Gramer (1)

‫ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ ﺑﺮای ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ زﺑﺎن‬ ‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ‪ - 1‬ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ‪1383‬‬

‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﺭ‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺯﻜﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻨﺸﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭼﻪ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ )ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﻣ ِﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ(‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫• ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫• ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫• ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫• ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫• ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫• ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‬ ‫• ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬ ‫• ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫• ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‬ ‫• ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ )ﻣﻌﻴﻦ(‬ ‫• ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪The‬‬ ‫• ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫• ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ‪ must‬ﻭ ‪have to‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ )ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ(‬

‫‪23‬‬

‫‪ .6‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ‬

‫‪26‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫‪30‬‬

‫‪ .8‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬

‫‪33‬‬

‫‪To Do .9‬‬

‫‪36‬‬

‫‪ .10‬ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫‪ .11‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‪:‬‬

‫‪Simple future tense‬‬

‫‪42‬‬

‫‪ .12‬ﺭﺑﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬

‫‪44‬‬

‫‪ .13‬ﺩﻭ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ‪tell & say‬‬

‫‪47‬‬

‫‪ .14‬ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫‪48‬‬

‫‪ .15‬ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬

‫‪50‬‬

‫‪ .16‬ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‬

‫‪53‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ .17‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪54‬‬

‫‪ .18‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ »ﺍﺯ« ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫‪ » .19‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ « ‪Future Continuous Tense‬‬

‫‪58‬‬

‫‪ .20‬ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪Sequence of tenses :‬‬

‫‪61‬‬

‫‪«Used to » .21‬‬ ‫‪ » .22‬ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ « ‪Question tag‬‬

‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪66‬‬ ‫‪Avoid Repatition‬‬

‫‪ .23‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﻢ‬

‫‪The additions‬‬

‫‪ .24‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪Æ‬‬

‫‪ .25‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ .26‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ .27‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫‪CAN‬‬

‫‪69‬‬ ‫‪71‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬

‫‪MUST Æ‬‬

‫‪73‬‬

‫‪WANT‬‬

‫‪74‬‬

‫‪Æ‬‬

‫‪Some &any .28‬‬

‫‪76‬‬

‫‪ .29‬ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬

‫‪78‬‬

‫‪ .30‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ‬

‫‪82‬‬

‫‪ .31‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪84‬‬

‫‪possesive forms‬‬

‫‪ .32‬ﺭﺑﻂ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ‪Putting two sentences together :‬‬

‫‪85‬‬

‫‪ .33‬ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ‬

‫‪86‬‬

‫‪ Reflexive pronouns (self ) .34‬ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫‪87‬‬

‫‪Here & There .35‬‬ ‫» ‪« it‬‬ ‫‪ .36‬ﺑﺤﺚ‬

‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬

‫‪ .37‬ﺻﺮﻑ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﺭ ‪ 16‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫‪94‬‬

‫‪ » .38‬ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ «‬

‫‪95‬‬

‫‪ .39‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ) ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﻲ ( ‪:‬‬

‫‪100‬‬

‫‪ » .40‬ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ « ) ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ (‬

‫‪106‬‬

‫‪ .41‬ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫‪108‬‬

‫‪ .42‬ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫‪109‬‬

‫‪ .43‬ﺻﻔﺖ ‪adjective‬‬

‫‪111‬‬

‫‪The same as .44‬‬ ‫‪ .45‬ﻗﻴﺪ ‪adverb‬‬

‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪118‬‬

‫‪ .46‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪intensifiers (very, too, enough) :‬‬

‫‪123‬‬

‫‪Such .47‬‬ ‫‪ .48‬ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ too‬و ‪enough‬‬

‫‪127‬‬ ‫‪129‬‬

‫‪» .49‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮ« »‪«Other‬‬

‫‪130‬‬

‫‪ .50‬ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ ‪Relative Pronouns‬‬

‫‪136‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫‪ .51‬ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺣﺪﺳﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ‬

‫‪141‬‬

‫‪ .52‬ﺁﻳﻨﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬

‫‪145‬‬ ‫‪Conditionals‬‬

‫‪ .53‬ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺷﺮﻃﻲ‬ ‫‪ » Otherwise .54‬ﻭﺍﻻ«‬ ‫‪« Wish » .55‬‬

