Gps, Gagan & Lbs Part Ii

GPS, GAGAN & LBS

M.R.Sivaraman Retd. Scientist Space Applications Centre Ahmedabad

What does GPS Provide • It provides 1. Position – Latitude, Longitude and Height 2. Velocity – Velocity North, East and Up 3. Time – in UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) • To any user Receiver in Land, air or sea • This is often abbreviated as PVT

?

Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) Coordinate System WGS-84 Parameters a = 6378137 m, 1/f = 298.257223563

Major Elements of a Satellite Navigation System

Principle of GPS

PRINCIPLE OF GPS

Distance measurement from one satellite

Distance measurements from two satellites

Distance measurements from three satellites

GPS

GPS

C∆ TS2

C∆ TS1

GPS

C∆ TS3

R2

R1

C∆ TS4

R3

C∆ Tu

USER C∆ TA4

C∆ TA3

GPS

C∆ TA1 C∆ TA2

PRINCIPLE OF GPS

R4

Error in GPS Solution (Error in GPS Solution) = (Geometry Factor) x (Pseudorange error Factor) = GDOP X σUERE

GPS ERROR BUDGET Sr. No.Error Source

1

P code

Satellite Clock stability

3.0

3.0

Selective Availability

0.0

0.0

Others

1.0

1.0

Ephemeris Error

4.5

4.5

Others

1.0

1.0

Ionospheric Delay

25.0

2.0

Tropospheric Delay

3.0

3.0

Multipath

3.0

3.0

Receiver Noise

0.5

0.5

UERE

26.0

7.5

Horizontal Accuracy (95%)

80

22.5

Vertical Accuracy (95%)

105

30.0

2 3

Space

C/A code (1 σ Error in m)

Control User

Types of Receiver and Techniques • Single Frequency SPS Navigation Rx • Dual Frequency PPS Rx • DGPS Rx • WAAS Rx • Land Survey Rx • Timing Rx • Ionospheric Rx • Occultation Rx

Principle of Differential GPS (DGPS) • It Can be observed from the Table above that, GPS by itself cannot provide Cat I Precision Service. • An alternative is a Technique called Differential GPS (DGPS). • In DGPS, a Reference GPS Receiver is kept at well surveyed point, within about 50 kms of the user who may be in Land, Sea or Air. • The Reference Receiver Coordinates are determined to an accuracy better than 1m, in WGS-84 Spheroid. • The Reference receiver calculates the difference between the measured Pseudoranges, for all visible GPS satellites and calculated Pseudorange from the known coordinates and Navigation Data. • This difference is the error in Pseudorange measurements, ΔR which includes all the errors like Ephemeris, clock, Ionopshere and Troposphere lumped together.

Principle of Differential GPS (DGPS)

Principle of Differential GPS (DGPS) • • • •

•

This correction, ΔR for all the visible satellites are transmitted via VHF Link to the user. The user carries out Pseudorange measurements to all the visible GPS satellites. It applies correction, ΔR to the pseudorange observations and then computes its position. Since the Reference station and the user are in the neighbourhood, the pseudorange errors are same for both receivers Thus User Pseudorange observations are free from errors to some extent and the position computed will be more accurate

Principle of Differential GPS Used IN Land Survey

DGPS for Land Survey

Hand Held Differential GPS Receiver

DGPS ERROR BUDGET Sr. No. Error Source

1

2 3

Space

C/A code (1 σ Error in m) GPS 40 KM 100 Km 500 Km Satellite Clock stability

3.0

0.0

0.0

1.5

Selective Availability

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Others

1.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

Ephemeris Error

4.5

0.0

1.0

2.0

Others

1.0

0.0

0.0

1.0

Ionospheric Delay

25.0

0.0

5.0

20.0

Tropospheric Delay

3.0

0.0

0.0

2.0

Multipath

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Receiver Noise

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

UERE

26.0

1.2

5.2

20.0

Horizontal Accuracy (95%)

