Global Enabling Trade Report 2009

International trade has long been viewed as an essential element of national prosperity

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009

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The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009

6/24/09 3:24 PM Page 1 crisis will not only enhance trade and boost economic growth in the longer term, but

and well-being. Further enabling trade across borders in the of the financial and well-being. Further enabling trade across borders in wake the in wake of global the global financial crisis will not only enhance trade and boost economic the longer term, but will also contribute to mitigate thegrowth effects of the current crisis by reducing the transaction crisis will not only enhance trade and boost economic growth in the longer term, but crisis will not only enhance trade and boost economic growth in the longer term, but trade. of the current crisis by reducing the transaction will also contribute to mitigatecost theofeffects will also contribute to mitigate the effects of the crisiscrisis by reducing the transaction willofalso contribute to mitigate the effects of current the current by reducing the transaction cost trade. In this context, The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 measures and analyzes institutions, costcost of trade. of trade.

policies, and services enabling trade in national economies around the world, highlighting

Trade Report 2009strengths measures andchallenges analyzestoinstitutions, In this context, The Global Enabling for policymakers a country’s and the be addressed. The Report The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 measures and analyzes Inpolicies, this context, The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 measures and analyzes institutions, In this context, includes most current data and recent analysis the institutions, factors enabling trade in indusand services enabling trade the in national economies around the of world, highlighting trialized and emerging economies, as well asthe the world, latest thinking and research from trade policies, and services enabling trade in national economies around highlighting policies, and services enabling trade in national economies around the world, highlighting for policymakers a country’s strengths and the challenges to be addressed. The Report experts and industry practitioners. Report for policymakers a country’s strengths and the tofactors be The Report for policymakers a country’s strengths and the to be addressed. The International trade haschallenges longchallenges been viewed asaddressed. anenabling essential element national prosperity includes the most current data and recent analysis of the trade inofindusand well-being. Further enabling trade across borders intrade the wake ofinthe global financial includes the most current data and recent analysis of the factors enabling in indusincludes the most current data and recent analysis of the factors enabling trade industrialized and emerging economies, as well as the latest thinking and Enabling research from trade presents the rankings of the updated Trade Index (ETI), developed The Report

crisis will not only enhance trade and boost economic growth in the longer term, but trialized and emerging economies, well as the latest andwith research from trade trialized emerging economies, asEconomic well as Forum the latest thinking and research from tradeand leaders by theas World inthinking collaboration international trade experts experts andand industry practitioners. will also contribute to mitigate the effects of the current crisis by reducing the transaction from the logistics and transport industry. It is a comprehensive index intended to capture experts and and industry practitioners. experts industry practitioners. cost of trade. the full range of issues that contribute to impeding trade, ranking nations according to

of the updated Enabling Trade Index (ETI), developed The Report presents the rankings factors that facilitate the free flow of goods across national borders and to destination. Theupdated GlobalEnabling Enabling Trade Report 2009 measures and analyzes institutions, In thisofcontext, Report presents the rankings the Trade Index (ETI), developed The Report presents the rankings of updated the Enabling Trade (ETI), developed The by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with international tradeIndex experts and leaders Since the publication of the Report in 2008, the Index has been enhanced by explicitly

policies, and services enabling trade in national economies around the world, highlighting byfrom the Economic in collaboration international experts and leaders by World the logistics World Economic Forum in collaboration with international trade experts and leaders Report detailed profiles introducing the It export The last trade section of the the and Forum transport industry. iswith a dimension. comprehensive index intended tocontains capture for policymakers a country’s strengths and the challenges to be addressed. The Report for the 121 economies covered by the ETI. from the logistics transport industry. It isimpeding comprehensive index intended to capture the logistics and transport industry. Ita is a comprehensive index intended to capture thefrom full range of and issues that contribute to trade, ranking nations according to

includes the most current data and recent analysis of the factors enabling trade in indus-

the full of issues thatfree contribute impeding trade, ranking according the range full range of issues that contribute to impeding trade, ranking nations according to from trade trialized andto emerging economies, as well asnations the and latest thinking andto research factors that facilitate the of goods across national borders to destination. includes insightful contributions from a number of trade experts. Inflow addition, the Report experts industry practitioners. factors that facilitate the flow ofand goods across national and and to destination. factors facilitate the flow of goods across national borders to destination. Report in 2008, the has borders been enhanced Since the that publication offree thefree Among these essays areIndex explorations of different aspectsby of explicitly trade facilitation, such in 2008, the Index hasin been enhanced by explicitly Since the publication of dimension. the in 2008, thefinance has enhanced by explicitly Since thethe publication of Report the as Report theThe availability of trade the been current financial climate, analysis of non-tariff Report contains detailed profiles introducing export last section ofIndex the presents the rankings of the updated Enabling Trade Index (ETI), developed The Report barriers, and global efforts in the area of trade facilitation. A particular focus this year is contains detailed profiles introducing the export dimension. The lastETI. section of the contains detailed profiles the export dimension. The last section of Report the Report forintroducing the 121 economies covered byWorld the by the Economic Forum in collaboration with international trade experts and leaders

on customs, a key area of the Doha negotiations. for the economies covered bythe the ETI. for 121 the 121 economies covered bylogistics the ETI. from and transport industry. It is a comprehensive index intended to capture the full range of issues that contribute to impeding trade, ranking nations according to

insightful contributions from a number of trade In addition, the Report includes appealsexperts. to a broad audience Written in a nontechnical language and style, the Report factors that facilitate the free flow of goods across of national borders and to destination. Report includes insightful contributions from a number trade experts. InAmong addition, the Report includes insightful contributions from a number of trade experts. In addition, the that includes policymakers, business leaders, and members of the academic community. these essays are explorations of different aspects of trade facilitation, such Since the publication of the Report in 2008, the Index has been enhanced by explicitly

It providesof a yardstick to aspects measure the to which countries Among essays explorations different of extent trade facilitation, suchhave these essays are explorations of different aspects of trade facilitation, suchin place the necas Among the these availability of are trade finance in the financial climate, analysis of non-tariff contains detailed profiles introducing the current export dimension. The last section of the Report essary attributes for facilitating the free flow of goods, and aims to provoke dialogue asbarriers, the of trade finance inarea the current financial analysis of non-tariff as availability the and availability of trade finance ineconomies the current financial analysis of non-tariff the 121 covered byclimate, the ETI. global efforts infor the of trade facilitation. Aclimate, particular focus this year is

among stakeholders about how best to improve the situation to offset the present crisis

barriers, and and global efforts the area of trade facilitation. A particular focus this this yearyear is is global efforts inDoha the area of trade facilitation. A particular focus onbarriers, customs, a key area ofinthe negotiations. and ultimately raise the prosperity of the world’s citizens. In addition, the Report includes insightful contributions from a number of trade experts. on customs, a key areaarea of the negotiations. on customs, a key of Doha the Doha negotiations. Among these essays are explorations of different aspects of trade facilitation, such

Reportinappeals tofinancial a broad audience Written in a nontechnical language and style, the finance as the availability of trade the current climate, analysis of non-tariff Report appeals to a broad audience Written in a nontechnical language and style, the Report appeals to a broad audience Written in a nontechnical language and style, the barriers, and global efforts in the area of trade facilitation. A particular focus this year is that includes policymakers, business leaders, and members of the academic community. onbusiness customs, aleaders, key and area of themembers Doha negotiations. that includes business leaders, members of the community. that includes policymakers, of academic the community. It provides apolicymakers, yardstick to measure the extent to and which countries haveacademic in place the necIt essary provides a yardstick to measure the extent to which countries have in place the necIt provides a yardstick to measure the extent to which countries have in place the necattributes for facilitating the free flow of goods, and aims to provoke dialogue

Lawrence Drzeniek Hanouz

Written in a nontechnical language and style, the Report appeals to a broad audience

essary attributes for facilitating thebest free flow of goods, and and aimsto to provoke essary attributes for facilitating the to free flow ofthe goods, aims to provoke dialogue among stakeholders about how improve situation the dialogue present crisis community. that includes policymakers, business leaders, offset and members of the academic among stakeholders about how best to improve the situation to offset the present crisis among stakeholders about how best to improve the situation to offset the present It provides a yardstick to measure the extent to which countries have incrisis place the necand ultimately raise the prosperity of the world’s citizens.

Moavenzadeh

The Global Enabling Trade The Global Enabling Trade The TheGlobal Global EnablingTrade Trade Report 2009 Enabling

Report 2009 Report Report2009 2009

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009

Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum

essaryof attributes facilitating the free flow of goods, and aims to provoke dialogue and and ultimately raiseraise the prosperity the citizens. ultimately the prosperity of world’s theforworld’s citizens. among stakeholders about how best to improve the situation to offset the present crisis and ultimately raise the prosperity of the world’s citizens.

ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7

Lawrence Lawrence Lawrence Drzeniek Lawrence Drzeniek Drzeniek Hanouz Drzeniek Hanouz Hanouz Hanouz Moavenzadeh Moavenzadeh Moavenzadeh Moavenzadeh

ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7 ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7 ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7 ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7

Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum Margareta Drzeniek World Economic Forum Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz,Hanouz, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum

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The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland 2009

Sean Doherty Project Leader Qin He Project Manager

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009

Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum Editors

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The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 is published by the World Economic Forum within the framework of the Global Competitiveness Network and the Industry Partnership Programme for Logistics and Transport.

World Economic Forum Geneva Copyright © 2009 by the World Economic Forum This publication is available online at http://www.weforum.org/getr

Professor Klaus Schwab Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum Robert Greenhill Chief Business Officer, World Economic Forum

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum. ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7

EDITORS

At the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University: Robert Z. Lawrence, Albert L. Williams Professor of Trade and Investment

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Printed and bound in Switzerland by SRO-Kundig.

At the World Economic Forum: Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Director, Senior Economist Qin He, Project Manager, Logistics and Transportation John Moavenzadeh, Senior Director, Sustainable Mobility and Strategy

LOGISTICS AND TRANSPORT TEAM

Sean Doherty, Head of Logistics and Transport Industry Yasmina Makar, Team Coordinator, Mobility Industries China Ziegenbein, Team Coordinator, Mobility Industries

GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS NETWORK

Jennifer Blanke, Director, Senior Economist, Head of Global Competitiveness Network Ciara Browne, Senior Community Manager Agustina Ciocia, Community Manager Thierry Geiger, Economist, Global Leadership Fellow Irene Mia, Director, Senior Economist Pearl Samandari, Team Coordinator Eva Trujillo Herrera, Research Assistant

A special thank you to Hope Steele for her superb editing work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent graphic design and layout. The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis.

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Contents

Partner Institutes

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Preface

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1.8 Implementing Trade Facilitation

83

by Jean-François Arvis, Gerald McLinden, and Monica Alina Mustra, The World Bank, and Lauri Ojala, Turku School of Economics, Finland

by Robert Greenhill, World Economic Forum

Executive Summary

xiii

by Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University, and Sean Doherty, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, and Qin He, World Economic Forum

Part 1: Selected Issues on Enabling Trade

1

1.1 Enabling Trade in the Global Crisis

3

by Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University, and Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, and Qin He, World Economic Forum

1.2 Finance for Trade: Efforts to Restart the Engine

95

2.1 Country/Economy Profiles

97

How to Read Country/Economy Profiles .....................................99 by Eva Trujillo Herrera, World Economic Forum List of Countries/Economies ......................................................103 Country/Economy Profiles..........................................................104

Technical Notes and Sources

347

About the Authors

353

Acknowledgments

357

iii

37

by Marc Auboin, World Trade Organization (WTO)

1.3 Managing Borders in the 21st Century

Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles

45

by Kunio Mikuriya, World Customs Organization (WCO)

1.4 IATA e-Freight: Taking the Paper Out of Air Cargo

53

by Steve Smith and Michael Moosberger, International Air Transport Association (IATA)

1.5 A Tour of the Ongoing Work of the World Trade Organization on Trade Facilitation: The Traders’ Perspective

59

by John Simpson, Global Express Association (GEA)

1.6 Obstacles to Trade from the Perspective of the Business Sector: A Cross-Country Comparison

69

by Mondher Mimouni, Carolin Averbeck, Olga Skorobogatova, International Trade Centre (ITC)

1.7 Enabling Trade: Relationship to Clusters and Setting an Openness Agenda

77

by Sam Sidiqi and Fouad Alame, Agility

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Partner Institutes

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Partner Institutes

The World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Network is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as our valued Partner Institutes, without whom the realization of The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 would not have been feasible: Albania Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB) Artan Hoxha, President Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert and Project Manager Denalada Kuzumi, Researcher Algeria Centre de Recherche en Economie Appliquée pour le Développement (CREAD) Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor Yassine Ferfera, Director Argentina IAE—Universidad Austral María Elina Gigaglia, Project Manager Eduardo Luis Fracchia, Professor Armenia Economy and Values Research Center Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Gohar Malumyan, Research Associate Australia Australian Industry Group Nicholas James, Economist Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research Heather Ridout, Chief Executive

Belgium Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School Lutgart Van den Berghe, Professor, Executive Director and Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Bieke Dewulf, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Wim Moesen, Professor Benin Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies (MIMAP) Benin Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher Bosnia and Herzegovina MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo Zlatko LagumdÏija, Professor ˘ ˘ Zeljko Sain, Executive Director Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director Brazil Fundação Dom Cabral Marina Araújo, Researcher Carlos Arruda, Professor and Coordinator of Competitiveness and Innovation Center Juan Rios, Research Assistant Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC) Cláudio Leite Gastal, Director President Lucas Tadeu Melo Câmara, Director Bulgaria Center for Economic Development Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert

Austria Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Karl Aiginger, Director Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department

Burkina Faso Société d’Etudes et de Recherche Formation pour le Développement (SERF) Abdoulaye Tarnagda, Director General

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Marketing Society Fuad Aliyev, Executive Director Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator Saida Talibova, Consultant

Burundi University Research Centre for Economic and Social Development (CURDES), National University of Burundi Richard Ndereyahaga, Head of CURDES Gilbert Niyongabo, Dean, Faculty of Economics & Management

Bahrain Bahrain Competitiveness Council, Bahrain Economic Development Board Nada Azmi, Business Intelligence Specialist, Research Services Unit Jawad Habib, Senior Partner, BDO Jawad Habib Rima Al Kilani, Director, International Marketing

Cambodia Economic Institute of Cambodia Sok Hach, Director Tuy Chak Riya, Research Associate Hang Sambopisith, Researcher

Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Senior Research Fellow Kazi Mahmudur Rahman, Senior Research Associate Mustafizur Rahman, Executive Director

Cameroon Comité de Compétitivité (Competitiveness Committee) Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary Canada Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity Lance Bialas, Researcher Roger Martin, Chairman and Dean of the Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto James Milway, Executive Director

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Chad Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC) Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director Celine Nénodji Mbaipeur, Program Officer Chile Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Ignacio Briones, Associate Professor of Economics, School of Government Leonidas Montes, Dean, School of Government China Institute of Economic System and Management National Development and Reform Commission Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor Chen Wei, Research Fellow Dong Ying, Professor China Center for Economic Statistics Research, Tianjin University of Finance and Economics Lu Dong, Professor Jian Wang, Associate Professor Huazhang Zheng, Associate Professor Colombia National Planning Department Orlando Gracia Fajardo, Entrepreneurial Development Director Carolina Rentería Rodríguez, General Director Mauricio Torres Velásquez, Advisor Côte d’Ivoire Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Côte d’Ivoire Mamadou Sarr, General Director

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Croatia National Competitiveness Council Martina Hatlak, Research Assistant Mira Lenardic, General Secretary Cyprus Cyprus College Research Center Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and Academic Research The Cyprus Development Bank Maria Markidou-Georgiadou, Manager, International Banking Services Unit and Business Development Czech Republic CMC Graduate School of Business Dagmar Glückaufová, Academic Dean Filip Hrnãífi, President Denmark Copenhagen Business School, Department of International Economics and Management Lise Peitersen, Administrative Director Ole Risager, Professor Ecuador Escuela de Postgrado en Administración de Empresas (ESPAE) Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) Elizabeth Arteaga, Project Assistant Virginia Lasio, Acting Director Sara Wong, Professor Egypt The Egyptian Center for Economic Studies Hanaa Kheir-El-Din, Executive Director and Director of Research Estonia Estonian Institute of Economic Research Evelin Ahermaa, Head of Economic Research Sector Marje Josing, Director

Ethiopia African Institute of Management, Development and Governance Tegegne Teka, General Manager Finland ETLA—The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy Petri Rouvinen, Research Director Pasi Sorjonen, Head of the Forecasting Group Pekka Ylä-Anttila, Managing Director France HEC School of Management, Paris Bertrand Moingeon, Professor, Deputy Dean Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor, Dean of HEC School of Management Gambia, The Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute (GESDRI) Makaireh A. Njie, Director Germany WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management, Vallendar Ralf Fendel, Professor of Monetary Economics Michael Frenkel, Professor, Chair of Macroeconomics and International Economics Ghana Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) Carlo Hey, Project Manager Cletus Kosiba, Executive Director Tony Oteng-Gyasi, President Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Michael Mitsopoulos, Coordinator, Research and Analysis Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis Guatemala FUNDESA Edgar A. Heinemann, President of the Board of Directors Pablo Schneider, Economic Director Juan Carlos Zapata, General Manager Guyana Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana Karen Pratt, Research Associate Clive Thomas, Director Hong Kong SAR Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce David O’Rear, Chief Economist Federation of Hong Kong Industries Alexandra Poon, Director Hungary KOPINT-TÁRKI Economic Research Ltd. Ágnes Nagy, Project Manager Éva Palócz, Chief Executive Officer India Confederation of Indian Industry Chandrajit Banerjee, Director-General Tarun Das, Chief Mentor T S Vishwanath, Senior Director and Head, International Trade Policy Indonesia Kadin Indonesia M.S. Hidayat, Chairman Tulus Tambunan, Director

Estonian Development Fund Kitty Kubo, Head of Foresight Ott Pärna, Chief Executive Officer

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Ireland Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics, University College Cork Eleanor Doyle, Professor, Department of Economics Niall O’Sullivan Bernadette Power National Competitiveness Council Adrian Devitt, Manager Caoimhe Gavin, Policy Advisor Gráinne Greehy, Graduate Trainee Israel Manufacturers’ Association of Israel (MAI) Shraga Brosh, President Dan Catarivas, Director Yehuda Segev, Managing Director Italy SDA Bocconi School of Management Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University Francesco A. Saviozzi, SDA Assistant Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial Management Department Jamaica Mona School of Business (MSB), University of the West Indies Patricia Douce, Survey Coordinator Michelle Tomlinson, Survey Coordinator Neville Ying, Executive Director and Professor Japan Hitotsubashi University, Graduate School of International Corporate Strategy (ICS) in cooperation with Keizai Doyukai (Japan Association of Corporate Executives) Yoko Ishikura, Professor Kiyohiko Ito, Vice-President and General Manager for Policy Studies, Keizai Doyukai

Lesotho Mohloli Chamber of Business Refiloe Kepa, General Manager Lithuania Statistics Lithuania Ona Grigiene, Head, Economical Survey Division Algirdas ?emeta, Director General Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg François-Xavier Borsi, Attaché, Economic Department Philippe Courtin, Attaché, Economic Department Carlo Thelen, Chief Economist, Member of the Managing Board Macedonia, FYR National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC) Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator Zoran Stavreski, President of the Managing Board Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director Madagascar Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo Pépé Andrianomanana, Director Razato Raharijaona Simo, Executive Secretary Malawi Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry Chancellor L. Kaferapanjira, Chief Executive Officer Malaysia Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Tan Sri Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Mahani Zainal Abidin, Director-General Steven C.M. Wong, Assistant Director-General Malaysia Productivity Corporation (MPC) Dato’ Nik Zainiah Nik Abdul Rahman, Director General Chan Kum Siew, Director, International Competitiveness Division

Jordan Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation Jordan National Competitiveness Team Rafat Al-Rawabdeh, Senior Researcher

Mali Groupe de Recherche en Economie Appliquée et Théorique (GREAT) Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator

Kazakhstan Corporation for Export Development and Promotion Vakhit Mamatayev, Consultant Gaziz Myltykbayev, Deputy Chairman of the Board Kassen Pernebayev, Director, Analytical Department

Mauritania Centre d’Information Mauritanien pour le Développement Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM) Lô Abdoul, Consultant and Analyst Khira Mint Cheikhnani, Director Habib Sy, Analyst

Kenya Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi Mohamud Jama, Director and Associate Professor Paul Kamau, Research Fellow Dorothy McCormick, Associate Professor Korea, Republic of Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology-KAIST Myungchul Shin, Head, School Administration Bae Soonhoon, Vice President and Professor, Graduate School of Management Youjin Sung, Manager, Exchange Program Kuwait Economics Department, Kuwait University Abdullah Alsalman, Assistant Professor Mohammed El-Sakka, Professor Reyadh Faras, Assistant Professor Kyrgyz Republic Economic Policy Institute “Bishkek Consensus” Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator Marat Tazabekov, Chairman

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Mauritius Joint Economic Council of Mauritius Raj Makoond, Director Board of Investment, Investmauritius Dev Chamroo, Director, Planning & Policy Manisha Dookhony, Manager, Planning & Policy Raju Jaddoo, Managing Director Mexico Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness Erika Ruiz Manzur, Executive Director René Villarreal Arrambide, President and Chief Executive Officer Jesús Zurita González, General Director Instituto Mexicano Para la Competitividad (IMCO) Gabriela Alarcon Esteva, Economist Manuel J. Molano Ruiz, Deputy General Director Roberto Newell Garcia, General Director PROMEXICO Trade & Investment Jose Gustavo Hernandez Rodriguez, Business Intelligence Unit Lisette Jimenez del Rio, Business Intelligence Unit Bernardo von Raesfeld Porras, Business Intelligence Unit

Latvia Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga Raita Karnite, Director

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Moldova Center for Strategic Territorial Development Ruslan Codreanu, Executive Director Roman Smolnitchi, Program Coordinator Mongolia Open Society Forum (OSF) Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director Morocco Université Hassan II Fouzi Mourji, Professor of Economics Mozambique EconPolicy Research Group, Lda. Peter Coughlin, Director Donaldo Miguel Soares, Researcher Ema Marta Soares, Assistant Namibia Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU) Joel Hinaunye Eita, Senior Researcher Lameck Odada, Research Assistant Klaus Schade, Acting Director Nepal Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA) Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Executive Director Menaka Rajbhandari Shrestha, Researcher Santosh Kumar Upadhyaya, Researcher Netherlands Erasmus Strategic Renewal Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor Henk W. Volberda, Professor

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New Zealand Business New Zealand Marcia Dunnett, Manager, Sector Groups Phil O’Reilly, Chief Executive The New Zealand Institute David Skilling, Chief Executive Officer Nigeria Nigerian Economic Summit Group (NESG) Felix Ogbera, Associate Director, Research Chris Okpoko, Senior Consultant, Research Norway BI Norwegian School of Management Eskil Goldeng, Researcher Torger Reve, Professor HSH, The Federation of Norwegian Commercial and Service Enterprises Vibeke H. Madsen, Chief Executive Officer Oman The International Research Foundation Azzan Al Busaidi, Chief Executive Officer Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman Pakistan Competitiveness Support Fund Arthur Bayhan, Chief Executive Officer Amir Jahangir, Manager, Communications Paraguay Centro de Análisis y Difusión de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP) Dionisio Borda, Director Jaime Escobar, Research Member Fernando Masi, Research Member

Philippines Makati Business Club Alberto A. Lim, Executive Director Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist Mark P. Opulencia, Deputy Director Poland Warsaw School of Economics Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor Portugal PROFORUM, Associação para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia Ilídio António de Ayala Serôdio, Vice President of the Board of Directors Forum de Administradores de Empresas FAE Pedro do Carmo Costa, Member of the Board of Directors Adilia Lisboa, General Director Qatar Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA) Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General Bassam Ramzi Massouh, General Manager Ahmed El-Shaffee, Economist Romania Group of Applied Economics (GEA) Anca Rusu, Program Coordinator Liviu Voinea, Executive Director Russian Federation Bauman Innovation, Academy of National Economy under the Government of the Russian Federation Alexei Prazdnitchnykh, Principal, Associate Professor Stockholm School of Economics, Russia Igor Dukeov, Research Fellow Carl F. Fey, Associate Dean of Research Saudi Arabia National Competitiveness Center (NCC) Awwad Al-Awwad, Deputy Governor for Investment Khaldon Mahasen, Manager, Investment Performance Assessment Senegal Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), University of Dakar Aly Mbaye, Director Singapore Economic Development Board Lim Hong Khiang, Director Planning 2 Chua Kia Chee, Head, Research and Statistics Unit Slovak Republic Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS) Robert Kicina, Executive Director Slovenia Institute for Economic Research Art Kovacic, Researcher Peter Stanovnik, Senior Researcher University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Economics Mateja Drnov˘sek, Assistant Professor Ale˘s Vahcic, Professor South Africa Business Leadership South Africa Connie Motshumi, Director Michael Spicer, Chief Executive Officer Business Unity South Africa Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer Vic Van Vuuren, Chief Operating Officer

Peru Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de Industrias Néstor Asto, Project Director Luis Tenorio, Executive Director

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Spain IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness, Anselmo Rubiralta Center for Globalization and Strategy Eduardo Ballarín, Professor María Luisa Blázquez, Research Associate Almudena Clemente Tiemblo, Research Associate Sri Lanka Institute of Policy Studies Indika Siriwardena, Database Manager The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce Prema Cooray, Secretary General Sweden Center for Strategy and Competitiveness, Stockholm School of Economics Christian Ketels, Senior Research Fellow Örjan Sölvell, Professor

Uganda Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University Robert Apunyo, Research Associate Delius Asiimwe, Senior Research Fellow Catherine Ssekimpi, Research Associate Ukraine CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Senior Economist United Arab Emirates Economic & Policy Research Unit (EPRU), Zayed University Jay Squalli, Assistant Professor Nico Vellinga, Professor Dubai Competitiveness Council Adel Alfalasi, Director

Switzerland University of St. Gallen, Executive School of Management, Technology and Law (ES-HSG) Franz Jaeger, Professor Beat Bechtold, Project Manager

United States US Chamber of Commerce Scott Eisner, Deputy Chief of Staff Cecile Remington, Marketing Manager James Robinson, Senior Vice President and Counselor to the President

Syria Ministry of Economy and Trade Amer Housni Louitfi, Minister of Economy and Trade

Uruguay Universidad ORT Isidoro Hodara, Professor

State Planning Commission Tayseer Al-Ridawi, Head of State Planning Commission

Venezuela CONAPRI—Venezuelan Council for Investment Promotion Ana Acosta, Economic Analyst Adolfo Castejón, Investor Services Manager Giuseppe Rionero, Economic Affairs Manager

UNDP Damascus, “Towards Changing the Mindset for Competitiveness” Nuhad Dimashkiyyah, National Project Director Taiwan, China Council for Economic Planning and Development, Executive Yuan Tain-Jy Chen, Chairman J. B. Hung, Director, Economic Research Department Chung Chung Shieh, Researcher, Economic Research Department Tajikistan The Center for Sociological Research “Zerkalo” Qahramon Baqoev, Director Ol’ga Es’kina, Researcher Alikul Isoev, Sociologist and Economist Tanzania Economic and Social Research Foundation Irene Alenga, Commissioned Studies Department Haidari Amani, Executive Director and Professor Dennis Rweyemamu, Commissioned Studies Department Thailand Sasin Graduate Institute of Business Administration, Chulalongkorn University Pongsak Hoontrakul, Senior Research Fellow Toemsakdi Krishnamra, Director of Sasin Piyachart Phiromswad, Faculty of Economics Thailand Development Research Institute (TDRI) Somchai Jitsuchon, Research Director Chalongphob Sussangkarn, Distinguished Fellow Yos Vajragupta, Senior Researcher Tunisia Institut Arabe des Chefs d’Entreprises Majdi Hassen, Executive Counsellor Chekib Nouira, President Turkey TUSIAD Sabanci University Competitiveness Forum A. Gunduz Ulusoy, Director and Professor Hande Yegenoglu, Project Specialist

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Vietnam Central Institute for Economic Management (CIEM) Dinh Van An, President Phan Thanh Ha, Deputy Director, Department of Macroeconomic Management Pham Hoang Ha, Senior Researcher, Department of Macroeconomic Management Institute for Economic Research of HCMC Nguyen Van Quang, Vice Director Du Phuoc Tan, Head, Department of Urban Development Studies Trieu Thanh Son, Research Fellow Zambia Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR), University of Zambia Mutumba M. Bull, Director Patricia Funjika, Staff Development Fellow Jolly Kamwanga, Coordinator Zimbabwe Graduate School of Management, University of Zimbabwe A. M. Hawkins, Professor Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama INCAE Business School, Latin American Center for Competitiveness and Sustainable Development Arturo Condo, Rector Marlene de Estrella, Director of External Relations Luis Reyes, Manager Roy Zuñiga, Dean Latvia, Lithuania Stockholm School of Economics in Riga Karlis Kreslins, Executive MBA Program Director Anders Paalzow, Rector

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The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Preface

Preface ROBERT GREENHILL Chief Business Officer, World Economic Forum

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 is being launched at a crucial time for global trade. As overall economic activity has declined and liquidity has become scarce, trade finance has dried up alongside mounting insecurity about the future. According to some estimates, trade volumes have seen a larger decline than during the Great Depression. And as governments have responded through countercyclical policies, calls for protecting local profits and jobs have been on the rise. Despite pledges to keep markets open, some countries have reverted to protectionist measures. Protectionism is not the cause of the crisis, but it could be one of its most important consequences.When 17 of the G-20 countries acted against their pledge to keep markets open and World Trade Organization (WTO) members increased protection without breaking trade rules, it became apparent that the present global institutions are not able to prevent a larger protectionist backlash if the recession continues. Limiting global trade would not only amplify the current downturn, in the longer term it would also reduce growth—in particular in developing countries—plunging millions of people back into poverty. In today’s highly interdependent world, recovery will necessitate that countries increase the amount of goods that they purchase from each other, thus spurring demand. Further lowering barriers to trade would support this process, while raising barriers would reduce demand. Against this background, The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 provides an assessment of the obstacles to trade in 121 countries around the world. At the core of the Report is the Enabling Trade Index (ETI), which has been developed by the World Economic Forum for the purpose of this Report. Beyond tariffs and quotas, the Index captures barriers to trade related to border administration, infrastructure, logistics, and the business environment, all of which can have a significant effect on trade.The aim of this Report is to provide countries with a yardstick on how they do in terms of enabling trade and to spur discussion among stakeholders about how to improve the situation in order to better benefit from trade. The Report is a result of work undertaken within the context of the World Economic Forum’s industry partnership in logistics and transportation. Over the past two years, the Forum has engaged key industry leaders, academics, and international organizations active in the area of trade to identify the main obstacles to trading

across borders and to develop the ETI. In this year’s edition, the Index has been further refined to capture the flow of goods out of countries as well as into them. The Report contains detailed profiles for each of the economies covered by the study.They provide an overview of the results on all indicators included in the ETI. In addition, the Report contains thoughtful contributions by a number of trade experts and industry practitioners.These essays explore different aspects of trade facilitation, such as the availability of trade finance in times of the financial crisis, analysis of non-tariff barriers, and logistics performance of countries. A particular focus has been placed this year on customs, one the key areas of the Doha negotiations on trade facilitation. The Global Enabling Trade Report would not have been possible without the distinguished academics and practitioners who have shared with us their knowledge and experience.We thank our Data Partners—the Global Express Association (GEA), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),The World Bank, the World Customs Organization (WCO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO) for their help in developing and updating the ETI and for making trade-related data available.We are grateful to the Industry Partners contributing to this Report—Agility, Deutsche Post DHL, DP World, FedEx Corporation, GeoPost Intercontinental, Stena,TNT N.V.,Transnet, and UPS. We also wish to thank the editors of this volume, Robert Z. Lawrence of Harvard University and Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz and John Moavenzadeh from the World Economic Forum, for their enthusiasm and their commitment to the project. And we would like to express our gratitude to the management team of the project, Sean Doherty and Qin He, for driving the process smoothly throughout the year. Appreciation goes also to Jennifer Blanke, Head of the Global Competitiveness Network Team and other team members: Ciara Browne, Agustina Ciocia,Thierry Geiger,Yasmina Makar, Irene Mia, Pearl Samandari, and Eva Trujillo Herrera. Last but not least, this Report would have not been possible without the hard work and enthusiasm of our network of 150 Partner Institutes worldwide, who carry out the Executive Opinion Survey, which provides the basis of this Report.

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Executive Summary ROBERT Z. LAWRENCE, Harvard University SEAN DOHERTY, MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ and QIN HE, World Economic Forum

Launched in the midst of a dramatic slump in world trade that has been driven by declines in overall economic activity, lowered sales, and unwanted inventories, The Global Enabling Trade Report’s assessment of obstacles to trade may seem less acute than before. However, as businesses take on fewer trading risks, as the psychological barriers to serving new markets mount, and as the trade financing to bridge the time between production and delivery has become harder to obtain, the continued importance of smoothing the path between buyers and sellers and reducing the cost of the transaction itself is evident. As trade volumes fall and public authorities adopt countercyclical stimulus policies and institutional reform, it is worth remembering the fundamental attributes that govern nations’ ability to benefit from trade, be they market access, border administration, infrastructure, or the business environment.This reminder is particularly timely, as measures of some countries overtly favor domestic industries while other countries impose barriers to trade to protect companies and jobs at home. Although these measures are not the main driver of the present slump in world trade, the risk of protectionism is still present. By ranking countries according to the barriers to trade they have in place, the Report serves as a reminder both of the risks of protectionism demonstrated in previous downturns and of the widespread prosperity and poverty reduction associated with the expansion of international trade in the years leading up to 2008. The Report is intended to be a motivator and a foundation for dialogue, providing a yardstick of the extent to which countries enjoy the factors facilitating the free flow of goods, and identifying areas of the Index where improvements are most needed.The contributions from industry and leading international trade organizations highlight current priorities and tools to manage the rapidly changing situation.

The Enabling Trade Index A key purpose of this Report is to assess the extent to which countries around the globe have in place the institutions and policies for enabling trade.To this end, Chapter 1.1 features the Enabling Trade Index (ETI), which was introduced in the last edition.The ETI measures the institutions, policies, and services facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to final destinations.