‫‪146‬‬ ‫‪149‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺷﻜﻲ ـ ﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺵ‬

‫‪ .56‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪if‬‬

‫‪151‬‬

‫‪ .57‬ﻭﻗﺘﺶ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ» ‪« It is time‬‬

‫‪151‬‬

‫‪ .58‬ﺣﺬﻑ‬

‫‪152‬‬

‫‪IF‬‬

‫‪Unless .59‬‬ ‫‪Would rather .60‬‬ ‫‪as if – as though .61‬‬ ‫» ‪« in Case‬‬ ‫‪) .62‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺍ ﻧﻜﻨﻪ(‬

‫‪153‬‬ ‫‪154‬‬ ‫‪156‬‬ ‫‪157‬‬

‫‪Both .63‬‬ ‫‪ .64‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪active & passive voice :‬‬

‫‪158‬‬ ‫‪159‬‬

‫• ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫• ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫• ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫• ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫• ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫• ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ‬ ‫• ﺟﺎﻱ ﻗﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻤﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫‪ .65‬ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﺒﺒﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺳﺒﺒﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪170‬‬

‫‪ .66‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﺒﺒﻲ‬

‫‪171‬‬

‫‪ .67‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ‪reported speach‬‬

‫‪172‬‬

‫‪ .68‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪Indirect speech‬‬

‫‪173‬‬

‫• ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺧﺒﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻓﻌﻞ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺧﺒـﺮﻱ‬ ‫• ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻣﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫• ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬ ‫• ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺗﻌﺠﺒﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .69‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ) ‪( gerund‬‬

‫‪181‬‬

‫‪ .70‬ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺑﺎ ‪to‬‬

‫‪184‬‬

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7

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﮑﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺍﻣﺮﯼ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭﻳﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﺸﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻢ ﺑﻘـﺪﺭ ﺗﺸﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﺸﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﻴﺸﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﯽ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﯼ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﺰﻭﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺒﺘﺪﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﻗﻮﻳﺘﺮ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﮑﻠﯽ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭﻭﺳﯽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻗﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﻧﺪﯼ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﯼ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﻟﻒ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺗﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻢ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪﺗﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﻭﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺪﺭ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻥ ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﻨﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻡ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ ﻭ ﺷﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﮑﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺴﺮ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻘﺪﺭﻡ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﮐﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺸﮑﺮ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻘﺪﺭﻡ ﺁﻗﺎﯼ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻨﺎﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺮ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻒ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺯﺣﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﯽ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﯼ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﺟﻤﻨﺪﻡ ﺟﻨﺎﺏ ﺁﻗﺎﯼ ﺭﺿﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﻳﻌﻨﯽ ﻋﺸﻖ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺗﺸﮑﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﺮﺳﻨﺪﯼ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﮎ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﯽ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﻨﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ‪1383‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻳﮕﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﮔﺮﺍﻣﺮ ﻭ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ ‪ .‬ﻟﻄﻔﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻓﺎﻳﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻴﻨﮏ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻟﻄﻔﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ‪[email protected]‬‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻲ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﻠﻮﺩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪http://www-ce.uta.edu/~enayatpour/hmpg/mynotes.htm‬‬

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‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭼﻪ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﻴﻦ ﮐﻨﮑﻮﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﯼ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﻴﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ‪,MCHE ،TOEFL‬‬ ‫‪,IELTS‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﮑﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﮐﻤﯽ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﮐﻤﯽ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺮ ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻸ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﻴﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻸ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﻴﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ ‪ IELTS ،TOEFL‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬

‫‪ IELTS ،TOEFL‬ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﻴﻦ ﮐﻨﮑﻮﺭ‬

‫ﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﻴﻦ ﮐﻨﮑﻮﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﯼ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﯼ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﮐﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﮐﺎﺩﺭ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪ :‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺩﺭﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﮑﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﻔﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺷﮏ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﯽ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺰﻭﻩ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺧﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻝ ﺯﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ +‬ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ‪ +‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ‪ +‬ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ +‬ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬

‫→ ‪we‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎ → ‪you‬‬

‫→‪I‬‬

‫ﺗﻮ → ‪you‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ‬

‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ → ‪they‬‬

‫→ ‪he‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ → ‪she‬‬

‫ﺁﻥ → ‪it‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻌﻞ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ )ﻥ( ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻌـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﮐـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎ )ﻥ( ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‪ ,‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ‪ to‬ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ⇒ to‬ﻥ → ﻣﺼﺪﺭ → ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫‪see‬‬

‫‪to see ⇒ I‬‬

‫‪You see‬‬ ‫‪They see‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ‪at home‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ ‪in the class‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ‪ here‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ‪at school‬‬

‫ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ‪there‬‬

‫ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ‪every other day‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ‪on odd days‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ‪yesterday‬‬

‫ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ‪every day‬‬

‫ﺍﻣــﺮﻭﺯ ‪today‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻭﺝ ‪on even days‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ‪ :‬ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﻲ ﺭﺳـﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪3‬ـ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻫﻴﭽﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺘﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺠﺰ ﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎﯼ ‪ this‬ﻭ ‪ that‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤـﻊ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﻔـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪PL‬‬ ‫→‪this book ‬‬ ‫‪these books‬‬

‫‪this → these‬‬

‫‪PL‬‬ ‫→‪that car ‬‬ ‫‪those cars‬‬

‫‪that → those‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ‪Hassan saw Ali .‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ‪Hassan saw him .‬‬

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‫ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ـ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ـ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ـ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ‬

‫‪us‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ـ ﻣﺮﺍ‬

‫‪me‬‬

‫‪You‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮـ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ‬

‫‪you‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ـ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ‬

‫‪him‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭـ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ )ﺯﻥ(‬

‫‪her‬‬

‫‪them‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺁﻧﺮﺍ‬

‫‪it‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ‬

‫‪our‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮ‬

‫‪your‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫‪their‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮ‬

‫‪my‬‬ ‫‪your‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻭ‬

‫‪his‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻭ‬

‫‪her‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ‬

‫‪its‬‬

‫ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ )ﻣﻌﻴﻦ(‪ :‬ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ‪ to‬ﻧﻤـﻲ ﺁﻳـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﺟـﺰ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ought to‬ﻭ ‪.used to‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ‪may‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪must‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪should‬‬

‫‪14‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ‪can‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜـﻲ ﺑـﺎ ﺭﻓـﺘﻦ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ )ﺁﻳﺎ ـ ﻣﮕﺮ ـ ﻟﺤﻦ ( ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻝ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤـﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ‪ do‬ﻭ ‪ does‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺆﺍﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﮕﺮ‬

‫ﺳﺆﺍﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫?‪Can you go‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﻧﻢ ﺑﺮﻡ ‪I can go‬‬

‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻱ؟‬

‫?‪Can you‬‬

‫ﻟﺤﻦ‬ ‫?‪You can‬‬

‫ﺗﺬﮐﺮ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ‪ I‬ﻭ ‪ we‬ﺑﻪ ‪ you‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ‪you ? :‬‬

‫‪am → are‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ )ﻥ( ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﻔـﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻲ ‪ (not) ،‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ‪ am not‬ﻭ ‪ may not‬ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Can not → Can ' t‬‬ ‫‪not → won' t‬‬

‫‪will‬‬

‫‪not → mustn' t‬‬

‫‪must‬‬

‫‪not → Shan' t‬‬

‫‪Shall‬‬

‫‪is not → isn' t‬‬ ‫‪are not → aren' t‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫‪am not → am not‬‬ ‫‪may not → may not‬‬

‫‪4‬ـ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ‪ not‬ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ‪ not‬ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺮ ﺟﺎﻳﺶ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﻳﺎ‬

‫?‪You can’t go → can’t you go‬‬

‫ﻣﮕﺮ‬

‫?‪You can not go → can you not go‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻱ؟‬

‫ﻟﺤﻦ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫‬‫‪-‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ was-were‬ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪ Has-had‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫‪ Does-did‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ‬ ‫)‪To be(am-is-are‬‬ ‫‪Have‬‬ ‫‪Do‬‬