80

3.6

15

60

Vertical Accuracy (95%)

105

4.8

20

80

Control User

Planned Modernization of GPS Signals Current frequency Plan

Capabilities (additional) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carrier frequencies Additional civilian frequency 6 dB higher power relative to L1 L1 : 1575.42 MHz L2 : 1227.60 MHz

Planned Frequency

L5 : 1176.45 MHz (safety-of-life service frequency protection (ARNS-band))

Code frequencies (pseudorandom)

ME code (L1/L2)

20 MHz broadcast bandwidth Improved signal cross correlation M-code designed to enhance system security

P-code: 10.23 MHZ (on L1/L2)

to improve anti-jamming

Code frequencies (gold code) C/A-code:1.023MHz(onL1) C/A code on L2(1127.60MHz)

Dual freq. ionosphere correction (improved) UERE and better accuracy)

Navigation message Ephemeris, SV clock parameters On L1, L2 and L5 ionospheric parameters, SV health On L1 and L2

Basic Details on GPS, Glonass, Galileo

Constellation

GPS

GLONASS

GALILEO

Total Satellites Orbital Period Orbital planes Orbital height (km) Sat. In each plane Inclination Plane Separation Frequency

24+3 12 hrs 6 20200 4 55 deg 60 deg 1575.42MHz 1227.6MHz

24 (4 Opr) 11hrs 15min 3 19100 8 64.8 deg 120 deg 1246 - 1257 MHz 1602 - 1616 MHz

27+3 14Hrs 22min 3 23616 10 56 deg 120 deg 1164 - 1300 MHz 1559 - 1591 MHz

Modulation

CDMA

FDMA

CDMA

Beidou ( Chinese Satellite Navigation System) •

Beidou system consists of two geo-synchronous satellites in space and a third used as back up, a control centre located at Beijing and number of monitoring and calibration stations on ground distributed through out China and the Beidou positioning receivers.

•

Beidou system is fully operational in early 2004.

•

Similar to that of the Geostar regional navigation system. - Radio determination satellite service (RDSS)

•

Besides positioning, the system can perform two way data communication.

•

Users can determine their position and also transmit messages to each other.

•

Accuracy

(H – about 100 meters, T accuracy < 100 ns)

Principle of Beidou

COMPASS (Future Chinese Satellite Navigation System) •

Compass is the Chinese own Satellite Navigation System planned

•

5 GEO + 30 MEO satellites

•

Aims to provide two navigation services viz.

1. Open service with 10 m position, 0.2 m/sec velocity and 50 ns timing accuracies 2. Authorised service, which will offer safer better position, velocity and timing accuracy to authorised users only. •

Already four test satellites in Geo orbits called Beidou launched

Principle of IRNSS GEOs at 32,83,134 GSOs at 111

GSOs at 55

IRNSS User IRNSS Ranging & Monitoring Station IRNSS Ranging & Monitoring Station IRNSS MCC

IRNSS Telemetry & Command stattion

IRNSS Satellite Constellation

IRNSS Error Budget SYSTEM

IRNSS(D)

Error

(1 sigma)

EPH

5.0

Clock

2.0

Ionosphere

2.2

Troposphere

0.2

Rx. Noise

0.6

Multipath

1.5

UERE(m)

6.1

HDOP

3.0

VDOP

3.0

Pos. Accu.-H(m)

~18.3

Pos. Accu.-V(m)

~18.3

“GAGAN” – FUTURE AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION IN INDIA

GPS & WAAS ERROR BUDGET FOR C/A CODE RECEIVERS Error Source

GPS

WAAS

LAAS

EGNOS

GAGAN

1 σ Error in m Total SIS URE (Space & Control segment Errors

3.0

0.5

0.20

0.65

0.65

Ionospheric Delay

25

0.2

0.02

0.50

0.50

Tropospheric Delay

3.0

0.2

0.02

0.20

0.20

Receiver Noise + Multipath

0.5

0.5

0.50

0.50

0.50

UERE

26

0.7

0.50

1.00

1.00

Horizontal Accuracy (95%)

