in sukh a manner as to eliminate or render i d l e those spaces which may afford a rat harborage or be a source for food and water for rats. It is intended to control rat infestation and to preoent the passage of rats from one section of a vessel to another. The ratproofing requirements listed herein apply to U.S. flag vessels engaged in foreign trafftc. Ratproofing of interstate carriers is repaired onty in a m s where food is stored, prepared, or served.

2. DEFINFIIOM.

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RATPRWF- b . - - k n area which is completely isolated from other areas by means of dependable ratprooting. RAT-TIGHT aaEa.--h area all boundaries of which are &ant to the 9 passage of rats. All openine into the area. should be tightfitting, meeting the masimnm opening definition. Esposed edges need not be flashed with a ratproof material. RATPROOF 3h=~.--k material, the surface snd edges of which are resistant to the gnawing of rats. BCCEP~WW O ~ T P R O O F~ T E R L ~ L . - - - % material, the surface of which is resistant to the p a w i n g of rats \\.hen its esposed edges are flmhed r i t h a ratproof material. &f~mmf Omm~.--The largest opening through which a rat cannot pass. Regardless of the shape of the opening, it &odd be one-half inch or l a in the minimum dimension, as shown in figure 17. OPES-TTPEC o ~ s ~ ~ f ~ c ~ ~ o ~ . - C o n s t rby u c which t i o n partially en45

EXAMPLES OF MAXIMUM OPENINGS Figun 17

closed places are open to view for inspection and accessible for maintenance. CLOSED-TYPE C o ~ s m ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ . - C o n s tby ~ which c t i o nplaces that are not easily inspectable are closed by means of dependable ratpro&g. EASILY 1 ~ s ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ . -which P l a are c eopen s to view from the deck or conveniently accessible for inspection. F~mmw.-The capping or covering of corners, boundaries, and other exposed edges of acceptable nonratproof material in ratproof areas. The flashing strip Should be a ntproof material, wide enough to cover the gnawing edge or edges adequately, and be firmly fastened. 3. RATPROOF MATERIAL. Ratproof materials should be thick enough to resist tearing by rats and able to withstand any blows to xhich they may he subjected within the arras of use. Such materials include steel plate, sheet iron or steel, sheet aluminum or metal alloy of suitable hardness and strength. perforated sheet iron, expanded met& flattened expnnded metal, wire and hardware cloth. Expanded metal, flattened expanded metal, perforated sheet metal, and xire mesh or hardware cloth used for ratproofing should meet the maximum opening requirements, as defined. W u m thicknesses of ntproof materials for various areas may be found in chart form in appendix h. Tl~ronghoutthis section of the handbook, the gauges of metal or sheec metal specified refer to iron only. When aluminum is substituted for iron, it should have a thickness by the Brown & Sharpe gauge next greater than the thickness specified by U.S. Standard for sheet 46

iron. For example, aluminum of 16-gauge (Brown & Sharpe) is suitable to replace iron of 18-gauge (U.S. Standard).' 4. ACCEPTABLE NONRATPROOF MATERIALS. Certain nomtproof materials am satisfactory in ntproof areas provided that the bounds-

a. Wood should be dry or seasoned, and free of warps, splits: and knots. Plymood should be resin-bounded and waterproof. b. Inorganic composition sheets and panels should be relatively strong, hard, and with surfaces which are smooth and resistant to gnawing of n ~ s . A list of accaptable nonratproof mat&& may be obtained from one of the Public Health Serrice officeslisted I f a new material is intended for use, the nearest Public Health Serviee office should be contacted in order to initiate approval procedures. c. Certain composition sheets and panels which do not meet b above may be made acceptable by being metal-laminated or faced on one side with 24gaw sheet metal. h o t h e c method is to face both sides of such composition sheets or panels with %gauge sheet metal or a hard surfaced composition material. 911 materials in this cate: gory are subject to Public Health Service approval for inclusion on the acceptable nonratproof materials list. A chart indicating minimum thicknesses of acceptable nonratproof materials for various areas may be found in appendix B. Cements, putties, plastic sealing compounds, lead and other soft materials or materials capable of being gnawed through and subject to breaking loose should not be used in lieu of ratproofing materials to close small openings. Firm, hard setting materials used to dose openings around mbles within ferrules are subject to approval by the field inspector. Fiberboards and plasterboards are generally not acceptable nonratproof materials. 5. RATPROOF-EXEMPT SURFACES. Nonratpmof sheathing need f placed flush against, or not more than threenot be ~ r m mhen fourths inch from steel plate, or flushageinst ratproofing material over insulation. 0v~r1appingjoints or minimum thicknesses are not necessary for sheathing so placed (see &.18). Wwden-screen bulkheads need not be ratproofed when placed flush against, or not. more than three-fourths inch from, steel plate or: ratproofing materittl, or so constructed that the screen bulkhead is on at least 4inch renical bearers, terminates at least 6 inches above the deck or other horizontal ledge which mag be behind or intersect it?

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'Gau,g given herein are U.S. Standard for sheet iron and expanded m e w , Brown 6; Sharp for aluminum. and American Steel S Wire for wire doth.

and the top of the screen is extended to within three-fourths inch of the deck-head, but is not extended into the bosoms of the beams, girders, or brackets (see fig. 19). When so constructed, overlapping joints in the screen bulkhead are not necessary. From a ratproofing standpoint, this t p of screm bulkhead is preferable to metal-sheathed or flashed types. Single subdivisional bulkheads between two nt-tight areas need not be ntpmofed.

RATPROOF mMPT SCREEN BUUMEAD

6. GENERAL RATPROOFING CRITERIA. Ratproof a m as dehed, are a s follows: Galleys, pantries, other commissary spaces, enclosed