The ETI was developed within the context of the World Economic Forum’s Industry Partnership Programme for the Logistics and Transport sector. A number of Data Partners have collaborated in this endeavor: the Global Express Association (GEA), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD),The World Bank, the World Customs Organization (WCO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).We have also received important feedback from companies that are Industry Partners in the effort, namely Agility, Deutsche Post DHL, DP World, FedEx Corporation, GeoPost Intercontinental, Stena,TNT N.V.,Transnet, and UPS. The Index mirrors the main enablers of trade, breaking them into four overall issue areas, called subindexes: (1) market access, (2) border administration, (3) transport and communications infrastructure, and (4) the business environment.The first subindex measures the extent to which the policy framework welcomes foreign goods into the country and enables access to foreign markets for domestic exporters.The second subindex assesses the extent to which the administration at the border facilitates the entry and exit of goods.The third subindex takes into account whether the country has in place the transport and communications infrastructure necessary to facilitate the movement of goods within the country and across the border. Finally, the fourth subindex looks at the quality of governance as well as the overarching regulatory and security environment impacting the business of importers and exporters active in the country. Each of these four subindexes is composed in turn of a number of pillars of enabling trade, of which there are nine in all.These are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Domestic and foreign market access Efficiency of customs administration Efficiency of import-export procedures Transparency of border administration Availability and quality of transport infrastructure Availability and quality of transport services Availability and use of ICTs Regulatory environment Physical security

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Each of these pillars is in turn composed of a number of individual variables that are obtained from both hard data and the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (Survey).The hard data were taken from publicly available sources and international organizations active in the area of trade (for example the World Bank, the ITC, UNCTAD, the ITU, and IATA).The Survey is carried out annually by the World Economic Forum among top business leaders in all economies covered by this study. It captures their perceptions on qualitative aspects of the business environment in which they operate, including a number of specific aspects of international trade. The Index instrument has been revised following feedback received from academics and users of the methodology.The main changes concern the explicit inclusion of exports into the market access and border administration subindexes. Further, an assessment of overall governance conditions has been added to the business environment subindex. Additional analysis using a gravity model shows that the revised ETI has notable explanatory power with respect to a country’s trade performance. In fact, a 1 percent increase in a country’s ETI score is associated with 1.7 percent more exports and 2.3 percent more imports.

xiv The Enabling Trade Index 2009 rankings The rankings of the 121 economies included are shown in Tables 1 through 5, including the overall ETI as well as the results on the four subindexes and the individual pillars. Since the previous edition of this Report, four new countries have been added to the study: Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, and Malawi; one country covered last year, Uzbekistan, could not be included this year because of a lack of data. The top 10

Two Asian economies, Singapore and Hong Kong, take up the top two positions in the ETI ranking.The results mirror the openness of these countries to international trade and investment as part of their successful economic development strategy. Singapore’s positive results reflect high rankings in all four subindexes.The country’s very open market, as well as a highly efficient and transparent border administration, a well-developed transport and communications infrastructure, and an open business environment all contribute to this result. Customs procedures are assessed as the least burdensome in the world, and time and cost for both import and export are among the lowest for all countries covered. Singapore’s exporters also face relatively low tariffs in target markets (13th). However, less congested roads and improvements to the ICT infrastructure could further increase the ease of getting goods across borders in Singapore.The country’s

excellent regulatory environment facilitates operations of traders through openness to foreign participation, fair domestic competition, and a highly transparent and efficient government. Hong Kong SAR’s open domestic market mirrors the economy’s high dependence on exports and imports. Hong Kong does not apply tariffs on imported products, yet its exported products face more barriers than Singapore’s, as reflected in tariffs faced (119th) combined with a low margin of preference in target markets (112th). Hong Kong’s strong ranking also rests on its efficient customs procedures, well-developed transport and communications infrastructure, and a regulatory environment that promotes and facilitates an open and secure business environment.The economy’s openness to foreign participation is attested to by the prevalence of foreign ownership and relative absence of capital controls (1st).Traders could, however, further benefit from improvements to the very congested roads (89th) and more commitments to open up the transport sector under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) framework (55th). Switzerland places 3rd overall, scoring very high in three of the four main components of the Index. It ranks 10th for the quality of border administration, despite the country’s very high costs to import (84th) and export (92nd).The ETI also reveals the very high quality of the transport infrastructure (9th) and of the associated services (12th), and when it comes to the availability and use of information and communications technologies (ICTs), Switzerland is second to none. Finally, the environment offered to business is particularly friendly (6th) thanks to its excellent institutions, fierce competition, openness to foreign participation, and low prevalence of crime. Switzerland’s major weakness resides in the market access component, in which it ranks 38th because of the high level of complexity of the import tariff structure and fairly high protection of agricultural markets. Denmark (4th) ranks among the top five countries in seven out of the nine pillars of the Index. In particular, it ranks 2nd both for the efficiency and the transparency of border administration, notably thanks to the low level of overall corruption.This, along with several other factors such as the government’s efficiency (4th), the intensity of local competition (4th), and the high level of security (4th) contributes to creating an extremely conducive business environment in Denmark, where the only drawback remains the relative difficulty of hiring foreign labor (36th).The data also reveal high levels of quality and availability of transport (5th) and ICT (4th) infrastructure. Such strong results contrast with Denmark’s 86th rank in the market access component, which mainly reflects European Union (EU) policies in the area of agriculture as well as the complex tariff structure applied by the European Union.

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Ranked just behind Denmark at 5th place overall, Sweden, like its neighbor, possesses a world-class infrastructure, very transparent and efficient border administration, and a highly favorable business environment.Yet crime and violence seem to be more of a problem (22nd), and so are the difficulties of hiring foreign workers (50th).With respect to market access, Sweden (88th) posts a comparable performance to Denmark, the only difference coming from the slightly lower score on the Index of non-tariff measures. Coming in at 6th, Canada is one of the three non-European countries within the top 10. It posts a strong and remarkably consistent performance across the board. In particular, it is second only to France for the availability and quality of transport infrastructure, which is excellent across all modes of transportation. Border administration (12th) is characterized by efficient customs services (15th), speedy and hassle-free clearance procedures, and low levels of corruption, with the only dent being the cost to import (95th) and export (96th). Canada ranks a high 13th in the market access pillar. The import-weighted tariffs average is just 2.4 percent, and nearly 90 percent of imports enter the country free of duty. Finally, Canada makes little use of non-tariff barriers (21st) in international comparison, although the tariff structure in place is highly complex (79th). At 7th place overall, and third among the Nordic countries, Norway owes its rank to a consistent performance across all the pillars.The business environment is particularly supportive of trade (5th), thanks to favorable regulation, the efficiency of government operations, its low prevalence of crime and violence (3rd), and— despite a certain reluctance—foreign participation (44th). Another strength is Norway’s efficient import and export procedures (6th). In the market access pillar, Norway, at 21st, displays much better results than the Nordic members of the European Union, yet high agricultural tariffs and a complex tariff structure remain a challenge. In 8th position, Finland is the last-ranked Nordic country. Its performance is very much in line with its fellow EU members, with the major exception of the customs service index, on which Finland ranks a low 55—far behind Sweden (2nd) and Denmark (10th). On the other hand, the country ranks slightly higher on the market access pillar, thanks to its less frequent recourse to non-tariff measures. Austria comes in at 9th position and if it was not for its low 84th rank in the market access component, it would feature even higher in the ETI ranking.The country ranks no lower than 8th in the three other components of the Index and no worse than 18th in each of the associated pillars. Customs are rated as being among the most efficient in the world (3rd) and, overall, border administration is deemed efficient, transparent, and rapid, although not cheap.

The Netherlands (10th) completes the top 10 of the ETI. One of the world’s main hubs for trade, the country receives outstanding marks for the quality of its transport infrastructure (ranking 2nd, behind only Germany), and the associated services (ranking 2nd, behind Singapore). In particular, the quality of the country’s seaports and its connectivity to the rest of the world come as no surprise, given that Rotterdam has one of the world’s largest and busiest maritime ports. This, combined with an efficient and speedy border administration (4th), makes the movement of goods to and from the Netherlands almost seamless.

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Asia and the Pacific

Outside the top 10, in the Asia and Pacific region, New Zealand comes in 11th. Its highly efficient and transparent border administration contributes to this ranking, as do the country’s very low tariffs for agricultural products and transparent border administration. Exports, however, face high barriers.The country’s regulatory environment is characterized by fairly good ratings on ethics and a low level of corruption, as well as an effective domestic competition policy, though obstacles still persist in hiring foreign labor and regulation of FDI. Upgrading the quality of infrastructure, especially roads and railroads, would be beneficial to further facilitate a smooth flow of goods both across borders and to destinations inside the country. Australia occupies the 14th position overall.The rating reflects many aspects that the country does particularly well in facilitating the flow of goods across borders and to destination, including its strong performances with respect to transparent border administration, the quality of transport services, and its high level of commitment in the sector under GATS, as well as its regulatory environment, which promotes intense domestic competition. The results are, however, somewhat offset by high domestic and foreign market barriers. Australia applies very high tariffs for non-agricultural products in comparison with economies at a similar level of development, placing the country 96th on this indicator. Lowering these tariffs would further boost the country’s openness to trade. Japan takes up the 23rd position in the ETI ranking.The country’s highly efficient and transparent border administration and its well-developed infrastructure, together with its excellent transport services, all contribute to this rating.The ranking is, however, severely offset by Japan’s high barriers to market access in domestic and foreign markets (115th), as reflected in the high tariffs on agricultural products and the complexity of tariffs, as well as barriers faced when exporting. In addition, the country’s costly import and export procedures and limited openness to foreign participation are not conductive to facilitating trade flows. Japan could also benefit from improving its somewhat burdensome customs procedures (43rd).

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Table 1: The Enabling Trade Index 2009 SUBINDEXES OVERALL INDEX Country/Economy

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Singapore Hong Kong SAR Switzerland Denmark Sweden Canada Norway Finland Austria Netherlands New Zealand Germany Luxembourg Australia Ireland United States France United Arab Emirates Chile United Kingdom Belgium Estonia Japan Bahrain Taiwan, China Korea, Rep. Spain Malaysia Israel Portugal Slovenia Cyprus Mauritius Oman Qatar Czech Republic Jordan Hungary Croatia Lithuania Tunisia Saudi Arabia Costa Rica Latvia Italy Slovak Republic Greece Turkey China Thailand Uruguay Moldova Panama Romania Morocco El Salvador Poland Guatemala Kuwait Namibia South Africa Indonesia Albania Armenia Peru

Market access

Border administration

Transport and communications infrastructure

Business environment

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

5.97 5.57 5.44 5.44 5.44 5.35 5.33 5.33 5.29 5.27 5.27 5.24 5.12 5.07 5.02 5.02 5.02 4.97 4.96 4.93 4.92 4.84 4.78 4.76 4.75 4.73 4.72 4.70 4.66 4.63 4.61 4.56 4.54 4.52 4.50 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.36 4.36 4.36 4.36 4.36 4.33 4.30 4.30 4.30 4.19 4.19 4.18 4.18 4.15 4.06 4.05 4.01 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.96 3.93 3.92 3.82 3.82 3.81 3.81

2 20 38 86 88 13 21 78 84 87 39 90 58 97 96 49 89 65 3 79 80 71 115 26 99 106 75 32 35 63 82 74 10 23 102 94 61 81 28 60 70 40 5 73 66 93 59 14 103 98 22 6 54 72 51 1 77 8 76 33 92 53 30 42 25

5.63 4.75 4.48 3.81 3.81 4.96 4.72 3.84 3.81 3.81 4.39 3.79 4.00 3.72 3.73 4.16 3.81 3.95 5.58 3.84 3.82 3.91 3.10 4.65 3.70 3.47 3.86 4.60 4.54 3.96 3.82 3.88 4.99 4.69 3.62 3.76 3.97 3.82 4.63 3.97 3.91 4.39 5.44 3.90 3.94 3.77 3.98 4.93 3.60 3.72 4.71 5.38 4.06 3.90 4.09 5.64 3.85 5.08 3.86 4.60 3.78 4.07 4.63 4.25 4.65

1 7 10 3 2 12 18 9 6 4 5 11 24 17 8 15 19 20 21 14 29 16 13 25 27 22 28 33 23 35 26 47 37 49 34 30 36 31 52 42 32 38 46 39 48 40 57 56 43 41 53 72 50 44 51 61 45 55 78 79 54 66 60 87 59

6.49 5.89 5.80 6.31 6.41 5.64 5.47 5.80 5.92 6.04 5.95 5.65 5.19 5.54 5.82 5.58 5.46 5.34 5.31 5.62 5.02 5.58 5.63 5.17 5.15 5.28 5.07 4.66 5.25 4.63 5.16 4.31 4.62 4.23 4.63 4.92 4.62 4.69 4.16 4.46 4.67 4.61 4.31 4.60 4.25 4.52 3.99 4.05 4.43 4.48 4.15 3.59 4.22 4.39 4.21 3.90 4.37 4.07 3.52 3.47 4.12 3.75 3.91 3.25 3.93

3 5 9 8 4 17 20 16 6 2 22 1 13 14 23 10 7 24 43 11 12 27 15 41 19 21 18 29 32 26 31 28 55 45 42 35 52 34 37 36 59 47 70 39 25 33 30 49 38 40 78 58 44 51 65 91 46 72 54 75 50 79 94 61 89

5.64 5.57 5.49 5.50 5.63 5.27 5.11 5.37 5.55 5.64 4.97 5.77 5.41 5.39 4.94 5.48 5.54 4.91 3.87 5.47 5.45 4.64 5.38 4.07 5.12 4.99 5.13 4.59 4.37 4.74 4.55 4.60 3.55 3.74 4.04 4.32 3.61 4.34 4.18 4.28 3.46 3.70 3.24 4.09 4.75 4.36 4.58 3.65 4.16 4.07 3.09 3.46 3.75 3.62 3.36 2.90 3.71 3.22 3.55 3.16 3.62 3.04 2.82 3.42 2.94

3 4 6 2 7 17 5 1 8 15 11 10 9 14 16 36 23 13 29 39 20 24 31 27 30 26 38 33 56 25 35 18 32 19 12 50 22 45 55 41 21 42 58 43 66 51 47 75 49 59 40 73 71 65 63 104 80 109 34 54 76 60 83 64 95

6.13 6.08 6.01 6.15 5.90 5.52 6.02 6.29 5.89 5.59 5.75 5.75 5.89 5.62 5.59 4.85 5.26 5.68 5.09 4.81 5.40 5.25 5.02 5.14 5.03 5.16 4.82 4.96 4.46 5.21 4.89 5.45 5.00 5.43 5.70 4.58 5.36 4.70 4.49 4.75 5.40 4.73 4.44 4.72 4.27 4.56 4.65 4.15 4.58 4.44 4.76 4.16 4.21 4.28 4.38 3.58 3.99 3.50 4.90 4.51 4.14 4.43 3.91 4.33 3.70

(Cont’d.)

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Table 1: The Enabling Trade Index 2009 (cont’d.) SUBINDEXES OVERALL INDEX Country/Economy

Honduras Gambia, The Macedonia, FYR Malawi Azerbaijan Ukraine Bulgaria Madagascar Mexico Egypt India Nicaragua Sri Lanka Jamaica Zambia Dominican Republic Philippines Senegal Colombia Uganda Ghana Brazil Bolivia Vietnam Lesotho Cambodia Tanzania Kazakhstan Mozambique Ethiopia Benin Argentina Kenya Mali Pakistan Kyrgyz Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina Ecuador Burkina Faso Paraguay Cameroon Mauritania Syria Russian Federation Nepal Bangladesh Algeria Mongolia Tajikistan Guyana Burundi Nigeria Zimbabwe Venezuela Côte d’Ivoire Chad

Market access

Border administration

Transport and communications infrastructure

Business environment

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.80 3.78 3.78 3.77 3.77 3.76 3.76 3.75 3.74 3.72 3.72 3.71 3.70 3.70 3.64 3.64 3.62 3.62 3.61 3.60 3.60 3.58 3.55 3.54 3.51 3.50 3.50 3.49 3.49 3.48 3.47 3.46 3.45 3.44 3.43 3.43 3.42 3.41 3.41 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.30 3.29 3.22 3.20 3.18 3.17 3.14 3.13 2.99 2.97 2.91 2.84 2.78 2.77

16 108 62 12 52 24 55 4 43 117 116 15 64 85 19 69 56 109 48 9 67 100 11 112 7 27 41 45 17 91 47 95 34 37 111 18 107 36 46 31 83 44 121 113 29 57 118 110 104 114 68 120 101 105 119 50

4.87 3.37 3.97 4.97 4.07 4.68 4.02 5.45 4.25 3.05 3.06 4.91 3.95 3.81 4.76 3.91 4.02 3.36 4.16 5.06 3.94 3.67 4.98 3.24 5.25 4.65 4.33 4.20 4.84 3.79 4.17 3.75 4.59 4.51 3.26 4.77 3.41 4.53 4.20 4.62 3.82 4.24 2.25 3.16 4.63 4.01 2.76 3.36 3.57 3.13 3.92 2.72 3.67 3.48 2.74 4.16

82 70 71 97 103 95 69 86 62 65 58 83 67 73 102 64 68 76 74 99 80 77 75 85 105 98 92 119 90 89 101 84 108 111 63 116 81 107 112 93 96 110 91 106 113 104 88 109 118 94 114 100 117 120 115 121

3.42 3.63 3.60 3.06 2.91 3.07 3.64 3.26 3.87 3.78 3.94 3.38 3.75 3.59 2.96 3.80 3.72 3.54 3.55 2.99 3.45 3.53 3.55 3.28 2.84 3.00 3.17 2.27 3.21 3.22 2.97 3.35 2.77 2.64 3.85 2.46 3.44 2.80 2.64 3.16 3.07 2.67 3.17 2.82 2.58 2.88 3.24 2.71 2.40 3.14 2.57 2.98 2.42 2.25 2.55 2.00

82 84 57 112 62 60 48 115 74 66 64 105 69 53 111 73 77 81 76 98 102 68 106 71 118 109 119 63 117 96 99 67 93 113 80 86 85 87 101 103 104 110 88 56 107 108 90 95 116 92 120 100 114 83 97 121

3.01 3.00 3.46 2.44 3.40 3.43 3.68 2.37 3.20 3.35 3.36 2.54 3.29 3.56 2.45 3.20 3.09 3.01 3.13 2.61 2.56 3.33 2.53 3.24 2.33 2.50 2.25 3.39 2.36 2.71 2.60 3.33 2.88 2.40 3.04 2.98 2.98 2.97 2.58 2.56 2.55 2.47 2.96 3.49 2.51 2.50 2.90 2.82 2.37 2.90 2.16 2.60 2.38 3.01 2.70 1.96

84 28 78 48 46 85 97 82 98 44 53 79 90 89 62 99 100 52 103 94 57 93 118 61 101 87 67 77 107 72 74 111 105 68 102 108 86 112 69 115 81 88 37 96 117 110 92 91 70 113 114 106 116 121 119 120

3.91 5.13 4.09 4.60 4.68 3.87 3.68 3.93 3.67 4.71 4.51 4.01 3.82 3.83 4.39 3.64 3.63 4.55 3.58 3.76 4.44 3.79 3.16 4.40 3.63 3.85 4.24 4.10 3.56 4.20 4.16 3.42 3.58 4.23 3.58 3.53 3.87 3.36 4.22 3.22 3.97 3.84 4.83 3.70 3.17 3.42 3.81 3.81 4.22 3.34 3.30 3.57 3.17 2.61 3.15 2.96

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Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Market access PILLARS MARKET ACCESS Country/Economy

El Salvador Singapore Chile Madagascar Costa Rica Moldova Lesotho Guatemala Uganda Mauritius Bolivia Malawi Canada Turkey Nicaragua Honduras Mozambique Kyrgyz Republic Zambia Hong Kong SAR Norway Uruguay Oman Ukraine Peru Bahrain Cambodia Croatia Nepal Albania Paraguay Malaysia Namibia Kenya Israel Ecuador Mali Switzerland New Zealand Saudi Arabia Tanzania Armenia Mexico Mauritania Kazakhstan Burkina Faso Benin Colombia United States Chad Morocco Azerbaijan Indonesia Panama Bulgaria Philippines Bangladesh Luxembourg Greece Lithuania Jordan Macedonia, FYR Portugal Sri Lanka United Arab Emirates Italy Ghana

1. Domestic and foreign market access

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

5.64 5.63 5.58 5.45 5.44 5.38 5.25 5.08 5.06 4.99 4.98 4.97 4.96 4.93 4.91 4.87 4.84 4.77 4.76 4.75 4.72 4.71 4.69 4.68 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.62 4.60 4.60 4.59 4.54 4.53 4.51 4.48 4.39 4.39 4.33 4.25 4.25 4.24 4.20 4.20 4.17 4.16 4.16 4.16 4.09 4.07 4.07 4.06 4.02 4.02 4.01 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.96 3.95 3.95 3.94 3.94

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

5.64 5.63 5.58 5.45 5.44 5.38 5.25 5.08 5.06 4.99 4.98 4.97 4.96 4.93 4.91 4.87 4.84 4.77 4.76 4.75 4.72 4.71 4.69 4.68 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.62 4.60 4.60 4.59 4.54 4.53 4.51 4.48 4.39 4.39 4.33 4.25 4.25 4.24 4.20 4.20 4.17 4.16 4.16 4.16 4.09 4.07 4.07 4.06 4.02 4.02 4.01 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.96 3.95 3.95 3.94 3.94

(Cont’d.)

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Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Market access (cont’d.) PILLARS MARKET ACCESS Country/Economy

Burundi Dominican Republic Tunisia Estonia Romania Latvia Cyprus Spain Kuwait Poland Finland United Kingdom Belgium Hungary Slovenia Cameroon Austria Jamaica Denmark Netherlands Sweden France Germany Ethiopia South Africa Slovak Republic Czech Republic Argentina Ireland Australia Thailand Taiwan, China Brazil Zimbabwe Qatar China Tajikistan Venezuela Korea, Rep. Bosnia and Herzegovina Gambia, The Senegal Mongolia Pakistan Vietnam Russian Federation Guyana Japan India Egypt Algeria Côte d’Ivoire Nigeria Syria

1. Domestic and foreign market access

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.92 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.90 3.90 3.88 3.86 3.86 3.85 3.84 3.84 3.82 3.82 3.82 3.82 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.79 3.79 3.78 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.73 3.72 3.72 3.70 3.67 3.67 3.62 3.60 3.57 3.48 3.47 3.41 3.37 3.36 3.36 3.26 3.24 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.06 3.05 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.25

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.92 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.90 3.90 3.88 3.86 3.86 3.85 3.84 3.84 3.82 3.82 3.82 3.82 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.79 3.79 3.78 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.73 3.72 3.72 3.70 3.67 3.67 3.62 3.60 3.57 3.48 3.47 3.41 3.37 3.36 3.36 3.26 3.24 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.06 3.05 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.25

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Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Border administration PILLARS BORDER ADMINISTRATION Country/Economy

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Singapore Sweden Denmark Netherlands New Zealand Austria Hong Kong SAR Ireland Finland Switzerland Germany Canada Japan United Kingdom United States Estonia Australia Norway France United Arab Emirates Chile Korea, Rep. Israel Luxembourg Bahrain Slovenia Taiwan, China Spain Belgium Czech Republic Hungary Tunisia Malaysia Qatar Portugal Jordan Mauritius Saudi Arabia Latvia Slovak Republic Thailand Lithuania China Romania Poland Costa Rica Cyprus Italy Oman Panama Morocco Croatia Uruguay South Africa Guatemala Turkey Greece India Peru Albania El Salvador Mexico Pakistan Dominican Republic Egypt Indonesia

2. Efficiency of customs administration

3 Efficiency of importexport procedures

4. Transparency of border administration

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

6.49 6.41 6.31 6.04 5.95 5.92 5.89 5.82 5.80 5.80 5.65 5.64 5.63 5.62 5.58 5.58 5.54 5.47 5.46 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.25 5.19 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.07 5.02 4.92 4.69 4.67 4.66 4.63 4.63 4.62 4.62 4.61 4.60 4.52 4.48 4.46 4.43 4.39 4.37 4.31 4.31 4.25 4.23 4.22 4.21 4.16 4.15 4.12 4.07 4.05 3.99 3.94 3.93 3.91 3.90 3.87 3.85 3.80 3.78 3.75

1 2 4 5 8 3 14 6 29 9 21 15 11 7 10 13 24 35 25 19 20 18 27 49 16 12 23 26 33 17 28 30 44 69 59 34 37 31 39 22 43 48 45 42 55 41 46 53 62 73 40 47 68 38 32 72 81 51 79 60 78 52 56 76 77 75

6.43 6.41 6.00 5.94 5.71 6.04 5.42 5.86 4.75 5.70 5.17 5.39 5.52 5.75 5.66 5.44 5.14 4.35 5.11 5.19 5.19 5.27 5.04 3.98 5.31 5.46 5.15 5.06 4.38 5.28 4.90 4.49 4.17 3.42 3.66 4.35 4.30 4.46 4.27 5.17 4.19 4.03 4.15 4.22 3.73 4.23 4.15 3.79 3.56 3.27 4.24 4.14 3.42 4.29 4.40 3.29 3.02 3.83 3.12 3.63 3.12 3.80 3.73 3.18 3.17 3.18

1 4 2 9 20 18 3 15 5 26 8 28 19 21 16 7 32 6 10 14 40 13 17 24 23 59 27 41 34 44 53 39 22 43 31 54 35 25 33 80 11 29 30 45 36 65 98 47 74 12 56 68 87 94 85 46 51 62 61 64 52 78 57 42 38 37

6.46 6.21 6.33 5.94 5.58 5.72 6.26 5.74 6.16 5.36 5.97 5.34 5.71 5.56 5.73 6.03 5.27 6.09 5.92 5.78 5.17 5.80 5.73 5.48 5.50 4.73 5.35 5.14 5.24 5.12 4.85 5.18 5.51 5.13 5.28 4.81 5.23 5.45 5.25 4.26 5.85 5.29 5.28 5.05 5.20 4.62 3.66 4.98 4.31 5.85 4.77 4.52 4.10 3.85 4.11 4.98 4.88 4.67 4.68 4.65 4.87 4.27 4.76 5.13 5.18 5.18

4 1 2 7 3 11 12 14 5 6 15 9 16 18 21 24 8 13 22 26 17 33 28 10 35 23 30 27 19 36 38 37 40 20 29 34 39 51 41 44 67 48 55 54 43 46 25 50 32 63 62 56 31 42 57 53 47 70 49 66 58 64 80 77 91 94

6.57 6.61 6.59 6.22 6.57 6.00 5.98 5.84 6.50 6.33 5.81 6.17 5.66 5.53 5.36 5.27 6.20 5.97 5.35 5.06 5.58 4.79 4.99 6.11 4.69 5.28 4.93 5.00 5.43 4.35 4.32 4.35 4.31 5.36 4.95 4.69 4.32 3.94 4.28 4.12 3.41 4.06 3.85 3.88 4.17 4.10 5.12 3.99 4.83 3.53 3.62 3.82 4.92 4.23 3.71 3.89 4.07 3.32 4.00 3.44 3.70 3.53 3.06 3.11 2.97 2.89

(Cont’d.)

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Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Border administration (cont’d.) PILLARS BORDER ADMINISTRATION Country/Economy

Sri Lanka Philippines Bulgaria Gambia, The Macedonia, FYR Moldova Jamaica Colombia Bolivia Senegal Brazil Kuwait Namibia Ghana Bosnia and Herzegovina Honduras Nicaragua Argentina Vietnam Madagascar Armenia Algeria Ethiopia Mozambique Syria Tanzania Paraguay Guyana Ukraine Cameroon Malawi Cambodia Uganda Nigeria Benin Zambia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Lesotho Russian Federation Ecuador Kenya Mongolia Mauritania Mali Burkina Faso Nepal Burundi Côte d’Ivoire Kyrgyz Republic Zimbabwe Tajikistan Kazakhstan Venezuela Chad

2. Efficiency of customs administration

3 Efficiency of importexport procedures

4. Transparency of border administration

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.75 3.72 3.64 3.63 3.60 3.59 3.59 3.55 3.55 3.54 3.53 3.52 3.47 3.45 3.44 3.42 3.38 3.35 3.28 3.26 3.25 3.24 3.22 3.21 3.17 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.07 3.07 3.06 3.00 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.91 2.88 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.64 2.64 2.58 2.57 2.55 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.27 2.25 2.00

71 54 61 80 101 67 65 89 63 82 98 112 84 102 96 95 92 83 117 111 64 105 50 87 94 113 86 100 110 93 66 91 70 107 118 57 36 115 99 74 121 109 88 116 108 97 119 85 114 58 90 104 106 103 120

3.31 3.77 3.61 3.10 2.51 3.45 3.47 2.69 3.55 2.97 2.57 2.23 2.91 2.49 2.61 2.63 2.67 2.93 2.17 2.23 3.49 2.40 3.93 2.78 2.63 2.21 2.88 2.51 2.24 2.66 3.46 2.67 3.41 2.36 2.03 3.68 4.35 2.20 2.53 3.20 1.74 2.30 2.75 2.19 2.35 2.60 2.00 2.90 2.21 3.67 2.67 2.45 2.39 2.46 1.94

55 48 79 60 63 97 72 75 89 58 67 69 101 66 50 71 70 77 49 76 99 88 109 92 81 73 95 84 91 90 111 86 106 96 93 112 118 82 100 107 83 102 108 103 110 116 105 117 104 121 115 119 120 114 113

4.78 4.92 4.27 4.70 4.66 3.66 4.32 4.30 4.09 4.75 4.57 4.42 3.39 4.59 4.88 4.36 4.40 4.29 4.90 4.29 3.59 4.10 2.59 3.88 4.25 4.32 3.85 4.14 3.95 4.02 2.34 4.10 2.94 3.76 3.88 2.21 1.79 4.24 3.41 2.67 4.15 3.33 2.60 3.14 2.49 1.95 2.98 1.94 3.05 1.33 2.02 1.71 1.42 2.10 2.12

75 115 82 78 61 59 87 60 85 93 65 52 45 72 97 71 81 96 99 73 106 74 76 92 107 90 102 103 84 113 68 118 108 98 86 89 112 119 110 109 114 105 101 104 79 69 100 95 116 117 111 83 88 120 121

3.15 2.48 3.05 3.10 3.64 3.67 2.99 3.66 3.00 2.91 3.45 3.91 4.11 3.28 2.82 3.28 3.06 2.83 2.78 3.25 2.67 3.23 3.14 2.96 2.63 2.98 2.76 2.76 3.02 2.52 3.39 2.23 2.61 2.81 3.00 2.99 2.58 2.20 2.58 2.59 2.50 2.67 2.76 2.68 3.09 3.37 2.78 2.86 2.40 2.38 2.58 3.03 2.99 2.18 1.95

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Table 4: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Transport and communications infrastructure PILLARS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE Country/Economy

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Germany Netherlands Singapore Sweden Hong Kong SAR Austria France Denmark Switzerland United States United Kingdom Belgium Luxembourg Australia Japan Finland Canada Spain Taiwan, China Norway Korea, Rep. New Zealand Ireland United Arab Emirates Italy Portugal Estonia Cyprus Malaysia Greece Slovenia Israel Slovak Republic Hungary Czech Republic Lithuania Croatia China Latvia Thailand Bahrain Qatar Chile Panama Oman Poland Saudi Arabia Bulgaria Turkey South Africa Romania Jordan Jamaica Kuwait Mauritius Russian Federation Macedonia, FYR Moldova Tunisia Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan India Morocco Egypt

5. Availability and quality of transport infrastructure

6. Availability and quality of transport services

7. Availability and use of ICTs

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

5.77 5.64 5.64 5.63 5.57 5.55 5.54 5.50 5.49 5.48 5.47 5.45 5.41 5.39 5.38 5.37 5.27 5.13 5.12 5.11 4.99 4.97 4.94 4.91 4.75 4.74 4.64 4.60 4.59 4.58 4.55 4.37 4.36 4.34 4.32 4.28 4.18 4.16 4.09 4.07 4.07 4.04 3.87 3.75 3.74 3.71 3.70 3.68 3.65 3.62 3.62 3.61 3.56 3.55 3.55 3.49 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.43 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.36 3.36 3.35

8 14 12 6 11 9 1 5 18 3 21 7 19 17 23 4 2 15 26 10 29 20 31 13 50 28 40 16 22 24 34 54 41 60 46 35 42 30 37 33 36 47 48 27 43 83 55 77 62 44 84 59 58 70 32 64 65 75 39 63 69 45 49 51 52 53

5.28 5.12 5.14 5.35 5.15 5.20 5.83 5.44 5.04 5.54 4.96 5.33 5.02 5.07 4.77 5.50 5.58 5.12 4.65 5.17 4.55 4.97 4.47 5.14 3.98 4.64 4.20 5.08 4.95 4.74 4.37 3.88 4.15 3.73 4.09 4.34 4.12 4.48 4.31 4.39 4.31 4.08 4.05 4.65 4.12 3.16 3.86 3.31 3.66 4.11 3.15 3.78 3.79 3.57 4.44 3.63 3.62 3.39 4.21 3.65 3.58 4.11 4.05 3.98 3.95 3.90

3 2 1 11 6 5 10 17 12 14 7 8 13 9 4 18 25 15 22 35 23 31 20 30 21 24 42 40 16 29 33 43 28 26 34 55 37 19 45 27 63 60 51 70 32 49 52 53 48 44 41 39 76 79 106 68 59 38 74 77 50 62 75 46 67 58

5.85 5.91 5.96 5.30 5.55 5.76 5.33 4.97 5.17 5.08 5.50 5.47 5.16 5.43 5.84 4.89 4.64 5.06 4.73 4.22 4.72 4.40 4.84 4.58 4.80 4.70 4.03 4.07 5.00 4.58 4.30 3.96 4.60 4.64 4.26 3.68 4.16 4.87 3.93 4.62 3.50 3.54 3.82 3.34 4.33 3.85 3.81 3.79 3.86 3.95 4.06 4.10 3.22 3.17 2.77 3.41 3.56 4.15 3.24 3.22 3.83 3.51 3.23 3.89 3.43 3.62

3 10 11 2 6 15 24 4 1 12 8 19 5 17 21 13 18 26 7 9 14 20 22 27 23 29 16 32 43 35 28 25 37 31 33 30 38 60 40 59 36 34 44 57 74 39 53 41 52 72 46 65 45 42 49 50 58 71 67 51 70 80 68 93 76 81

6.20 5.89 5.83 6.25 6.00 5.69 5.47 6.10 6.27 5.81 5.95 5.56 6.04 5.67 5.52 5.72 5.58 5.21 5.97 5.93 5.70 5.54 5.50 5.01 5.48 4.87 5.68 4.66 3.82 4.41 4.99 5.28 4.34 4.66 4.61 4.81 4.26 3.12 4.04 3.19 4.38 4.49 3.73 3.26 2.77 4.12 3.42 3.95 3.42 2.81 3.63 2.96 3.68 3.92 3.44 3.43 3.21 2.83 2.92 3.43 2.85 2.59 2.88 2.20 2.69 2.52

(Cont’d.)