‫‪ can‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ‬

‫‪could‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ Should‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫‪Shall‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫‪ Would‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫‪Will‬‬

‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

‫‪ Might‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

‫‪May‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫‪ Had to‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫‪Must‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫‪ought to‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ‬

‫‪16‬‬

‫‪Used to‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬

‫‪need‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﺃﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬

‫‪Dare‬‬ ‫‪Would rather‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬

‫‪Had better‬‬

‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻩ‬

‫‪:The‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ) ،‬ﺭﺍ ـ ﻛﻪ ـ ﻛﺴﺮﻩ(‬ ‫‪I eat apple.‬‬ ‫‪I eat the apple.‬‬ ‫‪I eat the apple which is red.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ " ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ"‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐ ﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ " ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ"‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ . .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ " ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺐ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺒﻲ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺭﻡ"‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺗﺮ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﻳﻲ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧـﺎﮔﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻳﻌﻨـﻲ‬ ‫‪ am-is-are‬ﺑﻪ ‪ be‬ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ‪ to have‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺟﺎﻫـﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬

‫‪must be‬‬

‫‪am → I‬‬

‫‪can have‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪have → I‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫‪You are → You can be‬‬

‫‪you have → you can have‬‬

‫‪He is → he must be‬‬

‫‪They have → They can have‬‬ ‫‪We have → we can have‬‬ ‫‪She has → she can have‬‬

‫‪Am‬‬ ‫‪Be‬‬

‫‪Have‬‬ ‫‪to have‬‬

‫‪Is‬‬

‫‪Has‬‬

‫‪are‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬ـ ﻧﻤﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﻲ؟‬ ‫‪2‬ـ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ‪ 2‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺪﻫﻲ؟‬ ‫‪3‬ـ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ؟‬ ‫‪4‬ـ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ؟‬ ‫‪5‬ـ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺗﻮ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻫﻲ؟‬ ‫‪6‬ـ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻧﻢ ﻣﺆﺩﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﻢ ﺗﻮﻱ ﻛﻼﺱ؟‬ ‫‪7‬ـ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪8‬ـ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﻫﺎﻳﻢ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻨﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪9‬ـ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪10‬ـ ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﻮﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪11‬ـ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬

: ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ 1. Can’t you help me here every day? 2. Mustn’t you teach us here every other day at 2 o’clock? 3. Am I not bad tempered? 4. Don’t they study here every day? 5. Don’t you listen to the teacher every day? 6. Can I be polite in class? 7. My father must be kind at home. 8. My sisters may be lazy. 9. Their parents can be here. 10. My father can have lunch. 11. He may have a car

‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ‬ :"‫"ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫( ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ ﻭ‬to) ‫ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ‬-1 used : ‫ ﻭ )ﺳﺎﺑﻘﹰﺎ‬ought to ‫ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺠﺰ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ‬to ‫ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ‬-2 have ‫ ﻭ‬has ‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬To have ‫( ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬am-is-are) ‫ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬To be ‫ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬.(to ‫ ( ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ‬have-has ‫ ﻭ‬am-is-are ) ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻗﺼﺪﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻳﻢ‬ .‫( ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬have , be) ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ‬

:‫ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻗﺼﺪﻱ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ want

‫ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻦ‬

pretend

‫ﻭﺍﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬

like

‫ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬

refuse

‫ﺍﻣﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬

would like

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

plan

‫ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬

hope

‫ﺍﻣﻴﺪﻭﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

decide

‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬

wish

‫ﺁﺭﺯﻭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬

intend

‫ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬

19

‫ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬

‫‪be going to‬‬

‫ﺳﻌﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬

‫‪try‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

‫‪hate‬‬

‫ﻗﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬

‫‪promise‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﻔﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬

‫‪dislike‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬

‫‪prefer‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ‪ must‬ﻭ ‪: have to‬‬ ‫)ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ( ﻣﻦ ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ‬

‫‪I must go‬‬ ‫‪I have to go‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭﻡ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫‪must ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ـ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ( ‪have to ‬‬ ‫‪has to ‬‬