Rat-tight areas, a s dehed, are as follows: Quarters, dining and

be kept to within one-half inch of the penetrating fisture or dosed to within one-half inch wfth ratproof materials. Penetrations by pipes, . . ~. . . . ... . . .. . . . cables, ducts and other fixtures subject to movement should be closed . . ~ . . . .. . ..~. ... . . .~ .. ........ to within one-fourth inch on all sides so that, after moving, the maxi.. . . , mum opening will still be no ,mater than one-half inch. . . ~ . . . . . . , ...._....... ~. . . ....... .. .~ .. .. .. . b. P e n e t r a t k of acceptdie non~atproofmaterial in retproof areas. . , .. . . . . . .. . . .<.: Gnawing edges should be flashed, as defined. The perimeter of an open. .? .... . . ~... ing in these materials, caused by the penetration by structural mem. . hers or service lines, should be ratproofed by placing a sheet metal . . . . . ... ~.. .~ . ~ collar to xithin one-fourth inch of the penetrating fixture and fasten. . .. .. .. .. . . ' ing it to the penetrated surface. illthough %?-gaugesheet metal is :: . .: . . . . ...-. ,.-fsgT+ge&;zw&7?2 ........ ..... ....-....... .. sufficient for ratproofing purposes, heavier gauge metal is m m >... .......?...... .. . . ..................... .......... . ..... . - - . ...... . .;..;* .-<.-..;. .f:. ..".... ..>mended for those ratproof areas xhich may be subject to damage T h e . . . .................. .. ..... ..... !.+.: :i{:<:.,* ...... ... :.:..:.: ~.. >.: ,.;* : . ........ . . . . . . . . .~. . .7 . minimum overlap of every gna-0 edge by the metal collar should be ... : . . : : .. . : . . . . : 1inch (see fig. 20). Plastic pipe should be collared snugly. .................................. .. ::~.<::.x..> .:;< :> .:;' , ........... ......... .......... ,.>.. .... : c. Joints and perimeters of acceptdle nonratproof material im rat. . . .. .. proof areas. G n a ~ i n gedges should be flashed, as defined. The flash.. ing material must be on one side of the nonratproof material, either visible or concealed. The minimum overlap on each should be 1 inch. These criteria apply to all joints and perimeiers including oerticnl and horizontal seams at cornen, decks, md deckheads. Flashing need not be placed over tightly fitting tongue-andgroove, shiplap! or similar overlapping joints (see fig. 21 t h m q h 25).

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N O T REP'D AT

STEEL QHD WUERE O P € N I N L IS CAMEDIA. C Vr' M A X . CABLE PENETRATIONS

Aicceptablenonntproof materials which are metal faced or laminated (see item 4c) are n t p o f on gnawing e d p and no fuaher of joints and perimeters is necessary. d. Penetratim in rat-tighf areas. All such penetrations which are snug need not be protected on the pawing edges Openings which are. not snug should be collared with 2 2 - p u p sheet metal securely fastened. I n a11 cases, no openings greater than one-half inch will be e. J o i d s and pen'mters in at-tight areas. Joints and perimeters in such areas includmg vertical and horizontal seams at corners, decks, and deckheads should fit tightly in conformance with good shipbuilding practice. f. Duuble bdkheads. Double bulkheads dividing two ratproof arejs must both be ntproofed if the void between is greater than threef o m h s inch. I f the void is less than three-fourths inch, only one of the bulkheads requires &proofing. Double bulkheads dividing a ntproof from a &-tight area map be made n t p m f on either side if the void between is less t h m threefourths inch and must be made ratproof on the ntproof area side if the void between is greater than three-fourths inch. Double bulkheads dividing trro rat-tight areas need not be made 13tproof regardless of the raid space between. B. Floonhq: Deck coverings. pm-table floorin9 and other standing surjoces. Permanent flooring in ratproof areas must be protected to prerent nt harborages. Whenever possibIe, such flooring should be so consrn~ctedas to eliminete void spnces greater than three-fourths inch bet~eenthe flooring and steel deck. -4llovance should be made for the rrelding beads of the joints. and for the differencein the elevation of p13tes which are. lap-welded.

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PENETRATION'^

PIPE OF INSULATED

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P I P E WITH

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INSULATION

C O L L A R P L A T E S AT Y E m DUCTS

1

PLANS IN WAY OF CORNERS

PCAUS IU WAY OF 20IUT.5

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PLANS

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FOR

DOUBLE PARTITIONS

SINGLE

ELEETION OF LINING I N P U 8 L f C SPACES WHERE PEFORATED OR ~ 0 ' 1 0 FLEXIBLE ASBESTOS-CEMENT S H E E T I S USED

PARTITIONS

PLANS A T

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LININGS AND BUMHEADS IN RATPPOOF AREAS Rgvra

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LtNlNGS AND BULKHEADS I N RATPROOF AREAS

Figure 24

DETAIL AT RATPROOF 8H0.

RATPROOF BUD.

CEILINL NONr(*iwloOF U i E R t l L

DETAIL AT JOINT

L- P A R T I ~ C ~ U

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DETAIL AT SOFFIT

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CEILINGS IN RATPROOF AREAS f i g u n 25

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...... ..

. . .

The deck covering over insulation thicker than three-fourths inch in ntproof areas should be ratprouf. To ratproof, the insulation should be completely covered with 18-gauge expanded metal, 18- to 20-gauge flattened, expanded metal, or 16-@up sceel-wire cloth in refrigerated spaWhen mesh material is essential, ic map be placed just above the insulation, or within or between layers of the covering material (see fig. 26). Permanent flooring with a void beneath p n t e r than t h e - f o u r t h s inch must be made ratproof by flashing all pawing edges and collaring all penetrations leaving no openings ,geater than one-half inch. Flooring of concrete or of hard composition material over voids containiiy insulation thicker than three-fourths inch, should be not less than 2 inches thick, and should be reinforced with large-mesh material. When a flooring consists of a layer of concrete and a layer of camposition material, the concrete should be at least 1y2inches thick, and one of the layers should bereinforced. In all cases, the cove a t the boundaries, andthe curb or shesthing above the flooring and gating, should be ntproofed. When the bulkhead sheathing is an acceptable nonratpnof material and there are openings p t e r than one-half inch between the bottom of -thebulkhead sheathing and the steel deck, the cove of the flooring should be ratproofed by placing 18-gauge wire mesh (18- to 20-gauge flattened metal, or 18-gauge expanded metal mill be acceptable) 4 inches into, or on the bottom of, the composition flooring and extending it up 1 inch above the bottom of the gnawing edge of the bulkhead sheathing (see fig. 6). I f the bulkhead sheathing is an acceptable nonratproof material and there are no openings greater than one-half inch between the bottom of the bnlkhead sheathing and the steel deck, r a t p n o h g at the cove of the flooring is not reqnired (see fig. 97). Portable flooring, uhether solid or open type, should be in sections of such size and weight ns to be easilp handled. When a hoist is not available, the portable sections should not exceed 36 square feet in area nor 120 pounds in weight. When a hoist is available, each section shozd be less than 75 square feet in area and should be provided with a flush ring or other means for the attachment of a hoist cable.