80

2.1

1.50

3.00

3.00

PRINCIPLE OF WAAS

Present STATUS OF US WAAS •

INMARSAT has launched four INMARSAT III satellites with CXL and CXC payload for WAAS implementation

•

INMARSAT has launched advanced INMARSAT IV satellites, carrying CxL1 and CxL5 payloads

•

US has tested WAAS over US airspace using 2 INMARSAT III satellites over AOR-E & AOR-W

•

The performance meets Cat I Accuracy, Integrity, Availability and Continuity requirements under magnetically quiet Ionospheric conditions

•

It is not yet Operational over US.

•

It is used by Civilians for other applications

Present Status of WADGPS in other countries •

Canada is planning to implement CWAAS, on lines similar to US WAAS, over Canadian Airspace

•

In Europe, the European Tripartite Group (ETG), Consisting of European Space Agency (ESA), Commission of European Union (CEU) & Eurocontrol is testing WADPGS, known as EGNOS, over European airspace, using INMARSAT III satellites AOR-E & IOR.

•

It is not yet Operational over Europe

•

Japan is testing MTSAT Satellite based Augmentation System (MSAS), with two GSOs over Japan.

What is GAGAN ? •

GAGAN stands for GPS Aided Geostationary satellite Augmented Navigation

•

It is a Joint program between ISRO and AAI (Airport Authority of India) to implement WADGPS over Indian Airspace.

•

It has two Phases viz.

1.

Technology Demonstration System (GAGAN TDS)

2.

Final Operational System (GAGAN FOP)

GEO

GPS

C1

L2 L1

L1

(GEO)

GEO

GEO Ranging +Integrity message +WAD correction

C2

GPS

L1

L1/L2 (GPS)

L1/C2 (GEO)

L1

L2

INRES GEO C1

L GEO C2

INLUS 1

INMCC

Elements of GAGAN

INLUS 2

PRESENT SERVICE COVERAGE FOR WAAS, EGNOS & PROPOSED MSAS

Present Service Coverage for WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS And Proposed INSAT Nav Payload Coverage INSAT Coverage 74 & 93.5 E

3 Satellite Coverage

CONFIGURATION OF TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION SYSTEM

•

8 INRES (Indian Reference Stations)

•

1 INMCC (Indian Master Control Centre)

•

1 INLUS (Indian Navigation Land Uplink Station)

•

Navigation Payload (L1 & L5) for GEO

•

Aircraft WAAS Receivers for demonstration

•

Communication links between INRES & INMCC

•

TEC Network (18 Stations) for IONO Correction

INRES • INRES (Indian Reference Station) are GPS Tracking stations, set up at well surveyed points, whoso coordinates in WGS-84 are well known. • They have mainly an Atomic Clock and redundant (atleast three) GPS Dual Frequency Receivers. • The Receivers collect Pseudorange and Carrier Phase measurements at Dual frequencies and transmit the data in real time to INMCC (Indian Master Control Centre) • Either a Fibre Optic cable or a Vsat terminal is used for Data Transmission

Bangalore INRES Facility

INMCC • •

INMCC collects GPS data transmitted from all the INRES in the network in real time. They process the data to compute

1. 2. 3.

GPS Ephemeris and Clock Errors Intergrity Parameters GIVD (Grid Ionospheric Vertical Delay) and GIVE (Grid Ionospheric Vertical Error) in a 50 by 50 over Indian region to correct Ionospheric delay

•

Sends the data to a Navigation Land Earth Station (NLES)

INLUS •

INLUS received the WADGPS Correction data from INMCC

•

It suitable formats the data and transmits to a Geostationary Satellite (GSAT-4 in GAGAN)

•

It transmits the data in C Band and receives back in C Band the stored data in the Satellite

•

It verifies the Data for its validity

11 Mtr Antenna with Prime Focus Feed

GSAT-4 Satellite •

GSAT-4 Satellite, to be yet launched will be placed at 840 E

•

It will carry two CXL and one CXC bent pipe Transponder

•

The two CXL Transponders are CXL1 and CXL5

Major Challenge in GAGAN •

The major Challenge in GAGAN is to bring down the error due to Ionosphere to less than 0.5 m, using Grid Based Models.