‫ﺗﺬﮐﺮ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻓﻮﻕ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ had to ، must‬ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺬﮐﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ has , have‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪I will have my lunch.‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻫﺎﺭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪She has a book.‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﻳﮏ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪have‬‬

‫داﺷﺘﻦ و ﺧﻮردن → اﺳﻢ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪has‬‬

‫ﺗﺬﮐﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ (to) has , have‬ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪have‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ → ‪+ to‬‬ ‫‪has‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

:‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ؟‬،‫ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬ .‫ـ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﮔﻮﺵ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ‬1 .‫ـ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ‬2 .‫ـ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﺪ ﻣﺆﺩﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‬3 .‫ـ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬4 .‫ـ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﺍﻣﺴﺎﻝ ﺯﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‬5

: ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ 1. They want to listen to the teacher every day. • Do they want to listen to the teacher every day? • They don’t want to listen to teacher every day. • Don’t they want to listen to teacher every day? 2. I must speak English every day. 3. You want to be polite here. 4. He likes to have a car. 5. We decide to be clever this year. .‫ﺏ( ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭘﺮﺍﻧﺘﺰ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻴﺪ‬ 1. They Study engineering ( Plan:‫) ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ‬ 2. Most students succeed (want) 3. We understand the lesson. (Pretend: ‫)ﻭﺍﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬ 4. I work hard. (Promise ) 5. Most of the people fact/tell the truth. (refuse) 6. You are very successful. (can) 7. They practice sentence patterns (must) 8. Many students ask questions (may) 9. We are polite. (Ought to) 10. I dine with you. (would like) 11. We play football. (prefer)

21

: ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ 1. They Plan to Study engineering 2. Most students want to succeed. 3. We pretend to understand the lesson. 4. I promise to work hard. 5. Most of the people refuse to fact/tell the truth. 6. You can be very successful. 7. They must practice sentence patterns. 8. Many students may ask questions. May they not ask questions? May not they ask questions?

‫ﺳﺆاﻟﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬

9. We ought to be polite. ‫ → ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬Ought you to be polite? Are you ought to polite? ‫ → ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬You ought not to be polite. You aren’t ought to polite. ‫ → ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﺳﺌﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬Ought you not to be polite? aren't you ought to polite? 10. I would like to dine with you. 11. We prefer to play football.

22

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ )ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ(‬

‫‪Simple Present Tense‬‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ to‬ﻱ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ )‪ (it-she-he‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ )‪ (ies-es-s‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ‪ s‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪He works/she eats/it runs‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ‪ es‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ‪ :‬ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ z,o,x,ch,sh,s‬ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ‪ es‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Washes/buzzes/watches/fixes/misses/mixes‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ y‬ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ y‬ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻﺪﺍﺩﺍﺭ ”‪ “a,e,I,o,u‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪s‬‬

‫ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Æ Plays‬ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ‪play Æ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ y‬ﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ y‬ﺣﺮﻑ ﺻﺪﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ‪ y‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ‪ i‬ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ‪ es‬ﻣﻲ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Carry Æ carries‬‬ ‫‪StudyÆ studies‬‬

‫‪23‬‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪every +‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪each +‬‬

‫) ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺯ ‪ ( during the day‬ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪during +‬‬ ‫)ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ‪ ( every other week‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪every other +‬‬

‫‪ -5‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ever – never – always – usually – often – sometimes‬‬ ‫‪They never play golf.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -6‬ﺑﺎ ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ﹰ‬ ‫‪The sun sets in the west.‬‬

‫ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻏﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ‪ :‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ‪ does ,do‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ‪ s ) does :‬ﭘﺮﺍﻥ‪ es -‬ﭘﺮﺍﻥ‪ ies -‬ﭘﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ‪ doesn’t‬ﻫﻢ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻃﻮﺭ(‬ ‫ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪He goes to school every day.‬‬

‫‪24‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ‪ 2‬ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻭﺝ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬ ‫‪He goes to school every day.‬‬ ‫‪The teacher helps us in the class at 2 o’clock on odd days.‬‬ ‫‪My father studies at home on even days.‬‬ ‫‪His father wants to help them here every day‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬

‫‪Question Words.‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ who‬ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﻲ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ whom‬ﻛﻲ ﺭﺍ ‪ ،‬ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺭﺍ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ what‬ﭼﻪ ﭼﻴﺰ‬

‫‪ -4‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ where‬ﻛﺠﺎ‬

‫‪ -5‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ when‬ﭼﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ -‬ﻛﻲ‬

‫‪ -6‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how many‬ﭼﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬

‫‪ -7‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how much‬ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬

‫‪ -8‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬

‫‪ -9‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ‪ what time‬ﭼﻪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬ ‫‪ -10‬ﺍﮔﺮﻣﺪﺕ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how long‬ﭼﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ‬

‫‪ -11‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how often‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻓﻌﻪ‬

‫‪ -12‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫اﺳﻢ ‪ whose +‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫‪ -13‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ an, a‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-14‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ + the‬ﺻﻔﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ‪ that ,this ,those ,these +‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬ ‫‪ which‬ﻛﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -15‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ why‬ﭼﺮﺍ‬

‫‪ -16‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how old‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ‬

‫‪ -17‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how far‬ﭼﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﻲ‬

‫‪ -18‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how tall‬ﭼﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺍﻱ‬

‫‪ -19‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ how fast‬ﭼﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ‬

‫‪ -20‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺭﻧﮓ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ‬

‫‪ what color‬ﭼﻪ ﺭﻧﮕﻲ‬

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‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪(wh questions):‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ -1‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪Where‬‬ ‫‪When‬‬ ‫?‪do you work‬‬

‫‪How‬‬ ‫‪Why‬‬

‫‪+‬‬

‫‪What time‬‬ ‫‪How often‬‬ ‫‪How fast‬‬

‫?‪Can you answer‬‬

‫‪I can answer Æ‬‬

‫?‪can you answer‬‬

‫‪Why‬‬

‫?‪can you answer‬‬

‫‪When‬‬

‫?‪How fast can you answer‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ -2‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Where do you go? Æ I know where you go‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺪﻭﻧﻢ ﻛﺠﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻱ‬

‫‪Why don’t they study Æ I know why they don’t study‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻭﻧﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪I am sure why he is happy‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ -3‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﻨﺸﻴﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ s‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ‪ es‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ‪ ies‬ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪He works‬‬

‫ﺍﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ‬

‫?‪Who works‬‬

‫ﭼﻪ ﻛﺴﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ ؟‬

‫?‪Whose brother works‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ؟‬

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‫?‪Which teacher works‬‬

‫ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ؟‬

‫?‪What kind of student works‬‬

‫ﭼﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ؟‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺪﻭﻧﻢ ﻛﺠﺎ ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﻨﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ‪: 2‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻭﻧﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺷﺎﮔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﻤﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ‬ ‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪ -4‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻭﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﻛﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺩ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ؟‬ ‫‪ -5‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺒﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬

‫‪I know where you play football every day at 2 o’clock.‬‬ ‫‪I don’t know why the students don’t study at school.‬‬ ‫‪I am sure why they are tired.‬‬ ‫?‪Do you know whose brother wants to speak English‬‬ ‫‪I am not sure why they are lazy in class.‬‬

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‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪2.‬‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪5.‬‬

have to ‫ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ‬

: ( have to ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ)ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ‬ .‫ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﻴﺪ‬ ‫ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ‬-6 ‫ ﭘﺴﺮﻩ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭﻩ ﻣﺆﺩﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﺯ‬-7 ‫ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ‬-8 ‫ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭﻩ ﻓﻮﺗﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﻨﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬-9 ‫ﻋﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ‬-10

:‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬ 6. They have to speak English in class. 7. The boy has to be polite in class every day. Does the boy have to be polite in class every day? The boy doesn’t have to be polite in class every day. 8. The girls have to be here on even days. Do the girls have to be here on even days? 9. He has to play football every other day.

‫ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬

Does he have to play football every other day?

‫ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬

He doesn’t have to play football every other day.

‫ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬

Doesn’t he have to play football every other day?

‫ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‬

10. Ali has to be happy in class Does Ali have to be happy in class?

‫ﺳﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬

29