DETAILED R4TPROOFiNG 7. HULL AND SUPPORTS. Horizontal stiffeners, including structun1 members over doors and cargo ports, should be installed toe donn wherever practicable, to eliminate the p a r t i d y hidden area formed behind the flange xrhen it is placed toe up. Then deep recesses, or stmctullil pockets created by the intersection

FLOORING AND DECK COVERING IN RATPROOF A Figun 26

m

-

OR

CONTINUOUS

FLAT B A R 04 CHANNEL

FLUSW

W I T H DECK

FLOORING IN R A T P I W F AREAS

f i g v n 27

or close approach of several structural m&m cannot be easiy inspected the space should be enclosed (see fig. 28). 8.. LIGHTENING HOLES AND VOID SPACES. Lightening holes, when used as a means of opening spaces and makingsurfaces visile, should be employed only where they open the space su5iciently to make it d y visible, thus unattractive to rats as a nesting place. I n n o case should the cutting of lightening holes be recommended where the stren,& of structural members will be affened adversely. Toid or concealed spaces, such as cofferdams, spaces around the chain lockers or tanks and between the breasthooks, and spaces opened by lightening holes, either shodd be made d b l e , easy to inspect, o p n to light, or adequately ratproofed. Such a space, when intended for the stowage of dunnage, gear, or miscellaneous material, should be enclosed and provided with hinged entrance doom or manhole coven, with means of securing them. Such doors and manhole covers should be hinged at the top and should be self-closing. If made of mesh material, the cut edges should be substantially bound with steel bars orlheet metal crimped over edges. Dmin or ventilation holes or slots in solid sheet-metal skirts around void spsces should be no greater than one-half inch (See fig. 29.) Toid spaces around, under, and over tanks a d other iktures should be left open, if easily inspectable from at least two sides. This does not apply in food-storage and food-preparation areas, where all void spaces shoud be sealed (see fig. 30). 9. INTERIOR FOUNDATIONS. Other than in engine boiler and fan rooms, the brrses and foundations of machinery and equipment in both rarpmf and rat-tight areas should be designed and installed so as to 58

eliminate my partially enclosed spaces. 0 p e n - m s t r 0 d . d steel foundations a n preferred. Where lightening holes are not suflicient to permit inspection and additional lightening holes eannot be cut, the existing opening should be closed to within one-half inch with at least 22-gmge a t metal. In commissary spaces, all fmdations should be eompletelp closed. Openings between the top of box foundations and the base of ma' . chinery m a d i n g one-half inch should be ntprmfed (fig. 31). 10. STEEL TANK-TOP IN LOWER HOLD. Where feasible, the steel tank-top should be extended to the ship's side, to avoid the creation of an open bilge space and the need to install a bilge ceiling. Pipes at the skip? side can be protected by battens. Coverplstes over open drainwells should be perfanted or slotted, with no -o greater than one-half inch. Openin@ into the dninlr-ell void around the perimeter of the cover should be closed ta within one-half i d pen-

SECTION A - A NQTE-

OR CONCEALED SPACES OPENED El UGUTENINC ROLES OTHER SHOULD EAST TO INSPECT, AN0 WUI TO l.16111, OR WOULD BE 4 D E I t U I E L I RKTPRWFED.

MID

BE MADE ACCESSIStE. STEEL PLATE

STIFFENESS

IN FOREPEAK OR AFTER PEAK

STEEL U T E a09RE AT UI UIOPECTABE

VOWS

STEEL

VOIDS IN WAY OF INOEPENOENT TANKS

VOID SPACES

. . .. .

~

~.

.

.

. ...

.

&om, by pipes, through :he cover should be closed to within onefourth iqch on all sides. 11. WOODEN CARGO PADS. Wooden cargo pads in general-cargo hdds should be installed in direct contact with the tank-top or on three-eighths inch, flat bar bearen. I n no case,shouId the space between the cargo pad and the ta&-top be greater than three-fourths inch When thicker bearers -are placed under a cargo ppnd, the space in excess of three-fourths inch should be filled xith asphalt cement, or bituminous material, or other material which is impenetrable bp rats. Cargo ramps should be constructed of steel plate; however, if wooden, they should be completely covered with 11-gauge sheet metal when the space beneath is greater than three-fourths inch. Fooden cargo p:~dsaver cork insulation in refrigerated-cargo holds should be at l e s t 2% inch thick tongue-and-goove or shiplap, and

POTABLE WATER OR OTHER 0UIt.T I* T 1 I X S WAV~HG A COFFEROIU EITHER OVER OR UNDER

PLAN

AT

DECK

DECKHEAD

.

I

POTABLE

SEE NOTE

i ELOW---'

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SECTION & - A

NOTE: OPEN TYPE FOUHOATION WNSTRUCilON IS PREFERABLE BUT r PLATE WNSTRUCTIOH. AS SHOWN, IS USE> THE FOLLOWING R A T P R W I W G Y U S U R E s M E REQUIRED1 L UGHTENlNG HOLES ARE TO BE CLOSED W t r H I/Z" MAX. OPMLNGS M E W MT I ERA IL AS NOTED ON TABLES A TO E l K L U S l V & Z-ss OPENIWGS TO BE FITTED m W IR' MAX. OPENINGS YESH PANELS W!NGEO AT mP WITH A NOTICE MARKER STATING "TO BE KEPT CLOSED FOR RATPROOFING PURPQSES EITHER ON THE PANEL OR i# m E ~YYEO~ATE n c t n l n THEREOF

VOID SPACES

.

. .., . .

.. ..

. .. . ...

. ...~~ . .. ......... ~

..-' should be bound with steel. I t is preferable that 18-gaugeor heavier

..

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .

;

steel-mire cloth be placed 'betmen the ceiling and the cork, but a ceiling mith tightly fitted shiplap or caulked bntt joints is acceptable (see fig. 3 1 ) . 12. CHAIN LOCKERS. Chain lockers should be so designed to retain m y rats which might enter by may of the chain pipe. The bulkhead surrounding the locker should be of metal, and should have no holes larger than one-half inch. A bulkhead dividing the locker into two compartments need not be ratproofed. Entrance doors into a chain

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40 WT$?-JF'%

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RAISE', FOO~BAI\O\I F ~ R GALLEY b PANTRY LQVIPME~T

MUJDAT P ILO ~~ FOR GALLEY$ PANTRY EQOIP~UT

WLW E B V I ~ E N -TON T C N C ~ O S WiDUnoLnrYs WZIUIYFG''F~SYIVU~ N I ) C ~ V . I~ CR E V F EL?YE>T N HORIZONTAL WING nEneEE AND FINI>UED DEW.

..

,.

FOVNDATIOU FOR FA~RLEALI

$TOOL

F.JUL~ATIO~ FOR DECK MACHLUERY FOUNDAnONS

locker, m d lightening holes into the space on each side of the locker, should be of ntproof construction. When the chain-storage space is not partitioned from theforepeak, the entire space should be considered the chain locker, and any stowage lockers located in this space should be mtprcefed. la. DOORS. Doors of acceptable nonratproof material which lead into mtprcef areas should be close1.r fitted, and corered on the outside

WOODEN CARGO PADS

Figvn 32

FOR CARGO D O O R 5 ONLY - N O T

REQUIRED FOR S H I P S SERVICE WORS

PARTIAL HOR~ZO~TACSECTIO~ AT

b 0 0 Q TO STWAGE SPACES

REFRIGERATOR

. E ~ T U ~ C ARTO E JTOUAGC SPACES, W-5

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L 1 - l ~ ~ ~ l - i$5

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SPACIS.