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Table 4: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Transport and communications infrastructure (cont’d.) PILLARS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE Country/Economy

Argentina Brazil Sri Lanka Costa Rica Vietnam Guatemala Dominican Republic Mexico Namibia Colombia Philippines Uruguay Indonesia Pakistan Senegal Honduras Venezuela Gambia, The Bosnia and Herzegovina Kyrgyz Republic Ecuador Syria Peru Algeria El Salvador Guyana Kenya Albania Mongolia Ethiopia Côte d’Ivoire Uganda Benin Nigeria Burkina Faso Ghana Paraguay Cameroon Nicaragua Bolivia Nepal Bangladesh Cambodia Mauritania Zambia Malawi Mali Zimbabwe Madagascar Tajikistan Mozambique Lesotho Tanzania Burundi Chad

5. Availability and quality of transport infrastructure

6. Availability and quality of transport services

7. Availability and use of ICTs

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.33 3.33 3.29 3.24 3.24 3.22 3.20 3.20 3.16 3.13 3.09 3.09 3.04 3.04 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.00 2.98 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.88 2.82 2.82 2.71 2.70 2.61 2.60 2.60 2.58 2.56 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.44 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.36 2.33 2.25 2.16 1.96

91 93 38 66 108 81 73 85 25 76 92 99 82 56 72 71 96 57 113 61 86 74 90 68 98 107 78 97 67 80 95 87 114 112 89 79 104 94 100 88 101 102 105 117 111 109 116 106 103 118 110 120 115 119 121

2.99 2.99 4.28 3.61 2.59 3.24 3.45 3.12 4.71 3.31 2.99 2.83 3.24 3.84 3.45 3.48 2.88 3.80 2.45 3.68 3.10 3.44 3.02 3.58 2.87 2.59 3.30 2.87 3.60 3.25 2.93 3.08 2.44 2.49 3.02 3.26 2.72 2.95 2.81 3.06 2.81 2.78 2.71 2.24 2.53 2.58 2.29 2.60 2.72 2.18 2.54 2.02 2.36 2.13 1.70

66 56 81 103 36 69 64 65 115 84 47 101 54 80 72 104 86 97 57 87 78 96 90 111 93 108 73 85 112 71 95 89 61 92 98 119 113 107 102 116 88 105 91 82 100 83 94 109 118 110 114 99 121 117 120

3.44 3.66 3.15 2.86 4.17 3.35 3.50 3.48 2.59 3.10 3.88 2.95 3.69 3.15 3.33 2.86 3.09 3.00 3.63 3.09 3.21 3.00 3.08 2.70 3.03 2.75 3.26 3.10 2.70 3.33 3.01 3.09 3.51 3.05 3.00 2.49 2.62 2.77 2.87 2.59 3.09 2.79 3.05 3.15 2.98 3.12 3.02 2.74 2.56 2.71 2.60 2.98 2.44 2.57 2.47

47 54 84 56 66 61 78 63 95 64 86 48 91 98 89 77 62 90 69 94 79 83 75 85 73 55 99 82 96 121 97 118 111 88 116 107 87 108 103 106 120 102 115 100 110 119 109 113 112 92 105 101 104 114 117

3.57 3.35 2.43 3.26 2.96 3.07 2.65 2.99 2.16 2.98 2.41 3.48 2.21 2.14 2.26 2.68 3.05 2.21 2.87 2.17 2.61 2.44 2.72 2.42 2.79 3.34 2.07 2.48 2.16 1.54 2.15 1.65 1.85 2.26 1.73 1.92 2.33 1.92 1.94 1.93 1.63 1.95 1.75 2.03 1.86 1.63 1.87 1.78 1.82 2.21 1.93 1.99 1.94 1.77 1.70

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Table 5: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Business environment PILLARS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Country/Economy

Finland Denmark Singapore Hong Kong SAR Norway Switzerland Sweden Austria Luxembourg Germany New Zealand Qatar United Arab Emirates Australia Netherlands Ireland Canada Cyprus Oman Belgium Tunisia Jordan France Estonia Portugal Korea, Rep. Bahrain Gambia, The Chile Taiwan, China Japan Mauritius Malaysia Kuwait Slovenia United States Syria Spain United Kingdom Uruguay Lithuania Saudi Arabia Latvia Egypt Hungary Azerbaijan Greece Malawi China Czech Republic Slovak Republic Senegal India Namibia Croatia Israel Ghana Costa Rica Thailand Indonesia Vietnam Zambia Morocco Armenia Romania Italy Tanzania

8. Regulatory environment

9. Physical security

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

6.29 6.15 6.13 6.08 6.02 6.01 5.90 5.89 5.89 5.75 5.75 5.70 5.68 5.62 5.59 5.59 5.52 5.45 5.43 5.40 5.40 5.36 5.26 5.25 5.21 5.16 5.14 5.13 5.09 5.03 5.02 5.00 4.96 4.90 4.89 4.85 4.83 4.82 4.81 4.76 4.75 4.73 4.72 4.71 4.70 4.68 4.65 4.60 4.58 4.58 4.56 4.55 4.51 4.51 4.49 4.46 4.44 4.44 4.44 4.43 4.40 4.39 4.38 4.33 4.28 4.27 4.24

3 2 1 6 10 5 4 13 8 12 9 17 15 11 7 14 16 24 21 20 18 30 22 29 36 27 28 32 37 34 26 33 25 43 44 23 66 40 19 38 54 31 56 49 58 59 53 47 45 61 52 87 46 42 77 39 63 41 48 55 64 57 51 91 85 84 73

5.88 5.92 6.13 5.67 5.50 5.77 5.79 5.40 5.53 5.42 5.52 5.23 5.25 5.49 5.66 5.34 5.25 4.89 4.98 4.98 5.00 4.73 4.93 4.77 4.57 4.80 4.78 4.65 4.56 4.59 4.83 4.64 4.86 4.21 4.16 4.90 3.83 4.44 5.00 4.48 3.97 4.73 3.96 4.05 3.90 3.90 3.98 4.10 4.15 3.90 3.99 3.56 4.13 4.29 3.64 4.47 3.86 4.38 4.09 3.97 3.86 3.92 4.01 3.50 3.60 3.60 3.67

1 4 9 3 2 6 13 5 7 11 15 8 10 23 31 18 21 12 16 20 22 14 29 24 17 32 34 27 26 37 44 40 49 28 25 63 19 45 73 50 33 68 36 39 35 38 41 48 52 43 47 30 57 70 42 83 51 80 64 56 54 59 66 46 53 55 61

6.70 6.38 6.12 6.48 6.54 6.24 6.01 6.37 6.24 6.07 5.97 6.18 6.10 5.75 5.52 5.83 5.79 6.02 5.88 5.82 5.79 5.99 5.59 5.72 5.85 5.52 5.50 5.60 5.61 5.47 5.21 5.36 5.06 5.60 5.62 4.80 5.83 5.19 4.62 5.04 5.52 4.73 5.48 5.37 5.49 5.45 5.33 5.11 5.02 5.27 5.13 5.53 4.88 4.72 5.33 4.46 5.03 4.51 4.79 4.89 4.94 4.87 4.76 5.16 4.95 4.93 4.80

(Cont’d.)

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Table 5: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Business environment (cont’d.) PILLARS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Country/Economy

Mali Burkina Faso Tajikistan Panama Ethiopia Moldova Benin Turkey South Africa Kazakhstan Macedonia, FYR Nicaragua Poland Cameroon Madagascar Albania Honduras Ukraine Bosnia and Herzegovina Cambodia Mauritania Jamaica Sri Lanka Mongolia Algeria Brazil Uganda Peru Russian Federation Bulgaria Mexico Dominican Republic Philippines Lesotho Pakistan Colombia El Salvador Kenya Nigeria Mozambique Kyrgyz Republic Guatemala Bangladesh Argentina Ecuador Guyana Burundi Paraguay Zimbabwe Nepal Bolivia Côte d’Ivoire Chad Venezuela

8. Regulatory environment

9. Physical security

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

4.23 4.22 4.22 4.21 4.20 4.16 4.16 4.15 4.14 4.10 4.09 4.01 3.99 3.97 3.93 3.91 3.91 3.87 3.87 3.85 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.81 3.81 3.79 3.76 3.70 3.70 3.68 3.67 3.64 3.63 3.63 3.58 3.58 3.58 3.58 3.57 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.42 3.42 3.36 3.34 3.30 3.22 3.17 3.17 3.16 3.15 2.96 2.61

72 67 80 60 81 94 82 65 35 75 86 106 88 103 90 105 68 107 113 89 102 62 50 108 101 95 92 79 109 99 78 97 98 96 76 71 70 83 74 100 111 69 110 117 116 93 114 115 120 104 118 112 119 121

3.72 3.83 3.63 3.90 3.62 3.45 3.62 3.85 4.59 3.66 3.58 3.19 3.52 3.25 3.51 3.20 3.81 3.14 3.00 3.52 3.27 3.86 4.02 3.14 3.29 3.43 3.50 3.64 3.13 3.31 3.64 3.39 3.32 3.40 3.65 3.73 3.78 3.61 3.67 3.29 3.09 3.81 3.11 2.80 2.80 3.46 2.95 2.86 2.33 3.21 2.64 3.03 2.58 2.09

69 75 62 79 65 58 71 84 105 78 77 60 82 72 86 74 95 76 67 89 85 102 109 81 87 90 93 103 88 91 106 99 97 100 112 114 115 111 113 101 96 119 104 92 98 118 108 110 94 121 107 117 116 120

4.73 4.61 4.80 4.52 4.78 4.87 4.70 4.46 3.70 4.55 4.60 4.83 4.46 4.69 4.34 4.62 4.01 4.61 4.74 4.18 4.41 3.80 3.63 4.48 4.33 4.14 4.02 3.76 4.27 4.04 3.69 3.88 3.94 3.85 3.52 3.43 3.37 3.55 3.47 3.82 3.96 3.20 3.73 4.04 3.91 3.22 3.65 3.57 4.02 3.12 3.68 3.27 3.34 3.13

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Taiwan, China and Korea, Rep. follow at 25th and 26th, respectively, among the countries covered. Both economies boast very good infrastructure. In addition, infrastructure-related services are efficient and widely available, and the use of ICTs is widespread.Traders benefit particularly from efficient customs administration in Korea, while Taiwan is doing especially well on the use of ICTs, which improves the connectivity of companies and the ability to track consignments. Both economies are, however, hampered by restricted access to domestic and foreign markets and a regulatory environment that does not facilitate the entry of foreign investment and labor. Malaysia occupies the 28th position in the ETI rankings. Efficient import procedures, a low cost of importing and exporting goods, and the quality of transport infrastructure and related transport services all contribute to this good rating, particularly given the country’s level of development. Improvements to the transparency of border administration as well as less congested roads would further enhance the country’s strengths.The regulatory framework also provides a good trading environment by means of efficient government operations and fair domestic competition policies. Improving the usage of the latest ICTs and lowering business costs of terrorism would allow the country to even further reap the harvest of international trade. China ranks 49th among the countries covered. This ranking underscores a number of characteristics in China’s economy and its trading regime. China relies heavily on its successful export performance, although imports are still significantly inhibited by tariff barriers. The country performs particularly well in its low cost to import and export (3rd). Furthermore, because of large trade volumes, the country is extremely well connected to international markets through its vast port facilities, with the services provided by liner companies being second to none. However, improvement in the overall transport infrastructure—such as airport density and the quality of air transport infrastructure—would further facilitate the flow of goods across borders and to destinations within China, in particular to the inland provinces. In addition, more transparency in border administration and improvements to the regulatory environment that would allow more foreign participation would help enable trade. Indonesia comes in at 62nd place, reflecting a pretty balanced performance on all four pillars of the Index.The flow of goods in and out of the country benefits from the low cost of import and export procedures, as well as a regulatory environment that is fairly open toward foreign participation, although businesses are concerned about the level of corruption at borders and the high costs incurred to fight terrorism. Improvements in transport infrastructure and wide adoption of ICTs would tremendously help the country to better connect with its trading partners.

India occupies the 76th position, reflecting a mixed performance on the four pillars. Although the country has a fairly good border administration and business environment, domestic and foreign market access continues to be significantly restricted. India ranks 116th on the applicable component, with tariff barriers representing a more serious impediment than non-tariff barriers. India’s border administration meets many needs of importers and exporters, although it continues to be affected by corrupt practices.Trade-related transport infrastructure and the relevant services are equally fairly well developed in India, ranking 51st and 46th, respectively.The country is well connected through maritime routes, although it needs more airports and high-quality roads. India could also benefit from improvement in ease of hiring foreign labor as well as reduced business costs of terrorism. Europe and North America

The world’s biggest exporter, Germany ranks 12th overall.The country is the world leader on the quality of transport infrastructure, in particular thanks to high levels of maritime connectivity.There exists some room for improvement in terms of customs administration, particularly an upgrading of customs services. As for the regulatory environment (12th), Germany ranks reasonably well on all the indicators, with the exception of the openness to foreign participation where it places 25th because of the difficulty of hiring foreign labor (76th). Market access is Germany’s Achilles’ heel, where it ranks lower than most EU countries because of the pervasiveness of non-tariff measures. The United States comes in at 16th position overall. Its performance is uneven across the nine pillars of the Index.The country obtains high rankings for the quality of transport infrastructure (3rd) and the associated services (14th), as well as for the availability and use of ICTs (12th).The country also owes much to the extent and availability of customs services (2nd). Also praised are the efficiency of customs administration (10th) and of import and export procedures (16th). On a less positive note, the business environment is less supportive of trade than it could be (36th). Among other issues, businesses voice their concern about the level of security and indicate that the threat of terrorism and crime and violence impose significant costs. Finally, the United States ranks 49th in the market access component. Although only a small share of goods is subjected to duties and agricultural markets are less protected than in other countries, the US tariff structure is complex (89th) and US exporters face some of the highest barriers in the world. France ranks 17th overall, helped by its strong performance in terms of quality of infrastructure across all modes. In addition, France is very well connected to major maritime trade routes. Efficient border administration (19th) constitutes another of France’s relative

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strengths. France ranks 1st for the number of documents required for import and export—only two signatures need to be obtained. But there is room for improvement, notably in reducing the cost to import and export, and also, to a lesser extent, in making customs procedures more transparent. France’s regulatory environment is quite favorable, although the business community voices some concern about the efficiency of government operations (35th), security (29th), and— most importantly—about limited openness toward foreign participation (50th). Finally, in line with its fellow EU members, market access is restricted (89th). With the exception of the market access pillar where it ranks a low 79th, the United Kingdom’s performance (20th) mirrors that of the United States. The efficiency of border administration (14th) and the quality of infrastructure (11th) are the country’s two major strengths, while the quality of the business environment is affected by security concerns.The business community shares the same concern as its American counterpart about the costs associated with the threat of terrorism (112th) as well as crime and violence (81st). The Russian Federation ranks a low 109th.There is only one pillar—availability and use of ICTs—where the country appears in the top half of the ranking (50th). In all categories, the need for improvement is huge.The main area of concern is the extremely restricted access to markets (113th). Not yet a WTO member, Russia has import tariffs that average 15 percent (114th) overall, and 26 percent (106th) on agricultural imports.The complexity of the tariff structure is also extremely high (90th). Barriers to market access are likely to diminish in the process of joining the WTO. Russia also does poorly with respect to border administration (106th), as reflected in the results associated with import and export procedures, which are bleak by every measure, and with low levels of transparency. Russia’s business environment (96th) is not particularly welcoming to international participation either, especially with respect to investments (the country ranks 119th for the measure of openness to foreign ownership). Furthermore, executives have little trust in the government and doubts about its ability to enforce law and order. On a positive note, Russia does somewhat better on the use of ICTs. Latin America and the Caribbean

Chile, ranked 19th, leads the rankings in Latin America and the Caribbean by a considerable margin.This excellent showing is not surprising, given Chile’s role as Latin America’s leading example on how to benefit from global trade and investment linkages.The country has shown commitment to free trade by reducing the complexity of tariffs (2nd) and successfully negotiating access to foreign markets for domestic exporters, who face less tariff burdens than in any other country covered by the Index.Yet, despite these pronounced strengths, border

procedures are not among the least costly and rapid (40th), transport infrastructure and the related services are below international standards, and the availability and use of ICTs is not on a par with countries at the same level of development. On a more positive note, the country is very open to foreign participation. Costa Rica’s ranking of 43rd certainly reflects efforts undertaken in the past decades.The country ranks a very high 5th in terms of domestic and foreign market access because of its relatively low tariff and nontariff barriers, its simple and transparent tariff structure, and the fairly low tariff barriers faced by exporters in target markets.The country’s trade performance also benefits from a favorable regulatory environment (41st). Yet, although Costa Rica’s trade policy is firmly geared toward openness, streamlining import and export procedures, upgrading the quality of infrastructure and that of related services, and reducing the cost to business resulting from crime and violence could contribute to further boosting the country’s trade performance by lowering the transaction costs associated with trade. Mexico ranks 74th in this year’s ETI.The results show that, despite the country’s past export success, there remains untapped potential for further enabling trade, which continues to be hampered by a number of barriers related to trade policy, border administration, and physical security. Moreover, trade policy continues to be heavily biased toward protectionism, and although import and export procedures have been streamlined, they remain costly.The most serious challenge to be addressed, however, concerns the government’s inability to provide the required level of physical security, a problem that has been affecting the country for a number of years and has been increasingly exacerbated by drugrelated conflicts. On a positive note, Mexico’s exporters enjoy rather low tariffs for their products in target markets and benefit from high margins of preference. Some aspects of transport infrastructure and the related services are also assessed positively, in particular those related to maritime shipping services and services offered by the logistics industry. Mexico also benefits from its openness to foreign participation. Further enabling market access and restoring physical security would allow Mexico to benefit from these advantages. Latin America’s largest economy, Brazil, ranks 87th for enabling trade across borders.This low ranking is a reflection of Brazil’s varied performance across the nine pillars of the ETI.The country displays strengths in the quality of transport services and the use and prevalence of the latest technologies.To a somewhat lesser extent, this also holds true for the transparency and efficiency of overall border procedures, although dealing with customs appears to be burdensome.These positive aspects are partially offset by the level of protection in Brazil, which remains relatively high, in particular for agricultural products. Other areas to be addressed include the quality of transport infrastructure (93rd) across all modes

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of transport as well as making the business environment and the overall security situation more conducive to trade (93rd). Argentina ranks 97th in the ETI. Its position mirrors a mixed performance across the four pillars. To further enable trade, Argentina will have to address a number of challenges, most importantly those related to the regulatory environment and physical security. Upgrading the country’s infrastructure, in particular for transport by air, would further contribute to lowering the transport cost of goods. At the same time, the country can build on a number of important strengths. Here the positive assessments of ICT infrastructure, the quality of transport services, and to a lesser degree also the efficiency of import-export procedures are worth noting. Furthermore, the competitiveness of Argentina’s exporters is supported by reasonably low tariffs faced abroad and a considerable margin of preference in key target markets. Middle East and North Africa

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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) leads the rankings for the region at 18th position.The country boasts a very efficient and transparent border administration and has one of the lowest costs to import and among the least burdensome customs procedures of all countries covered, ranking 5th and 6th, respectively, on the relevant indicators. Further strengths include an excellent transport infrastructure (13th) and a regulatory environment that is particularly conducive to trade, the result of its strong institutional framework and also of its openness to foreign participation (19th). Last but not least, the country is relatively secure (ranking 10th). Strengthening the country’s position on the Index would require further lowering tariff barriers, in particular for agricultural tariff products, although it has the advantage of a very simple tariff structure. Also, further preferential agreements with main markets would help lower the relatively high tariffs faced by the country in its target markets. Israel enters the ETI rankings at 29th place. Following its gradual liberalization over the past years, Israel presently has a reasonably open trade policy with the exception of agricultural policies, which remain protective of local producers, ranking 102nd in the ETI sample.The country’s border procedures are not perceived as burdensome, the cost of importing and exporting is among the lowest among the countries assessed, and the widespread use of ICTs (25th) facilitates communication and customs clearance. Although the regulatory environment is fairly open to foreign ownership, the lack of physical security, and in particular the threat of terrorism, imposes a significant cost on importers and exporters; addressing these issues would assist in enabling trade. Israel’s trade could be additionally enabled though investment in infrastructure, as the qual-

ity and availability of facilities remains behind standards found in countries at a similar level of development. Tunisia ranks 41st overall for enabling trade across borders.Weaknesses in trade policy (70th) are partially compensated for by an effective customs administration (30th), fairly efficient import-export procedures (39th), and a propitious regulatory environment (18th). Nevertheless, a number of weaknesses remain.Tunisia imposes high tariffs on imports. It ranks 119th on tariffs for both agricultural and non-agricultural products— in absolute terms, the tariffs on agricultural products amount to 56 percent ad valorem—and subjects a large majority of its imports to tariffs (over 75 percent, ranking 93rd). In addition to the high level of tariffs, businesses face a complex tariff structure.While further reduction in tariffs would be desirable,Tunisia has very successfully improved access to the main target markets for its exporters, mainly through preferential trading agreements with the European Union, currently the destination for about 80 percent of the country’s exports. In addition, the country has preferential access to its main markets with a fairly high preference margin (rank 21). Last but not least, importers and exporters alike would benefit from enhanced transport services. Saudi Arabia ranks 42nd in the ETI, showing solid performance across many indicators in the analysis. Import and export procedures, including customs, are relatively efficient by international comparison, ranking 31st and 25th, respectively. Among other strengths is the country’s regulatory environment, which is supportive of trade (31st) because of a transparent and efficient institutional framework, which compensates for the relative lack of openness to foreign participation. However, Index results also indicate that physical security in general and the threat of terrorism in particular impose significant cost on businesses. Enhancing the use of ICTs and the availability and the quality of transport services would also be beneficial.Yet most of all, further enabling trade in Saudi Arabia will require opening domestic markets to trade, in particular in agricultural products, where the country ranks a low 83rd.Tariff reductions are under way as commitments of WTO membership are being implemented over a 10-year period (since 2005). Egypt ranks 75th for the ease of getting goods across the border and to destination.The country’s most notable strengths include a business environment that is fairly conducive to trade. In particular, it is easy to hire foreign labor, and the business cost of threats to security is assessed as low. Despite efforts to liberalize trade over the past years, trade policy in Egypt remains rather protectionist. Egypt applies very high tariff rates (particularly on some agricultural products), and the tariff structure is complex. In terms of border administration, although importing goods into Egypt is neither costly nor time consuming, importers raise concerns about the efficiency of customs and, to an even greater extent, of other border

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agencies. On a positive note, Egypt boasts fairly well developed transport infrastructure (53rd) including the related services (58th). Algeria ranks 112th in the overall ETI.The country remains fairly sheltered from international competition, despite its ongoing efforts to join the WTO. Market access remains restricted (118th on the market access component), yet tariffs are likely to be lowered significantly as Algeria advances toward WTO membership. WTO accession is also bound to lower the tariffs faced by Algerian exporters, which are currently among the highest among the countries covered in this study (116th). In addition to the restrictive trade policy, importers and exporters in Algeria are burdened by a fairly inefficient and opaque border administration, and a cumbersome, time-consuming, and costly clearance process that affects customs as well as other border agencies.Trade would also benefit from a more transparent institutional framework, more domestic competition, and greater openness to foreign participation. Sub-Saharan Africa

At 33rd position, Mauritius is, by a large margin, the highest-ranked country in sub-Saharan Africa.The open access to the country’s markets, the efficiency of the border administration, and a regulatory environment that is conducive to trade all contribute to this high showing. Access to domestic and foreign markets is among the most open worldwide; a large share of goods is imported duty-free, and tariff and non-tariff barriers are reasonable. And although Mauritian exporters face fairly high barriers abroad, they benefit from a high margin of preference in their main target markets. Against this overall very positive assessment stand weaknesses in the quality of transport services that make tracking and tracing difficult and lead to delays in shipments; addressing these weaknesses would enhance the country’s trade. Equally, more could be done to better leverage ICTs for development, where the country ranks 49th. Namibia is placed at 60th position, the second-best nation in Africa in terms of enabling trade across borders. This good showing mirrors the favorable results obtained by Namibia in terms of market access, in particular its high share of duty-free imports and high preference margins for exporters. Despite the fairly open access to markets, Namibia’s trade is burdened by heavy administration at the borders.The country ranks a low 84th and 101st for the efficiency of customs procedures and overall import-export procedures, respectively, although business leaders attest that the lack of transparency is not a major problem. Additional strengths include the country’s well-developed transport infrastructure and a regulatory environment that is more efficient and transparent than in most neighboring countries.To further enable trade, Namibia will have to address the poor quality of

its transport services and further open the economy to foreign participation. South Africa enters the ranking at 61st position. The country’s relatively good marks on transport and communications infrastructure and border administration are offset by weaknesses in market access and in its security environment. South Africa has pursued a trade liberalization program since 1994, which contributed significantly to opening its economy.Yet, although tariffs apply to relatively few import products, they remain rather high in international comparison and their structure is complex. It is appropriate that a review of the tariff structure to reduce complexity and lower tariffs for strategically important upstream sectors is under way. Other than that, South Africa boasts relatively efficient infrastructure facilities, and the respective services are also assessed as good.The country’s solid institutional framework, with an efficient government and welldefined property rights, is beneficial for importers and exporters.The main areas of concern in South Africa relate to the lack of physical security (105th) and insufficient openness to foreign participation, in particular to hiring foreign labor. Senegal ranks 83rd overall for getting goods across borders and to destination.The country’s strengths include a secure and open business environment and relatively simple and fast import and export procedures. Imports benefit from the country’s very simple tariff structure (9th) with no tariff peaks and only four different types of tariffs overall, which makes it transparent and easy to navigate. However, the overall level of protection remains high with respect to both tariff and non-tariff barriers, ranking 90th and 94th, respectively. In addition to lowering tariffs, to further benefit from international trade Senegal should upgrade its institutional framework, which is prone to undue influence (105th) and lack of transparency (101st). As a result, border administration is also heavily affected by corrupt practices (93rd). More transparent border administration would improve revenue collection and allow the country to further lower tariffs while maintaining current revenue levels. Tanzania occupies the 92nd position in the ETI. This result is based on a number of pronounced strengths and weaknesses throughout the nine pillars of the Index.While Tanzania has a relatively transparent and simple tariff structure (40th) and its exporters face very low tariffs in target markets (5th), burdensome customs and border administration represents a significant hindrance for both importers and exporters. An upgraded transport infrastructure as well as improved quality and availability of transport services along with more intense use of ICTs would enable the country to harvest the benefits of international trade.

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General findings of the Enabling Trade Index The results of the ETI show a strong correlation between a country’s level of income and its ease of getting goods across borders.Although this does not provide information about the direction of causality, high-income countries on average tend to be more open to trade, have better infrastructure facilities, and boast favorable business environments and efficient border administrations. Low-income countries, on the other hand, tend to show weaknesses particularly with respect to ICT infrastructure, along with a low transparency and efficiency of border administration and, in a number of countries, less open trade policies. At the same time, regulatory environments and physical security are at levels comparable with the high-income group. In this sense, the results of the ETI provide support for the growing focus on trade facilitation observed over recent decades in the activities of a number of international organizations, and they indicate which areas these programs and countries should tackle as a priority.

Chapters summary This Report includes insightful contributions from a number of trade experts that examine different aspects of enabling trade with particular reference to the global financial crisis.These excellent contributions are highly relevant and complement the analysis of the ETI in Chapter 1.1 and the Country/Economy Profiles found in Part 2 of the Report. In Chapter 1.2,“Finance for Trade: Efforts to Restart the Engine,” Marc Auboin from the WTO provides an update on the trade finance situation in times following the financial crisis.Trade finance plays a key role in bridging the time between production, shipment, and payment. Some 80–90 percent of world trade relies on some form of trade finance. However, as a by-product of the financial crisis, there has been evidence of tightening market conditions for trade finance since the first half of 2008.The situation worsened in the second half of the year, and even further in the first quarter of 2009. According to expectations revealed in market-based surveys, there is little doubt that the trade finance market will continue to experience difficulties throughout 2009. This situation is likely to contribute to deepening the global economic malaise. Although public-backed institutions have responded rapidly to the situation over the course of 2008, this has apparently not been enough to bridge the gap between supply and demand of trade finance worldwide.This is why the G-20 Summit in London adopted a wider package for injecting some US$250 billion in support of trade finance. Since then, the market has not returned to normal, as indicated by the high spreads charged for opening new letters of credit in many countries in the world.The author concludes that the market situation needs to be monitored closely in order to avoid any

interruption of trade credit and trade itself, as well as to ensure that the solutions proposed by the public sector meet the demand from trade bankers and traders.The WTO will continue to monitor developments with partner institutions and mobilize political energy. In Chapter 1.3, entitled “Managing Borders in the 21st Century,” Kunio Mikuriya from the World Customs Organization (WCO) takes a detailed look at a number of trade facilitation and border management instruments, tools, and measures developed by the WCO for its members.The rapidly changing international trade environment has placed numerous demands on the customs community. Being faced with increasing calls to facilitate legitimate trade and secure the global trade supply chain at the same time has impelled customs to concentrate its efforts on managing national borders more effectively both now and in preparation for the future. Inefficient procedures, outdated information technology systems, and inadequate infrastructure result in high transaction costs and long delays in the clearance of imports, exports, and transit goods; they also present significant opportunities for administrative corruption at borders.To overcome these barriers to trade, customs recognizes that its business model must become more responsive, have greater flexibility, generate even more innovation, and actively champion a beneficial partnership with all legitimate economic operators. Having developed an armory of trade facilitation and border management instruments and tools, it is now up to the WCO to ensure their widespread implementation while advancing the single window for trade and encouraging coordination and cooperation among customs, other border agencies, and the business sector. This is what smart border management is all about; this is how customs and its stakeholders can meet the demands of the dynamic 21st century global trading system.The author concludes that the future endeavors of the WCO will be aimed at ensuring a more responsive and strengthened customs community, as well as a creative and flexible border management. In Chapter 1.4, “IATA e-Freight:Taking the Paper Out of Air Cargo,” Steve Smith and Michael Moosberger discuss in detail the IATA e-freight project, an initiative that aims at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of international airfreight. International air cargo transportation historically relies on outdated paper-based processes that make it inherently inefficient. In an economic environment that necessitates the air cargo supply chain to deliver faster speed, reduced costs, and increased reliability, IATA e-freight is a supply chain project to remove the paper associated with the transportation of air cargo. IATA e-freight offers economies a common set of processes and standards for the exchange of electronic messages.The authors suggest that if the air cargo supply chain is to continue to efficiently meet the needs of the consumer through reduced costs, reliability, and

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improved transit time, economies must adopt a framework based on common processes and standards rather than proprietary ones that would only add cost and complexity to the air cargo supply chain. In a globalized market, as manufacturers look to set themselves up in competitive market places, the project has a formal delivery approach from how to assess a countries legal and technical capability and willingness through to the initial implementation, delivering significant benefits for the air cargo supply chain and increasing the opportunities for increases in international trade. In Chapter 1.5, entitled “A Tour of the Ongoing Work of the World Trade Organization on Trade Facilitation:The Traders’ Perspective,” John Simpson from the Global Express Association focuses on frequently encountered trade barriers resulting from inefficient customs procedures from the traders’ perspective.The customs problems—including lack of transparency, procedural inefficiency, the absence of due process, and corruption—are well understood. Frameworks for correcting them have been constructed in both the WTO, in the form of the Doha Round’s trade facilitation negotiations; and the WCO, in the form of the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures, commonly known as the revised Kyoto Convention. Funds for nations needing assistance with customs modernization are available from several sources, chiefly the World Bank. The author discusses in detail the lack of cooperation among customs administrations on trade law compliance and supply chain security. As a consequence, they cannot fully and confidently assess risk. Simply demanding more information, as some customs administrations are doing, will place additional burdens on trade without improving risk assessment.The author suggests that political will is the primary determinant of progress on trade facilitation, and that a WTO agreement on this topic is critical and could contribute to reviving global trade, thereby contributing to a faster recovery from the present global recession. In Chapter 1.6, “Obstacles to Trade from the Perspective of the Business Sector: A Cross-Country Comparison,” Mondher Mimouni, Carolin Averbeck, and Olga Skorobogatova from the International Trade Centre introduce some findings of a survey that assesses the business sector’s experiences with obstacles to trade. Trained local partners conducted more than 1,600 face-to-face interviews with companies to identify the diverse obstacles to trade they experience during the entire exportation process, in both the destination country and the country of origin.The survey methodology allows for the analysis of barriers, including their possible patterns across products, destination countries and regions, as well as potential bottlenecks at the national level.This chapter assess data obtained from five selected

countries from those covered in the survey: namely, Chile, the Philippines,Thailand,Tunisia, and Uganda. The analysis of the survey data suggests that trade barriers vary considerably across countries, sectors, and trading partners. Many obstacles to trade are concentrated on specific sectors and are more prevalent in intraregional trade. Interestingly, the goods affected often enjoy preferential tariff treatment by the destination country. At the same time, obstacles to trade can be associated with a lack of infrastructure and efficient procedures in the country of origin. Sam Sidiqi and Fouad Alame from Agility, the authors of Chapter 1.7, “Enabling Trade: Relationship to Clusters and Setting an Openness Agenda,” consider ways that government and business sectors can use the ETI to facilitate the implementation of trade enablement more effectively. Governments have limitations of both monetary and political capital, which requires that they choose which reforms and advances they can feasibly make, given their constraints. An important area to be explored is how government can make the most strategic decisions to enable trade most effectively.The authors discuss two frameworks linked to the ETI that can allow a policymaker to make more informed decisions about where and how to focus implementation efforts. They first look at theories of clusters and explore the relationship between ETI and cluster development.With this link and a closer look at the pillars of the Index, they describe how one can derive recommendations about where to prioritize focus based on the performance across different elements of an economy’s ETI results. Next, the authors put forward a simple heuristic framework that could help an official to decide what would be the best strategy when driving the enabling trade agenda in his or her country. In Chapter 1.8, “Implementing Trade Facilitation,” Jean-François Arvis, Gerard McLinden, and Monica Alina Mustra from The World Bank and Lauri Ojala from Turku School of Economics discuss emerging issues and developments as well as implementation in trade facilitation.They argue that reducing the cost of trading across borders is essential to the development of trade and the competitiveness of developing economies. The importance of trade facilitation and logistics for development has taken center stage in the last two years through an increased demand for initiatives, projects, and assistance in low- and middle-income economies. This implementation agenda is boosted by a number of tools and initiatives promoted by a number of international organizations.The focus areas and the needs for investment and reform have also been changing substantially.While the need for trade-related infrastructure and core reforms in fiscal administration remain high, the authors describe how especially in low-income countries new cross-cutting and potentially complex policy issues are emerging and have become the binding constraints.These issues include the need to upgrade

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regional facilitation and transit systems, the improvement and regulation of services, and the integration of border clearance and management. Part 2 of the Report is a comprehensive data section that contains detailed profiles for each of the 121 economies covered. It features the main trade indicators as well as the ETI results at the subindex, pillar, and individual indicator level, presented as strengths and weaknesses.Technical notes and sources, included at the end of Part 2, provide details on the characteristics and sources of the variables included in the Report. Further enabling trade across borders will not only enhance trade and boost economic growth in the longer term. In the short term, initiatives aimed at facilitating trade can also contribute to mitigating the effect of the current global crisis, as such measures reduce the transaction cost of trade and therefore partially offset the effects of the demand slump. In fact, because the payoff of most trade facilitation initiatives tends to be high, countries are well advised to use the resources available through stimulus packages to invest in facilitating the movement of goods across borders. In this context, the ETI can provide policymakers with insight on a country’s strengths and challenges to be addressed.

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Part 1 Selected Issues on Enabling Trade

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CHAPTER 1.1

Enabling Trade in the Global Crisis by ROBERT Z. LAWRENCE, Harvard University MARGARETA DRZENIEK HANOUZ, THIERRY GEIGER, and QIN HE, World Economic Forum

This Report is being written at a time when global trade is shrinking, by some estimates even more rapidly than it did at the start of the Great Depression (see Figure 1). For the most part, the decline does not reflect the impact of the institutional factors we emphasize in the Enabling Trade Index (ETI). Fortunately, thus far trade policy is not the driving factor. Global leaders have acknowledged the dangers of protectionism and, with some exceptions that we discuss later, have not responded to the crisis by imposing new barriers. Similarly, customs and other regulatory agencies are, by and large, operating in the same way as they were before the turmoil.Transportation costs are actually moderating the declines because they have dropped in response to lower fuel prices and the emergence of excess cargo capacity. Instead, the current contraction in trade primarily reflects the precipitous declines in overall economic activity brought about by the current financial predicament. When sales drop and unwanted inventories build up, trade flows plummet as orders are reduced.The global nature of the slowdown and its concentration in trade is compelling evidence of the degree to which the world economy has become integrated. Global supply chains mean that spending shortfalls in one country reverberate in many others. In addition, the crisis has had a particularly adverse impact on trade financing. Trade finance is often required to bridge the time between production, shipment, and payment. But, unfortunately, a by-product of the financial crisis has been a reduction in the availability of such finance and an increase in the premiums charged. Chapter 1.2 in this Report discusses these challenges in more detail. The current slump may not be a reflection of trade policies, but there remain reasons for concern about the direction policies may take in the future.The world economy has become highly interdependent and the current challenge is to ensure not only that countries refrain from pulling each other down further by restraining trade, but that they help recovery by buying from each other. Countries are not equally able to stimulate their own economies. Developing countries are especially vulner-able. Some have weak fiscal positions and cannot stabilize their economies through tax cuts or increased government spending. Others have high propensities to import, so that domestic demand stimulus leaks out into the rest of the world.These countries are especially dependent on a strong world economy in order to prosper. Historians debate whether the US Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act passed in 1930 and the retaliation these tariffs triggered actually caused the Great Depression, but there is no doubt that they reduced world trade, made the recession deeper, and left a legacy of high barriers that took decades to remove. For example, US imports from Europe declined from a 1929 high of US$1,334 million to just US$390 million in 1932, while US exports to Europe fell from US$2,341 million in 1929 to US$784

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Figure 1: The volume of world trade: Now vs. then

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Months Source: Eichengreen and O’Rourke, 2009.