Worldwide TEC during Near-Solar Maximum Conditions 21 August 2001 (from JPL)

Atmospheric Effects on L Band Signals Transmitted from Navigation Satellites Ionosphere causes 1. Additional Group Delay or Absolute Range Error 2. Carrier Phase Advance or Relative Range Error 3. Amplitude Scintillations 4. Phase Scintillations 5. Doppler Shift or Range rate Error 6. Faraday Rotation 7. Refraction or Bending 8. Distortion of Pulse waveforms Troposphere causes 1. Tropospheric Refraction or Absolute Range Error 2. Amplitude Scintillations

Major Features of Equatorial Ionosphere over Indian Region •

India lies in Equatorial Anomaly region

•

Ionospheric delay at L band are very high (50-60 m)

•

It is highly variable with time and latitude (Dynamic)

•

Behaviour is unpredictable

•

Ionospheric scintillation is high

•

Ionospheric Bubbles occur more frequently over the region

•

Ionosphere influences accuracy, integrity, availability & Continuity of service

IS TE C SL AN T

DI R M ECT EA I SU ON RE TO D G BY PS R E IN CE WH IV IC ER H

GPS

0 35

Km ’S TH R EA

IONOSPHERIC PIERCE POINTS VERTICAL DIRECTION IN WHICH TEC IS FIRST COMPUTED FROM SLANT TEC

CE FA R SU

50 BY 50 GRID POINT NODES WHERE VERTICAL TEC IS COMPUTED FROM MEASUREMENTS

TEC RECEIVER

50 BY 50 GRID

USER AIRCRAFT RECEIVER

SLANT DIRECTION TO GPS FROM USER IN WHICH TEC IS REQUIRED BY USER AIRCRAFT

NOT TO SCALE

PRINCIPLE OF GRID BASED IONOSPHERIC MODEL

Present Status of GAGAN •

TDS has been completed successfully.

•

Under benign Ionospheric conditions, the performance of GAGAN is good enough to meet APV 1 service

•

Ionospheric Scintillations that occur after sunset and till two hours after midnight is still a problem over indian region

•

FOP is being planned, to improve the performance of GAGAN

Principle of Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)

Positioning Accuracy Hierarchy GPS and Its Augmentations Carrier Phase Measurements

Code Phase Measurements

Autonomous

SPS (1990 – 2000)

SPS (since 2000) PPS

Differential

WADGPS DGPS Relative Navigation Surveying & Geodesy 1 mm

1 cm

10 cm

1m

Position Error

10 m

100 m

Location Based Services (LBS) • Location Based Services is a new and emerging service that has gathered interest over the last few years. • According to Wikipedia “Location Based Services (LBS) are information and entertainment services accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and utilizing the ability to make use of the Geographical position of the mobile device” • A Satellite Navigation System (presently GPS) is used to provide the geographical position • The main advantage is that mobile users don't have to manually specify ZIP codes or other location identifiers to use LBS, when they roam into a different location.

Location Based Services (LBS) •

Location Based Services are services for providing information that has been created, compiled, selected or filtered tacking into consideration the current locations of the users or those of other persons or mobile objects (*)

•

Why are they attractive ?

1. 2. 3. 4.

Not have to enter location information manually They are automatically pinpointed and tracked The positioning is the key technology GPS tracking is a major ingredient for making it possible, utilizing access to mobile web.

•

They are an example of Telecommunication Convergence.

(*) Axel Kupper, Location Based Services – Fundamentals and Operation, John Wiley & Sons

LBS as an intersection of Different technologies

Basic Elements of LBS Terminal •

LBS User Terminal basically contains

1.