RATPROOF DOORS Figurn 33

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lover edge x-ith a 6-inch wide strip of 22-muge or heavier sheet metal. Door atsings should be installed in conformance vith item 6e (see fig. 333). Construction holes which may be left in the top s l ~ dbottom edges of prefabricated md;d doors need not be mtproofed. Slots in louve13. and the space betvieen the sill and the bottonl of entnnce dwn and of doors d h i n living quarrels, dinkg room,and other poblic spaces 1e:lding to pa+ss;Igen.ay.s: should be one-half inch

or less. This limitation is not essential for entnnce doors to toilets, bathrooms, and wardrobes within these spaces. Recesses for sliding doors sllonld he ratproofed (see fig. 32). 14. WINDOW CASFNGS. Window casing in double walls o r bulkheads shonld be of tight construction, and preferably of metal. I f not ntproof, there should be no spur* 1-r than one-half inch between the vindow sash or glass m d the & of the opening, whether the window is open or closed. For a window rrhich does not slide in a tight groove, this opening should be limited to one-fourth inch on each side of the sash or glass, to avoid an o p i n g exceeding onehalf inch when the window shifts to one side. This is not necessary if the window well is ntpmof. For a window sash which does not drop to within one-hslf inch of the well, s removable inspection pmel should be provided. Tindows that slide horizontally into a double well or bulkhead should pass into a pocket constructed in the same manner as the window well recommended abo-ie.

-

UOU. WTRWF ~ U ~ U C ,

DOOR CPEU\UG

SHEET HE

ENCLOSEP TYPE

OPEN N P E RECESSES FOR SLIDING W A T E R - T J W W O I S fig"..

34

COMPLETE U I V E W G E OR EDLES 70 BE

CUAW%WG

FLAJUED

. .

.

.

TONLUE -*NO-LROOVE

. . . .

sutPLAP woo0

OR

WtTH SUEET

PERWNEGT 8A-T SiiE\Tr'D WITH A 2" PIIN. U Y E R Of R E I J F O R C ~ C W C ~ EOR CE\(E?1T MOR-ZW. NEEDS NO ADDI T l O N A L RATPRWFING.

SHEATHING ABOM PERMANEMI BALLAST

I

. ..

.

15. BALLAST. Permanent ballast should be so installed as to avoid the creation of a rat harborage. Solid block, ,pave& or sand ballast should be completely sheathed with a layer of reinforced concrete or cement mortar of adequate thickness. Wooden shesthing for permanent ,-\.el, sand, or block ballast should be at lemt 256 inches thick in Euished size. Sheathing composed of tongue-and-groove or shiplap plankiig need not be covered with metal but the gnawing edges at the perimeter must be flashed, as dehed (see 5g. 35). Rorizontal surfaces on which mrgo is placed, particularlg under cargo hatcllffi, should be covered with steel plate. The lining of access manhole wells sfrould be ntproofed in the same manner, and the edges of the coven of these wells should be completely bound vith 16-gauge or heavier sheet metal. Structural steel angles sllould be used at +ulnerable corners in cargo holds. 16. SKYLIGHTS. Skylights in f w d handling, preparation, storage or service nre:ls should be screened nith %-inch mesh steel-xrire cloth of a gauge suited to the span, space, and exposure, but in no case less than 1s pnp. Copper or other corrosion-resistant insect screens, in these areas, are not ratproof. though n-qaq 17. MANHOLES. &fanholeprotection corers or guards, preferzblg should be mnde of steel pllte, %it11no opening g r a t e r than one-half inch. When made of \~ood:and nhen the roid spaces created rrhen the unit is in p1:lce are gre:lter than tliree-fourths inch in xnp dimen-

do?€-

JOTI-

rrrca~mu~ur-urt-qaprw % ~ o r ~ q €.nTj4.C.+. b

nSTh!.(I41d>

Wrtrqc p l w t - * L b C i ( m Y C

a (

s u i p h p a wrb m WVER &, GU4VIUq €%is 3 1 1 ~ Be W E ~ w!l)(*U ~ D GL wt~b.1 k klA1 .. fWTPRWFiU4 S?*CS

IS

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COVER PLATES FOR MANHOCS

sion. the entire inside should be l i e d rrith 252-pup sheet metal. Only fl'ashing of the p a r r i n g edges vill he requ~redif tongue-andpoore or plywood is used (see fig. 36).

SERVICE FACILITIES-PROTECTiON FROM DAMAGE

. . . ,

.

..

..

. .

18. GENERAL. Service facilities such zs pipes, cables, .and ducts should, whenever practicable, be protected rrith open, slot-tppe barriers, rather than with bos o r enclosed types. 19. BATTENS. Steel flat bar, half-round bru? channel, or angle battens am preferred, but rrooden battens are acceptable. Battens shorrld be so installed as to form no troughs or partially hidden pockets over a m c t u n l members, cables, or wirerray casings. Steel or wooden bettens sl~ouldbe a t least 2 inches apart, and nt le3st 2 inches from an? adjoining pipe or bulkhead. Space betveen them should be su5cienc to ensure visibility, but never less than the width of the batten, escep in the case of vertical pipe bnttens. Tllere should be a space of a t least 2 inches between the batten h r e r ;tnlf the surface being protected. Battens should have s minimum clea~rnce.of 6 inches from the deck, except that. the cargo face, if venic:tl, may extend to the deck. Vertical, channel-iron pipeguards alld c l w l y adjoining sngIe-iron pipegxnrds rhich extend to the deck or r:mk top should have hrlf-circle inspection holes at the botrom of the euard. Horizontal battens should have a minimum cleannee of 6 inches &borethe deck or tnnk-top vhich they pnnllel (see fig. 3'7). 20. PLATE GUARDS. Wide plate guards are genenllp undesirable, brr.::,lllse they exclude light?interfere with inspect.ioo,hide rat runways, :,nZ create m t harborn~es. When inst:illed, they should be carefully

-

-

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FLASH I W G I T U D I N A L EDGES O F WOOD BATTENS WrTH 15 GA. 3 H E E T METAL t t u \ N N E L %" LEGS

AT TONNAGE OPENIUG BET. CARGO & SUPERSTRUtTURE TOuurV.6 O P W u W S I)LT C A W 5PACES !+€W UDI RAT -FED.

.

....

. .

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.

.

.

.

. .