4 million in 1932. Overall, world trade declined by some 66 percent between 1929 and 1934, and it took until the 1970s for the ratio of world trade to GDP to regain the levels it had in 1929. If it persists for a long time, the current crisis could similarly engender protectionist responses that make recovery more difficult and leave the trading system with lasting damage. On the one hand, as the real economy falters, profits plunge, and unemployment rises, the demand for government assistance grows. On the other hand, the opportunities to supply that protection increase as the government becomes increasingly involved in the economy. Many countries have passed large stimulus programs. Rescue packages for banks and other financial institutions have been common.Troubled manufacturing firms have also received large subsidies. According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), for example, 12 countries have acted to help their automobile industries. They note that Brazil, France, and the United States have handed out generous loans. India has required import licenses for some products, and Argentina has set prices for importation of foreign car parts. With increased public involvement it becomes more difficult to act in a fashion that does not discriminate against foreign products and firms. It seems natural, for example, if taxpayers’ money is being spent, to try to ensure that the benefits are felt mainly locally. However, such actions hurt foreigners who depend on open markets for their livelihood.They not only steer demand to less efficient suppliers but, if they lead to retaliatory

measures abroad, they may be ineffective or even counterproductive in boosting overall economic activity. It is unlikely that in the current environment the response would take the overt form it did in the 1930s when, for example, US tariffs were raised by 47 percent. Fortunately, because of the WTO, we now have a multilateral trading system, based on the rule of law, that disciplines countries not to raise tariffs beyond agreed limits. Similarly, some regional arrangements, such as the European Union, limit the ability of members to subsidize domestic firms at the expense of others. In addition, the legacy of the 1930s has provided a better appreciation of the dangers of such behavior.The G-20 leaders have pledged that they would “not repeat the historic mistakes of protectionism of previous eras.”1 Nonetheless, the current situation poses dangers for an open trading system.These come from the potential for the adoption of protectionist measures none of which individually seem major, but whose cumulative impact could prove permanently damaging. There is considerable scope to increase protection without technically breaking WTO rules or violating international commitments. Some economies—Russia being the largest—are not WTO members and thus not bound by its rules. Other economies that are WTO members do not participate in all WTO agreements. In particular, the Agreement on Government Procurement of the WTO is a plurilateral code, in which only 12 members plus the European Union participate. In addition, the WTO rules themselves have incomplete

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coverage. Agricultural products, for example, are currently exempt from WTO prohibitions on export subsidies. Some measures that limit foreign investment are currently excluded although they have an impact on trade, and many aspects of border procedures are not subject to WTO agreements. Moreover, many developing countries have either not bound tariffs under the WTO agreement or have bound rates that are much higher than the rates they currently apply. Indeed, there are estimates that current applied tariffs could be doubled without violating obligations. Similarly, many developed countries have scope for raising their subsidies without violating the agreements.The United States, for example, is constrained not to exceed US$19 billion in trade-distorting agricultural subsidies, yet in 2007, it reported spending only US$12 billion. Finally,WTO rules allow administered protection through anti-dumping measures that are tilted in favor of domestic industries. In November 2008 and again in April 2009, the G-20 countries did make pledges not to take additional protectionist measures.Yet reports issued by the World Bank and the WTO have uncovered troubling developments.2 The World Bank found that despite the pledge, as of Spring 2009, 17 of the 20 G-20 countries had actually taken actions that inhibit trade. Most of these may not have violated the letter of international trade law, but they do all constrain trade. In developed countries, protection has taken the form of increased subsidies or discriminatory spending. Indeed, in some cases this occurs automatically as a result of agricultural policies that target farm incomes. In developing countries, by contrast, higher tariff and non-tariff barriers have been imposed. For example: • Ten countries and the European Union have raised tariffs on imported steel. • Russia has sought to protect its domestic auto industry by banning imports of used cars. • In its stimulus package, the US Congress passed a “buy America” provision that called for the use of US domestic goods and services unless such spending violated US international legal obligations. Since these are mainly obligations under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement, this means the United States can still discriminate against products from non-signatories such as China and India. • The European Union announced new export subsidies on butter, cheese, and milk powder. As the rules now stand, these subsidies are again legally permitted, even though such actions would eventually be prohibited if the Doha Round were to be concluded.

Several countries have also suddenly discovered new reasons for regulatory measures that happen to prevent or limit imports. For a month, the World Bank reports, India invoked safety concerns and banned imports of Chinese toys. China claimed that food safety concerns necessitated bans on Irish pork. Indonesia required that imports of certain products (garments, footwear, toys, electronics, food and beverages) be channeled only through five ports and airports. Argentina imposed nonautomatic licensing requirements on auto parts, textiles, TVs, toys, shoes, and leather goods. In 2008, globally there has also been a 25 percent increase in anti-dumping cases because it becomes easier to prove that foreign firms are selling below costs in depressed markets.3 To be sure, the picture is not all bleak.There are also cases where stimulus programs explicitly prohibit discrimination (as in Germany) or have been applied in a way that stimulates demand for both domestic and foreign products.There are also cases where protectionist proposals have been rejected. Officials in Brazil, for example, dropped plans to implement an old-style import licensing program in response to resistance from the private sector.The WTO has also praised some nations for explicitly promoting trade. Argentina has eliminated export taxes on 35 dairy products. Brazil has expanded a program to give loans to exporters. China has scrapped import tariffs on steel plates.The Philippines has cut tariffs on wheat and cement.The G-20 has acknowledged the trade finance problem and agreed to provide US$250 billion in financing through export credit and investment agencies and the multilateral development banks.4 The concern of this report is not only about trade policy, however.The Enabling Trade Index reflects the view that trade depends on far more than trade policy, as the term is usually defined.To be sure, the policies setting tariffs, other border barriers, and the rules of trade all play an important role, but many other factors affect whether goods and services will be traded. As described in last year’s report, there is compelling evidence that a multiplicity of factors raises the transaction costs and time associated with trading across borders. In an effort to capture these factors, the ETI measures not only trade policy but also the efficacy of customs, the quality of infrastructure and telecommunications, and the impact of the regulatory and security environment. Given the key role infrastructure plays in trade, it is troubling that in the current environment there is mounting evidence that many transportation, telecommunications, and other infrastructure projects are being cancelled or postponed. In developing countries, many of these projects are financed through public-private partnerships led by banks and/or investment banks, but the weakened state of these institutions is taking its toll on these arrangements.

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Policy priorities There is a need for both defensive measures to avoid protectionism and offensive actions to promote trade. The G-20 have not only pledged to try to avoid protectionism but, aware they may not always succeed, also agreed to report any actions they do take. In addition, they have encouraged the issuance of reports such as those by the World Bank and the WTO that “name and shame.” Domestic advocates for protection need to be aware that such actions will be met with retaliation. Members of the WTO and other agreements can help by bringing actions against violations by their trading partners. A recent effective example was Mexico’s retaliation when the United States failed to honor its NAFTA commitments on trucking. WTO rules do allow countries to raise barriers when trade is a substantial source of injury.The safeguard provisions of the WTO should be the mechanism countries use for granting protection when it is unavoidable.This would help to impose disciplines on the use of protection and to ensure that it is temporary. The current crisis also offers opportunities.Thus far, action to complete the Doha Round has been waiting. Yet the reasons for completing it have become more compelling.There are now real dangers that countries will use the leeway they have to raise tariffs and increase subsidies.This discretion would be limited in a new agreement. No other action would be as effective in signaling a global commitment to maintaining an interdependent open system. Implementation of tariff cuts would also be stimulatory. As we described in last year’s report, the negotiations have made considerable progress with respect to agreements on trade facilitation. Passage would therefore contribute to the measures we would like to encourage through our Index. A second set of opportunities is presented by adopting countercyclical policies that are directed to improving infrastructure—bridges, roads, and telecommunications—in a manner that can facilitate trade over the long run. In developed countries where finance is not a constraint, the challenge is ensuring that the money is efficiently targeted to this objective. In developing countries, the challenge is not only meeting this requirement, but also obtaining the requisite finance. In this regard, multilateral and bilateral assistance has a crucial role to play. Finally, and perhaps most significantly, there is an intellectual battle to be fought.We should not fail to learn the lessons both of the Great Depression, which pointed to the dangers of protectionism, and also of the widespread prosperity, particularly in developing countries, that was associated with the expansion of international trade that took place between 2000 and 2008.The global financial crisis certainly exposed weaknesses in the monetary system, but they should not be used a pretext for challenging the trading system.

Trade provides potential gains for countries to obtain higher prices for their exports and to buy their imports for lower costs than they would incur if produced domestically. It provides increased variety and choice, offers opportunities to reap economies of scale, diffuses technological know-how, and spurs competition. To reap these gains, however, countries have to open their markets to foreign goods and firms.They also have to invest in private (e.g., plant, equipment) and public facilities (e.g., infrastructure) that can service foreign producers.Thus trade also requires countries to give up some autonomy, to depend on others, and thus to expose themselves to potential instability in foreign markets. There is a danger that if the current global downturn persists, countries could decide that the potential rewards are not worth the risks.They could seek to become more self-reliant.This would be extremely unfortunate. History shows us that although inwardlooking policies may lead to temporary growth, they are not compatible with sustained long-run prosperity. Moreover, when some countries take this course, they reduce the opportunities for others. It is imperative that we avoid such a cumulative downward spiral and instead build an interdependent global system that allows all nations to fulfill their potential.The financial crisis points to the need for strong regulatory and policing institutions to ensure that markets work, but it should not be interpreted to mean that markets should be abandoned.

The Enabling Trade Index The ETI was developed within the context of the World Economic Forum’s Industry Partnership Programme for the logistics and transport sector and was first published in The Global Enabling Trade Report 2008. A number of Data Partners have collaborated in this endeavor: the Global Express Association (GEA), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Trade Centre (ITC), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), The World Bank, the World Customs Organization (WCO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO).We have also received important feedback from companies that are industry partners in the effort, namely Agility, Deutsche Post DHL, DP World, FedEx Corporation, GeoPost Intercontinental, Stena,TNT N.V.,Transnet, and UPS. The ETI measures the countries’ institutions, policies, and services facilitating the free flow of goods over borders and to destination.5 The structure of the Index mirrors the main enablers of trade, breaking them into four overall issue areas, or subindexes: (1) market access, (2) border administration, (3) transport and communications infrastructure, and (4) the business environment.The first subindex measures the extent to which the policy

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framework of the country welcomes foreign goods into the country and enables access to foreign markets for the country’s exporters.The second subindex assesses the extent to which the administration at the border facilitates the entry and exit of goods.The third subindex takes into account whether the country has in place the transport and communications infrastructure necessary to facilitate the movement of goods within the country and across the border. Finally, the fourth subindex looks at the quality of governance, as well as at the overarching regulatory and security environment impacting the business of importers and exporters active in the country. Each of these four subindexes is composed in turn of a number of pillars of enabling trade, of which there are nine in all.These are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Domestic and foreign market access Efficiency of customs administration Efficiency of import-export procedures Transparency of border administration Availability and quality of transport infrastructure Availability and quality of transport services Availability and use of ICTs Regulatory environment Physical security

The domestic and foreign market access pillar measures the level of protection of a country’s markets, the quality of its trade regime, and the level of protection that a country’s exporters face in their target markets. The measures taken into account include tariffs and non-tariff measures imposed by a country on imported goods, but also the share of goods imported duty-free, variance of tariffs, frequency of tariff peaks, number of distinct tariffs, and the like. Protection in foreign markets is captured by tariffs faced, but also by the negotiated margin of preference in target markets.6 The efficiency of customs administration pillar measures the efficiency of customs procedures as perceived by the private sector, as well as the extent of services provided by customs authorities and related agencies. Chapters 1.3 and 1.5 in this Report discuss topics related to customs administration in detail. The efficiency of import-export procedures pillar extends the analysis beyond customs administration and assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of clearance process by customs as well as related border control agencies, the number of days and documents required to import and export goods, and the total official cost associated with importing as well as exporting, excluding tariffs and trade taxes. Chapter 1.4 provides an example of how an automated process can improve the coordination and data flow among the different agencies involved in border clearance.

Given the significant hindrance that corruption can provide in trade, the transparency of border administration pillar assesses the pervasiveness of undocumented extra payments or bribes connected with imports and exports, as well as the overall perceived degree of corruption in each country. The availability and quality of transport infrastructure pillar measures the state of transport infrastructure across all modes of transport in each country, as demonstrated by the density of airports, the percentage of paved roads, and the extent to which they are congested, as well as the transshipment connections available to shippers from each country. Also captured is the quality of all types of transport infrastructure, including air, rail, roads and ports.7 The availability and quality of transport services pillar complements the assessment of infrastructure by taking into account the amount and the quality of services available for shipment, including the quantity of services provided by liner companies, the ability to track and trace international shipments, the timeliness of shipments in reaching destinations, general postal efficiency, and the overall competence of the local logistics industry (e.g., transport operators, customs brokers).The pillar also takes into account the degree of openness of the transport-related sectors as measured by countries’ commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Given the increasing importance of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for the management of shipments, as well as the central role these technologies play in facilitating customs clearance, the availability and use of ICTs pillar includes the penetration rates of these tools, such as mobile phones, Internet, and broadband, in each country.We add a measure of the perceived readiness to adopt new technologies by business. The regulatory environment pillar captures the extent to which the country’s regulatory environment is conducive to trade. Included are indicators that capture the general quality of governance, but also the openness to foreign participation, which includes the ease of hiring foreign labor in the country (important for companies moving goods across borders), the extent to which the policy environment encourages foreign direct investment (FDI), and the restrictiveness of capital controls. The security environment is of great importance for ensuring the delivery of goods to destination without major frictions. In this context, the physical security pillar specifically gauges the level of violence (both in terms of general crime and violence as well as the threat of terrorism), as well as the reliability of the police services in protecting businesses from criminals. Each of these pillars is made up of a number of individual variables.The dataset includes both hard data and survey data from the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (Survey).The hard data were

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Figure 2: Composition of the four subindexes of the ETI

Transport and communications infrastructure

Border administration

Domestic and foreign market access

Efficiency of customs administration

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure

Efficiency of importexport procedures

Availability and quality of transport services

Transparency of border administration

Availability and use of ICTs

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obtained from publicly available sources and international organizations active in the area of trade (for example, the World Bank, the ITC, UNCTAD, the ITU, and IATA).The Survey is carried out annually by the World Economic Forum among CEOs and top business leaders in all economies covered by our research. It captures their views on the business environment and provides unique data on many qualitative aspects of the broader business environment, including a number of specific issues related to trade. For detailed descriptions of all the indicators included, please see “Technical Notes and Sources” at the end of this Report. The nine pillars are regrouped into the four subindexes described above,8 as shown in Figure 2, and the overall score for each country is derived as an unweighted average of the subindexes.The details of the composition of the ETI are shown in Appendix A. One way to validate the ETI is to test whether the rating of a country in the ETI is correlated with its trade performance. Such a test can be carried out using regression analysis.The model of choice is the gravity equation of trade, which models bilateral trade flows (the dependent variable) between two countries as a function of their economic size, the geographical distance between them, and other attributes, which typically include the existence of a common currency, a common language, or colonial ties. In order to test the explanatory power of the ETI, we added the ETI

score as an additional variable.The details of the analysis and technical considerations of this empirical study are summarized in Appendix B. The results of the regression analysis show, first, that the ETI has notable explanatory power with respect to a country’s trade performance. Moreover, it allows us to quantify the effects of improvements in the ETI score on a country’s trade performance. In fact, a 1 percent increase in the ETI score in the exporting country is associated with an increase of 1.7 percent in its exports, holding everything else constant (in technical terms, the elasticity of export flows with respect to the exporting country’s ETI score equals 1.7).The elasticity with respect to the importing country’s score is even higher: the model predicts that a 1 percent improvement in the ETI score would lead to a 2.3 percent rise in imports. Taken together, these two effects predict that a 1 percent increase in the average ETI score of any given country pair would be associated with a 4 percent increase in bilateral trade, all else being equal.The significance of this result is underscored by the gap that separates the best and worst performers in the ETI rankings. At 6.0, top-ranked Singapore’s score is more than double—116 percent more, to be precise—that of Chad (2.8).

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Changes to the Index methodology Since the 2008 edition of The Global Enabling Trade Report, the ETI has undergone some changes that reflect the experience of using and interpreting the Index results, as well as feedback received from experts, project partners, and users.The single most important change concerns the explicit introduction of the export dimension into the Index.This is reflected in the new structure of the market access subindex, which now contains one revised pillar that captures access to domestic markets, but also to foreign ones. Indicators capturing the efficiency of export procedures were also added into the efficiency of import and export procedures pillar. Furthermore, measures of the complexity of the tariff structure were also included in the domestic and foreign market access pillar to provide for a more nuanced analysis.The regulatory environment pillar was enriched by indicators measuring aspects of general governance and regulation as far as they are relevant to trade, such as protection of property rights, extent of undue influence and corruption, efficiency of government operations, and intensity of domestic competition. As data on the openness of bilateral Air Service

Agreements have not been updated recently, an indicator assessing the level of commitments under GATS as far as it pertains to the transportation of goods has been included to proxy a country’s openness to foreign participation in this sector.

The Enabling Trade Index 2009 rankings and country coverage The coverage of this year’s Global Enabling Trade Report was increased to 121 economies. Four new countries have been added to the study: Côte d’Ivoire,The Gambia, Ghana, and Malawi. On the other hand, one country covered last year, Uzbekistan, could not be assessed in this edition because of absence of Survey data.The rankings of the 121 economies included are shown in Tables 1 through 5, including the overall ETI as well as the results on the four subindexes and the individual pillars. Box 1 analyzes the ETI findings by countries’ stages of development.

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Two Asian economies, Singapore and Hong Kong, take up the top two positions in the ETI ranking.The results mirror the openness of these countries to international 9

Box 1: ETI findings by stages of development High-income countries tend to do better with respect to enabling trade in the Enabling Trade Index (ETI) than low-income countries. As Figure 1 in this box shows, the ETI results are strongly correlated with levels of per capita income. A further analysis allows us to draw conclusions about the performance of specific countries in relation to their income and about priorities for action at different income levels. For this purpose we group the ETI results by the country’s level of development as described in The Global Competitiveness Report.1 As the figure illustrates, countries at higher levels of development tend to perform better on the ETI, although some cases stand out. For example, Moldova performs very well given its level of development. As a small country, Moldova imposes low barriers on access to its domestic markets, but the country has also successfully negotiated access to key markets abroad through preferential agreements with the European Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States, which account for over 80 percent of exports. Equally, Jordan and Tunisia, along with the well-known trade liberalizers Chile, Hong Kong, and Singapore, perform better than expected, given their level of income. For most of these countries, openness to international trade has brought many advantages and ensured high growth rates. On the other hand, a few countries clearly lag behind. Algeria, the Russian Federation, and Venezuela, as well as Kuwait and Qatar, perform below expectations.

Interestingly, many of the underperformers are resourceexporting countries, which possess resources for investment, for example in trade-related infrastructure, and could draw significant benefits from more intense trade. These benefits include welfare gains through reduced prices of import products and more intense competition in domestic markets, but they also include diversification of the economy, which could help decouple their economic performance from fluctuations in commodity prices. Taking the analysis one level further allows us to identify areas where low-income countries consistently show weaknesses and where development assistance could make a difference. Figure 2 shows the performance of countries at the initial stage of development across the nine pillars of the ETI. Most of the poorest countries’ scores cluster on the lower end in pillar 7, which assesses the penetration and usage of latest technologies, in particular ICTs; the most-developed countries (stage 3) perform significantly better in this category. This large divide between low- and high-income countries indicates that the lack of access to the latest technologies constitutes an important bottleneck to enabling trade in developing countries and emerging markets.2 Other areas that stand out because of a large difference in performance between countries in the lowest stage of development and the other two groups are the quality of transport infrastructure (pillar 5) and the lack of transparency when dealing with imports and exports (pillar 4).

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The best performers in these two categories show that it is possible for low-income countries to reach higher levels. Transparency levels in Moldova are not too far off from those found in much more prosperous Croatia, for example, and the quality of infrastructure in Sri Lanka suits the needs of the business sector better than it does in Poland or Israel. In some countries, low efficiency of import and export procedures (pillar 3) constitutes an important bottleneck. Two Central Asian countries, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, are the weakest performers in this category; a number of African countries, including Burundi, Chad, and Zimbabwe also underperform. Reform of border administration aiming at a reduction of administrative costs and delays during the clearance process would contribute to realizing the potential of international trade in these regions. As Egypt, the best performer in this pillar, demonstrates, progress can be achieved if commitment to reducing the administrative burden is strong. On a positive note, the ETI results show that some aspects in developing countries already contribute to enabling trade. In most of the countries the lack of physical security is not considered a significant barrier; many economies, such as Bolivia and Madagascar, have made great strides at liberalizing their trade regimes and providing exporters with access to markets abroad. In this sense, the results of the ETI provide support for the growing focus on trade facilitation observed over

recent decades in the activities of a number of international organizations. This is particularly important in light of the current Doha Development Agenda negotiations, which aim at helping developing countries benefit from global trade. While the negotiations focus on enabling access to foreign markets, recent research has shown that other barriers to trade are at least as important for developing countries. These can be related to inappropriate transport and ICT infrastructure; timeconsuming, costly, or non-transparent border procedures; or shortcomings in the country’s institutional framework. Addressing some of these issues is currently in the focus of bilateral and multilateral donors under large-scale programs such as the Trade Facilitation Facility of the World Bank, or Aid for Trade. The ETI not only confirms that significant differences in performance exist depending on income, but it also highlights some areas where investment, technical assistance, and capacity building could help improve trade performance.

Notes 1 The Global Competitiveness Index takes into account three stages of development: the factor-driven stage, the efficiency-driven stage, and the innovation-driven stage. Countries in transition have been attributed to the next higher stage. See Sala-i-Martin et al. 2008. 2 The ETI does not, however, make it possible to pronounce on the relative importance of the different pillars for countries’ trade performance.

Figure 1: Enabling Trade Index results vs. GDP per capita 7

Singapore

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New Zealand

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Chile

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Box 1: ETI findings by stages of development (cont’d.)

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Kuwait India Russian Federation

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Algeria Venezuela

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Box 1: ETI findings by stages of development (cont’d.)

Figure 2: Performance of factor-driven economies (stage 1) by ETI pillar

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ETI score (1 to 7 scale)

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1 Pillar 1

Pillar 2

Pillar 3

Pillar 4

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Figure 3: Performance of efficiency-driven economies (stage 2) by ETI pillar

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Table 1: The Enabling Trade Index 2009 SUBINDEXES OVERALL INDEX Country/Economy

Singapore Hong Kong SAR Switzerland Denmark Sweden Canada Norway Finland Austria Netherlands New Zealand Germany Luxembourg Australia Ireland United States France United Arab Emirates Chile United Kingdom Belgium Estonia Japan Bahrain Taiwan, China Korea, Rep. Spain Malaysia Israel Portugal Slovenia Cyprus Mauritius Oman Qatar Czech Republic Jordan Hungary Croatia Lithuania Tunisia Saudi Arabia Costa Rica Latvia Italy Slovak Republic Greece Turkey China Thailand Uruguay Moldova Panama Romania Morocco El Salvador Poland Guatemala Kuwait Namibia South Africa Indonesia Albania Armenia Peru

Market access

Border administration

Transport and communications infrastructure

Business environment

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65

5.97 5.57 5.44 5.44 5.44 5.35 5.33 5.33 5.29 5.27 5.27 5.24 5.12 5.07 5.02 5.02 5.02 4.97 4.96 4.93 4.92 4.84 4.78 4.76 4.75 4.73 4.72 4.70 4.66 4.63 4.61 4.56 4.54 4.52 4.50 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.36 4.36 4.36 4.36 4.36 4.33 4.30 4.30 4.30 4.19 4.19 4.18 4.18 4.15 4.06 4.05 4.01 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.96 3.93 3.92 3.82 3.82 3.81 3.81

2 20 38 86 88 13 21 78 84 87 39 90 58 97 96 49 89 65 3 79 80 71 115 26 99 106 75 32 35 63 82 74 10 23 102 94 61 81 28 60 70 40 5 73 66 93 59 14 103 98 22 6 54 72 51 1 77 8 76 33 92 53 30 42 25

5.63 4.75 4.48 3.81 3.81 4.96 4.72 3.84 3.81 3.81 4.39 3.79 4.00 3.72 3.73 4.16 3.81 3.95 5.58 3.84 3.82 3.91 3.10 4.65 3.70 3.47 3.86 4.60 4.54 3.96 3.82 3.88 4.99 4.69 3.62 3.76 3.97 3.82 4.63 3.97 3.91 4.39 5.44 3.90 3.94 3.77 3.98 4.93 3.60 3.72 4.71 5.38 4.06 3.90 4.09 5.64 3.85 5.08 3.86 4.60 3.78 4.07 4.63 4.25 4.65

1 7 10 3 2 12 18 9 6 4 5 11 24 17 8 15 19 20 21 14 29 16 13 25 27 22 28 33 23 35 26 47 37 49 34 30 36 31 52 42 32 38 46 39 48 40 57 56 43 41 53 72 50 44 51 61 45 55 78 79 54 66 60 87 59

6.49 5.89 5.80 6.31 6.41 5.64 5.47 5.80 5.92 6.04 5.95 5.65 5.19 5.54 5.82 5.58 5.46 5.34 5.31 5.62 5.02 5.58 5.63 5.17 5.15 5.28 5.07 4.66 5.25 4.63 5.16 4.31 4.62 4.23 4.63 4.92 4.62 4.69 4.16 4.46 4.67 4.61 4.31 4.60 4.25 4.52 3.99 4.05 4.43 4.48 4.15 3.59 4.22 4.39 4.21 3.90 4.37 4.07 3.52 3.47 4.12 3.75 3.91 3.25 3.93

3 5 9 8 4 17 20 16 6 2 22 1 13 14 23 10 7 24 43 11 12 27 15 41 19 21 18 29 32 26 31 28 55 45 42 35 52 34 37 36 59 47 70 39 25 33 30 49 38 40 78 58 44 51 65 91 46 72 54 75 50 79 94 61 89

5.64 5.57 5.49 5.50 5.63 5.27 5.11 5.37 5.55 5.64 4.97 5.77 5.41 5.39 4.94 5.48 5.54 4.91 3.87 5.47 5.45 4.64 5.38 4.07 5.12 4.99 5.13 4.59 4.37 4.74 4.55 4.60 3.55 3.74 4.04 4.32 3.61 4.34 4.18 4.28 3.46 3.70 3.24 4.09 4.75 4.36 4.58 3.65 4.16 4.07 3.09 3.46 3.75 3.62 3.36 2.90 3.71 3.22 3.55 3.16 3.62 3.04 2.82 3.42 2.94

3 4 6 2 7 17 5 1 8 15 11 10 9 14 16 36 23 13 29 39 20 24 31 27 30 26 38 33 56 25 35 18 32 19 12 50 22 45 55 41 21 42 58 43 66 51 47 75 49 59 40 73 71 65 63 104 80 109 34 54 76 60 83 64 95

6.13 6.08 6.01 6.15 5.90 5.52 6.02 6.29 5.89 5.59 5.75 5.75 5.89 5.62 5.59 4.85 5.26 5.68 5.09 4.81 5.40 5.25 5.02 5.14 5.03 5.16 4.82 4.96 4.46 5.21 4.89 5.45 5.00 5.43 5.70 4.58 5.36 4.70 4.49 4.75 5.40 4.73 4.44 4.72 4.27 4.56 4.65 4.15 4.58 4.44 4.76 4.16 4.21 4.28 4.38 3.58 3.99 3.50 4.90 4.51 4.14 4.43 3.91 4.33 3.70

(Cont’d.)

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Table 1: The Enabling Trade Index 2009 (cont’d.) SUBINDEXES OVERALL INDEX Country/Economy

Honduras Gambia, The Macedonia, FYR Malawi Azerbaijan Ukraine Bulgaria Madagascar Mexico Egypt India Nicaragua Sri Lanka Jamaica Zambia Dominican Republic Philippines Senegal Colombia Uganda Ghana Brazil Bolivia Vietnam Lesotho Cambodia Tanzania Kazakhstan Mozambique Ethiopia Benin Argentina Kenya Mali Pakistan Kyrgyz Republic Bosnia and Herzegovina Ecuador Burkina Faso Paraguay Cameroon Mauritania Syria Russian Federation Nepal Bangladesh Algeria Mongolia Tajikistan Guyana Burundi Nigeria Zimbabwe Venezuela Côte d’Ivoire Chad

Market access

Border administration

Transport and communications infrastructure

Business environment

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.80 3.78 3.78 3.77 3.77 3.76 3.76 3.75 3.74 3.72 3.72 3.71 3.70 3.70 3.64 3.64 3.62 3.62 3.61 3.60 3.60 3.58 3.55 3.54 3.51 3.50 3.50 3.49 3.49 3.48 3.47 3.46 3.45 3.44 3.43 3.43 3.42 3.41 3.41 3.39 3.35 3.31 3.30 3.29 3.22 3.20 3.18 3.17 3.14 3.13 2.99 2.97 2.91 2.84 2.78 2.77

16 108 62 12 52 24 55 4 43 117 116 15 64 85 19 69 56 109 48 9 67 100 11 112 7 27 41 45 17 91 47 95 34 37 111 18 107 36 46 31 83 44 121 113 29 57 118 110 104 114 68 120 101 105 119 50

4.87 3.37 3.97 4.97 4.07 4.68 4.02 5.45 4.25 3.05 3.06 4.91 3.95 3.81 4.76 3.91 4.02 3.36 4.16 5.06 3.94 3.67 4.98 3.24 5.25 4.65 4.33 4.20 4.84 3.79 4.17 3.75 4.59 4.51 3.26 4.77 3.41 4.53 4.20 4.62 3.82 4.24 2.25 3.16 4.63 4.01 2.76 3.36 3.57 3.13 3.92 2.72 3.67 3.48 2.74 4.16

82 70 71 97 103 95 69 86 62 65 58 83 67 73 102 64 68 76 74 99 80 77 75 85 105 98 92 119 90 89 101 84 108 111 63 116 81 107 112 93 96 110 91 106 113 104 88 109 118 94 114 100 117 120 115 121

3.42 3.63 3.60 3.06 2.91 3.07 3.64 3.26 3.87 3.78 3.94 3.38 3.75 3.59 2.96 3.80 3.72 3.54 3.55 2.99 3.45 3.53 3.55 3.28 2.84 3.00 3.17 2.27 3.21 3.22 2.97 3.35 2.77 2.64 3.85 2.46 3.44 2.80 2.64 3.16 3.07 2.67 3.17 2.82 2.58 2.88 3.24 2.71 2.40 3.14 2.57 2.98 2.42 2.25 2.55 2.00

82 84 57 112 62 60 48 115 74 66 64 105 69 53 111 73 77 81 76 98 102 68 106 71 118 109 119 63 117 96 99 67 93 113 80 86 85 87 101 103 104 110 88 56 107 108 90 95 116 92 120 100 114 83 97 121

3.01 3.00 3.46 2.44 3.40 3.43 3.68 2.37 3.20 3.35 3.36 2.54 3.29 3.56 2.45 3.20 3.09 3.01 3.13 2.61 2.56 3.33 2.53 3.24 2.33 2.50 2.25 3.39 2.36 2.71 2.60 3.33 2.88 2.40 3.04 2.98 2.98 2.97 2.58 2.56 2.55 2.47 2.96 3.49 2.51 2.50 2.90 2.82 2.37 2.90 2.16 2.60 2.38 3.01 2.70 1.96

84 28 78 48 46 85 97 82 98 44 53 79 90 89 62 99 100 52 103 94 57 93 118 61 101 87 67 77 107 72 74 111 105 68 102 108 86 112 69 115 81 88 37 96 117 110 92 91 70 113 114 106 116 121 119 120

3.91 5.13 4.09 4.60 4.68 3.87 3.68 3.93 3.67 4.71 4.51 4.01 3.82 3.83 4.39 3.64 3.63 4.55 3.58 3.76 4.44 3.79 3.16 4.40 3.63 3.85 4.24 4.10 3.56 4.20 4.16 3.42 3.58 4.23 3.58 3.53 3.87 3.36 4.22 3.22 3.97 3.84 4.83 3.70 3.17 3.42 3.81 3.81 4.22 3.34 3.30 3.57 3.17 2.61 3.15 2.96

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Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Market access PILLARS MARKET ACCESS Country/Economy

El Salvador Singapore Chile Madagascar Costa Rica Moldova Lesotho Guatemala Uganda Mauritius Bolivia Malawi Canada Turkey Nicaragua Honduras Mozambique Kyrgyz Republic Zambia Hong Kong SAR Norway Uruguay Oman Ukraine Peru Bahrain Cambodia Croatia Nepal Albania Paraguay Malaysia Namibia Kenya Israel Ecuador Mali Switzerland New Zealand Saudi Arabia Tanzania Armenia Mexico Mauritania Kazakhstan Burkina Faso Benin Colombia United States Chad Morocco Azerbaijan Indonesia Panama Bulgaria Philippines Bangladesh Luxembourg Greece Lithuania Jordan Macedonia, FYR Portugal Sri Lanka United Arab Emirates Italy Ghana

1. Domestic and foreign market access

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

5.64 5.63 5.58 5.45 5.44 5.38 5.25 5.08 5.06 4.99 4.98 4.97 4.96 4.93 4.91 4.87 4.84 4.77 4.76 4.75 4.72 4.71 4.69 4.68 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.62 4.60 4.60 4.59 4.54 4.53 4.51 4.48 4.39 4.39 4.33 4.25 4.25 4.24 4.20 4.20 4.17 4.16 4.16 4.16 4.09 4.07 4.07 4.06 4.02 4.02 4.01 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.96 3.95 3.95 3.94 3.94

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

5.64 5.63 5.58 5.45 5.44 5.38 5.25 5.08 5.06 4.99 4.98 4.97 4.96 4.93 4.91 4.87 4.84 4.77 4.76 4.75 4.72 4.71 4.69 4.68 4.65 4.65 4.65 4.63 4.63 4.63 4.62 4.60 4.60 4.59 4.54 4.53 4.51 4.48 4.39 4.39 4.33 4.25 4.25 4.24 4.20 4.20 4.17 4.16 4.16 4.16 4.09 4.07 4.07 4.06 4.02 4.02 4.01 4.00 3.98 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.96 3.95 3.95 3.94 3.94

(Cont’d.)