A mobile Wireless Transmitter and Receiver (A Mobile Phone) that can provide Voice and Data services

2.

A Satellite Navigation Receiver like a GPS Receiver

3.

A GIS Data Base available for access on Internet at Base Station nearby through A Communication Network

4.

The Data base will contain a Digital terrain Map, containing locations (positions) of Restaurents, Hospitals, Police Stations, Petrol Pumps, Residential Addresses etc on the Map

Basic Components of LBS

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wireless Local Area Network

LBS Terminal delivering a map of the environment and the position of the hiker.

Basic Functions of LBS Components 1. Mobile Devices : •

A tool for the user to request the needed information.

•

The results can be given by speech, using pictures, text and so on. Possible devices are PDA's, Mobile Phones, Laptops,

•

... but the device can also be a navigation unit of car or a toll box for road pricing in a truck.

2. Communication Network (Gateway) : •

The second component is the mobile network

•

which transfers the user data and service request from the mobile terminal to the service provider

•

and then the requested information back to the user.

Basic Functions of LBS Components 3. Positioning Component : •

For the processing of a service, usually the user position has to be determined.

•

The user position can be obtained either by using the mobile communication network

•

or by using the Global Positioning System (GPS).

•

Further possibilities to determine the position

•

are WLAN stations, active badges or radio beacons.

•

The latter positioning methods can be especially used for indoor navigation like in a museum.

•

If the position is not determined automatically it can be also specified manually by the user.

Basic Functions of LBS Components 4.

Service and Application Provider :

•

The service provider offers a number of different services to the user and is responsible for the service request processing.

•

Such services offer

1.

The calculation of the position,

2.

Finding a route,

3.

Searching yellow pages with respect to position

4.

or searching specific information on objects of user interest (e.g. a bird in wild life park) and so forth.

Basic Functions of LBS Components 5.

Data and Content Provider :

•

Service providers will usually not store and maintain all the information which can be requested by users.

•

Therefore geographic base data and location information data will be usually requested from

1.

The maintaining authority (e.g. mapping agencies) or

2.

Business and industry partners (e.g. yellow pages, traffic companies)

Typical Data Flow in an LBS 1.

User queries his LBS Terminal such as “Where is the nearest shopping Mall ?” in the User LBS

2.

The User LBS computes its present location using GPS

3.

The User LBS searches the GIS data Base stored in that for the desired information.

4.

If not available, it sends the query along with its position to nearest Base Station (Gateway) and gets the information from the LBS Server.

5.

The User LBS Terminal displays the search results on a Map

6.

The User seeks route guidance to the selected Shopping Mall ?

7.

The LBS Terminal calculates the possible routes taking into consideration various factors such as : shortest distance, shortest travel time, one-ways etc.

8.

The LBS Terminal provides route guidance through voice prompt such as “ Slow Down and turn left in the next cross roads, go straight etc” till the destination is reached.

LBS Components & Information Flow

Question and answer model of the cartographic information processes

User Activities – Step 1 • • •

Questions : Where am I ? where is {person|object}? Action : Orientation & localisation, Locating Operations : Positioning, Geocoding,

User Activities – Step 2 • • •

Questions : how do I get to {place name| address| xy} ? Action : Navigation, Navigating through space, Planning a route Operations : Positioning, Geocoding, Routing

User Activities – Step 3 •

Questions : where is the {nearest |most relevant | & {person | object}? • Action : Search, Searching for people and objects • Operations : Positioning, Geocoding, Calculating distance and area, Finding relationships

User Activities – Step 4 • •

Questions : what happens {here | there}? Action : Event check, Checking for events; Determining the state of objects

LBS Application Categories

Application Sceanarios •

Turn by turn Navigation to any address

•

Enquiry & Information Services : Provide the users with nearby points of interest such as ATM, Restaurent, Hospital etc.

•

Community Services : Enable users that share a common interest to join together in a closed loop.