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AT SHIP'5 SIDE

AT EXPOSED SHEATHING

located, m d sliould be provided mith suificient lightening holes to overcome these objections. Semicircular, chnnnel. and angle-type p a d s n-hen in a horuontaI position. should be toed do\\-n ilnd so placed as to hide no surfzce wfiicl~miwht serve as a r;~trunvay. Clunnels and angles in a hori=. zontal position should not be toed up, unless the ledge created by the lover flange is readily visible. Channels dlould not be used where tlley hide the upper surface of, or s p c e between, horizontal pipes. cables and similar appurtenances. Protective covers for heating pipes or coils, 3nd for kickplates in \\-a7 of dwrj, should not extend to the deck, nor horizontally benath the pipe or coil. It is preferable that proteeti\-e covers for pipe terminate nt least 6 inches above the deck, and that the? be open a t hot11 ends. I f complete enclosure is necessary, there should be no holes in tile easing larger than one-half inch (see fig.38). 21. WIREWAY AND CABLE GUARDS. Wireway and cable p a r d s of the metd-bar type are prefenble, from a ratproofing srandpoint. They should be installed wherever the l o d i o n of the cable or wireway i~isch s to create no rat harborage and does not prevent the inspection of the top of the milamay. In places n-here harborage is should be enclosed in a ntproof casing. created, the cable or wire-

Le& ciCX & . W U *aT U . W D WPtIOUTALLT W€bTM

KICK PLATE FOR PlFE PROTECTION GUARDS FOR

SERVICE FAClLITIES

'

Bar-type p a r d s should be constructed of hars not over 2 inches in width, which are so placed as to have a cleannce between bars of 2 to 4 inches. In no case should the cleannce between hars at the side be less than 1%inches. The cables should be so placed that the top of each layer is opposite the top of a bar. The cables should he in ,mups. preferably noc more than 8 inches wide, vith an opening of at least 2 inches between ,goups. The slots thus created should be above each other where there are seven1 layers of nbles, and the hars rrhicl~form the underside of the mirenay guard should not be belom these slots (see fig. 39). Casing-type wireway or cable -pards should be of adequate strength, m d of maserial suitable to the spaee in which installed. Neb1 casings are preferred, but n o n n t p m f materials are suitable, in passagewaF and similar spaces. Wireway casings should consist of portable sections The weight and size of each section, and the method of abtachrnents, should be such as to facilitate removal and replacement. Casings should estend continuously t h o u g h ntproof boundaries or double bulkheads; otherwise, the openings in these bulkheads, through rrlucli the cables pass, should be ntproofed. Cable and wireway casings and junction boxes should be placed a t least 6 inches above the h i s h e d deck, or the space should be ntproofed. At the deckhead, wireway a s i n @ which are panUeI to the beams should be placed as recommended for ventilating and heating ducts in item 25. Those casings which are below, md IWI t-erse1y to, the deckhead beans should terminate s t the lower surface of the deckhead beams, m d should not extend into the space between beams. D I M E N S I O N .Am

SUOULD

BE S U C H A S TO PERMIT V I S U A L INSPECTION OF THE E N C L O S E D SPACE.

m.OS

ALL A R O U N D

.-

-

NOTE TflOUGB OPEB TYPE CONSTXUCTION I S PP.I(EfE.ZPED VERTIC.4L CH.L\TL GUARDS WITHOUT I N S P E C T I O N HOLES M Y BE IXSTALLED PROVIDING >TO RAT HARSORAGE I S CREATE3 CASINGS FOR WLREWAYS fig",.

39

Cables should enter casings through nipples or s t u 5 n g tubes. Sheet metal collam should be installed at such penetrations of expanded than onehalf inch metal if there nm openings ,-ter

SERVICE FACILITIEE-INSTALLATIONS Service lines should be i n s u e d in snch a manner :IS to avoid creatkq rat harborages and sptrees which cannot be inspected and cleaned. 22. GENERAL

- L.DECU

).LOTS: *(*I. DtHENSIOU ABOVE MI? BE R E D U C E D 1F ADDITIOUAL

UORlZOYTCL FIFE 6rU9DS

YERTIOIL R R SU*M

PROTECTIONW A R D S FOR SHlVlCL FACILITIES figvn 40

.

..

.~. .. ~

Mast serpice-line i d a t i o n s should be left open. Where uninspeet;rble a m are cmatd, the need for ntprwfmg w i l l have to be determined with due eonsideration of such faotors as the amount of light above the service lines, the Space existing between them, and whether or not any of the lines or adjacent fixtures are insulated. When ratpmohg is n e w s a y , service lines should be completely encased. When enclosures are necessary in passageways, the facilities should be placed high enough to permit the installation of portable inspection panels.

CEfUNGS IN RATPROOF AREAS All penetrations (by pipes, cables, wireway, and ducts) of bulkheads, decks, deckheads, and partitions which form the boundaries of ratproof spaces, should be ratproof. Criteria for maximum openings, as defined, should be followed (see fig. lf,46, and 48). 23. PIPES. All exposed pipes, escept in propelling and auxiliary m d e r y spaces, should be installed away from corners, &enem, bulkheads, bosoms of beams, brackets, and similar They should be kept suffciently spaced with respect to one another to permit easy inspection. At least 2 inches should exist between pipes, and between a pipe and any sn*e that panllels it (see fig. a). When it is necessary to place pipes in contact with one another in horizontal layers, the grouping should be Limited to 8 inches in width. with 2 inches between groups When these provisions are impracticable, and uninspectable surfaces and rat harborages are created, endis required. Horizontal pipes should be kept a t least 6 inches from the deck and or tank-top, and a mflicient distance from bulkheads, shea-, structures on deck to prevent creation of an uninspectable space. 24. CABLES--ELECTRIC, TELEGMPHIC, AND MECHANICAL. Cables in groups should be attached directly to bulkheads or deckheads, or within one-half inch of them, wherever pncticable. The grouping should be limtted to 8 inches in width, and there should be a space of at I& 2 inches between groups. When cables are installed and not encased, the b:wking plates to which the cables are attached should be not more than S inches wide, with a "inch space between parallel plates (see fig.43). When an open, inspectable type of cable installation is impsible and a rat harborrap is created, the cables should be enclosed. Cables should p a s through stuffing tubes. chimbles, or nipples wherever the? penetrate bulkheads, deckheads. and partition,, or enter closed wirewr guards and pull-, fuse-, or switch-boxes. D i m t penetrations of metal surfaces by individual cables should be ntproofed.

-

~~.

.

~~

- --

RATPROOF PANELS IN PASSAGE WAY MLOW uNIuSPECTABLE GROUP3 OF PIPES. CABLES ETC.