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Table 2: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Market access (cont’d.) PILLARS MARKET ACCESS Country/Economy

Burundi Dominican Republic Tunisia Estonia Romania Latvia Cyprus Spain Kuwait Poland Finland United Kingdom Belgium Hungary Slovenia Cameroon Austria Jamaica Denmark Netherlands Sweden France Germany Ethiopia South Africa Slovak Republic Czech Republic Argentina Ireland Australia Thailand Taiwan, China Brazil Zimbabwe Qatar China Tajikistan Venezuela Korea, Rep. Bosnia and Herzegovina Gambia, The Senegal Mongolia Pakistan Vietnam Russian Federation Guyana Japan India Egypt Algeria Côte d’Ivoire Nigeria Syria

1. Domestic and foreign market access

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.92 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.90 3.90 3.88 3.86 3.86 3.85 3.84 3.84 3.82 3.82 3.82 3.82 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.79 3.79 3.78 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.73 3.72 3.72 3.70 3.67 3.67 3.62 3.60 3.57 3.48 3.47 3.41 3.37 3.36 3.36 3.26 3.24 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.06 3.05 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.25

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.92 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.90 3.90 3.88 3.86 3.86 3.85 3.84 3.84 3.82 3.82 3.82 3.82 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.81 3.79 3.79 3.78 3.77 3.76 3.75 3.73 3.72 3.72 3.70 3.67 3.67 3.62 3.60 3.57 3.48 3.47 3.41 3.37 3.36 3.36 3.26 3.24 3.16 3.13 3.10 3.06 3.05 2.76 2.74 2.72 2.25

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Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Border administration PILLARS BORDER ADMINISTRATION Country/Economy

Singapore Sweden Denmark Netherlands New Zealand Austria Hong Kong SAR Ireland Finland Switzerland Germany Canada Japan United Kingdom United States Estonia Australia Norway France United Arab Emirates Chile Korea, Rep. Israel Luxembourg Bahrain Slovenia Taiwan, China Spain Belgium Czech Republic Hungary Tunisia Malaysia Qatar Portugal Jordan Mauritius Saudi Arabia Latvia Slovak Republic Thailand Lithuania China Romania Poland Costa Rica Cyprus Italy Oman Panama Morocco Croatia Uruguay South Africa Guatemala Turkey Greece India Peru Albania El Salvador Mexico Pakistan Dominican Republic Egypt Indonesia

2. Efficiency of customs administration

3 Efficiency of importexport procedures

4. Transparency of border administration

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

6.49 6.41 6.31 6.04 5.95 5.92 5.89 5.82 5.80 5.80 5.65 5.64 5.63 5.62 5.58 5.58 5.54 5.47 5.46 5.34 5.31 5.28 5.25 5.19 5.17 5.16 5.15 5.07 5.02 4.92 4.69 4.67 4.66 4.63 4.63 4.62 4.62 4.61 4.60 4.52 4.48 4.46 4.43 4.39 4.37 4.31 4.31 4.25 4.23 4.22 4.21 4.16 4.15 4.12 4.07 4.05 3.99 3.94 3.93 3.91 3.90 3.87 3.85 3.80 3.78 3.75

1 2 4 5 8 3 14 6 29 9 21 15 11 7 10 13 24 35 25 19 20 18 27 49 16 12 23 26 33 17 28 30 44 69 59 34 37 31 39 22 43 48 45 42 55 41 46 53 62 73 40 47 68 38 32 72 81 51 79 60 78 52 56 76 77 75

6.43 6.41 6.00 5.94 5.71 6.04 5.42 5.86 4.75 5.70 5.17 5.39 5.52 5.75 5.66 5.44 5.14 4.35 5.11 5.19 5.19 5.27 5.04 3.98 5.31 5.46 5.15 5.06 4.38 5.28 4.90 4.49 4.17 3.42 3.66 4.35 4.30 4.46 4.27 5.17 4.19 4.03 4.15 4.22 3.73 4.23 4.15 3.79 3.56 3.27 4.24 4.14 3.42 4.29 4.40 3.29 3.02 3.83 3.12 3.63 3.12 3.80 3.73 3.18 3.17 3.18

1 4 2 9 20 18 3 15 5 26 8 28 19 21 16 7 32 6 10 14 40 13 17 24 23 59 27 41 34 44 53 39 22 43 31 54 35 25 33 80 11 29 30 45 36 65 98 47 74 12 56 68 87 94 85 46 51 62 61 64 52 78 57 42 38 37

6.46 6.21 6.33 5.94 5.58 5.72 6.26 5.74 6.16 5.36 5.97 5.34 5.71 5.56 5.73 6.03 5.27 6.09 5.92 5.78 5.17 5.80 5.73 5.48 5.50 4.73 5.35 5.14 5.24 5.12 4.85 5.18 5.51 5.13 5.28 4.81 5.23 5.45 5.25 4.26 5.85 5.29 5.28 5.05 5.20 4.62 3.66 4.98 4.31 5.85 4.77 4.52 4.10 3.85 4.11 4.98 4.88 4.67 4.68 4.65 4.87 4.27 4.76 5.13 5.18 5.18

4 1 2 7 3 11 12 14 5 6 15 9 16 18 21 24 8 13 22 26 17 33 28 10 35 23 30 27 19 36 38 37 40 20 29 34 39 51 41 44 67 48 55 54 43 46 25 50 32 63 62 56 31 42 57 53 47 70 49 66 58 64 80 77 91 94

6.57 6.61 6.59 6.22 6.57 6.00 5.98 5.84 6.50 6.33 5.81 6.17 5.66 5.53 5.36 5.27 6.20 5.97 5.35 5.06 5.58 4.79 4.99 6.11 4.69 5.28 4.93 5.00 5.43 4.35 4.32 4.35 4.31 5.36 4.95 4.69 4.32 3.94 4.28 4.12 3.41 4.06 3.85 3.88 4.17 4.10 5.12 3.99 4.83 3.53 3.62 3.82 4.92 4.23 3.71 3.89 4.07 3.32 4.00 3.44 3.70 3.53 3.06 3.11 2.97 2.89

(Cont’d.)

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Table 3: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Border administration (cont’d.) PILLARS BORDER ADMINISTRATION Country/Economy

Sri Lanka Philippines Bulgaria Gambia, The Macedonia, FYR Moldova Jamaica Colombia Bolivia Senegal Brazil Kuwait Namibia Ghana Bosnia and Herzegovina Honduras Nicaragua Argentina Vietnam Madagascar Armenia Algeria Ethiopia Mozambique Syria Tanzania Paraguay Guyana Ukraine Cameroon Malawi Cambodia Uganda Nigeria Benin Zambia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Lesotho Russian Federation Ecuador Kenya Mongolia Mauritania Mali Burkina Faso Nepal Burundi Côte d’Ivoire Kyrgyz Republic Zimbabwe Tajikistan Kazakhstan Venezuela Chad

2. Efficiency of customs administration

3 Efficiency of importexport procedures

4. Transparency of border administration

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.75 3.72 3.64 3.63 3.60 3.59 3.59 3.55 3.55 3.54 3.53 3.52 3.47 3.45 3.44 3.42 3.38 3.35 3.28 3.26 3.25 3.24 3.22 3.21 3.17 3.17 3.16 3.14 3.07 3.07 3.06 3.00 2.99 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.91 2.88 2.84 2.82 2.80 2.77 2.71 2.67 2.64 2.64 2.58 2.57 2.55 2.46 2.42 2.40 2.27 2.25 2.00

71 54 61 80 101 67 65 89 63 82 98 112 84 102 96 95 92 83 117 111 64 105 50 87 94 113 86 100 110 93 66 91 70 107 118 57 36 115 99 74 121 109 88 116 108 97 119 85 114 58 90 104 106 103 120

3.31 3.77 3.61 3.10 2.51 3.45 3.47 2.69 3.55 2.97 2.57 2.23 2.91 2.49 2.61 2.63 2.67 2.93 2.17 2.23 3.49 2.40 3.93 2.78 2.63 2.21 2.88 2.51 2.24 2.66 3.46 2.67 3.41 2.36 2.03 3.68 4.35 2.20 2.53 3.20 1.74 2.30 2.75 2.19 2.35 2.60 2.00 2.90 2.21 3.67 2.67 2.45 2.39 2.46 1.94

55 48 79 60 63 97 72 75 89 58 67 69 101 66 50 71 70 77 49 76 99 88 109 92 81 73 95 84 91 90 111 86 106 96 93 112 118 82 100 107 83 102 108 103 110 116 105 117 104 121 115 119 120 114 113

4.78 4.92 4.27 4.70 4.66 3.66 4.32 4.30 4.09 4.75 4.57 4.42 3.39 4.59 4.88 4.36 4.40 4.29 4.90 4.29 3.59 4.10 2.59 3.88 4.25 4.32 3.85 4.14 3.95 4.02 2.34 4.10 2.94 3.76 3.88 2.21 1.79 4.24 3.41 2.67 4.15 3.33 2.60 3.14 2.49 1.95 2.98 1.94 3.05 1.33 2.02 1.71 1.42 2.10 2.12

75 115 82 78 61 59 87 60 85 93 65 52 45 72 97 71 81 96 99 73 106 74 76 92 107 90 102 103 84 113 68 118 108 98 86 89 112 119 110 109 114 105 101 104 79 69 100 95 116 117 111 83 88 120 121

3.15 2.48 3.05 3.10 3.64 3.67 2.99 3.66 3.00 2.91 3.45 3.91 4.11 3.28 2.82 3.28 3.06 2.83 2.78 3.25 2.67 3.23 3.14 2.96 2.63 2.98 2.76 2.76 3.02 2.52 3.39 2.23 2.61 2.81 3.00 2.99 2.58 2.20 2.58 2.59 2.50 2.67 2.76 2.68 3.09 3.37 2.78 2.86 2.40 2.38 2.58 3.03 2.99 2.18 1.95

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Table 4: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Transport and communications infrastructure PILLARS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE Country/Economy

Germany Netherlands Singapore Sweden Hong Kong SAR Austria France Denmark Switzerland United States United Kingdom Belgium Luxembourg Australia Japan Finland Canada Spain Taiwan, China Norway Korea, Rep. New Zealand Ireland United Arab Emirates Italy Portugal Estonia Cyprus Malaysia Greece Slovenia Israel Slovak Republic Hungary Czech Republic Lithuania Croatia China Latvia Thailand Bahrain Qatar Chile Panama Oman Poland Saudi Arabia Bulgaria Turkey South Africa Romania Jordan Jamaica Kuwait Mauritius Russian Federation Macedonia, FYR Moldova Tunisia Ukraine Armenia Azerbaijan Kazakhstan India Morocco Egypt

5. Availability and quality of transport infrastructure

6. Availability and quality of transport services

7. Availability and use of ICTs

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

5.77 5.64 5.64 5.63 5.57 5.55 5.54 5.50 5.49 5.48 5.47 5.45 5.41 5.39 5.38 5.37 5.27 5.13 5.12 5.11 4.99 4.97 4.94 4.91 4.75 4.74 4.64 4.60 4.59 4.58 4.55 4.37 4.36 4.34 4.32 4.28 4.18 4.16 4.09 4.07 4.07 4.04 3.87 3.75 3.74 3.71 3.70 3.68 3.65 3.62 3.62 3.61 3.56 3.55 3.55 3.49 3.46 3.46 3.46 3.43 3.42 3.40 3.39 3.36 3.36 3.35

8 14 12 6 11 9 1 5 18 3 21 7 19 17 23 4 2 15 26 10 29 20 31 13 50 28 40 16 22 24 34 54 41 60 46 35 42 30 37 33 36 47 48 27 43 83 55 77 62 44 84 59 58 70 32 64 65 75 39 63 69 45 49 51 52 53

5.28 5.12 5.14 5.35 5.15 5.20 5.83 5.44 5.04 5.54 4.96 5.33 5.02 5.07 4.77 5.50 5.58 5.12 4.65 5.17 4.55 4.97 4.47 5.14 3.98 4.64 4.20 5.08 4.95 4.74 4.37 3.88 4.15 3.73 4.09 4.34 4.12 4.48 4.31 4.39 4.31 4.08 4.05 4.65 4.12 3.16 3.86 3.31 3.66 4.11 3.15 3.78 3.79 3.57 4.44 3.63 3.62 3.39 4.21 3.65 3.58 4.11 4.05 3.98 3.95 3.90

3 2 1 11 6 5 10 17 12 14 7 8 13 9 4 18 25 15 22 35 23 31 20 30 21 24 42 40 16 29 33 43 28 26 34 55 37 19 45 27 63 60 51 70 32 49 52 53 48 44 41 39 76 79 106 68 59 38 74 77 50 62 75 46 67 58

5.85 5.91 5.96 5.30 5.55 5.76 5.33 4.97 5.17 5.08 5.50 5.47 5.16 5.43 5.84 4.89 4.64 5.06 4.73 4.22 4.72 4.40 4.84 4.58 4.80 4.70 4.03 4.07 5.00 4.58 4.30 3.96 4.60 4.64 4.26 3.68 4.16 4.87 3.93 4.62 3.50 3.54 3.82 3.34 4.33 3.85 3.81 3.79 3.86 3.95 4.06 4.10 3.22 3.17 2.77 3.41 3.56 4.15 3.24 3.22 3.83 3.51 3.23 3.89 3.43 3.62

3 10 11 2 6 15 24 4 1 12 8 19 5 17 21 13 18 26 7 9 14 20 22 27 23 29 16 32 43 35 28 25 37 31 33 30 38 60 40 59 36 34 44 57 74 39 53 41 52 72 46 65 45 42 49 50 58 71 67 51 70 80 68 93 76 81

6.20 5.89 5.83 6.25 6.00 5.69 5.47 6.10 6.27 5.81 5.95 5.56 6.04 5.67 5.52 5.72 5.58 5.21 5.97 5.93 5.70 5.54 5.50 5.01 5.48 4.87 5.68 4.66 3.82 4.41 4.99 5.28 4.34 4.66 4.61 4.81 4.26 3.12 4.04 3.19 4.38 4.49 3.73 3.26 2.77 4.12 3.42 3.95 3.42 2.81 3.63 2.96 3.68 3.92 3.44 3.43 3.21 2.83 2.92 3.43 2.85 2.59 2.88 2.20 2.69 2.52

(Cont’d.)

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Table 4: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Transport and communications infrastructure (cont’d.) PILLARS TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE Country/Economy

Argentina Brazil Sri Lanka Costa Rica Vietnam Guatemala Dominican Republic Mexico Namibia Colombia Philippines Uruguay Indonesia Pakistan Senegal Honduras Venezuela Gambia, The Bosnia and Herzegovina Kyrgyz Republic Ecuador Syria Peru Algeria El Salvador Guyana Kenya Albania Mongolia Ethiopia Côte d’Ivoire Uganda Benin Nigeria Burkina Faso Ghana Paraguay Cameroon Nicaragua Bolivia Nepal Bangladesh Cambodia Mauritania Zambia Malawi Mali Zimbabwe Madagascar Tajikistan Mozambique Lesotho Tanzania Burundi Chad

5. Availability and quality of transport infrastructure

6. Availability and quality of transport services

7. Availability and use of ICTs

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

3.33 3.33 3.29 3.24 3.24 3.22 3.20 3.20 3.16 3.13 3.09 3.09 3.04 3.04 3.01 3.01 3.01 3.00 2.98 2.98 2.97 2.96 2.94 2.90 2.90 2.90 2.88 2.82 2.82 2.71 2.70 2.61 2.60 2.60 2.58 2.56 2.56 2.55 2.54 2.53 2.51 2.50 2.50 2.47 2.45 2.44 2.40 2.38 2.37 2.37 2.36 2.33 2.25 2.16 1.96

91 93 38 66 108 81 73 85 25 76 92 99 82 56 72 71 96 57 113 61 86 74 90 68 98 107 78 97 67 80 95 87 114 112 89 79 104 94 100 88 101 102 105 117 111 109 116 106 103 118 110 120 115 119 121

2.99 2.99 4.28 3.61 2.59 3.24 3.45 3.12 4.71 3.31 2.99 2.83 3.24 3.84 3.45 3.48 2.88 3.80 2.45 3.68 3.10 3.44 3.02 3.58 2.87 2.59 3.30 2.87 3.60 3.25 2.93 3.08 2.44 2.49 3.02 3.26 2.72 2.95 2.81 3.06 2.81 2.78 2.71 2.24 2.53 2.58 2.29 2.60 2.72 2.18 2.54 2.02 2.36 2.13 1.70

66 56 81 103 36 69 64 65 115 84 47 101 54 80 72 104 86 97 57 87 78 96 90 111 93 108 73 85 112 71 95 89 61 92 98 119 113 107 102 116 88 105 91 82 100 83 94 109 118 110 114 99 121 117 120

3.44 3.66 3.15 2.86 4.17 3.35 3.50 3.48 2.59 3.10 3.88 2.95 3.69 3.15 3.33 2.86 3.09 3.00 3.63 3.09 3.21 3.00 3.08 2.70 3.03 2.75 3.26 3.10 2.70 3.33 3.01 3.09 3.51 3.05 3.00 2.49 2.62 2.77 2.87 2.59 3.09 2.79 3.05 3.15 2.98 3.12 3.02 2.74 2.56 2.71 2.60 2.98 2.44 2.57 2.47

47 54 84 56 66 61 78 63 95 64 86 48 91 98 89 77 62 90 69 94 79 83 75 85 73 55 99 82 96 121 97 118 111 88 116 107 87 108 103 106 120 102 115 100 110 119 109 113 112 92 105 101 104 114 117

3.57 3.35 2.43 3.26 2.96 3.07 2.65 2.99 2.16 2.98 2.41 3.48 2.21 2.14 2.26 2.68 3.05 2.21 2.87 2.17 2.61 2.44 2.72 2.42 2.79 3.34 2.07 2.48 2.16 1.54 2.15 1.65 1.85 2.26 1.73 1.92 2.33 1.92 1.94 1.93 1.63 1.95 1.75 2.03 1.86 1.63 1.87 1.78 1.82 2.21 1.93 1.99 1.94 1.77 1.70

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Table 5: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Business environment PILLARS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Country/Economy

Finland Denmark Singapore Hong Kong SAR Norway Switzerland Sweden Austria Luxembourg Germany New Zealand Qatar United Arab Emirates Australia Netherlands Ireland Canada Cyprus Oman Belgium Tunisia Jordan France Estonia Portugal Korea, Rep. Bahrain Gambia, The Chile Taiwan, China Japan Mauritius Malaysia Kuwait Slovenia United States Syria Spain United Kingdom Uruguay Lithuania Saudi Arabia Latvia Egypt Hungary Azerbaijan Greece Malawi China Czech Republic Slovak Republic Senegal India Namibia Croatia Israel Ghana Costa Rica Thailand Indonesia Vietnam Zambia Morocco Armenia Romania Italy Tanzania

8. Regulatory environment

9. Physical security

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

6.29 6.15 6.13 6.08 6.02 6.01 5.90 5.89 5.89 5.75 5.75 5.70 5.68 5.62 5.59 5.59 5.52 5.45 5.43 5.40 5.40 5.36 5.26 5.25 5.21 5.16 5.14 5.13 5.09 5.03 5.02 5.00 4.96 4.90 4.89 4.85 4.83 4.82 4.81 4.76 4.75 4.73 4.72 4.71 4.70 4.68 4.65 4.60 4.58 4.58 4.56 4.55 4.51 4.51 4.49 4.46 4.44 4.44 4.44 4.43 4.40 4.39 4.38 4.33 4.28 4.27 4.24

3 2 1 6 10 5 4 13 8 12 9 17 15 11 7 14 16 24 21 20 18 30 22 29 36 27 28 32 37 34 26 33 25 43 44 23 66 40 19 38 54 31 56 49 58 59 53 47 45 61 52 87 46 42 77 39 63 41 48 55 64 57 51 91 85 84 73

5.88 5.92 6.13 5.67 5.50 5.77 5.79 5.40 5.53 5.42 5.52 5.23 5.25 5.49 5.66 5.34 5.25 4.89 4.98 4.98 5.00 4.73 4.93 4.77 4.57 4.80 4.78 4.65 4.56 4.59 4.83 4.64 4.86 4.21 4.16 4.90 3.83 4.44 5.00 4.48 3.97 4.73 3.96 4.05 3.90 3.90 3.98 4.10 4.15 3.90 3.99 3.56 4.13 4.29 3.64 4.47 3.86 4.38 4.09 3.97 3.86 3.92 4.01 3.50 3.60 3.60 3.67

1 4 9 3 2 6 13 5 7 11 15 8 10 23 31 18 21 12 16 20 22 14 29 24 17 32 34 27 26 37 44 40 49 28 25 63 19 45 73 50 33 68 36 39 35 38 41 48 52 43 47 30 57 70 42 83 51 80 64 56 54 59 66 46 53 55 61

6.70 6.38 6.12 6.48 6.54 6.24 6.01 6.37 6.24 6.07 5.97 6.18 6.10 5.75 5.52 5.83 5.79 6.02 5.88 5.82 5.79 5.99 5.59 5.72 5.85 5.52 5.50 5.60 5.61 5.47 5.21 5.36 5.06 5.60 5.62 4.80 5.83 5.19 4.62 5.04 5.52 4.73 5.48 5.37 5.49 5.45 5.33 5.11 5.02 5.27 5.13 5.53 4.88 4.72 5.33 4.46 5.03 4.51 4.79 4.89 4.94 4.87 4.76 5.16 4.95 4.93 4.80

(Cont’d.)

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Table 5: The Enabling Trade Index 2009: Business environment (cont’d.) PILLARS BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Country/Economy

Mali Burkina Faso Tajikistan Panama Ethiopia Moldova Benin Turkey South Africa Kazakhstan Macedonia, FYR Nicaragua Poland Cameroon Madagascar Albania Honduras Ukraine Bosnia and Herzegovina Cambodia Mauritania Jamaica Sri Lanka Mongolia Algeria Brazil Uganda Peru Russian Federation Bulgaria Mexico Dominican Republic Philippines Lesotho Pakistan Colombia El Salvador Kenya Nigeria Mozambique Kyrgyz Republic Guatemala Bangladesh Argentina Ecuador Guyana Burundi Paraguay Zimbabwe Nepal Bolivia Côte d’Ivoire Chad Venezuela

8. Regulatory environment

9. Physical security

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

4.23 4.22 4.22 4.21 4.20 4.16 4.16 4.15 4.14 4.10 4.09 4.01 3.99 3.97 3.93 3.91 3.91 3.87 3.87 3.85 3.84 3.83 3.82 3.81 3.81 3.79 3.76 3.70 3.70 3.68 3.67 3.64 3.63 3.63 3.58 3.58 3.58 3.58 3.57 3.56 3.53 3.50 3.42 3.42 3.36 3.34 3.30 3.22 3.17 3.17 3.16 3.15 2.96 2.61

72 67 80 60 81 94 82 65 35 75 86 106 88 103 90 105 68 107 113 89 102 62 50 108 101 95 92 79 109 99 78 97 98 96 76 71 70 83 74 100 111 69 110 117 116 93 114 115 120 104 118 112 119 121

3.72 3.83 3.63 3.90 3.62 3.45 3.62 3.85 4.59 3.66 3.58 3.19 3.52 3.25 3.51 3.20 3.81 3.14 3.00 3.52 3.27 3.86 4.02 3.14 3.29 3.43 3.50 3.64 3.13 3.31 3.64 3.39 3.32 3.40 3.65 3.73 3.78 3.61 3.67 3.29 3.09 3.81 3.11 2.80 2.80 3.46 2.95 2.86 2.33 3.21 2.64 3.03 2.58 2.09

69 75 62 79 65 58 71 84 105 78 77 60 82 72 86 74 95 76 67 89 85 102 109 81 87 90 93 103 88 91 106 99 97 100 112 114 115 111 113 101 96 119 104 92 98 118 108 110 94 121 107 117 116 120

4.73 4.61 4.80 4.52 4.78 4.87 4.70 4.46 3.70 4.55 4.60 4.83 4.46 4.69 4.34 4.62 4.01 4.61 4.74 4.18 4.41 3.80 3.63 4.48 4.33 4.14 4.02 3.76 4.27 4.04 3.69 3.88 3.94 3.85 3.52 3.43 3.37 3.55 3.47 3.82 3.96 3.20 3.73 4.04 3.91 3.22 3.65 3.57 4.02 3.12 3.68 3.27 3.34 3.13

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trade and investment as part of their successful economic development strategy. Singapore’s positive results reflect the country’s openness to trade and demonstrate high rankings in all four subindexes.The country’s very open market, as well as a highly efficient and transparent border administration, a well-developed transport and communications infrastructure, and an open business environment all contribute to this result. Customs procedures are assessed as the least burdensome, and time and cost for both import and export are among the lowest for all countries covered. Singapore’s exporters also face relatively low tariffs in target markets (13th). However, less congested roads and improvements to the ICT infrastructure could further increase the ease of getting goods across borders in Singapore.The country’s excellent regulatory environment facilitates operations of traders through openness to foreign participation, fair domestic competition, and a highly transparent and efficient government. Hong Kong SAR’s open domestic market mirrors the economy’s high dependence on exports and imports. Hong Kong does not apply tariffs on imported products, yet its exported products face more barriers than Singapore’s, as reflected in tariffs faced (119th) combined with a low margin of preference in target markets (112th). Hong Kong’s strong ranking also rests on efficient customs procedures, well-developed transport and communications infrastructure, and a regulatory environment that promotes and facilitates an open and secure business environment.The region’s openness to foreign participation is attested to by the prevalence of foreign ownership and relative absence of capital controls (1st).Traders could, however, further benefit from improvements to the very congested roads (89th) and more commitments to open up the transport sector under the GATS framework (55th). New Zealand comes in at the 11th position. Its highly efficient and transparent border administration contributes to this ranking, as do the country’s very low tariffs for agricultural products. Exports, however, face high barriers.The country’s regulatory environment is characterized by fairly good ratings on ethics and a low level of corruption, as well as an effective domestic competition policy, though obstacles still persist in hiring foreign labor and regulation of FDI. Upgrading the quality of infrastructure, especially roads and railroads, would be beneficial to further facilitate a smooth flow of goods across borders and to destinations inside the country. Australia occupies the 14th position for countries from all regions.The rating reflects the many aspects in which the country does particularly well in facilitating the flow of goods across borders and to destination, including its strong performances with respect to transparent border administration and the quality of transport services; its high level of commitment in the sector under GATS; and its regulatory environment,

which promotes intense domestic competition.The results are, however, somewhat offset by high domestic and foreign market barriers. Australia applies very high tariffs for non-agricultural products in comparison with economies at a similar level of development, placing at 96th position on this indicator. Lowering these tariffs would further boost the country’s openness to trade. Japan takes up the 23rd position in the ETI ranking. The country’s highly efficient and transparent border administration and well-developed infrastructure, together with its excellent transport services, all contribute to this rating.The ranking is, however, severely offset by Japan’s high barriers to market access in domestic and foreign markets (115th), as reflected in its high tariffs on agricultural products and complexity of tariffs, as well as barriers faced when exporting. In addition, the country’s costly import and export procedures and limited openness to foreign participation are not conducive to facilitating trade flows.With respect to the latter, obstacles to hiring foreign labor and low prevalence of foreign ownership are the two aspects in need of improvement. Japan could also benefit from improving its somewhat burdensome customs procedures (43rd). Taiwan, China and Korea, Rep. follow at 25th and 26th place, respectively, among the economies covered. Both economies boast very good infrastructure. In addition, infrastructure-related services are efficient and widely available, and the use of ICTs is widespread. Traders benefit particularly from efficient customs administration in Korea;Taiwan is doing especially well on the use of ICTs, which improves the connectivity of companies and the ability to track consignments. Both economies are, however, hampered by restricted access to domestic and foreign markets and a regulatory environment that does not facilitate the entry of foreign investment and labor. Malaysia occupies the 28th position in the ETI. Efficient import procedures and a low cost of importing and exporting goods, as well as the quality of transport infrastructure and related transport services, all contribute to this good ranking, particularly given the country’s level of development. Improvements to the transparency of border administration as well as less congested roads would further enhance the country’s strengths.The regulatory framework also provides a good trading environment by means of efficient government operations and fair domestic competition policies. Improving the usage of the latest technologies and lowering business costs of terrorism would allow the country to even further reap the harvest of international trade. China ranks 49th among the countries covered. This ranking underscores a number of characteristics in China’s economy and its trading regime. China relies heavily on its successful export performance, although imports are still significantly inhibited by tariff barriers. The country performs particularly well in its low cost to import and export (3rd). Furthermore, because of large

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trade volumes, the country is extremely well connected to international markets through its vast port facilities, with the services provided by liner companies being second to none.The quality and availability of transport services are also among its comparative advantages (19th). However, improvement in the overall transport infrastructure—in particular, airport density and the quality of air transport infrastructure—would further facilitate the flow of goods across borders and to destinations within China, in particular to the inland provinces. In addition, more transparency in border administration and improvements to the regulatory environment that would allow more foreign participation would help enable trade. Thailand follows China to occupy the 50th position.Thailand boasts a highly efficient border administration with few documents required for importing goods into the country.Well-developed transport infrastructure and related transport services also contribute to an easy flow of goods to destinations. However, domestic and foreign market access is restricted, particularly through high tariff barriers for agricultural products and a very complex tariff structure. In addition, the country’s trading environment would significantly benefit from more transparency at the border, more openness to foreign participation, and reduced costs to business resulting from terrorism. Indonesia comes in at 62nd place, reflecting a pretty balanced performance on all four pillars of the Index.The flow of goods in and out of the country benefits from the low cost of import and export procedures as well as a regulatory environment that is fairly open toward foreign participation, although businesses are concerned about the level of corruption at borders and high costs incurred to fight terrorism. Improvements in transport infrastructure and wide adoption of technologies would tremendously help the country to better connect with its trading partners. India occupies the 76th position in the ETI, reflecting a mixed performance on the four pillars. While having fairly good border administration and business environment, domestic and foreign market access continues to be significantly restricted. India ranks 116th on the relevant component, with tariff barriers representing a more serious impediment than non-tariff barriers. India’s border administration meets many needs of importers and exporters. Ranked 58th on this indicator, a vast number of customs-related services are available in India, although it continues to be affected by corrupt practices.Trade-related transport infrastructure and the relevant services are equally well developed in India, ranking 51st and 46th, respectively.The country is well connected through maritime routes, although it needs more airports and high-quality roads. India could also benefit from improvements in the ease of hiring foreign labor as well as reduced business costs of terrorism.

Most other countries from Asia and the Pacific rank in the lower part of the ETI, and the regional ranking closes with Bangladesh at 111th and Mongolia at 113th. Europe and North America

Behind Singapore and Hong Kong, Switzerland (3rd) completes the top three of the ETI 2009.The Nordics follow closely, led by Denmark, Sweden, and, two notches behind, Norway (7th) and Finland (8th). Only Canada comes in between, at 6th.With Austria ranked 9th and the Netherlands 10th, Europe boasts seven countries in the top 10—five of which are members of the European Union. Despite the necessary similarities among all EU members in terms of market access, the other dimensions of the Index are source of enormous variation across them. As a result, 43 ranks separate Denmark (4th) from Greece (47th), the lowest-ranked representative of the EU15.9 When considering the entire European Union, the gap becomes more vertiginous: Bulgaria ranks 72nd, 68 places lower than Denmark. Switzerland places 3rd, scoring very high in three of the four main components of the Index. It ranks 10th for the quality of border administration, despite the very high costs to import (84th) and export (92nd). The ETI also reveals the good quality of its transport infrastructure (9th) and of the associated services (12th). Yet Switzerland gets low marks on the two measures of maritime connectivity featured in the Index, namely the transshipment index (88th) and the liner shipping index (94th).10 But when it comes to the availability and use of ICTs, Switzerland is second to none. Finally, the business environment is particularly friendly (6th) thanks to its excellent institutions, fierce competition, openness to foreign participation, and low prevalence of crime. Switzerland’s major weakness resides in the market access component, in which it ranks 38th.This is explained by the high level of complexity of Switzerland’s import tariff structure, for which it ranks a rock-bottom 120th.This measure takes into account the variance of tariffs (117th), the share of tariff lines subjected to tariff peaks (8.1 percent, 79th) and to specific tariffs (81.6 percent, 120th), and finally the number of distinct tariffs. On this latter indicator, Switzerland ranks last with over 6,500 different duties, almost four times that of penultimate Russia.The high complexity is somewhat balanced by the very low tariffs. Despite a 26 percent average tariff on agricultural imports (105th), import-weighted tariffs remain low thanks to the near zero tariffs (0.3 percent, the third lowest in the world) on non-agricultural products. Over 90 percent (5th highest share) of all imports to Switzerland are subject to no duty. Denmark (4th) ranks among the top five countries in seven out of the nine pillars of the Index. In particular, it ranks 2nd both for the efficiency and the transparency of border administration, notably thanks to the low level

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of overall corruption as reflected in Denmark’s excellent 1st place in the Corruption Perceptions Index.This, along with several other factors—such as the government’s efficiency (4th), the intensity of local competition (4th), and the high level of security (4th)—contributes to creating an extremely conducive business environment in Denmark (second only to Finland), where the only drawback remains the relative difficulty of hiring foreign labor (36th).The data also reveal high levels of quality and availability of transport (5th) and ICT (4th) infrastructure. For instance, Denmark boasts the world’s highest penetration of broadband Internet (36 percent of the population). On a less positive note, the two connectivity indexes for transshipment and liner shipping put the country in 62nd and 35th positions, respectively. Such strong results make the contrast with Denmark’s 86th rank in the market access component particularly stark. Notwithstanding the very low import-weighted average tariff of 1.1 percent—the world’s third lowest— and the high share of duty-free imports (68 percent, 22nd), all the other measures of access place Denmark below the 50th rank.This results from the common policies of the European Union, which significantly distort trade, particularly that of agricultural products. Denmark’s tariff structure is highly complex, as reflected in the variance of tariffs, the share of tariff peaks, and specific duties. In addition, non-tariff barriers are pervasive in Denmark (71st) and throughout the European Union (median rank of 65). Ranked just behind Denmark, Sweden, like its neighbor, possesses a world-class infrastructure, a very transparent and efficient border administration, and a highly favorable business environment.Yet crime and violence seem to be more of a problem (22nd), and so are the difficulties of hiring foreign workers (50th). With respect to market access, Sweden (88th) posts a performance comparable to that of Denmark, the only difference coming from the slightly lower score on the index of non-tariff measures. Coming in at 6th place overall, Canada is one of the three non-European countries within the top 10. It posts a strong and remarkably consistent performance across the board. In particular, it is second only to France for the availability and quality of transport infrastructure, which is excellent across all modes of transportation. Only the low percentage of paved roads (40 percent, 65th)—not surprising given the land area—prevents Canada from being number one. Border administration (12th) is characterized by efficient customs services (15th), speedy and hassle-free clearance procedures, and low levels of corruption, with the only dent being the cost to import (95th) and export (96th).The Doing Business study reveals that the fees levied upon the importation and exportation of a 20-foot container amount to US$1,785 and US$1,660, respectively, four times those collected by Singapore.