•

Traffic Telematics : To support Car drivers by providing Navigation and information

•

Fleet Management & Logistics : Control and Management of entire fleets of vehicles by a central office (Public Transportation, Emergence Services)

Application Sceanarios • Mobile marketing & mobile gaming : Application that provides an added value services like Location Based advertisements • Toll Systems. • Enhanced Emergency Services. • Locating people on a map displayed on the mobile phone • Receiving alerts such as Traffic Jam, sale of Products etc • Mobile messaging

Application Sceanarios • For the carrier, location-based services provide added value by enabling services such as: 1. Resource tracking with dynamic distribution. Taxis, service people, rental equipment, doctors, fleet scheduling. 2. Resource tracking. Objects without privacy controls, using passive sensors or RF tags, such as packages and train boxcars. 3. Finding someone or something. Person by skill (doctor), business directory, navigation, weather, traffic, room schedules, stolen phone, emergency calls. 4. Proximity-based notification (push or pull). Targeted advertising, buddy list, common profile matching (dating), automatic airport check-in. 5. Proximity-based actuation (push or pull). Payment based upon proximity (EZ pass, toll watch).

Application Sceanarios in US •

In the US the FCC requires that all carriers meet certain criteria for supporting location-based services (FCC 94-102).

•

The mandate requires 95% of handsets to resolve within 300 meters for network-based tracking (e.g. triangulation) and 150 meters for handset-based tracking (e.g. GPS).

•

This can be especially useful when dialling an Emergency TElephone Number - such as Enhanced 9-1-1 in North America, or 112 in Europe - so that the operator can dispatch emergency services such as Emergency Medical services, police or firefighters to the correct location.

•

Companies such as Rave Wireless in New York are using GPS and triangulation to enable college students to notify campus police, when they are in trouble.

Application Sceanarios - Mobile Messaging •

Mobile messaging plays an essential role in LBS.

•

Messaging, especially SMS, has been used in combination with various LBS applications, such as location-based mobile advertising.

•

SMS is still the main technology carrying mobile advertising / marketing campaigns to mobile phones.

•

A classic examples of LBS applications using SMS is the delivery of mobile coupons or discounts to mobile subscribers who are near to advertising restaurants, cafes, movie theatres.

•

The Singaporean mobile operator MobileOne has carried out such an initiative in 2007 that involved many local marketers, what was reported to be a huge success in terms of subscriber acceptance.

Task Oriented Services • As per a Research Conducted by iCrossings, most US mobile Internet users are interested in taskoriented content. • Users picked maps, weather, local information and news above entertainment and sports as the content categories they searched (i.e. more task oriented usages compared to generic info based ones)

Application – Example 1 Search & Rescue

Application – Example 2 Emergency Services • One of the most evident applications of LBS is the ability to locate, • An individual who is either unaware of his/her exact location or is not able to reveal it because of an emergency situation • (Like injury, criminal attack, and so on). • E.g. motorists are often unaware of their exact location when their vehicle breaks down. • With the exact location automatically transferred to the emergency services the assistance can be provided quickly and efficiently.

Application – Example 2 Emergency Services •

This category includes

•

public and private emergency services for both pedestrians and drivers.

•

While public emergency services for calling out

•

fire-fighters, medical teams, etc., are currently being mostly regulated by public organisations

•

the emergency roadside assistance for drivers appears to be

•

one of the most promising of the assistance services in terms of operator revenue.

Application – Example 3 Car Navigation •

Car Navigation needs for directions within their current geographical location.

•

The ability of a mobile network to locate the exact position of a mobile user can be manifested in a series of navigation-based services.

•

By positioning a mobile phone,

•

An operator can let the user know exactly where they are

•

As well as give him/her detailed directions about how to get to a desired destination.

•

In most of the current car navigation systems, other information than routing functionalities and the road databases are not in the mobile device.

•

The user gets the pre-calculated route via the mobile network connection

Application – Example 3 Car Navigation

Application – Example 4 Information Services •

Finding the nearest service,

•

Accessing traffic news,

•

Getting help with navigating in an unfamiliar city,

•

obtaining a local street map

•

– these are just a few of the many location based services.