,

CElllNG IN RATPROOF AE2AS Figun 41

Xhen sheet-iron collars am installed, they should fit to within one-fourth inch of the outer surfm of the individual mble o r s o u p of -cables. When placed -around a wireway, the inner e d p of the collar should be cut to conform to the outer surface of the wireway. I strip of sheet l e d can be placed around the a b l e or wirerray, S a s s f e e a r d against the insulation being cut by the wllsr. Placing the ..*-two - - halves of the collar tightly a e i n s t the cables will prerent vibmtion and cutting (see fig. 00). ; I . hemT flange on a stu5ng box, n washer behind a nut, or the nut of a hippie, if covering the e a r r i n g edge of s ~ e n e t n r i o nof htLrd composition material at 1e.a.s~ one-fourrl~inch, will ~ r o v i d e =titisfnctoryprotection in lieu of a sheet-metal collar.

-

.. . .

. . .

RATPROOFlNG

RATPROOFING

LROUPING OF SERVICE LINES R€QUIRIN(, RATPROOFIN& WTPPOOFING NOTREQUIREDWHERE RATPIIIIOF C I I L I N ~ S m e INSALLD

BH D

GROUPIN& OF P I P E -RATPROOFINC,

NOT REQ'D

TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS OF SERVICE FACILITIES

25. VENTILATING, AIR-COOLING, AFR-CONDITIONING, AND HEATING !%STEMS. Mushroom and torpedo ventilators in the superstmc-

ture and deckhouses should be continuous x l ~ e npi\ssing through double bulkheads or deckheads. Where uecessarg, the sleere of the ventilator should be extended by the addition of sheet metal. Penetmtious of nonntproof bulkheads, deckheads, or should be collared. Air ducts &auld be so constructed and located that rat harborages will not be created. They should be continuous when passing throqh double bulkhe:tds and insulation. Nonratproof materials are suitable for certain spaces other than general-cargo l~olds,provided that all gnawing edges are flashed. Air ducts which tr:lverse the void space within double bulkheads or deckheads should be mtproof. Rectang11:1r nir ducts should be installed either tightly against. or entire]? a x a r from, deckheads and bulkheads, to permit inspection. I f not flush xith the deckhead plating, the duct should be sufficiently below tbe dwkhead beams to permit inspection of the top, but in no ease less than 2 inches ~ r h e nthe duct runs panllel with the deck supports. In sonie spaces. it may be necessav to place the ducts between

,' AJPRMFIN4 NOT R E 6 0

DECK MEAD

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RATFXGOF CLEAKANCES NOT A P P L I C A B L E WHCRE RATPROOFCO C E I L I N ( r S ARE ILJSTALLED. TYPICAL INSTALLATIONS OF SERVICE FACILITIES Figure 43

beams, but not flus11 with the deckheact. Wlth this amngement, the space on the side should be at least 10 inches wide, and the spaces above the casing at lemt 3 to 4 inches, in order to permit inspeetion (see fig. 43). Spaces made uninspectable by the amngement of ventsating or heating ducts-should be completely enclosed with sheet metal, or the need for ntproofing will have to be determined vith due considention of such factors as the m o u n t of light above the service l i e s , rhe space existing between them, and vhether or not any of the lines or adjacent fistures are insulated. Expanded metal or & cloth is suitable in lieu of sheet metal, except in cargo spaces (see 6g.42). 26. SCREENING OF VENT OPENINGS. Intakes, eshnusts, and outlets should be protected by ratproof screening, unless the opening is equipped with a louver in rrhich no slot or hole is ,pater than onehalf inch. Insect screening is not sntisfnctocy as ntproofing - (see app. -1). All gravity and forced-draft intake and exhaust openings should be ntproofed. Ventilation facilities serring a single space need be ntproofed only on that end which is most effective in preventing harborage for rats and debris, unless a rat harborage is created by a horizontal run of duct. Ducts extending from the neather deck directly to the cargo holds, engine room. and boiler rooms, with no horizontal extensions, need not be ntproofed at either end. Ventilation terminal openings in li.nng quarters, dining rooms, and other public spaces need not be ntproofed, provided that they are located in the deckhead near the center of the space, and thnt there are no avenues of approach and little likelihood of one being provided. Ventilating hoods and canopies should terminate flush m t h the deckhead and sho~zidbe screened as specified above. Pipes, cables, air ducts, and similar features over tops of hoods should be ,muped so as not to form spaces or pockets xhich mill be inaccessible for inspection. If such spaces are formed, they should be completely closed m t h sheet metal of IS- or 22-puge, according to the ~ l t p r o o farea involved.

INSULATION 27. GENERAL. Rats have been observed to burrow through: and harbor and raise young in insulation commonly used on vessels. Insulation of 1 inch, or less, in thickness which is in direct contact with the surface being insulated need not be mtpmofed. Insulation over 1 inch in thickness should be sbenrhecl XI-ithan approved ratproof material (see fig. 4.5). Expanded metal \rill be satisfactory as sheathing of insulation in spaces other than galleys and pantries. T l ~ eexpanded metal should

UOTES

.

,

G m E N s .A.~ SYOULD ~ ~

-

BE SUCU ~3 ~nrpwnffi urn RCO'O. TO P ~ I I H I T VISUAL INSPECTION OF TUE ENCLOSED SPACE. z C L ~ ~ . R M C E S O " ~. ~ O O WTKEPUlPED M S ,,,,ly -ooF CEILINGS APE INPALLED

INSTALLATIONS OF SERVICE FACILITIES

3rrjoccx

OR BULKHEAD

RATPROOFIN(, NOT REQUIRED

SHELL, W X O P aULXHE

YE9 I' INS U L ~ i l o ~ l

RATPPOOFINC. wER RAlPWOE OR CLOSE LL SNIPE3 O I I

INSULhTION.

L DECX ~ i~lU K U Z A D

INSULATION

&end to within one-half inch of structural plates, or should join other ratproofing material. When expanded metal is to be covered mith a plaster coat, the pl'astershould not be applied until the expanded metal has been inspected. 28. GENERAL-CARGO HOLDS. m e r e insulation in geneml-urgo spwes is to be covered mith metal, 16-gauge sheet metal should be placed-directlp on the insulation. A t the deckhead, a t least 18gauge sheet metal should be used. %%en special protection is necessarp a heavier-puge material is recommended. Wooden screen bulkheads in cargo holds must be fatproofed whe11 there is space mith or without insulation, greater than three-fourths inch between n steel plate and the n-ooden screen bulkheads. If 274inch-thick ton~~e-and-groose or shiplap plunking is used. only the butt ends and coruers need be ffashed with at lenst 16-sluge sheet metal. If butt joint planking is used, each joint end, and corner should be

flashed with at least 16-gauge sheet metal. All penetrations of wooden screen bulkheads should be collared with at least 16-gauge sheet metal. esception to this requirement is covered in item 5, paragraph 2. 29. REFRIGERATED-CARGO SPACES. Insnlation within refrigerated-cargo spaces should be ratproofed by complete coverage with sheet metal or acceptable uouratprwf material. 30. REFRIGERATING-MACHINERY SPACE. Insulation on machinery, pipe, pipe manifolds, valve cabinets, and similar appurtenances within refrigerating machinery space. are exempt from ratproofing, provided that the boundary bulkheads and deckhead, the sheathing over voids or insulation therein, and the penetrations of bulkheads and the deckheads are ratproofed, and the door is conspicuously labeled BEEP CLOSED.