Canada ranks 13th in the market access pillar. It is the only advanced economy along with Singapore (2nd) and Hong Kong (20th) to feature in the top 20 within this category.The import-weighted tariffs average just 2.4 percent, despite a 16 percent tariff levied on agricultural imports—which is not so surprising for one of the world’s biggest agricultural producers and exporters. In addition, nearly 90 percent of imports enter the country free of duty. Finally, Canada makes little use of non-tariff barriers (21st), although the tariff structure in place is highly complex (79th). In 7th place overall, and third among the Nordic countries, Norway owes its rank to a consistent performance across all the pillars.The business environment is particularly supportive to trade (5th), thanks to favorable regulation, the efficiency of government operations, its low prevalence of crime and violence (3rd), and—despite a certain reluctance—foreign participation (44th). Another strength is Norway’s efficient import and export procedures (6th).The number of documents required, the time, and the costs are very low by international standards both on the export and import sides. In the market access pillar, Norway, at 21st, displays much better results than the Nordic members of the European Union.The average tariff of 60 percent on agricultural products—the second highest in the world after Armenia—is largely compensated for by the tariff on other imports set close to zero (the third lowest, right behind Hong Kong and Singapore). More than the average level, the complexity of applied tariffs is a cause for concern: Norway ranks second to last in this indicator. The Netherlands (at 10th overall) completes the top 10 of the ETI. One of the world’s main hubs for trade, the country receives outstanding marks for the quality of its transport infrastructure (ranking 2nd, behind only Germany), and the associated services (ranking 2nd, behind Singapore). In particular, the quality of the country’s seaports and its connectivity to the rest of the world come as no surprise, given that Rotterdam has one of the world’s largest and busiest maritime ports.This, combined with its efficient and speedy border administration (4th), makes the movement of goods to and from the Netherlands almost seamless. Coming in at 12th overall, Germany presents characteristics very similar to those of its western neighbor. The world’s biggest exporter, Germany is the leader on the quality of transport infrastructure. In particular, the two connectivity indexes reveal Germany’s prominence as a trade platform, which benefits from local companies that provide world-class transport-related and logistics services.There exists some room for improvement in terms of customs administration, with Germany ranking a relatively low 23rd on the customs services index. As for the regulatory environment (12th overall), Germany ranks reasonably well on all the indicators, with the

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exception of the index of openness to foreign participation.There it places 25th because of the difficulty of hiring foreign labor (76th). Market access is Germany’s Achilles’ heel. At 90th, it ranks even lower than the European Union’s median rank of 79 because of the pervasiveness of non-tariff measures—the only source of variation among EU members in this pillar. In Germany, 56 percent of trade is affected by such measures, the most among all advanced economies. The United States comes in at 16th position. Its performance is uneven across the nine pillars of the Index.The United States obtains high rankings for the quality of transport infrastructure (3rd) and the associated services (14th), as well as for the availability and use of ICTs (12th).The efficiency of customs administration (10th) owes much to the extent and availability of customs services (2nd). Also praised is the efficiency of import and export procedures (16th), thanks to the little time and limited paperwork associated with them. On a less positive note, the business environment is not as supportive of trade as could be expected (36th). Among other issues, businesses voice their concern about the level of security in the country (74th) and indicate that the threat of terrorism and crime and violence impose significant costs upon them (114th). Finally, the United States ranks 49th in the market access component. More than 75 percent of all imports enter the country free of duty (20th).The importweighted average tariff on agricultural products is a low 6.7 percent (8th), below levels attained by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and EU countries on average,11 and tariffs on other imported goods amount to only 1.3 percent (33rd). Contrasting with such low levels is the complexity of the US tariff structure (89th).There are over 1,100 distinct tariffs and nearly 10 percent of tariff lines are subject to specific tariffs, tariff peaks, or both. Finally, US exporters face some of the highest tariffs in the world— 6 percent on average. France ranks 17th overall, helped by its strong performance in terms of infrastructure. In particular, it tops the transport infrastructure pillar thanks to the quality of all modes of transport and despite a relatively low airport density (39th). France is very well connected to major trade routes, as reflected in its 2nd place (behind the United Kingdom) in the transshipment connectivity index. Border administration constitutes another of France’s relative strengths (19th). France ranks 1st for the number of documents required for import and export—only two signatures need to be obtained. But there is room for improvement, notably in reducing the cost to import and export, and, to a lesser extent, in making customs procedures more transparent. France’s regulatory environment is quite propitious, although the business community voices some concern about the efficiency of government operations (35th), security (29th), and, most importantly, limited openness toward

foreign participation (50th). Finally, in line with its fellow EU members, market access is restricted (89th). With the exception of the market access pillar where it ranks a low 79th, the United Kingdom’s performance (20th) mirrors that of the United States. The efficiency of border administration (14th) and the quality of infrastructure (11th) are also the country’s two major strengths, while the business environment is affected by security concerns.The business community shares the same concern as its American counterpart about the costs associated with the threat of terrorism (112th) as well as crime and violence (81st). At 22nd, Estonia is the highest ranked of the 12 EU accession countries by a comfortable margin. Second-placed Slovenia ranks 31st and two Baltic countries, Lithuania and Latvia, position somewhat lower at 40th and 44th, respectively. Reflecting the government’s commitment to free trade following independence, Estonia precedes 15 European Union countries, including four EU15 members.The country obtains first-rate marks for the efficiency of its border administration (16th).Time required for import and export procedures has been brought down to five days— 2nd and 1st rank, respectively.The number of required documents for such procedures was also reduced to a minimum. Furthermore, Estonia outshines many other countries in the ICTs pillar (16th), boasting, respectively, the 5th and 20th highest penetration rates of mobile telephony and Internet.This is not a surprise given the government’s exceptional push toward ICT readiness. More generally, Estonia provides exporters with a mostly favorable business environment, with the best rating among all Eastern European countries (24th). Finally, thanks to fewer non-tariff barriers, Estonia does better than a majority of EU members in the market access pillar (71st). The Russian Federation ranks an unflattering 109th, making the world’s eighth biggest economy one of the least open and least attractive to both importers and exporters. Quite tellingly, there is only one pillar, availability and use of ICTs, where the country appears in the first half of the ranking (50th). But even here, as in all the other categories, the need for improvement is huge.The main area of concern is the extremely restricted access to markets (113th). Not yet a WTO member, Russia has import tariffs that average 15 percent (114th) overall, and 26 percent (106th) on agricultural imports. The complexity of the tariff structure is also extremely high (90th), and the country does poorly with respect to border administration (106th), as reflected in the results associated with import and export procedures, which are bleak by every measure: efficiency of clearance (115th), time to export (103rd) and import (99th), and cost to export (111th) and import (102nd), as well as transparency (109th). Russia’s business environment (96th) is not particularly welcoming to international participation

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either, especially with respect to investments (119th for the measure of openness to foreign ownership). Furthermore, executives have little trust in the government and doubt its ability to enforce law and order. Latin America and the Caribbean

Chile, ranked 19th, leads the rankings in Latin America and the Caribbean by a considerable margin.This excellent showing is not surprising, given Chile’s role as Latin America’s leading example on how to benefit from global trade and investment linkages.The country has shown commitment to free trade by reducing the complexity of tariffs (2nd) and successfully negotiating access to foreign markets for domestic exporters, who face less tariff burdens than in any other country in the sample. Yet, despite these pronounced strengths, some areas in need of improvement can be identified through an analysis of the ETI results. Border procedures, for example, although transparent (17th), could be less costly and time consuming (40th), which imposes an undue burden on traders. Equally, transport infrastructure and the related services are below international standards in terms of quality and availability, and the availability and use of ICTs is not on a par with countries at the same level of trade intensity. On a more positive note, the country is very open to foreign participation, which ensures a high level of competition overall. With Costa Rica, ranked 43rd, another Latin American best-practice example in economic development occupies the second position in the region. Costa Rica’s successful economic strategy, aimed at diversifying exports and increasing their value-added, contributes to this good result.12 The country ranks a very high 5th in terms of domestic and foreign market access because of its relatively low tariff and non-tariff barriers, its simple and transparent tariff structure, and the fairly low tariff barriers faced by exporters in target markets.The country’s trade performance also benefits from a favorable regulatory environment (41st) characterized by high governance standards and a significant degree of openness to foreign participation (21st). Although Costa Rica’s trade policy is firmly geared toward openness, a number of barriers remain and add to the cost of importing and exporting. Streamlining import and export procedures, upgrading the quality of infrastructure and that of related services, and reducing the cost to business resulting from crime and violence could contribute to further boosting the country’s trade performance by lowering the transaction costs associated with trade. Mexico, a country that has significantly benefited from trade over the past decades, ranks 74th in this year’s ETI.The results show that, despite the country’s past export success, there remains untapped potential for further enabling trade. Presently, trade continues to be hampered by a number of barriers related to trade policy, border administration, and most of all, the lack of physical security. All these factors have a significant bearing on

trade, as they raise the related transaction costs.Trade policy continues to be heavily biased toward protectionism, in particular of the agricultural sector, and although import and export procedures have been streamlined, they remain costly compared with the regional average. This is reflected in the low ranking obtained by Mexico on the indicators capturing the cost to import (107th) and export (89th).The most serious weakness, however, concerns the government’s inability to provide the required level of physical security, a problem that has been affecting the country for a number of years and is increasingly exacerbated by drug-related conflicts. On a positive note, Mexico’s exporters enjoy rather low tariffs for their products in target markets and benefit from high margins of preference. Some aspects of transport infrastructure and the related services are also assessed positively, in particular those related to maritime shipping services and services offered by the logistics industry. Mexico also benefits from its openness to foreign participation. Latin America’s largest economy, Brazil, ranks 87th for enabling trade across borders.This low ranking is a reflection of Brazil’s varied performance across the nine pillars of the ETI.The country displays strengths in the quality of its transport services and the use and prevalence of latest technologies.To a somewhat lesser extent, this also holds true for the transparency and efficiency of overall border procedures, although the business sector considers that dealing with customs in particular is burdensome.These positive aspects are partially offset by a number of factors in which Brazil’s performance is weak.This particularly pertains to domestic and foreign market access. Despite efforts to liberalize trade domestically and within MERCOSUR, the level of protection in Brazil remains relatively high. Although the tariff structure is simple and transparent, tariffs for non-agricultural products are high by international comparison (87th). Other areas to be addressed for Brazil to benefit more from international trade include the quality of transport infrastructure (93rd), which is below international standards across all modes of transport. Furthermore, the business environment in Brazil could be more conducive to trade (93rd). Achieving this goal would require raising the efficiency of government institutions, increasing the intensity of domestic competition, and, in particular, lowering the cost incurred by businesses that are related to the violent and insecure environment. Argentina ranks 97th in the ETI. Its position mirrors a mixed performance across the four pillars.To further enable trade, Argentina will have to address a number of challenges, most importantly those related to the regulatory environment and physical security. More openness to foreign participation and a better general governance framework could considerably improve the operating environment for business and increase the level of competition. More efforts to combat crime

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and violence and to render police services more reliable could contribute to reducing the considerable cost resulting from poor physical security. Upgrading infrastructure, in particular for transport by air, would further contribute to lowering the transport cost of goods. At the same time, the country can build on a number of important strengths. Here, the positive assessments of ICT infrastructure, the quality of transport services, and, to a lesser degree, the efficiency of import-export procedures are worth noting. Furthermore, the competitiveness of Argentina’s exporters is supported by reasonably low tariffs faced abroad and a considerable margin of preference in key target markets. Middle East and North Africa

Countries from the Middle East and North Africa region enable trade to varying degrees. Indeed, the performance on the ETI spreads across almost the entire sample, ranging from best-performer United Arab Emirates at 18th to Algeria at 112th. On average, Gulf countries enable trade across borders to a greater degree than their Arab and North African counterparts.This reflects, among other factors, the small size of most of the Gulf economies as well as their specialization in energy exports. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) leads the rankings at 18th position, ahead of Chile and the United Kingdom.The country boasts a very efficient and transparent border administration (ranked 14th on efficiency of import and export procedures and 26th on transparency) and has one of the lowest costs to import and the least burdensome customs procedures in the entire sample, ranking 5th and 6th, respectively, on the relevant indicators. Further strengths include an excellent transport infrastructure (13th) and a regulatory environment that is particularly conducive to trade because of the country’s strong institutional framework and also by virtue of openness to foreign participation (19th). Last but not least, the country is relatively secure in international comparison (10th). Strengthening the country’s position on the Index would require further lowering tariff barriers, in particular for agricultural tariff products, although it has the advantage of having a very simple tariff structure. Also, further preferential agreements with main markets would help lower the relatively high tariffs faced by the country in its target markets. Israel enters at 29th place overall in the ETI. Following gradual liberalization over the past years, Israel presently has a reasonably open trade policy with the exception of agricultural policies, which remain protective of local producers, ranking 102nd in the ETI sample.The country’s border procedures are not perceived as burdensome, the cost of importing and exporting is among the lowest among the countries assessed, and the widespread use of new technologies

(25th) facilitates communication and customs clearance. Although the regulatory environment is fairly open to foreign ownership, the lack of physical security, in particular the threat of terrorism, imposes a significant cost on importers and exporters. Furthermore, Israel’s trade could be additionally enabled though investment in infrastructure, as the quality and availability of facilities remains behind standards found in other countries at a similar level of development. Tunisia ranks 41st for enabling trade across borders. Weaknesses in trade policy (70th) are partly compensated for by an effective customs administration (30th), fairly efficient import-export procedures (39th), and a propitious regulatory environment (18th). Equally important, perceptions regarding physical security in the country are rather favorable (22nd). Nevertheless, a number of weaknesses remain and need to be addressed for the country to further enable trade.Tunisia imposes high tariffs on imports. It ranks 119th on both tariffs for agricultural and non-agricultural products—in absolute terms, the tariffs on agricultural products amount to 56 percent ad valorem—and subjects a large majority of its imports to tariffs (over 75 percent, ranking 93rd). In addition to the high level of tariffs, businesses face a complex tariff structure.While further reduction in tariffs would be desirable,Tunisia has very successfully improved access to the main target markets for its exporters, mainly through preferential trading agreements with the European Union, currently the destination for about 80 percent of the country’s exports. In addition, the country has preferential access to its main markets with a fairly high preference margin (rank 21). Importers and exporters alike would benefit from enhanced transport services. Presently, shipments rarely reach their destination on time, maritime shipping connections and services lag behind international standards, and the competence of the logistics industry is assessed as only 81st out of 121 countries. Saudi Arabia ranks 42nd on the ETI, showing solid performance across many indicators in the analysis. Import and export procedures, including customs, are relatively efficient in international comparison, ranking 31st and 25th, respectively. Among other strengths is the country’s regulatory environment, which is supportive of trade (31st) because of a transparent and efficient institutional framework, which compensates for the relative lack of openness to foreign participation. More foreign ownership would bring Saudi Arabia a number of advantages, such as access to international know-how as well as increased competition and hence efficiency, all of which would strengthen the position of the country’s exporters in global markets and support diversification.13 Index results also indicate that physical security in general and the threat of terrorism in particular impose significant cost on businesses. Enhancing the use of ICTs and the availability and the quality of transport services would be beneficial.Yet most of all, further

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enabling trade in Saudi Arabia will require opening domestic markets to trade, in particular in agricultural products, where the country ranks a low 83rd.Tariff reductions are under way as commitments of WTO membership are being implemented over a 10-year period (since 2005). Egypt ranks 75th for the ease of getting goods across the border and to destination.The country’s most notable strengths include a business environment that is fairly conducive to trade—in particular, it is easy to hire foreign labor and the business cost of threats to security is assessed as low. Despite efforts to liberalize trade over the past years, trade policy in Egypt remains rather protectionist. Egypt applies very high tariff rates (particularly on some agricultural products), the tariff structure is complex, and the available data on non-tariff measures indicate that these constitute an important impediment to enabling trade. In terms of border administration, although importing goods into Egypt is neither costly nor time consuming, importers raise concerns about the efficiency of customs and, to an even greater extent, of other border agencies. On a positive note, Egypt boasts a fairly well developed transport infrastructure (53rd) including the related services (58th). Algeria ranks 112th in the overall ETI.The country remains fairly sheltered from international competition, despite its ongoing efforts to join the WTO. Market access remains restricted (118th on the market access component), yet tariffs are likely to be lowered significantly as Algeria advances toward WTO membership. WTO accession is also bound to lower the tariffs faced by Algerian exporters, which are currently among the highest in the sample (116th). In addition to the restrictive trade policy, importers and exporters in Algeria are burdened by a fairly inefficient and opaque border administration and a cumbersome, time-consuming, and costly clearance process that affects customs as well as other border agencies.Trade would also benefit from a more transparent institutional framework, more domestic competition, and greater openness to foreign participation. Sub-Saharan Africa

With the exception of best-performer Mauritius, the countries in sub-Saharan Africa occupy positions in the lower half of the sample as they struggle with underdeveloped infrastructure, inefficient border administration, and, in some countries, severely restricted market access. At 33rd position, Mauritius is, by a large margin, the highest-ranked country in sub-Saharan Africa.The open access to the country’s markets, the efficiency of the border administration, and a regulatory environment that is conducive to trade all contribute to this high showing. Access to domestic and foreign markets is among the most open worldwide; a large share of goods is imported duty-free, and tariff and non-tariff barriers

are reasonable. And although Mauritian exporters face fairly high barriers abroad, they benefit from a high margin of preference in their main target markets. Against this overall very positive assessment stand weaknesses in the quality of transport services.Tracking and tracing services are barely available (99th), the logistics industry is assessed as lacking competence (120th), and shipments are difficult to arrange (107th) and rarely reach their destination on time (115th). Equally, more could be done to better leverage ICTs for development, where the country ranks 49th. Namibia is placed at 60th position, the secondbest nation in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of enabling trade across borders.This good showing mirrors the favorable results obtained by Namibia in terms of market access. Although tariffs are quite high on average, only a very small share of imported goods is subjected to them. Namibia has also negotiated a fairly high preference margin with its main exporters. Despite the somewhat open access to markets, Namibia’s trade is burdened by heavy administration at the borders.The country ranks a low 84th and 101st for the efficiency of customs procedures and the overall import-export procedures, respectively, although business leaders attest that corruption is not a major problem. Additional strengths include a well-developed transport infrastructure and a regulatory environment that is more efficient and transparent than in most neighboring countries.To further enable trade, Namibia will have to address the poor quality of its transport services and further open the economy to foreign participation. South Africa enters the ranking at 61st position. The country’s relatively good marks on transport and communications infrastructure and border administration are offset by weaknesses in market access and in the security environment. South Africa has pursued a trade liberalization program since 1994, which contributed significantly to opening the economy.Yet, although tariffs apply to relatively few import products, they remain rather high in international comparison and their structure is complex. It is appropriate that a review of the tariff structure to reduce complexity and lower tariffs for strategically important upstream sectors is under way. Other than that, South Africa boasts relatively efficient infrastructure facilities and the respective services are also assessed as good.The country’s solid institutional framework, with an efficient government and welldefined property rights, is beneficial for importers and exporters.The main areas of concern in South Africa relate to the lack of physical security (105th), which reflects what are the highest business costs of crime and violence of all countries covered in the Index. Businesses also express concerns about insufficient openness to foreign participation, in particular regulations related to hiring foreign labor. Senegal ranks 83rd for getting goods across borders and to destination.The country’s strengths include a

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secure and open business environment and relatively efficient import and export procedures, with only few administrative procedures and little time required when importing or exporting goods. Imports benefit from the country’s very simple tariff structure (9th) with no tariff peaks and only four different types of tariffs overall, which makes it transparent and easy to navigate. However, the overall level of protection remains high with respect to both tariff and non-tariff barriers, ranking 90th and 94th, respectively. In addition to lowering tariffs, to further benefit from international trade, Senegal should upgrade its institutional framework, which is prone to undue influence (105th) and lack of transparency (101st). As a result, border administration is also heavily affected by corrupt practices (93rd). Border administration that is more transparent would improve revenue collection and allow the country to further lower tariffs while maintaining the revenue levels. Tanzania occupies the 92nd position in the ETI. This result is based on a number of pronounced strengths and weaknesses throughout the nine pillars of the Index.While Tanzania has a relatively transparent and simple tariff structure (40th) and its exporters face very low tariffs in target markets (5th), burdensome customs and border administration represents a significant hindrance for both importers and exporters. An upgraded transport infrastructure as well as improved quality and availability of transport services, along with a more intense use of ICTs would enable the country to harvest the benefits of international trade.

Conclusions This chapter has presented and analyzed the results of the World Economic Forum’s ETI. In its second year, the Index provides a comprehensive picture of the institutions, policies, and services that enable the movement of goods across borders and to destination in the 121 countries covered. Based on a thorough review and feedback obtained from users and partner organizations, the Index has been enhanced to include exports and to better capture aspects of the domestic environment in the countries assessed as well as the level of complexity of the tariff regime. The present recession has highlighted the interdependency of countries and the importance of trade for the world economy. In the wake of the financial crisis that originated in the United States, global trade volumes have fallen considerably.This reduction is not directly related to trade policies or other factors assessed by the ETI, but mainly results from a demand slump across many countries. Although many stimulus packages may contribute to enabling trade if they invest in traderelated infrastructure, there remain reasons for concern about the direction trade policies may take in the future. Pressures to protect domestic industries and jobs through policies and in the context of countercyclical

measures are mounting in many countries.The current challenge, therefore, is to ensure not only that countries not pull each other down further by restraining trade but that they help recovery by trading with each other. Further enabling trade across borders can contribute to mitigating the effect of the global crisis, as measures facilitating trade will reduce its transaction cost and therefore partially offset the effects of the demand slump. In this context, the ETI can provide guidance on measures that need to be taken to enable trade. By benchmarking countries on their ability to enable trade, the World Economic Forum aims to focus attention on an issue of global importance and to provide a platform for dialogue among government, business, and civil society. Such a dialogue can serve as a catalyst for trade-enhancing reforms with the aim of mitigating the effect of the present crisis and ultimately raising the prosperity of the world’s citizens.

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Notes 1 G-20 2009. 2 Gamberoni and Newfarmer 2009. 3 See WTO 2009a. 4 For more information about the program, see http://www.londonsummit.gov.uk. 5 We have focused on the flow of trade in goods in the Index for expository purposes, although we recognize that enabling trade in services is also important. By circumscribing the issue clearly, the Index provides a useful vehicle for carrying out policy analysis on a clearly defined part of the issue. Trade in goods accounts for upward of 80 percent of all trade, and is therefore highly relevant. It is also important to note that many of the factors and policies included in the model would be equally relevant for an analysis of the factors facilitating the services trade. 6 We include the preferential margin, because bilateral and regional agreements enable trade for the country that gains the preferential access, although it must be pointed out that they have a number of downsides. They make trade regimes complex to navigate for exporters, and may be harmful from a global perspective. 7 For landlocked countries, the access to ports is measured. 8 The score of each subindex is derived as an unweighted average of the pillars that constitute it. 9 The EU15 designates the 15 member countries that joined the European Union prior to 2004: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. 10 Although Switzerland has no direct access to deep sea, it is connected to the North Sea via the Rhine and does receive regular liner shipping services. However, river transport imposes limitations on the size of vessels and traffic, and this affects cargo capacity and the number of services, hence the low marks in these two indexes. Nevertheless, considering that the country is landlocked, access to the Rhine provides significant advantages compared with other landlocked countries. 11 The OECD average amounts to 14.9 percent, while the European Union attains 9.3 percent. 12 See Sala-i-Martin et al. 2008 for a brief analysis of Costa Rica’s economic policy over recent decades. 13 Under the provisions of WTO membership, Saudi Arabia has opened a number of sectors, such as financial services and energy to foreign participation, since joining the organization in 2005.

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References Eichengreen, B. and K. O’Rourke. 2009. “A Tale of Two Depressions.” Vox. June 4. Available at http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/3421. G-20. 2009. Global plan for recovery and reform: The Communiqué from the London Summit. Available at: http://www.londonsummit.gov.uk/ en/summit-aims/summit-communique/. Gamberoni, E. and R. Newfarmer. 2009. Trade Protection: Incipient but Worrying Trends. March 17. Available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/NEWS/Resources/ Trade_Note_37.pdf. IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2009. World Economic Outlook Database. April. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/ pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/index.aspx. Sala-i-Martin, X. J. Blanke, M. Drzeniek Hanouz, T. Geiger, I. Mia, and F. Paua. 2008. “The Global Competitiveness Index: Prioritizing Economic Policy Agenda.” The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 3–41. WTO (World Trade Organization). 2009a. “WTO Secretariat Reports Increase in New Anti-Dumping Investigations.” May 7. Available at http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres09_e/pr556_e.htm. ———. 2009b. Statistics Database. Available at http://stat.wto.org.

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Appendix A: &&&:: Composition (cont’d.) of the Enabling Trade Index This appendix provides details about the construction of the Enabling Trade Index (ETI). The ETI is composed of four subindexes: the market access subindex; the border administration subindex; the transport and communications infrastructure subindex; and the business environment subindex.These subindexes are, in turn, composed of the nine pillars of the ETI: domestic and foreign market access, efficiency of customs administration, efficiency of import-export procedures, transparency of border administration, availability and quality of transport infrastructure, availability and quality of transport services, availability and use of ICTs, regulatory environment, and physical security.These pillars are calculated on the basis of both hard data and survey data. The survey data are mainly derived from the responses to the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey and range from 1 to 7. In addition, survey data from the World Bank’s Logistics Performance Index (LPI) survey have also been included.The hard data were collected from various recognized sources, such as the World Bank, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Trade Centre (ITC), or the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).The LPI data and the hard data are described in detail in the Technical Notes and Sources section at the end of this Report. All of the data used in the calculation of the ETI can be found in the Data Tables on the website of the Report (www.weforum.org/GETR). The hard data indicators used in the ETI, as well as the results from the LPI survey, are normalized to a 1-to-7 scale in order to align them with the Executive Opinion Survey results.1 Each of the pillars has been calculated as an unweighted average of the individual component variables.The subindexes are then compounded as unweighted averages of the included pillars. In the case of the availability and quality of transport infrastructure pillar, which is itself composed of two subpillars (availability of transport infrastructure and quality of transport infrastructure), the overall pillar is the unweighted average of the two subpillars.The overall ETI is then calculated as the unweighted average of the four subindexes.The variables and the composition of pillars are described below. If a variable is one of hard data, this is indicated in parentheses after the description.

Subindex A: Market access Pillar 1: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 Tariff barriers (hard data)2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products (hard data) Tariff barriers for agricultural products (hard data) 1.02 Non-tariff barriers (hard data) 1.03 Complexity of tariffs (hard data)3 Variance of tariffs (hard data) Domestic tariff peaks (hard data) Specific tariffs (hard data) Number of distinct tariffs (hard data) 1.04 Share of duty-free imports (hard data) 1.05 Tariffs faced (hard data) 1.06 Margin of preference in major export markets (hard data)

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Subindex B: Border administration Pillar 2: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 Burden of customs procedures 2.02 Customs services index (hard data) Pillar 3: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance4 3.02 Time for import (hard data) 3.03 Documents for import (hard data) 3.04 Cost to import (hard data) 3.05 Time for export (hard data) 3.06 Documents for export (hard data) 3.07 Cost to export (hard data)

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Pillar 4: Transparency of border administration 4.01 Irregular payments in exports and imports 4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index (hard data)

Subindex C: Transport and communications infrastructure Pillar 5: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure A. Availability of transport infrastructure 5.01 Airport density (hard data) 5.02 Transshipment connectivity index (hard data) 5.03 Paved roads (hard data) B. Quality of transport infrastructure 5.04 Road congestion (hard data) 5.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure 5.06 Quality of railroad infrastructure 5.07 Quality of roads 5.08 Quality of port infrastructure Pillar 6: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (hard data) 6.02 Ease and affordability of shipment4 6.03 Competence of the logistics industry4 6.04 Ability and ease of tracking4 6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination4 6.06 Postal service efficiency 6.07 GATS commitments in the transport sector (hard data) (Cont’d.)

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Appendix A: &&&:: Composition (cont’d.) of the Enabling Trade Index (cont’d.) Pillar 7: Availability and use of ITCs 7.01 Firm-level technology absorption 7.02 Mobile telephone subscribers (hard data) 7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers (hard data) 7.04 Internet users (hard data) 7.05 Telephone lines (hard data)

Subindex D: Business environment Pillar 8: Regulatory environment 8.01 Property rights5 8.02 Ethics and corruption5 8.03 Undue influence5 8.04 Government inefficiency5 8.05 Domestic competition5 8.06 Openness to foreign participation6 Ease of hiring foreign labor Prevalence of foreign ownership Business impact of rules on FDI Capital controls Pillar 9: Physical security 9.01 Reliability of police services 9.02 Business costs of crime and violence Business costs of terrorism

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Notes 1 The standard formula for converting each hard data variable to the 1-to-7 scale is 6 x

(

country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum

)

+ 1

The sample minimum and sample maximum are the lowest and highest scores of the overall sample, respectively. For those hard data variables for which a higher value indicates a worse outcome (e.g., tariff barriers, road congestion), we rely on a normalization formula that, in addition to converting the series to a 1-to-7 scale, reverses it, so that 1 and 7 still correspond to the worst and best possible outcomes, respectively: –6 x

(

country score – sample minimum sample maximum – sample minimum

)

+ 7

In some instances, adjustments were made to account for extreme outliers in the data. 2 In the calculation we use import-weighted tariff barriers for all products but we disclose the breakdown between agriculture and non-agriculture for information. 3 Complexity of tariffs is the average of the other four variables. 4 The LPI data are derived from the World Bank Logistics Perception Index (LPI) Survey, which is based on a 1-to-5 scale. LPI data were normalized to a 1-to-7 scale using the above formula in order to align it with the Executive Opinion Survey results. 5 These variables are composite indicators comprising multiple variables used in the Global Competitiveness Index. For details see The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009. 6 This variable is the average score of the listed four Survey data variables.

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Appendix B: Testing the 2009 Enabling Trade Index using an augmented gravity model This appendix details the main findings of an empirical analysis aimed at testing the contribution of the Enabling Trade Index (ETI) to explaining bilateral trade patterns.1 The method of choice is the gravity model of trade, which has proven remarkably successful at predicting bilateral trade flows based on the economic size of the trading partners, the distance between them, and other attributes.2 Examples of such attributes include the quality of institutions, the existence of free trade agreements, colonial ties, and a common border.We believe that the factors included in the ETI (e.g., market access, border administration, transport and communications infrastructure, and the business environment) are such attributes.

Model and Data We therefore specify the following gravity model to which we append—hence the term augmented—the ETI scores of the two trading partners: ln(EXPij)

= ␤0 +␤1 ln(DISTij) + ␤2 ln(GDPi) + ␤3 ln(GDPj) + ␤4 ln(GDPPCi) + ␤5 ln(GDPPCj) + ␤6 ln(REMi)

(1)

+ ␤7 ln(REMj) + ␤8 ln(ETIi) 6

+ ␤9 ln(ETIj) + ∑ ␣k Dkij + ⑀ij k=1

where

• EXPij represents the exports of country i to country j.We use mirror data, that is, imports data of j from i (IMPji), the reason being that monitoring and measurement of imports flows are more accurate because they represent a tax base.3 Where IMPji data were missing, export data, if available, were used instead.Trade data are for 2007 and were retrieved from the United Nations’ Comtrade Database on 16th April, 2009; • DISTij is the distance between i and j, expressed in kilometers.The distance is weighted to account for the geographic distribution of population within a country. Distance data come from the Centre d’Etudes Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (CEPII); • GDPi represents the gross domestic products (GDP) valued at power purchasing parity (PPP) of country i. GDPPCi is for GDP (valued at PPP) per capita of i. All figures are for 2007 and come from the April 2009 edition of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s World Economic Outlook;

• REMi is a measure of economic remoteness. It corresponds to the sum of distances between i and all the other countries weighted by the share of each country in world’s GDP. Formally, we have: GDPj

GDPj

DIST REMi = ∑ ∑ GDP , where ∑ GDP is ij

j ≠i

k

k ≠i

k

k ≠i

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approximated by the share of country j’s GDP in world GDP less country i’s share; • ETIi is country i’s overall score in the ETI 2009 as presented in this chapter. • Finally, Dk represents a set of dummy variables that take the value 1 when a certain condition is met and 0 otherwise.The source is CEPII unless mentioned otherwise. CONTIGij is 1 if i and j share a common border. COMLANGij is 1 if i and j have at least one common official language and/or if one language is spoken by at least 9 percent of the population in both countries. SMCTRYij is 1 if i and j were, or are, the same country. COLTIEij is 1 if i and j had, or still have, colonial ties (i.e., a common colonizer or a colonizer and colony). LLOCKEDij is 1 if i, j, or both, are landlocked. Data were collected by the authors from various sources. Finally, COMCURRij is 1 if i and j have the same currency.This variable was constructed using data provided by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and reflects the situation at the end of 2007. Using Model (1), we test the hypothesis that the factors included in the ETI together play some role in explaining the variance of bilateral trade flows. Drawing on the latest research, we rely on a Poisson pseudomaximum likelihood estimation method.4 In their influential article, Santos Silva and Tenreyro show why Poisson is superior to other estimation techniques when it comes to constant elasticity models.5 Poisson has the major advantage of dealing with the heteroskedasticity issue as well as with the presence of zeros in the dependent variable.These are two features of the gravity model that traditional log-linear methods do not handle properly, thus leading to biased estimates.6 With Poisson, the gravity model needs not to be log-linearized and can be estimated in its original multiplicative form.7 Our sample consists of 14,520 observations representing the total number of bilateral trading relationships among the 121 economies covered by the ETI.

Results We estimate the model specified under Equation (1) and report the results in Table A.8 The two variables of

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Appendix B: Testing the 2009 Enabling Trade Index using an augmented gravity model (cont’d.) Table A: Results for the Poisson estimation of the augmented gravity model Variable

Model (1)

Robust standard error

DISTij

–0.888***

(0.04)

GDPi

0.831***

(0.02)

GDPj GDPPCi

0.802*** –0.036

(0.02) (0.08)

GDPPCj

0.101*

(0.05)

REMi

0.747***

(0.14)

REMj

1.055***

(0.15)

ETIi

1.742***

(0.35)

ETIj

2.283***

(0.26)

CONTIGij

0.350***

(0.09)

COMLANGij

0.102

(0.07)

SMCTRYij

0.282

(0.22)

COLTIEij

–0.082

(0.09)

LLOCKEDij

–0.206**

(0.07)

COMCURRij

0.041

(0.08)

–38.415***

(2.07)

Intercept Adjusted pseudo R2 Number of observations

0.906 14,520

Dependent variable is exports EXPij in levels (see text for details). Significance levels: * = 5 percent, ** = 1 percent, *** = 0.1 percent.

34 interest are ETIi and ETIj.The elasticities of 1.7 for the exporting country i and 2.3 for importing country j predicts that a 1 percent increase in the ETI score by the exporting country i would increase exports by 1.7. The same increase by importing country j would increase imports from country i by 2.3 percent. Both coefficients are significantly different from zero with z-statistics of 5.0 and 8.7, respectively.This confirms the hypothesis formulated above, that the factors captured by the ETI contribute to explaining the patterns of bilateral trade flow in a non-negligible way. 9 The bigger elasticity on ETIj means that improvements on the importer’s end have a bigger trade-enabling effect.Yet the elasticity is almost as high on the exporter’s side, thus suggesting that the conditions in the exporting country matter nearly as much.This is not surprising, given that the vast majority of the indicators included in the ETI clearly affect both ends of the export/import process—think of roads used to carry goods from the factory to the seaport and from the seaport to final destination. This result also constitutes a serious blow to the often-held idea that export performance depends mainly on the quality of access to the destination market: if a country improves on the factors that facilitate exports, it is likely to see a surge in exports, regardless of the conditions prevailing in the export markets. This is all the more encouraging given that the majority of the ETI factors fall under the purview of the government. And improving on these often requires

political will (e.g., cutting on red tape) more than financial capacity. The joint effect predicts that a 1 percent increase in the average ETI score of any given country pair would be associated with a 4 percent increase in bilateral trade, all else being equal.The significance of this result is reflected in the gap that separates the best and worst performers in the ETI rankings. At 6.0, top-ranked Singapore’s score is more than twice—116 percent to be precise—that of Chad (2.77). Looking at the other covariates, the elasticities on the variables of the standard gravity model bear the expected signs: negative for distance, positive for GDP. The bigger and the closer the partners, the more they trade with each other. In addition, and consistent with most of other empirical studies, they are close to unity, although smaller than ordinary least squares estimates. More interesting is the case of GDP per capita.The traditional view generally holds that, ceteris paribus, the richer a country, the more it trades.Yet, based on our estimation, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the level of economic development of the exporting country plays no role in determining its proneness to export. As to the coefficient on the importer’s GDP per capita, it is small and only significantly different from zero at a 95 percent confidence level: a twofold increase in GDP per capita would boost exports by a mere 10 percent. This may be attributed to the boom in trade from, and among, emerging nations, which weakens the link between economic wealth and propensity to trade. Remoteness has a significant and positive impact on bilateral trade for the exporter and even more so for the importer.This suggests that two countries far away from the major economic centers but close to each other — think of Australia and New Zealand, for instance—will trade relatively more with each other, all else being equal. Finally, the coefficients on the dummies bear the expected signs, with the exception of colonial ties, whose elasticity is negative.Yet for the latter coefficient, as well as for those on common currency, common language, and uniqueness of country, we cannot reject with any reasonable level of confidence the hypothesis that these characteristics play no role in explaining trade patterns. Being landlocked, however, does have a sizeable shrinking effect on bilateral trade.When at least one of the two countries is enclosed, bilateral trade is reduced by some 20 percent, all else being equal. Finally, contiguity has just the opposite effect: sharing a border increases trade by one third.