•

Location-sensitive information services mostly refer to the digital distribution of information

•

based on device location, time specificity and user behaviour.

Application – Example 4 Information Services •

Example : WebPark LBS with presentation of habitats of different plants and animals

Application – Example 5 Tracking & Management Services •

Tracking services can be equally applicable both to the consumer and the corporate markets.

•

One popular example refers to tracking postal packages so that companies know where their goods are at any time.

•

Vehicle tracking can also be applied to locating and dispatching an ambulance that is nearest to a given call.

•

A similar application allows companies to locate their field personnel (for example, salespeople and repair engineers) so that they are able, for example, to dispatch the nearest engineer and provide their customers with accurate personnel arrival times.

•

Finally, the newfound opportunity to provide accurate product tracking within the supply chain offers new possibilities to mobile supply chain management (m-SCM) applications

Application – Example 6 Augmented Reality •

In the next decade, researchers plan to pull graphics out of the phone or computer display and integrate them into real-world environments.

•

This new technology, called augmented reality, will further blur the line between what's real and what's computer-generated by enhancing what we see, hear, feel and smell.

•

Other than in virtual environments, in augmented reality, the user can see the real world around him, with computer graphics superimposed or composed with the real world.

•

Instead of replacing the real world it is supplemented.

•

So called "see-through“ devices, usually worn on the head, overlay graphics and text on the user's view of his or her surroundings.

Application – Example 6 Augmented Reality

Challenges in LBS • One of the most significant challenge in LBS is privacy. • Users need to opt-in to use the service. • Apart from piracy, most of the users will not be comfortable with “somebody” tracking their behavior (whereabouts, consumer behaviors, and financial transactions, mobile usage etc).

Mobile Devices • LBS devices can be distinguished into two Categories : 1. A single purpose device is for instance a car navigation box, a toll box or a emergency remote for old or handicapped people. • As well part of that category are devices which call service engineers or rescue teams. • But also more advanced systems like augmented reality systems which might be used by a state inspector for bridges and other buildings - belong to it. 2. Multi purpose devices will be used by a broad number of people and will be part of our everyday life. • Such devices can be mobile phones, smart phones, Personal digital Assistants (PDA’s) but also Laptops and Tablet PC’s.

LBS in India •

According to industry estimates, 40-50% of handsets sold today are GPRS-enabled. Even then, few people who own GPRS sets use them to access the Internet.

•

Apart from the low internet usage in mobile devices, LBS in India has not yet taken off in a big way because of the following reasons:

1.

Lack of reliable GIS data : volatile infrastructure, lack of fine grained deterministic data

2.

Limited and ever changing Infrastructure

3.

Too many languages, location names do not follow any convention (there is a formal name for a place and then, there is the commonly used name.)

4. Cost/Maintenance of devices.

LBS Players in India •

BSNL has launched it’s Location Based service in East Zone and is currently offering enterprise services as well as consumer services:

1. Enterprises can locate, monitor and manage their mobile assets and employees in a secure way using a simple Web browser named ‘Real time fleet and asset management’. 2. ‘Friend finder’ which alerts subscribers when one of their friends in their buddy list is in close proximity to their location or vice versa. 3. ‘Location-based advertisement’, broadcasts advertisement/promotion information to subscribers. 4. ‘Location-based chatting service’ that enables users to communicate and/or meet someone with same interests within the same vicinity.

Categories of service •

Typical Location Based Services applications fall under following categories:

1. B2B (Business to Business) : e.g. resource tracking (fleet management, courier tracking etc) 2. C2B (Consumer to Business) , i.e. Proximity-based actuation services like searching for a business/restaurant etc. 3. B2C (Business to Consumer), i.e. Proximity based notifications (push/pull) : Receive targeted ads, location based billing/discounted ads etc 4. C2C (Consumer to Consumer): Share your location/status with friends, Track your friends etc.