31. ENGWE AND MACHINERY CASING. Insulation on machinery, pipe, pipe manifolds, valve cabinets, and similar appurtenances within engine and boiIer room machinery casings need not be ratproofed. 32. GALLEY, PANTRY, AND FOOD STOREROOMS. Insnlation on the galley, pantry, and food storerooms' deckheads and bulkheads should be shesthed with metal or some other hard. smooth-surfaced material (see section E, item 2). 33. SLEEVES. Sleeves or stuiling Lubes should be installed around insolated pipes or service S i which pass through double bulkheads and deckheads of refrigerated spaces. The sleeve or stufkg tube should be of a ratpmof material and should extend for a distance of 12 inches on both sides of each penetration (see fig. 46). When the penetrated bulkhead is of a n ncceptable nonntproof material a sheet metal collar should be placed around the sleeve or stuiling tube a t the outer surface of each bulkhead penetration. When the bulkhead penetrated is of metal, the annular space in the bulkhend around the

PIP=wtrn w e %:7

I M Y J U ~ OM

COHTUIUOU$ 'IIRvwIan

wn

BULKHEAD PENETUATWNS

penetrating sleeve or stu5ng tube should be no wider than one-fourch of an inch. 34. PIPES. Pipe and pipe fittings which carry brine or other refrigemts, and which are covered with hairfelt or simitar insulation of 2 inches or less in thicknesl, need not be ratproofed. For insulation which is thicker than 2 inches, the need for ratproohg will be judged on the basis of arrangement and location. Other pipes insulated with hairfelt or similar material thicker than 1 inch should be ratproofed, unless the pipe is within a ratproof void or a rat-tight area. The need for ratproofing cork insulation (reprdless of thickness) around pipes, including those carrying refrigerants, will be judged on the basis of arrangement and location. All insulated pipes should be wrapped sepantel?, and should be so spaced as to allow at least 2 inches between wrappings. if practicable. Where two or more pipes are insulated and wrapped together, or insulated separately and enclosed in one wrapper, the need for ratproofing should be judged on the basis of arrangement and location. When ratproofing is necessary, it should consist of sheathing the pipe or pipes with at least 2 4 p u g e sheet metal or 18- to 20-gauge hardware cloth. The wire cloth should be applied beneath the wrapping, and may be embedded in the insulation not more than 1 inch from its outer surface. All penetrations of acceptable nonratproof material by insulated pipe should be collared (see fig. 47). The requirements for plastic pipe with insulation 1 inch in thickness or greater are the same as for metal piping. 35. VENTILATING, AtR-CONDITIONING, AND HEATING DUCTS. Hairfelt or similar insulation which is less than 1 inch thick, over ventilating, air-conditioning, and heating ducts, need not be ratproofed. For insulation over 1inch thick, ratproofing will be necessary, escept in nt-tight areas (see fig. 48). When cork is used, the need for ratproofing will be judged on the basis of arrangement and location. No G t p m o h g will be necessary in the case of vent ducts vhich are lowted within double bulkheads or deckheads which are ratproof, or in fan rooms which have ratpmof boundaries and whose doors are marked ~ E E PCLOSED. Ratprmfing, if necessary, should consist of complete coverage with 24-gauge metal, 18- to 20-gauge steel-wire or hardn-nre cloth, 20-gauge espanded metal, 20- to 2 2 - p u s flattened expanded metal, or 3.4-pounds-per-square-gnrdmetal lath with an acceptable hard-plaster coating. The n t p r o o h g material should be over the insulation and beneath any covering. I n c a r p spaces, the ratproofing material should be at lemt the nestheavier even-numbered gauge.

P I P I N G I~~SULATIOLI ~ETAILS 10 CARGO YOLW

UOTE-

h I5 M F D W9 p~Tpaoa~tI.I+ p p ~ u s u ~ v a 3 , q t.wy wz*Pp-tcD wm.w E wq&?P~$l%* U D - W yE BEIUBEDDED U T Y S IdW%.TWd d qhoqF ~ A U b'fmF E O T E F ( SURFACS CIF. THE

w~,EI.I WI c c

,$l,lATl,,ou.

DECK MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT 36. GENERAL. Deck machinery and equipment (and the foundations thereof) should be so constructed or ratproofed as to provide no temporary hiding place or permanent harborage for a rat. It is preferable that open-type construction be employed. All spaces to which a rat might gain entrance sl~ouldbe suificiently open to admit light and to facilitate inspection and cleaning. Where open constmction is impracticable, the space should be closed, with no holes greater than one-half inch. Closure should be effected with at le& 16-gauge sheet metal, 13-gauge expanded metal, 1.7- to 15-gauge flattened expanded metal, etc. (see app. A). When the space within the foundation or beneath a solid base or cover plate can be viewed from opposite sides, the height of the space should be sufficient to permit easy inspection. When it is less than 6 inches, creating a rat harborage, the space should be closed (see fig. 49). 37. ROPE AND CABLE REELS. Rope and cable reels should be of metal construction, and should be installed on open-type metal supports. The center core should be of solid or perforated metal. Hol-

RATPR-Flq

Oop

idwb1toll

uq R M D

4 0 ~ ~ WNGU WIRE CLOT& 15 USE5 F O R

RATPV'JF"J4 DUCT APRIEb BEUEATqp4E BEiH0EbbEh

IN p E

MORE TUAN I' FROM OF JHE 1USUIATION.

INSULATION

Figure 48

O T E P , SUqFACE

F J U ~ D A T I O ~FOR MOORING CHOCH

. . .

.

low axles having a diameter p a t e r than 1 inch should be plugged, unless the area is inspectable. 38. MOORING UTTINGS. Bitts, chocks, cleats, and other mooring fittings should be either open for inspection or completely closed. -Any rat harborage within or adjoining sneh fittings should be ratpmofed with heavy ratprooh materid. Holes in castings greater than one-half inch, such as are sometimes found in cruciiix bitts, should be sealed with metal.