Conclusion Using an augmented gravity model and Poisson quasimaximum likelihood estimation technique, we find that the Enabling Trade Index (ETI) contributes to explaining

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Appendix B: Testing the 2009 Enabling Trade Index using an augmented gravity model (cont’d.) trade flow patterns.The elasticity of bilateral trade, measured by export volumes, with respect to the ETI score is a high 1.7 for the exporting country and 2.3 for the importing country.This study provides further evidence that, beyond market access, the other dimensions captured by the ETI—border administration, infrastructure, and business environment—matter a great deal in determining a country’s trade performance.

Santos Silva, J. M. C. and S. Tenreyro. 2006. “The Log of Gravity.” Review of Economics and Statistics 88 (4): 641–58. Tinbergen, J. 1962. Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund. Wooldridge, J. M. 2002. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ———. 2003. Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach. Second edition. Mason, OH: South-Western.

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Notes 1 A first attempt to test the ETI using a gravity model was presented in The Global Enabling Trade Report 2008. See Lawrence et al. 2008. 2 For some milestones in the history of the gravity model of trade, see Tinbergen 1962; Andersen 1979; and Andersen and Van Wincoop 2003. 3 Indeed, in our sample of 14,520 trading relationships, there are 3,898 cases where exports from i to j are reported as missing or zero, while there are “only” 3,322 zeros or missing values reported for imports of i from j. Furthermore, among the 8,921 observations for which both exports and imports are greater than zero, 63 percent have imports flows greater than exports flows. 4 For an introduction to pseudo-maximum likelihood models and Poisson regression models, see Wooldridge 2003. For a more advanced discussion, see Wooldridge 2002. 5 Santos Silva and Tenreyro 2006. 6 Heteroskedasticity is present whenever the variance of the term term ⑀ij is conditional on the values of the explanatory variables, and therefore not constant (see Wooldridge 2003, Chapter 8). If not properly dealt with, heteroskedasticity can lead to misinterpretations of the results. It is widely admitted that trade data do exhibit heteroskedasticity, even though many studies fail to address this issue. Indeed a White test confirms the presence of heteroskedasticity in our sample. 7 This is why, with the Poisson method, exports are expressed in level, not in log. The multiplicative form can easily be derived from Equation (1) by exponentiation: EXPij = exp(X␤)␩ij, where X␤ refers to the right hand-side of Equation (1) without the error term ⑀ij, of which ␩ij is a transformation. 8 The model was also estimated using alternative techniques, including Heckman, ordinary least squares, and tobit. These methods yield results that all confirm the strong trade-enabling effect of the factors included in the ETI. The effect tends to be even bigger than with the more conservative Poisson estimates, in line with Santos Silva and Tenreyro (2006)’s estimates. In the case of Heckman, for instance, the elasticities of the ETI scores are twice as big as the Poisson estimates. Results are available from the authors upon request. 9 One must add a note of caution. In this empirical exercise, we have not taken into account the possible endogeneity of the ETI components with respect to trade. For instance, it is fair to assume that more trade is likely to improve customs procedures, in which case the causation is reversed.

References Anderson, J. E. 1979. “A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation.” American Economic Review 69 (1): 106–16. Anderson, J. E. and E. Van Wincoop. 2003. “Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle.” American Economic Review 93 (1): 170–92. Lawrence, R. Z., J. Blanke, J., M. Drzeniek Hanouz, T. Geiger, and Q. He. 2008. “The Enabling Trade Index: Assessing the Factors Impeding International Trade.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2008. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 3–33.

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CHAPTER 1.2

Finance for Trade: Efforts to Restart the Engine MARC AUBOIN, World Trade Organization (WTO)

Some 80 to 90 percent of world trade relies on some form of trade finance. Since the first half of 2008, there has been evidence of tightening market conditions for trade finance. As expected by market participants, the situation worsened in the second half of the year, and even further in the first quarter of 2009.According to expectations revealed in market-based surveys, there is little doubt that the trade finance market will continue to experience difficulties throughout 2009.This situation is likely to contribute to deepening the global economic malaise. Although public-backed institutions have responded rapidly to the situation over the course of 2008, this has apparently not been enough to bridge the gap between supply and demand of trade finance worldwide.This is why the G-20 adopted a wider package for injecting some US$250 billion in support of trade finance.1

Why does trade finance matter? Part of the reason for the collapse of world trade concerns problems with trade credit financing.The global market for trade finance (credit and insurance) is estimated at between US$10 and US$12 trillion—that is, roughly 67 to 80 percent of 2008 trade flows that are valued at US$15 trillion.The World Bank estimates that 85 to 90 percent of the fall in world trade since the second half of 2008 is due to falling international demand, and the rest—10 to 15 percent—is attributable to a fall in the supply of trade finance.This chapter lays out some recent developments and explains decisions made at the G-20 London Summit regarding what is potentially one of the main sources of contagion of the financial crisis from a trade perspective—the supply of trade finance. The potential damage to the real economy from shrinking trade finance is enormous. International supply chain arrangements have globalized not only production, but also trade finance. Sophisticated supply chain financing operations—including those for small- and mediumsized enterprises (SMEs)—place a high level of trust and confidence in global suppliers, relying on their delivery of their share of value-added and on their financial ability to produce and export supplies in a timely manner. Any disruption in the ability of the financial sector to provide working capital or preshipment export finance, to issue or endorse letters of credit, or to deliver export credit insurance is likely to create a gap in complex outward-processing assembly operations.This can lead to a contraction in trade and output, and is particularly worrisome for the sustainability of global supply chain operations.

This chapter does not necessarily reflect the views of the WTO. The opinions and possible errors contained in it remain that of the author.

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The World Trade Organization’s involvement in trade finance issues The institutional case for the World Trade Organization (WTO) to be concerned about the scarcity of trade finance during periods of crisis is relatively clear. In situations of extreme financial crises, such as those experienced by emerging economies in the 1990s, the credit crunch reduced access to trade finance—which was already the short-term segment of the market— and hence reduced trade, which would usually be the prime vector of balance of payments’ recovery.The credit crunch also affected some countries during the Asian financial crisis in 1997 to the point of bringing the affected economies to a halt. In the immediate aftermath of the Asian crisis, a large amount of outstanding credit lines for trade had to be rescheduled by creditors and debtors to re-ignite trade flows—and hence the economy—as the two are inextricably linked. Under the umbrella of the Marrakech Mandate on Coherence, in 2003 the heads of the WTO, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank convened an expert group of trade finance practitioners to examine what went wrong in the trade finance market and to prepare contingencies.The conclusions of the experts were summarized in two reports.2 The economic case for the involvement of international organizations, in particular the WTO, has been discussed.3 The main arguments are based on the idea that trade finance is, to a large extent, a very secure, short-term, self-liquidating form of finance. Even in some of the most acute periods of financial crises (1825, 1930), international credit lines have never been cut off. For centuries, the expansion of trade has depended on reliable and cost-effective sources of finance backed by a deep, global secondary market of fluid and secured financing instruments and a wide range of credit insurance products, provided by private- and publicsector institutions (including national export credit agencies, regional development banks, and the World Bank Group’s International Finance Corporation, or IFC).Trade finance normally offers a high degree of security to the trade transaction and its payment. Such prime, secure corporate lending normally carries little risk, and hence carries only a small fee—typically this is a few basis points over the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR) for a prime borrower. However, since the Asian crisis, the trade finance market has not been totally immune from general reassessments of risk, sharp squeezes in overall market liquidity, or herd behavior as demonstrated by runs on currencies or repatriation of foreign assets. Such reactions might happen again in this current turmoil. Commercial risk in trade finance normally stems from the risk of non-payment by the counterparty to the trade operation (either the client company or its bank). The perception of this risk obviously has changed with exchange rate fluctuations, the rise in political risk,

and bank failures, all of which may undermine the profitability of trade. Such rapid change in risk perception has happened abruptly—for example, through the Fall of 2008—with respect to certain Eastern European countries. At the present moment, many lenders have adopted a wait-and-see attitude triggered by doubts about the creditworthiness of banks in a number of regions in the world, including developing countries, as well as by the increase in the balance of payments risk. What aggravates the situation is that the secondary market has also dried up. Just as lending seems to be directly affected by the tight liquidity situation worldwide, the re-insurance market has suffered from the difficulties faced by American International Group, Inc. (AIG) and Lloyds. Of course, it can be argued that such exogenous factors as liquidity squeeze, exchange rate fluctuations, and other components impacting risk are not specific to trade finance. Any un-hedged cross-border flow would most likely be affected by these elements. Likewise, the supply of credit would be affected by the greater scarcity of liquidity available to some banks in the inter-bank market.Yet, since trade finance has to compete for an equal or reduced amount of liquidity like any other segment of the credit market, the price of transactions has increased sharply under the combined effects of scarce liquidity to back up loans and a re-assessment of customer and country risks. Spreads on 90-day letters of credit have gone through the roof over the course of 2008 (rising from 10–16 basis points to 250–500 basis points on a normal basis for letters of credit issued by emerging and developing economies). It is hard to believe that the safest and most selfliquidating form of finance, with strong receivables and marketable collaterals, could see its price increase by a factor of 10 to 50 even when it is under severe stress. Indeed, this segment of the credit market has been by far the most resilient since the sub-prime crisis began in mid 2007, before signs of market gaps at a global scale appeared in the Fall of 2008, well after they emerged in other segments of the credit market.This strong resilience can be partially attributed to facilitation devices developed by public-backed regional or multilateral financial institutions after the Asian financial crisis. Trade finance facilitation programs that provide for risk mitigation between banks issuing and those receiving trade finance instruments have been developed into a worldwide network, in which the IFC, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the InterAmerican Development Bank (IADB) participate. Institutions such as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Fund, the Islamic Development Bank, and the African Development Bank have also developed or are developing similar instruments. In addition, national export credit agencies have expanded short-term trade finance operations and

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added considerable liquidity to the markets in recent years, according to Berne Union statistics. Both types of institutions have hence recently developed a unique savoir-faire and are potentially ready to add further liquidity and expand their risk mitigation capacity should the need arise.

The current situation Despite the relatively strong resilience of the trade finance markets, the global liquidity situation—along with a general re-assessment of counterparty risk and an expected increase in payment defaults on trade operations—was a major constraint in 2008 for the largest suppliers of trade finance.The market gap initially appeared on Wall Street and in London, as US- and UK-based global banks—particularly those with deteriorated balance sheets—could not off-load or refinance their excess exposure in trade credits on the secondary market.The situation spread to developing countries’ markets in the second part of 2008. As a result, some banks were unable to meet the demand from their customers for new trade operations, leaving a market gap estimated at around US$25 billion in November 2008 out of the global market for trade finance estimated at some US$10–12 trillion a year. Some very large banks used to roll over up to US$20 billion per month into the secondary market; this amount is down to US$200 million or less right now because there is no counterparty. Demand for trade credit is far from being satisfied, and, according to market specialists, the rise in prices for opening letters of credit by far outweighs the normal reassessment of risk. More disturbing is the fact that large banks have reported on several occasions that the lack of financing capacity has made them unable to finance trade operations. It has, however, been argued by relatively profitable banks that the situation—particularly in the secondary market—has softened recently, although not for everyone. In the course of 2008, the liquidity problem has spread to other developing countries’ money markets, with the poorer countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa being particularly affected.This adds to the problems faced by local banks in such developing countries in normal circumstances: the relative lack of depth of money markets, the lack of capacity to handle large volumes of trade credit, and the lack of reliable information on the creditworthiness of customers, to name only a few specific issues confronting these banks. In periods of crisis, such as the one we are in now, these issues lead to difficulties in finding partners in developed countries to accept the counterparty risk. According to the joint IMF-Bankers’ Association for Finance and Trade (BAFT) survey,4 flows of trade finance from developing countries’ banks seem to have fallen by some 6 percent or more year-on-year (from the end of the 3rd quarter 2007 through the end of the

3rd quarter 2008).This is more than the reduction in trade flows from and to developing countries during the same period, implying that the lack of trade finance is indeed an issue for these countries. In late 2008, it was expected that trade finance flows for developingcountry banks would fall by a further 10 percent in 2009.5 If such numbers were to be confirmed (at least developing-country banks seem to agree with this estimate, according to the survey), this would mean that the market gap could be well over the US$25 billion estimate mentioned above—higher even than US$100 billion, up to US$300 billion. Such scarcity of trade finance is very likely to accelerate the slowdown of world trade and output. Ahead of the G-20 Summit in London, the IMF and BAFT provided an update of their survey, which indicated that the decrease in the value of trade finance accelerated between October 2008 and January 2009 in almost all regions.While more than 70 percent of the respondents attributed this further decline to the fall in demand for trade activities, six in ten respondents attributed it to restrained credit availability, thereby pointing to the increased difficulties of banks in supplying trade credit—an escalation caused by the general liquidity squeeze and the amplified risk aversion to finance crossborder trade operations.6 Spreads (prices) on the opening up of letters of credit were up, from 10 to 15 basis points above LIBOR up to 300 basis points in some emerging economies. Some banks even reported 600 basis points for particular destinations. Results from a survey undertaken by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) broadly confirmed the conclusions drawn by the IMF-BAFT analysis, albeit relying on a wider panel of banks and countries (122 banks in 59 countries).7 The results of the ICC survey were also released for the WTO Expert Group of March 18, 2009, and further updated before the G-20 Summit in London. It is obvious that trade decreased as a result of both the recession and tight credit conditions. About half of the banks surveyed had confirmed a decrease both in volume and value of letters of credit, and in volume and value of aggregate transactions—a trend that was particularly clear when comparing data from the 4th quarter of 2007 and data from the 4th quarter of 2008.This was especially true for developed countries’ markets (and even more so for the least-developed countries), with large-scale financing projects being deferred or having difficulty obtaining credit.8 Apart from a reduction in the demand for trade, the main reasons provided by banks for the decrease in credit lines and increase in spreads were the application of more stringent credit criteria, capital allocation restrictions, and reduced inter-bank lending.9 The ICC also pointed out that intense scrutiny of underlying guarantees by some banks led to higher rates of rejection of letters of credit. Prospects for trade finance in 2009

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were negative, with the general view that “tight credit conditions may further reduce access to trade finance.”10

Statistical difficulties Why is the international community relying on surveys and not on a comprehensive set of international statistics for trade finance? Until 2004, a series of trade finance statistics was derived from balance of payments statistics and Bank for International Settlements (BIS) banking statistics, collected with the combined efforts of four international agencies: the IMF, the World Bank, BIS, and the OECD. Apparently, the cost-to-quality ratio of these statistics led the agencies to discontinue this effort. At present, the only available and reliable source of statistics concerning trade finance comes from the Berne Union database, which provides data on the amount of business of export credit agencies (mainly trade credit insurance). Survey-based data on banks’ activities provide great value at the moment, but they are only of limited use for regular reporting.The reasons include the very large number of transactions carried out by banks, the variability of trade finance instruments used by banks over time, and, more importantly, the difficulty in obtaining commercially sensitive data from the largest banks. The only way to obtain comprehensive information on an ongoing basis would be through the balance of payments. Here, confidentiality is less of an issue because data are collected on an aggregate basis and follow the resident-nonresident criterion of the balance of payments. Although short-term trade credit should be captured under the IMF’s fifth Balance of Payments Manual,11 it has always proven difficult to collect the information on a global basis because of the very high costs involved. Even the richest countries find it difficult, with the highest level of reporting, to guarantee a high level of accuracy in the reporting on very short term capital movements (in the form of short-term trade credit) that may cross the resident-nonresident border several times a year.

Supply and demand during financial crises: A mismatch As indicated above, as long as overall flows are not subject to comprehensive statistical compilation but only to measurement by surveys, we are not able to appropriately gauge changes in trade finance flows. However, the overall increase in spreads requested for opening letters of credit is pointing to a shortage in supply despite the reduced demand that has resulted from the overall fall in trade transactions. Disagreement persists as to the causes of the shortage of trade finance.While the public sector in general maintains that trade finance gaps in extreme circumstances are a result of market failure, the private sector traditionally argues that these gaps result from the cost of (new) rules—in the current case, the implementation of the Basel II Accord.These arguments have

been developed in the WTO, and to some extent can be applied to the current circumstances.12 The market failure argument rests on the inability of private-sector operators to avoid herd behavior, in particular when credit risk and country risk are being confounded (for example, in cases of rumor of sovereign default). Also, non-cooperative games are played by global suppliers, with the best-run institutions refusing to refinance on the secondary market letters of credit from banks in a less favorable liquidity situation. On the regulatory side, commercial bankers have long complained about the implementation of Basel II rules, which are regarded as having a pro-cyclical effect on the supply of credit.When market conditions tighten, capital requirements for trade finance instruments tend to increase more than proportionally to the risk when the counterparty is in a developing country. Both Western banks and developing countries have recently been complaining that ratings from international rating agencies maintain a bias against developing countries’ risk. Several developing countries have made that point in the WTO Working Group on Trade, Debt and Finance, among other places.13 They argue that they neither have been involved in the elaboration of recommendations of Basel II rules by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, nor have they any control over ratings by international rating agencies. Before and during the G-20 Summit in London, it was agreed that all G-20 countries would become members of the Financial Stability Forum and its components, including the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and various other coordinating bodies on financial regulation.They would thus be able to participate in the review of Basel II rules.

Recommendations by business associations In the context of the current financial crisis, BAFT, the ICC, and the apex body of industry federations BUSINESSEUROPE, as well as individual commercial banks have been making recommendations to the G-20 Summit in London in the following areas: 1. Reviewing Basel II rules. Results from a survey conducted by the ICC United Kingdom in parallel with the ICC Global Survey (March 2009) indicate that the implementation of the Basel II framework has eroded the incentive of banks to lend short term for trade because capital weightings do not fully reflect the low risk level and the short-term character of the activity. In a risk-weighted asset system, increases in minimum capital requirements had particularly adverse consequences on trade lending to SMEs and counterparties in developing countries. 2. Creating a ring-fenced liquidity pool for trade finance. The general proposal was to

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design a small and targeted liquidity fund run by international financial institutions and useful for smaller segments of the market or for new countries, in particular those most likely to be hit by the contraction of trade credit supply. 3. More co-sharing of risk with public sector–backed institutions. The idea would be to encourage co-financing among the various providers of trade finance. Public-sector actors, such as export credit agencies (ECAs) and regional development banks, should be mobilized to shoulder some of the private-sector risk.

Efforts by public and private players to boost the supply of trade finance at the end of 2008 One clear lesson from the Asian financial crisis is that in periods prone to lack of trust and transparency as well as herd behavior, all actors—including private banks,14 ECAs, and regional development banks—should pool their resources to the extent this is practicable.15 Cooperation among the various players is also important because of an absence of a comprehensive, continuous dataset on trade finance flows.This means that the main channel for making a reasonable assessment of the market situation is via the collection of informed views and surveys from various institutions.This has been a key aspect of the activities of the WTO Expert Group chaired by the Director General of the WTO, in particular after the November 12, 2008, meeting. The response of public sector–backed institutions since the fall of 2008 has been more than positive— actually of a magnitude unseen in recent history. Capacities in three types of activities were enhanced significantly: • All regional development banks and the IFC have, on average, doubled their capacity under trade facilitation programs between November 2008 and the G-20 meeting. Further enhancements of these programs were agreed at the G-20 meeting, in particular the establishment by the IFC of a liquidity pool allowing co-financing operations with banks in developing countries, which would likely have a high leverage and multiplier effect on trade. • Export credit agencies have also stepped in with programs for the short-term lending of working capital and credit guarantees aimed at SMEs. For certain countries (e.g., Germany and Japan), the commitment is very large. In other cases, very large lines of credit have been granted to secure supplies with key trading partners (e.g., the United States with Korea and China); while in some countries, cooperation has developed to support regional trade, in particular supply chain operations.To this

effect, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit announced the establishment of an Asia-Pacific Trade Insurance Network to facilitate intra- and extra-regional flows and investment through reinsurance cooperation among export credit agencies in the region. Japan’s Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI) is establishing itself as the leader and main underwriter of this collective re-insurance system. • One problem often underestimated in developing countries is the difficulty that banks and importers have in finding foreign exchange.This can occur in cases where the main currency of transactions (say, the euro or the US dollar) has become scarce because of the depreciation of the local currency, or because of the fall in receipts from remittances and exports. Central banks with large foreign exchange reserves have been able to supply foreign currency to local banks and importers generally through repurchase agreements. Since October 2008, Brazil’s central bank has provided US$10 billion to the local market.The Korean central bank has pledged US$10 billion of its foreign exchange reserves to do likewise.The central banks of Argentina, India, Indonesia, and South Africa are also engaged in similar operations. However, many developing countries lack foreign exchange reserves and are unfortunately unable to use similar strategies.

Why has the market not yet re-balanced itself? The current effort aimed at mobilizing public-sector institutions to shoulder some of the risk carried by private-sector banks is, to a certain extent, a race against time. Although additional financing capacity is provided by public institutions, it seems that the private sector’s ability to respond to importers’ and exporters’ demand for finance has been deteriorating even faster, particularly in developing countries in the last quarter of 2008 and the first of 2009. Also BAFT members (commercial banks) have complained that measures announced by ECAs and regional development banks are hard to track, which means that there is a lack of information on who is providing what and under which conditions. Filling this information gap was of one of the highest priorities of the WTO Expert Group Meeting on March 18, 2009.16 In this context, it is important that implementation and design of ECA programs are carried out in a cooperative manner.The issue of financing both exports and imports has also been raised by bankers and traders, as the survival of supply chains partly depends on the financing of both sides. Perhaps the Asian example of support by the ECA for both intra- and extra-regional trade by working as a network should be examined by other regions.

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As a result of the above, policymakers may find that there is no quick fix to the trade finance problem, but instead there is a need for quicker and more sequenced and cooperative implementation of a series of measures that are already underway. Hence, immediate recommendations are to: 1. accelerate the implementation programs of the IFC and regional development banks to enhance trade finance facilitation, which should open a liquidity window for co-financing; 2. fill the information gap as to what ECAs are doing by circulating a list of new programs and open quick and user-friendly liquidity and re-insurance windows for both exporters and importers; 3. encourage coordinated actions by ECAs (possibly regionally); 4. encourage liquidity pools, thus allowing rapid co-financing among banks, ECAs, and international financial institutions (this is an IFC proposal); and

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5. review the Basel II regulations to acknowledge the self-liquidating character of trade finance. In the meantime, there should be no doubt that the trade finance market will experience difficult times throughout the first half of 2009, and things might get worse before they get better. But efforts—such as the WTO’s advocacy and mobilization work—will continue to find durable solutions to what is yet another source of economic contraction.17

The G-20 Summit in London: A trade finance package The above-mentioned recommendations were to a large extend reflected in the trade finance package of the G-20 Summit’s statement, on April 2, 2009. Under the heading “Resisting protectionism and promoting global trade and investment,” the last two bullets points of paragraph 22 state: •

We will take, at the same time, whatever steps we can promote to facilitate trade and investment, and we will ensure availability of at least $250 billion over the next two years to support trade finance through our export credit and investment agencies and through the MDBs (multilateral development banks).

•

We ask our regulators to make use of available flexibility in capital requirements for trade finance.

The trade finance package responds largely to the criteria developed by the WTO Expert Group on Trade Finance: strengthened public-private sector partnerships in the context of existing trade finance facilitation programs, which will be further enhanced, not only on credit insurance, but also by opening and expanding liquidity windows of regional development banks to allow greater co-lending with banks.The IFC is showing the way by reinforcing its global trade finance facility through the introduction of a liquidity pool, co-financing, on a 40–60 percent co-lending agreement with commercial banks, up to US$50 billion of trade transactions in the next two years (Standard Chartered Bank and Standard Bank have already signed off on credit lines with several hundreds of millions of dollars for financing Africa’s trade).While jump-starting the IFC’s Global Trade Finance Liquidity Fund with US$5 billion in IFC funds (raised by both the IFC and several individual donors), to be matched by US$7.5 billion in commercial banks funding according to the co-lending formula, the IFC Fund could further increase over time by attracting more donors and hence more funding by banks.The objective of doubling the IFC’s and donor funding over time, from US$5 to US$10 billion is feasible, hence doubling the Fund’s total capacity from US$12.5 billion to US$25 billion, which means financing over than US$50 billion in trade transactions. Another pillar in the package is the strengthening of existing capacities of ECAs in OECD countries, allowing them to offer more finance and a wider spectrum of instruments. In particular, ECAs would be encouraged to provide more direct funding in the short run (in the form of working capital lending and other types of short-term direct support), which would be matched by a higher capacity on the insurance side, also in the short term. Finally, several institutions—either international financial institutions, ECAs, or other government agencies —will try to revive the secondary market by intervening directly. All in all, the logic of acting by way of increasing co-financing and co-risk mitigation has been followed by many heads of state and governments.The logic implies more liquidity and re-insurance available from ECAs and international financial institutions. It is very likely that this package will be implemented over two years.Therefore some of the early comments by the press and academics about the lack of new funding should be put into a longer time perspective, bearing in mind that most of such a package has been designed with the objective of raising additional, not re-hashed, funds.

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Notes 1 The G-20 is made up of the finance ministers and central bank governors of 19 countries plus the European Union. The countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Korea, Rep., Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. See http://www.g20.org/ about_what_is_g20.aspx for further information. 2 IMF 2003; Auboin and Meier-Ewert 2003. 3 Auboin and Meier-Ewert 2003; Auboin 2004. 4 Undertaken in the context of the WTO Expert Group Meeting on November 12, 2008, and presented at the Expert Group Meeting on March 18, 2009. See in particular WTO Document WT/WGTDF/W/44, available at http://www.wto.org. 5 IMF 2009.

———. 2003. Trade Finance in Financial Crises: An Assessment of Key Issues. IMF Board Paper, Prepared by Policy Development and Review Department in consultation with International Capital Markets and Monetary and Financial Systems Departments. Available at http://www.imf.org/external/np/pdr/cr/2003/ eng/120903.pdf. ———. 2009. Survey of Private Sector Trade Credit Developments. Available at http://www.imf.org/external. IMF and BAFT (International Monetary Fund and Bankers’ Association for Finance and Trade). Survey Among Banks Assessing Current Trade Finance Environment. Available at http://www.baft.org. WTO. WTO Document WT/WGTDF/W/39. Available at http://www.wto.org. ———. WTO Document WT/WGTDF/W/44. Available at http://www.wto.org.

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6 IMF and BAFT 2009. 7 See in particular ICC Banking Commission 2009a, 2009b. 8 SWIFT data pointed to a deterioration particularly visible in the Asian Pacific area. 9 Some 40 percent of the respondent banks indicated that spreads had increased significantly over the past year, and were not expected to fall anytime soon. 10 ICC 2009c. 11 IMF 1993. 12 Auboin and Meier-Ewert 2003, p. 6; for some alleged effects of Basel II rules on trade finance, see ICC Surveys 2009a, 2009b. 13 See in particular WTO Document WT/WGTDF/W/39. 14 Private banks account for some 80 percent of the trade finance market by way of lending. 15 See IMF 2003. 16 See WTO Document WT/WGTDF/W/44. 17 Such recommendations are drawn from Auboin 2009.

References Auboin, M. 2004. “The Trade, Debt and Finance Nexus: At the CrossRoads of Micro- and Macroeconomics.” WTO Discussion Paper 6. Geneva: WTO. Available at http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/discussion_papers6_e .pdf. ———. 2009. “Restoring Trade Finance.” Published in the ebook The Collapse of Global Trade, Murky Protectionism, and the Crisis: Recommendations for the G20. Available at http://www.voxeu.org. Auboin, M. and M. Meier-Ewert. 2003. “Improving the Availability of Trade Finance During Financial Crises.” WTO Discussion Paper 2. Geneva: WTO. Available at http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/ booksp_e/discussion_papers2_e.pdf. ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) Banking Commission. 2009a. An ICC Global Survey for the WTO Group of Experts Meeting on March 18. ICC Document 470-1118 WJ 1/ March 09. Available at http://www.iccwbo.org. ———. 2009b. Rethinking Trade Finance 2009. ICC Global Survey sponsored by the Asian Development Bank, Coastline Solutions, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the InterAmerican Development Bank, the International Financial Corporation, the International Financial Services Association, and SWIFT. ICC Document 470 -1120 WJ 31 March 09. Available at http://www.iccwbo.org. ———. 2009c. “Trade Volume and Value Decline Sharply as a Result of Crisis.” Policy and Business Practices: Banking Technique & Practice. March 23. Paris. Available at http://www.iccwbo.org/policy/banking/icccidii/index.html. IMF (International Monetary Fund). 1993. Balance of Payments Manual. Washington, DC: IMF.

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CHAPTER 1.3

Managing Borders in the 21st Century KUNIO MIKURIYA, World Customs Organization (WCO)

Border control authorities around the world all face the same dilemma—increasing volumes of people and goods notwithstanding—trade flows are slowing during the current global economic downturn, there is no corresponding increase in resources, and traders and travelers have greater expectations for speedier processing and clearance times. Governments and society also expect border authorities to rigorously apply the law in order to protect their interests and the health and safety of their citizens, and to ensure national security. For customs administrations, this means balancing trade facilitation on the one hand with trade security on the other—ensuring that legitimate goods pass through customs without unnecessary hindrances while protecting the international trade supply chain from threats posed by organized crime, petty smugglers, commercial fraudsters, terrorists, and even goods that could endanger society. Today, it is recognized that clearance processes by customs and other agencies are among the most important and problematic links in the global supply chain. High costs and administrative difficulties associated with outdated and excessively bureaucratic border clearance processes are now cited as more serious barriers to trade than tariffs. Inefficient border processing systems, procedures, and infrastructure result in high transaction costs; cause long delays in the clearance of imports, exports, and transit goods; and present significant opportunities for administrative corruption. All these aspects are reflected in the border administration component of the Enabling Trade Index, discussed in Chapter 1.1 of this Report. With the current financial and economic turmoil in the world, it is now more necessary than ever for countries to do all they can to encourage trade flows and inward investment while ensuring that effective enforcement mechanisms are in place at borders to prevent any disruptive, toxic, or illicit trade from entering national territory. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable, as they feel the credit crunch more severely because of their weaker economic infrastructure. Indeed, they have very real fears about revenue security and about how to maintain revenue collections as the economic crisis deepens. Just as the global financial crisis and its economic impact is coloring world thinking, it is also coloring the way customs does its business now and will do it in the future, especially the way borders are managed by customs and other border agencies. Smart border management, in cooperation with all trade stakeholders, is now an imperative if the demands of a dynamic global trading system are to be met.

Customs takes a proactive stance The World Customs Organization (WCO) has, of course, been monitoring global trade developments, patterns, and trends since its inception. It has produced The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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instruments and tools, and launched initiatives and programs, for its members—which now number 174— that are designed to address problems being experienced by customs administrations or to assist them to cope more confidently with the challenges generated by the evolving international trade environment. Building on its mandate to ensure that customs authorities implement best practices on a global basis, the Council of the WCO—the organization’s highest decision-making body—adopted its visionary “Customs in the 21st Century” policy document in June 2008. This strategic policy, which is aimed at enhancing growth and development through trade facilitation and border security, provides a platform and a framework for future thinking both within the WCO and in customs administrations. In fact, it essentially describes the key elements of customs best practice in the future. The strategy is made up of a cutting-edge list of 10 important building blocks for enhancing customs operations globally.These building blocks are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

a globally networked customs; better coordinated border management; intelligence-driven risk management; a customs-trade partnership; implementation of modern working methods, procedures, and techniques; enabling technology and tools; enabling powers; a more professional, knowledge-based service culture; capacity building; and integrity.

Clearly, enhancing border management and ensuring that it is coordinated is seen as a critical step for the future. This entails cooperation among a variety of government border regulatory agencies.The key challenge is to create an environment based upon trust that allows customs and these agencies to work collaboratively at the border. Within that overall concept, the international trade single window using electronic data is an important enabler that provides a technical means for collaboration to be achieved. To facilitate the work of customs at borders, over time the WCO has developed several instruments and tools, and introduced a number of programs and initiatives, that significantly enhance customs operations.This body of WCO work is constantly being reviewed for its efficacy; it plays a vital role in border management and can contribute enormously to efforts aimed at ensuring even better border management in the future based on coordination, collaboration, cooperation, and communication.