STOWAGE-SPACE FACILITIES 39. SHELVES. Shelves or platforms should be so installed a s to avoid the creation of pockets or hidden places. When such places are unavoidable, they should be enclosed with sheet metal of a t least

22-gauge. Shelves and platforms used for the storage of foods should preferably be constructed of sheet metal (see fig. 50). 40. BhM. Bins should he placed either flush against, or well away from bulkheads and structural members. I f not Bush with the deck, the space underneath should be ratproofed with st least %?-gauge sheet metal. All bins should have tight-fitting coven, prefenhiy of the self-closing type. 41. SPARE-PARTS BOXES. Large spare parts, such as pmpeilers, ~ropellerblades, and shaft sleeves, shoi~ldbe stowed in a n t p r o o f manner. Fmm a n t p m o h g standpoint, they ~houldnot be encased. When this is not possible, and when the casing is of nonntproof

SHELVING

Figun 50

material, n t p m o l h g will be necessary, unless the parks are stowed in a ratproof compartment. Small spare-parts boxes should be made of metal. unless they are to be stowed in a ntproof compartment. 4 2 LOCKERS. BU lockers should be inscalled in such a mznner as to form no rat harborages at the deck or deckhead or with adjacent structures. If not placed flush with the deck, the locker should be elevated at least 6 inches or the space closed wich sheet metal of at least 22-gauge. The boundaries of a locker in way of a void space created by a fixed false bottom should be made ntproof or rat-tight according t o the area. In spaces other than ntpmof or rat-tight areas. the lockers should be fabricated of metal. They may be of wocd or other acceptable nonratproof material provided they are properly lined or flashed with at least 22-gauge sheet metal. The edges of lockers made of wire cloth or expanded metal should be bound with at least 22-gauge sheet metal. 43. BOXES. Weather deck boxes should preferably be made of me&. I f of wood, they should be made ratpmof by lining the entire bottom and the lowest 1% inches of the sides wich at least 22-gauge sheet metal or 18-gauge wire mesh. Other v s e d edges of such boxes should be properly flashed. Storeroom boxes or boses placed in other ntproof areas shoud be made rat-tight.

FURNITURE AND FlXTURES

.

44. GENERAL Farnitwe including wardrobes, should preferably be made of metal. R a t p r o o h g will not be required of wooden furniture which has no openings greater than one-half inch, and which affords complete visibility of the interior of the base by such means as the removal of drawers or loose false bottoms. Wherever the interior of the base is not visible because of a complete or partial fixed bottom, or bemuse a dnwer cannot be removed, the gnawing edges should be protected. Whenever possible, furniture and fixtures shond be installed flush with the deck or elevated at least 6 inches. Partially enclosed spaces around furniture should be closed with 2'2-gauge or heavier sheet rnehl. 45. GALLEY FIXTURES. Fistures in galleys should be so designed and located as to afford neitl~erharborage for rats nor places for the aceumnlntion of food. All @ley fistures should be of metal, and all seams therein should be fitted closely and, preferably, welded o r soldered. I f &ley fistures are designed, constructed and installed in 84

"8.

compliance with the criteria included in sections E and F of this h o k , they will also be satisfadory from the r a t p m h g standpoint. 46. ELECTRIC REFRIGERATORS, DRINKING FOUNTAINS, AND DRINKING-WATER COOLERS. The machinery compartment should he enclosed with 16-gauge n i m cloth or 18 p u p expanded metal, or

equipped with %-inch louvers. Where holes are cut in the mesh for the passage of waterpipes or elqctric cahles, metal collars should be provided. Doors of machinery compartments should be tight-ficting on all sides.

APPENDIX A Minimum Thickness-Approved SOUd Sheet

rrem

-

shaatbing on b a k h e d. ~ .................. sk-athingan ................... ........... ... B~~ st tenn%e opeamv .

Corn piafes af - W m ................. Sheatbmga'rpr ~ m s a s U balle~L -.........

Coven lor manhok aeU. at perw t ballart. ........................... .............. co~as a &for xt+mh. ~n.alsdeo(-ptatpz~mgandrent d u a l . . hdatbn orcr 1inch at p i p i n e.......... hdatbn a w 1 iofh at vcnf duets......... vom and

..........................

,

sbmrthinp ................................. S ~ l n ~ r .n ~... d... ~....................

.................

COW pl&pi U PSnrtr-SimY

..................................... F i e.................................... Voids and p a h l r ........................... Dm..

I

16 18 16 16 16 16 22

16

I" I"

16

I8 1s 22 22 18 18

Sheathkg Shelvbs voids............................... cogs pisie. at penetrations............. ,.... Fb,r,"g .....................................' 1-non 0.;1 mch ....................... voids an0 w k e t s ........................... F0",&Li.,N Fkhing intprnni m e n.................... Fkhin* n:em~l cornpr, ....-.-.--..--.-.... SL~tighrs .................................. I or mr:omted sheet steel. 7~ a r ~ d i s h e dmmmtian maung required.

I

Ratproof Material

One-W.lnth rmrdmmnO P n J n p F i i

. ........... -.-.........

............. ....... ........................n . .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. ..

.--..-...... ............

............

........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............ .-......... 16 1619 -.......... . . .

' 18 I?

1820 rt-14

.....,.....18 ..

18.20

.............. 18 18

NO.

18.31

18.m

2421.46 35 36 35

45 46 16la 26-18 48 11 2,29,%9,34

14

JO

............ 20, 21.27 e .... 26 14 14 . ...........

Itam

Slki sbeat steal

O ~ - h , E h m.dcmm o p d n g 3

BIW

"""" mB1

~ h s ~ h.................................. l o ~ C&p-arpsns-aV o a and poeterr

............... ..........................

............

l8 l8

I

Flatransd TGad

I

Wlrsm

Flgore No.

LS-m 16 ............ ..................................... LS-m 16 ............

APPENDIX Minimum Thickness-Acceptable .

.

.

B Nonmtproof Mahn'af

wmd -n

TDngne

and

%mom*

*PM

Sq-

bort idnt

Tmicatmmpodfton~

Badnbanded w. pmol

p~paaoa

_ _ _ ? 7

APPENDIX C US. Standard Gauges forSheet and Plate kon and Steel

iyni

(kss

1

Ma 3

L--,,-.-----5. 8

7.----8.------

--

Y w 1 .m4

.m

.an

.la .I72 .I55

9.----

U.----

.la .Is

12

.1B3

Y.--------

.@a4

14

.m

.m .m .w

lo--------

----

n.--------

16 I? 18

19 20.--------

--

.-

,044

.m

am

2 s

&W 1116s i 7 a 1%

a98 +819

ZITS

22-

P

bdm

a m .m .m .m

M%~L

0.819 .'I%

.n4

.as

.022

.W

% . - - -

.Ol1

28--_----

.OM

..391 M .m ..RB 31s

29.---

1981

9-.

Lta LYB LZQ LIU

34-..-35-

Qog

--

24. 2 1 . - - - -

zm a . 2381 n. tim

----

21-

33-

s . . n 38.----

--

--

--

.$I7

..aa34 .rm ,010

.mp

.m .ms .rm .w7 .m6

.474

.258 .ps .218 .IS

.I74 le9 lE2

..