Facilitating cross-border trade Customs administrations play a vital role in the growth of international trade and in the development of the global marketplace.The efficiency and effectiveness of customs procedures can significantly influence and advance economic competitiveness and social development.Trade and investment will flow toward efficient, supportive, and facilitative locations. At the same time, they will rapidly ebb away from locations perceived by business as being bureaucratic, lacking in good governance, short on transparency, and synonymous with high costs. Systems and processes used by customs must not be allowed to serve as a barrier to the growth of international trade, or even to be perceived as an obstacle. Modern production and delivery systems, linked with the dramatic potential of new forms of electronic commerce, make swift and predictable customs clearance an important prerequisite for economic development. The revised Kyoto Convention

The WCO revised Kyoto Convention (RKC) on the simplification and harmonization of customs procedures was adopted in June 1999 and entered into force on February 3, 2006, after being revised to meet the new dynamics of international trade and changing government expectations. As of June 2009, the RKC counts 59 contracting parties, with a number of others in the pipeline. It is now regarded as the blueprint for modern and efficient customs procedures in the 21st century because it provides international commerce with the predictability, efficiency, and security that the modern trading environment requires. Several key governing principles drive the RKC: transparency and predictability of customs actions, standardization and simplification of the goods declaration and supporting documents, simplified procedures for authorized persons, maximum use of information technology, minimum necessary customs control to ensure compliance with regulations, use of risk management and audit-based controls, coordinated interventions with other border agencies, and a partnership with trade. It promotes trade facilitation and effective controls through its legal provisions that set out simple yet efficient procedures, and contains obligatory rules for its application. Here it may be mentioned that the WTO Trade Facilitation Negotiating Group has recognized the RKC as a valuable source of reference. Time Release Study

The WCO Time Release Study (TRS) is another critical WCO tool for effective border management. One of the methods used for the review of clearance procedures is to measure the average time taken between the arrival of goods and their ultimate release by customs. Using the TRS facilitates the identification both of problem areas and of potential corrective actions to increase transparency and efficiency.The use of automation and

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other sophisticated selectivity methods can allow customs to improve compliance and at the same time improve facilitation for the majority of low-risk goods.1 TRS methodology allows for the time measurement of all processes in the clearance procedure, including the time taken by other government agencies and other players in the logistics chain.The time required to release goods has also increasingly become the measure by which the international trading community assesses the effectiveness of a customs administration. Recommendations made as a result of a TRS often provide the framework for targeted interventions aimed at reducing trade costs by strengthening customs procedures, streamlining other related procedures, establishing risk assessment, and supporting the establishment of postclearance audit units. This WCO tool could be used as a stimulus to start a dialogue on border management issues among all parties involved in international supply chain management and lead to more coordinated border management. Immediate Release Guidelines

The WCO Immediate Release Guidelines were approved in March 2003 after being updated following the revision of the 1974 Kyoto Convention and the development of the WCO Data Model (see below), and were intended to take on board the concerns of both customs and the trade. Originally developed as a set of customs release/ clearance procedures in early 1990, the Guidelines are aimed at expediting the clearance of large numbers of small or negligible-value goods being carried by courier and express mail services. Along with the instruments that have been highlighted, the WCO has also developed other instruments that equally facilitate trade and enhance border management. These include the ATA and Istanbul Conventions regulating temporary admission,2 as well as the Harmonized System Convention governing the classification of goods.3

Securing global trade International trade is an essential driver for economic prosperity, but the global trading system is vulnerable to exploitation by transnational organized crime and even terrorist networks.With this in mind, there is a need for a WCO-endorsed strategy to secure the movement of global trade in a way that does not impede but, on the contrary, facilitates the movement of legitimate trade.4 SAFE Framework of Standards

The WCO SAFE Framework of Standards (SAFE Framework) aims to establish standards that provide supply chain security and facilitation to goods being traded internationally. It enables integrated supply chain management for all modes of transport and champions the seamless movement of goods along secure trade supply chains. Its four essential principles are: the commitment

to harmonize advance electronic cargo information requirements on inbound, outbound, and transit shipments; the application of a consistent risk management approach to address security threats; the preferred use of non-intrusive detection equipment to effect customs examinations of high-risk containers and cargo; and the provision of benefits to businesses that meet minimum supply chain security standards and best practices. The SAFE Framework’s principles rest on two twin pillars, namely, customs-to-customs network arrangements and customs-to-business partnerships.This two-pillar strategy has many advantages, as each pillar contains a set of standards that have been consolidated to guarantee ease of understanding and rapid global implementation. In addition, the WCO is currently considering the addition of a third pillar relating to cooperation between customs and other government border agencies—the customs-to-government pillar—in recognition of the importance of and need for inter-agency collaboration to encourage better and more secure coordinated border management. To date, 156 WCO members have indicated their intention to implement the SAFE Framework, clearly reflecting the importance attached to trade security by the global customs community. In fact, the SAFE Framework, which was adopted in 2005, has shifted the attention of customs from traditional controls at import to the entire trade supply chain. In this way, customs is expected to act as a global network that assesses security risks based on advance electronic information as early as possible in the supply chain.This scheme requires standardized cargo data elements based on the WCO Data Model and consistent risk management to facilitate customs-to-customs and customs-to-business cooperation. It goes without saying that the customs-trade partnership is indispensable to the successful implementation of the SAFE Framework and other WCO instruments and tools. Not only does the Framework recommend a number of facilitation benefits for businesses whose cargo security arrangements are up to scratch, it also offers compliant traders the possibility of being recognized as authorized economic operators (AEOs)—one of the most important benefits of which is the mutual recognition of this status by other customs administrations. With respect to mutual recognition, only a few countries have concluded agreements to date,5 but others are actively negotiating such agreements. Although there are slight differences in focus to reflect each country’s own priorities, nonetheless, it is important that AEO programs are compatible and consistent with the standards contained in the SAFE Framework.The WCO will continue to encourage faster global recognition while accepting that this may happen slowly but progressively as more and more customs administrations conclude agreements among one another. Other WCO tools, such as the Global Information and Intelligence Strategy (GIIS) and the Customs

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Enforcement Network (CEN), also play key roles in securing global trade.These initiatives are supported by WCO instruments such as the Nairobi and Johannesburg Conventions as well as the Model Bilateral Agreement, which promote cooperation and mutual assistance among customs authorities in all spheres.

Using technology for better border management Information and documentation are key elements in controlling international cross-border trade. In today’s interconnected electronic environment, these controls increasingly include advance transmission of data to customs as well as customs-to-customs information exchange in order to provide the necessary level of security in addition to acceptable release times. In this modern era, single-window systems aimed at providing a coordinated means for governments to interact with the international trade and transport industries for all border regulatory data requirements are becoming the norm. Using international standards is the key to effective and efficient exchange and sharing of information among a diverse range of parties. The WCO Data Model

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The WCO Data Model has kept pace with these developments in technology and now incorporates wider business and information needs. It provides standard and harmonized sets of data and electronic messages to be submitted by business to government to accomplish formalities for the arrival, departure, transit, and clearance of goods, people, conveyances, and transport equipment used in international cross-border trade. Intrinsic to the Data Model, and the WCO revised Kyoto Convention as well, is the principle that customs administrations should request as few data as necessary to ensure compliance with customs laws. Use of the Data Model enables the various information systems of a customs service, its trading partners, and other regulatory and border agencies to work together in the most effective way possible. Its many benefits include promoting safe and secure borders through the establishment of a common platform for regulatory data exchange that enables the early sharing of information; facilitating customs-to-customs cooperation by enabling the customs administrations to offer authorized economic operators end-to-end premium procedures, along with simplified and integrated treatment of the total transaction; contributing to the rapid release of goods; eliminating redundant and repetitive data submitted by the carrier and the importer; reducing the volume of data required to be presented at time of release; lowering compliance costs; and promoting greater customs cooperation and coordination. In addition, the Data Model contributes to the security and facilitation of the international trade supply chain and is a key strategic element of the SAFE

Framework.The Data Model therefore provides for the most efficient and effective supply chain management possible.Version 3.0 of the Data Model, which is expected to be released at the end of 2009, extends the single-window capacity of the Model as more and more governments view the single window for business as a way to reduce repetition and as a crucial building block to the future expansion of international trade.6 The Unique Consignment Reference

The WCO Unique Consignment Reference (UCR) or unique identifier should be applied as soon as possible in the trade transaction, preferably by the trader, and should then form part of every party’s documents and exchanges along the supply chain to the final destination. Supply chains are complex and involve many parties, locations, and exchanges of data. One means to better manage such exchanges is to provide a unique numeric reference that is quoted in association with all documents and processes for a given trade transaction.This is what the UCR does. Although the UCR was designed with customs requirements in mind, its benefits can extend to other government agencies as well as to trade and transport logistics entities. In 2004, the WCO published its recommendation and accompanying guidelines for the UCR guided by the view that if complex systems such as international trade single windows are to work effectively, a means to track or trace transactions such as that provided by the UCR would be one essential ingredient. This WCO tool, in combination with the WCO Data Model, perfectly complements the movement toward coordinated border management across the globe.

A single window for trade The single-window concept and guidelines to its implementation were developed by the UN Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) and have been published as UN/CEFACT Recommendation 33.The WCO and its partners accept that a single-window environment is a cross-border “intelligent facility” that allows parties involved in trade and transport to lodge standardized information, mainly in an electronic format, via a single entry point to fulfill all import, export, and transit-related regulatory requirements. The establishment of a single-window environment for border control procedures for conveyances, transport equipment, goods, and crew is considered by customs administrations to be the solution for the complex problems of border automation and information management involving multiple cross-border regulatory agencies. In this regard, the WCO recognizes that in order to establish a single-window environment, the policy, legal, and administrative framework should be examined before attention turns to the complex technical issues.

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While there are several single-window initiatives taking shape around the world, there are no clear standards or guidelines in this area. Customs is increasingly being expected to participate in and take responsibility for the implementation of a single-window environment. It is for this reason that the WCO, using the UN/CEFACT Recommendation as a basis, produced a document for its members entitled Single Window: Implications for Customs Administrations. This document describes the possible impact that developments around a single-window environment have on the future of customs’ business.To complement this document, the WCO has also developed its Single Window Data Harmonisation Guidelines to provide single-window environment developers with tools that can be used to achieve data harmonization and to develop internationally standardized datasets. Additionally, the WCO has established a joint legal task force with the UN Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) to develop a comprehensive legal guide to the legal implications of implementing a single window and coordinated border management. This guide will benefit both governments and the private sector.

Coordinated border management A coordinated border management (CBM) system has two major features: a domestic border management system that involves domestic coordination among agencies in one country or a customs union, and an international border management system that involves coordination among many neighboring countries and trading partners. The multiplicity of agencies at the border all requiring the same or similar information from a trader could be a detriment to trade facilitation because compliance costs soar as a result of the duplication involved in these trade transactions. Domestic inter-agency coordination is a first step in implementing a CBM system. Each border agency needs to review its specific mission requirements, procedures, processes, and required data elements before comparing them with those of other agencies in order to determine whether there are any redundancies and to identify those aspects that contain little value-added in terms of effective border control. In some countries, this review has resulted in the creation of a single border agency that is mandated to carry out all border-related functions. In others, it has resulted in the cross-training of inspectors so that one inspector can carry out the primary functions of several agencies and has to refer to another agency only in cases of doubt or special circumstances. Countries that follow this model will decide which of its border agencies should take the lead—it could be customs, but not necessarily. For example, if customs were the lead agency performing functions on behalf of other agencies, there would be times when it would have to defer

to another agency for assistance or guidance.This crosstraining of officials leads to border enforcement by a smaller number of highly trained officials.The use of memoranda of understanding or special agreements among various agencies has proven very useful in reducing overlapping and redundant regulations that were identified as a result of a review conducted within the border agencies of a country.The WCO’s Model Bilateral Agreement that can be customized to suit the needs of contracting parties has come in handy in this regard. Given the current financial crisis, it is more imperative than ever for customs administrations to find ways to use their limited resources in the most effective manner possible. One method that has been used to address the large cost of constructing border control points is for neighboring countries to consider building common facilities where both customs and other border agencies work side by side. In this way, the legal and policy issues of officers working in another country are avoided and the cost of constructing border facilities is reduced. Some administrations have found it practical to provide a legal basis for customs officials in neighboring countries to perform certain activities on their behalf. This has led, for example, to one customs official performing the export checks to satisfy his country’s requirements and then performing the import checks of the importing country, resulting in the release of goods for export or import in one series of checks. Border agencies could also consider sharing the use of extremely expensive non-intrusive examination or inspection equipment or even detector dogs to help reduce costs or large capital outlays. National and international cooperation and communication also have an essential role to play in any CBM system and should be viewed from multiple perspectives: intra-service cooperation (within ministries and agencies), inter-agency cooperation (between different border agencies), and international cooperation (between neighboring states).The success of a CBM system rests heavily on effective communication. In order to ensure the operational effectiveness of border agencies, systems must be in place to ensure that information of mutual benefit is shared and that relevant information reaches the competent authorities rapidly. Similarly, the creation of joint committees—whether national or international—comprising representatives from all border agencies or neighboring countries could provide a venue for the discussion and resolution of issues that affect CBM in addition to facilitating the exchange of information and the coordination of joint actions. The adoption of international standards leads to simplification and harmonization. In this regard, the WCO has developed many standards, ranging from very technical ones relating to data contained in the WCO Data Model to operational ones set out in the WCO revised

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Kyoto Convention and the trade supply chain security standards laid down in the SAFE Framework.The use of international standards in the border environment adds to the effectiveness of customs operations and to any CBM system because they provide a predictable trading environment and promote easier and better compliance from traders. It is equally necessary for the trade and border officials to be fully aware of the legislation on which the CBM system is based. Such legislation, including any regulations, policies, and procedures of a non-confidential nature, must be published and readily available to the public. In this respect, it is recommended that countries establish enquiry points where the public can obtain all necessary information to facilitate compliance with all border regulatory requirements. In cases where neighboring countries decide to establish juxtaposed offices under the terms of a bilateral or other agreement, these offices should have the same hours of service and the same designated competencies. For example, it is not practical for one country to designate its office at a certain border location as competent to handle exports of diamonds when the juxtaposed office in the other country is not competent to process imports of diamonds. Such juxtaposed offices can carry out export and import checks in cooperation with one another to ensure that controls and security issues are fully addressed. It is well understood that the provision of advance electronic information is paramount to successful risk management and, consequently, to effective CBM systems. In its instruments, the WCO has reflected this concept in the two areas most affecting customs— advance submission by the carrier of cargo information and advance submission by the airlines of passenger information.The WCO Integrated Supply Chain Management Guidelines (ISCM) provides global standards on how this information is to be submitted, while the Guidelines on Advance Passenger Information (API) performs the same function where travelers are concerned.7 In planning and implementing a CBM system, it is imperative that the following critical issues are adequately considered: • The necessity for strong political support and commitment to ensure the availability of adequate resources, and to avoid, for example, inter-agency problems and “turf-wars” when designing a new system. • The establishment of a multi-agency project team that includes representatives from the private sector, dedicated to implementing a CBM system, and that can draw on the expertise of all participating institutions.

• The development of a strategic plan, after having undertaken a thorough review and comparison of the operations of all border agencies that affect its outcome; the plan will outline the interlinked programs required for effective border control. • The implementation of a sound legal framework that clearly defines control procedures and the division of tasks and responsibilities of the agencies concerned, and that takes into account privacy provisions; data protection laws associated with border controls; the exchange of information among various government authorities; the legal relations at the border with adjoining countries; cross-border identity management; and, if necessary, the protection of employees working in foreign countries. • A review of all information and communication technology issues, in particular the integration of systems so that all agencies can access the same databases and use this common information for risk analysis and management purposes; subject to data security, the CBM system should also be accessible by commercial operators in order to facilitate the speedy transfer of information. • An infrastructure needs-assessment aimed at rationalizing the infrastructure for cost purposes by, for example, co-locating agencies in the same building or operating joint facilities with neighboring countries. • The adherence to international standards as a means of creating a predictable trading environment and promoting enhanced compliance with border regulatory procedures, policies, and requirements. • The undertaking of a robust inter-agency training program to expose the expertise that exists among the different agencies and broaden the knowledge of officials about the role and responsibilities of each agency. • The promotion of a strong communication network at the inter-agency level and between border agencies and the private sector to enhance cooperation and coordination, including the sharing of information and intelligence. Over time, through its own in-depth examination into how to better manage trade at borders, the WCO has determined that, for border agencies to collaborate effectively and in a coordinated way, it is essential that the following basic conditions be met: the computerization and use of electronic data; the maximum use of e-commerce technologies; the use of commercial data and systems; the use of data standards; the employment

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of ICT security, authentication, and privacy; and the use of a unique identifier. These basic rules and procedures already appear in the WCO SAFE Framework; although there they have been tackled from a customs vantage point, they remain equally applicable to any CBM environment.

Guide, a Model Code of Ethics and Conduct, an Integrity Action Plan, and the Integrity Best Practice Resource Centre.11 These tools are re-enforced by the WCO’s determination to ensure that integrity remains a priority, horizontal issue throughout the Organization and its working bodies in line with international best practice.

Building capacity and strengthening integrity The successful implementation of the wide range of instruments and tools developed by the WCO depends largely on their acceptance and application by WCO members. Capacity to overcome disparities in implementation that may hamper the management of borders effectively is addressed by the WCO through its capacitybuilding initiatives.The Columbus Programme is the largest and most comprehensive of these.The WCO is determined to ensure that its activities in this area must be sustainable and must increase efficiency and fully meet the needs of WCO members. With the future in mind, the WCO will use its regional structures to provide development and technical assistance to WCO members, since they are better placed to deliver a customized product that meets real regional needs and policy directions.8 Furthermore, as regional integration increases, the WCO will be placing more emphasis on ensuring synergy between its work and that of regional institutions. Coupled with this is the WCO’s determination to develop an effective dialogue with the donor community, as this will lead to a more efficient and effective partnership that will impact positively on WCO members needing capacity-building assistance to improve border management. Integrity is another issue of critical importance when managing borders because corruption, if allowed to flourish, is insidious by nature and can harm customs enormously in carrying out its mandate.To address this complex problem in public services and more specifically in customs, in 1993 the WCO Arusha Declaration on Integrity in Customs was adopted.This Declaration demonstrates the willingness of the customs community to comply with rules governing integrity. As the focal point for WCO integrity development efforts, it was revised in 2003 to take on board additional elements and to bring it in line with global anti-corruption initiatives. These global initiatives were largely driven by the United Nations Convention against Corruption,9 the International Group for Anti-Corruption Coordination (IGAC),10 the Second Global Forum on Fighting Corruption and Safeguarding Integrity (The Hague/ The Netherlands, May 2002), and the Third Global Forum on Fighting Corruption and Safeguarding Integrity (Seoul/Korea, May 2003). To support its members and strengthen integrity, the WCO has developed a number of tools, such as the Compendium of Best Practices, the Integrity Self-Assessment

Weathering global developments with a better future in mind As the international community grapples with the global financial crisis and the effects of the economic downturn, the WCO has from the outset continued to stress the importance of trade facilitation and promotion as a means to weather current global challenges while emphasizing the futility of protectionism such as that which surfaced in the 1930s. Economic nationalism aimed at protecting domestic industries through the erection of barriers to free trade has proven itself historically to be unworkable and does not achieve its aims. Robustly encouraging free trade and its growth will help the world’s economies to move out of the recession in which they are currently mired. Indeed, countries can take measures to support their national industries during these turbulent economic and financial times, but such measures should be balanced with campaigns promoting international trade and ensuring that the movement of legitimate goods is facilitated to the greatest extent possible. The WCO’s stance was confirmed by the G-20 in their official communiqué issued in London on April 2, 2009, in which the leaders reached agreement on a range of issues contained in their Global Plan for Recovery and Reform. Of particular note for the customs community and border management was their rejection of protectionism in favor of global trade promotion to underpin economic prosperity and a sustainable recovery from the crisis. G-20 leaders also made a commitment to trade facilitation by calling for a balanced and urgent conclusion to the Doha Development Round. Because the G-20 commitments will have a direct impact on border management, the WCO is keen to play a meaningful role in this regard by actively encouraging its members to implement relevant trade facilitation measures consistent with international standards and to enhance coordination at borders. Better and smarter border management that is coordinated and that promotes cooperation among all trade stakeholders is the answer to managing borders in the 21st century. The WCO’s instruments, tools, and measures already contribute positively to achieving this goal, and its future endeavors will be aimed at enhancing what it has done in the past while at the same time becoming even more innovative.This will ensure a more responsive and strengthened customs community, a creative and flexible border management, and a better future for all.

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Notes 1 Measuring the time taken for the release of goods also meets the concerns of trade circles when it comes to long delays in customs clearance. The TRS helps customs services to respond to trade requirements, especially the need to plan ahead for the movement of goods across borders in order to meet tight production schedules and just-in-time inventory systems that require forward planning. 2 Goods may enter a customs territory with relief from duties and taxes but must be covered by a single document known as the ATA carnet that is secured by an international guarantee system.

———. 2004a. Accompanying Guidelines to the Recommendation to the Customs Co-operation Council Concerning a Unique Consignment Reference (UCR) for Customs Purposes. Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/1.%20Public%20files/ PDFandDocuments/Procedures%20and%20Facilitation/ UCR_new_e.pdf.

3 A multipurpose goods nomenclature used as the basis for customs tariffs and for the compilation of international trade statistics is an integral part of the Convention.

———. 2004b. Recommendation to the Customs Co-operation Council Concerning a Unique Consignment Reference (UCR) for Customs Purposes. Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/ pftoolsucrrecomm.htm.

4 Because customs administrations control and administer international trade, they are in a unique position to enhance supply chain security and contribute to socioeconomic development by improving trade facilitation and increasing revenue collection—critical factors in the current global economic downturn.

———. 2007a. Compendium of Integrity Best Practices. Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/1.%20Public%20files/ PDFandDocuments/Capacity%20Building/Integrity/ CIBP_for_publication20March2007_English.pdf.

5 AEO programs are in place in Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, and the United States.

———. 2007b. Integrity Development Guide. Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/1.%20Public%20files/ PDFandDocuments/Capacity%20Building/ Integrity_Development_Guide_E_March_2007.pdf.

6 The Model will be marketed to customs, software developers, and the private sector through a series of workshops in each of the six WCO regions. These are (1) North Africa, Near and Middle East; (2) West and Central Africa; (3) East and Southern Africa; (4) South America, North America, Central America and the Caribbean; (5) Europe; and (6) Far East, South and South East Asia, Australasia and the Pacific Islands. 7 The API guidelines were established jointly by the WCO, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

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———. 2003. The Revised Arusha Declaration: Declaration of the Customs Co-operation Council Concerning Integrity in Customs. Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/1.%20Public%20files/ PDFandDocuments/Declarations/Revised_Arusha_Declaration_EN. pdf.

8 The WCO’s regional structures are its Regional Offices for Capacity Building (ROCB) and Regional Training Centres (RTC). 9 The UN Convention was adopted by the General Assembly by Resolution 58/4 of 31 October 2003. The text of the Convention was negotiated during seven sessions of the Ad Hoc Committee for the Negotiation of the Convention against Corruption, held between January 21, 2002, and October 1, 2003. 10 Originally, the interagency coordination initiative on anti-corruption was launched by the UN Deputy Secretary-General, who convened two meetings in New York in late 2001 calling for enhanced collaboration and coordination of anti-corruption efforts within the UN. Following this call, the IGAC convened its first meeting under the auspices of the UNODC in February 2002, and has been meeting regularly ever since.

———. 2007c. Model Code of Ethics and Conduct. Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/1.%20Public%20files/ PDFandDocuments/Model%20Code%20of%20Ethics%20and %20Conduct.pdf. ———. 2007d. Single Window: Implications for Customs Administrations (Annex I to Information Management SubCommittee Document No. PM0186E). Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/6.%20SW%20Files/ SW%20Initiatives/WCO/003-Implications.pdf. ———. 2007e. WCO Data Model, Single Window Data Harmonisation. Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/6.%20SW%20Files/ Single%20Window%20Data%20Harmonisation%20V2.pdf. WCO/IATA/ICAO (World Customs Organization/International Air Transport Association/International Civil Aviation Organization). 2003. Guidelines on Advance Passenger Information (API). Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/1.%20Public%20files/ PDFandDocuments/Procedures%20and%20Facilitation/ APIGuidelines_ENG.pdf.

11 The Integrity Best Practice Resource Centre is the name given to a database of integrity best practices.

References G-20. 2009. Global Plan for Recovery and Reform: The Communiqué from the London Summit. Available at http://www.londonsummit.gov.uk/en/summit-aims/summitcommunique. UN/CEFACT (United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business). 2005. Recommendations and Guidelines on Establishing a Single Window to Enhance the Efficient Exchange of Information between Trade and Government: Recommendation No. 33. New York and Geneva: United Nations. Available at http://www.unece.org/cefact/recommendations/rec33/ rec33_trd352e.pdf. UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). 2003. United Nations Convention against Corruption. Available at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/index.html. WCO (World Customs Organization). 1993. The Arusha Declaration: Declaration of the Customs Co-operation Council Concerning Integrity in Customs. Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/files/ 1.%20Public%20files/PDFandDocuments/Capacity%20Building/ Integrity/Arusha%20E.pdf.

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CHAPTER 1.4

IATA e-Freight: Taking the Paper Out of Air Cargo STEVE SMITH and MICHAEL MOOSBERGER, International Air Transport Association (IATA)

International trade is a key contributor to global economic growth. Open trade policies encourage trade, as does reliable, fast, and cost-effective transport. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that reductions in transport costs have an equal or greater positive effect on international trade than lower tariffs.1 Different types of transaction costs related to trade are captured in the Enabling Trade Index discussed in Chapter 1.1 of this Report.This chapter examines IATA e-freight, an initiative that improves the effectiveness and efficiency of international airfreight and the potential of e-freight to increase international trade in goods and services. IATA e-freight replaces paper documents accompanying airfreight shipments with electronic messages.This facilitates the movement of goods by air; saves billions of dollars for the supply chain; and offers a modern, more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional air cargo shipments. The air cargo industry almost exclusively relies on paper-based processes to support the movement of freight. These paper-based processes are not cost effective, nor do they serve the pressing needs for security and speed that are the key characteristics of air cargo. In December 2004, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Board mandated IATA to lead an industry-wide project with the aim of taking paper out of the air cargo supply chain and creating the conditions needed to replace the existing processes with new ones that rely on the electronic exchange of information to facilitate the movement of freight.Thus an industry action group was established that included IATA, the World Customs Organization (WCO), airlines, and freight forwarders to lead the industry in migrating to a paper-free process. IATA established a project team to identify those locations that had the right regulatory and technical environments to work in an electronic environment while demonstrating the willingness to migrate from paper-based to an electronic process. Six pilot locations were identified as having met these criteria: Canada, Hong Kong SAR, the Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.The project team established working groups in each of these locations that included airlines, customs, freight forwarders, and ground handlers who recognized the need to define a single e-freight operating process that allows the clearance of exports and imports without the use of paper documentation. In November 2007, 12 months after initiating the project, these pilot locations went live with the new e-freight process. As of March 2009, 13 more economies are e-freight live: Australia, Denmark, Dubai, France, Germany, Korea, Rep., Luxembourg, Mauritius, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States.The project is targeting 44 locations that will be using e-freight processes by the end of 2010.Together, these locations account for more than 80 percent of global international air cargo volumes.

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Figure 1: The air cargo supply chain

Shippers

Origin freight forwarders

Export customs

Origin–destination carrier

Implementation in a given location now takes approximately three months and is led by an industry steering group normally chaired by an airline. However, the implementation in Korea, Rep. in 2008 was chaired by customs and supported by the airfreight community, and as a result it was one of the smoothest implementations. Today, IATA forecasts a 17 percent reduction in 2009 cargo volumes compared with 2008. Removing costly, inefficient paper-based processes is more relevant than ever, as the supply chain looks for simpler ways of doing business in an economic downturn.

What is the air cargo supply chain? The air cargo industry consists of a diverse set of parties involved in the transport of goods. Collectively referred to as the air cargo supply chain, these parties include shippers, freight forwarders, government customs officials, airlines, ground handlers, and consignees.The interaction among these groups, in terms of the flow of business and information, is shown in Figure 1.

The problem: Too much paper Today, the air cargo supply chain relies heavily on paper documents to support the movement of goods. In fact, the average air cargo shipment generates more than 30 documents, from the Certificate of Origin to the Import Goods Declaration. This reliance on paper-based processes is based on a legacy system of transporting goods. It lengthens transport times, increases shipment costs, and provides little real-time visibility for the customer.With so many stakeholders in the supply chain exchanging information, the manual transfer of data from one to another is error-prone.These errors cause delays in shipments. The fact that the customs documents arrive at the same time or even after the shipments arrive eliminates the ability to pre-clear goods, causing delays and

Import customs

Destination freight forwarders

Consignees

hampering the ability of customs officials to conduct targeted screening.The administration of so many documents also requires more resources across the air cargo supply chain, increasing overhead costs. In addition, inefficient, unpredictable, and unclear customs procedures and practices contribute to unnecessary costs and delays for exports and imports. In 1974, the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Kyoto Convention) came into force as a voluntary agreement through the WCO, as an attempt to harmonize customs systems internationally. Recognizing a need to harmonize further, countries set forth a revised version of the Kyoto Convention (see Chapter 1.3 for more details on the Kyoto Convention).This went into effect on February 3, 2006, with 44 contracting parties. The purpose of the treaty is to simplify customs procedures, eliminate wasteful transaction charges, improve transparency and predictability, and facilitate trade. One of the ways the agreement does this is by providing for the use of electronic data exchange in customs clearance.This important measure means that almost 80 percent of international trade will now be facilitated under the provisions of the revised Kyoto Convention. As trade has developed, states have implemented complex requirements for the provision of information. Governments often require data to be submitted on paper and also to more than one authority.This adds to the cost of doing business without adding value to the airfreight supply chain or for the end customer. Suppliers maintain inventory levels of around 12 percent, of which 25 percent can be attributed to the unreliability of the air cargo supply chain.2 This means that shippers have to increase their goods inventory by 3 percent to make sure they can deliver on commitments to the end customer.

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Figure 2: The 16 documents that will be replaced by IATA e-freight messaging standards by the end of 2009

Shippers

Origin freight forwarders

Export customs

Origin–destination carrier

Import customs

Destination freight forwarders

Consignees

e-Freight messaging

A

B

1. Invoice 2. Packing List 3. Certificate of Origin 4. Letter of Instruction 5. Dangerous Goods Declaration

6. Master Air Waybill 7. House Waybill 8. House Manifest 9. Export Goods Declaration

IATA e-freight: A paper-free alternative IATA e-freight involves the entire supply chain. Currently IATA e-freight has published electronic messaging standards that replace 13 paper documents. By the end of 2009, the project will have removed 16 paper documents from the air cargo supply chain, accounting for over 60 percent of the paper documents by volume (Figure 2). The implementation of e-ticket in the passenger domain removed one document—the equivalent of the Air Waybill that is the contractual document for the air cargo industry. IATA e-freight, by contrast, removes a significantly larger number of documents for cargo, which—unlike a passenger—is unable to walk and talk.This makes the need for a robust process critical— otherwise the cargo sits still. Replacing paper with electronic messages allows for the faster movement of goods, provides better information to supply chain participants, and lowers costs for the industry. Electronic document auto-population allows one-time data entry at the point of origin, eliminating shipment delays that result from inconsistent manual data entry. Electronic documents are also less likely to be misplaced.They facilitate the transfer of information required by customs officials before the actual shipment arrives, allowing government entities to pre-screen air cargo and target their secondary screening efforts. In fact, based on the experience of Singapore, IATA estimates that this ability to send information ahead of

C 11. Flight Manifest 12. Transfer Manifest 13. Export Cargo Declaration 14. Import Cargo Declaration

D 15. Import Goods Declaration 16. Customs Release Import

the shipment can reduce shipment times by a global average of 24 hours. Countries adopting e-freight can also benefit from reducing their environmental footprint. IATA estimates that e-freight will eliminate almost 8,000 tons of paper every year—based on the number of paper shipment documents currently created—enough to fill 80 Boeing 747 freighters. IATA e-freight messaging standards comply with international and local regulations relating to the provision of electronic documents and data required by customs, civil aviation, and other regulatory authorities. Electronic documents also restrict the availability of data to only those parties that require them, enhancing the security of shipment-related information. Interoperability is a key criterion in the development of IATA e-freight messaging standards.The 13 electronic document standards developed—and the 3 more on the way in 2009—work for companies large and small.These standards allow systems to communicate with each other, including systems operated by customs and civil aviation authorities. IATA e-freight electronic messages that replace documents used in all types of transport—such as the packing list, invoice, or Certificate of Origin— work for air, sea, and land shipments.

The regulatory environment needed to implement IATA e-freight When the IATA e-freight project considered implementation, it looked to economies and customs authorities

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that had a legal and regulatory framework that would allow the removal of paper and operations by means of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) messaging. Countries must pass two assessments—a high-level assessment (HLA) and a detailed-level assessment (DLA)— to be considered e-freight ready.The HLA criteria are: • The intent of a country to implement the WCO Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade. • The country has already in place, or plans to put in place, an e-customs program that provides the process and technology to exchange messages electronically between air cargo supply chain stakeholders and governmental authorities (mainly customs). Most of the documents that are considered for the e-freight project, such as the Master Air Waybill and the Certificate of Origin, are part of the customs clearance process. If an e-customs program is in place, the paper documents can be replaced by standard electronic messages exchanged with the customs administrations. If a location cannot support the exchange of electronic messages, paper cannot be replaced and e-freight cannot be implemented. • The country has ratified the Montreal Convention 99 or the Montreal Protocol 4.The Convention or Protocol eliminates the need for cargo consignors to complete detailed paper-based air waybills. Even though a framework may be in place, a willingness on the part of governmental authorities to implement e-freight for the documentation in scope is also required. That was the reason for choosing the six pilot locations in 2007—Canada, Hong Kong, the Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Customs authorities in these economies were willing to consider an IATA e-freight process that could be aligned to meet their regulatory and operational processes. A country implementing an e-customs program should do so in line with WCO standards, so that its program conforms to the electronic message standards used in the IATA e-freight project. Once a location passes the HLA, a DLA is conducted. This is a set of over 50 questions that diagnose the readiness of a location and its stakeholders to participate in IATA e-freight from technical, process, and regulatory points of view.

Benefits to implementing countries Implementing countries’ entire air cargo supply chain— and by extension their broader economies—benefit from the move to paper-free air cargo. Shippers will benefit from faster processing times and more convenience.This reduction in time needed

to process is largely driven by more accurate data coming from the electronic exchange of information. If the original data provided by the exporter are transmitted electronically through the supply chain, there is reduced risk of inaccurate data being processed as each member of the supply chain inputs data into their own systems. The air cargo supply chain therefore has the inherent inefficiency of manual data re-entry. In addition, if the data presented to customs are incorrect, shipments are delayed. Customs authorities will benefit because moretargeted screening becomes possible because of the submission of customs information in advance of goods arriving.With the increase in global trade, there is increasing pressure on customs resources to ensure that the flow of goods is expedited, while at the same time providing increased security. Having to inspect every shipment that passes through a border is unnecessary and would bring the flow of goods to a halt. Providing electronic export and import data in advance, which is possible with IATA e-freight, allows authorities to conduct more focused risk management in order to identify high-risk shipments. With the electronic exchange of data between export and import economies, there is less opportunity for mis-declaration of goods.Therefore customs duties revenue leakage is reduced, which thus has a direct financial benefit to the government. Although the widespread implementation of e-freight will bring tangible benefits in terms of efficiency and time savings for shippers and other key stakeholders in the supply chain, the program will also offer benefits to the broader economy of implementing countries. Looking at the global air cargo supply chain as a whole, it is expected that US$4.9 billion of net benefits will be realized in 2015 as a result of e-freight implementation.The savings primarily come from a combination of reduced document-processing costs and reduced inventory capital requirements that are a consequence of faster delivery times and increased end-to-end supply chain reliability.There are additional benefits from revenues derived from improved market share. Cost savings from e-freight would represent an almost 2 percent reduction in the overall cost of moving goods from shipper to consignee via the air cargo supply chain. Reduced transportation costs can have an important stimulation effect on trade between economies, and thus on economic growth for those economies and prospects for their respective geographic regions. In the specific case of intra-Asian trade, econometric analysis indicates that a 10 percent reduction in tariffs stimulates trade by 2 percent, whereas a similar reduction in transportation costs led to a 6 percent increase in trade.3 Research by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) also indicates that a 1 percent point reduction in trade transaction costs, measured as

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a proportion of the value of world trade, could lead to an increase in world income of around US$40 billion.4 If the results of the Asian experience were generalized to the rest of the world, the transportation cost savings driven by e-freight could lead to an increase in trade of US$2 billion in 2015, given the higher value shipments typically carried by air.The direct benefits to shippers and consumers of a faster, more reliable and efficient supply chain, combined with the wider economic benefits, make a strong case for the widespread implementation of e-freight. Governments seeking to capture these benefits need to be aware of the remaining implementation barriers and move to address them.

participants in the supply chain that do not exchange electronic messages.Thus, as the project continues to build the global e-freight network, the focus will shift more and more to ensuring that there is maximum traffic on the network built by the air cargo supply chain. However, supply chains in economies that are already using paper-free air cargo have begun to realize the benefits of e-freight:

IATA e-freight in action Consider an Asian garment manufacturer sending goods to a US retail store for December holiday sales. In the case of a paper airfreight shipment, the opportunity for error arises the first time the goods change hands, from the shipper to the origin freight forwarder.The freight forwarder must complete documentation by manually transferring data that the shipper has provided. Should the forms not be completed consistently, export customs authorities may not accept the shipment, causing delays and lost sales. In an e-freight scenario, the electronic messages use auto-population, so the data are entered only one time: by the shipper at the point of origin. This avoids the manual re-entering of data and any errors it can cause. Continuing with the paper-based scenario, the shipment is then released by export customs to the carrier and arrives at import customs in the United States. Because of the holiday season, the customs authorities at the port of entry are experiencing a backlog in processing goods, subjecting the shipment to delays. In an e-freight scenario, all the information required for customs clearance can be sent ahead of the shipment’s arrival—allowing import customs authorities to pre-clear shipments and focus only on potentially hazardous goods.Thus, the goods can go straight to the destination freight forwarder for delivery to the consignee. However, in the paper world, our goods have still more hurdles to clear before arriving at the store for sale. Because of the manual transfer of data, there is again an opportunity for error between import customs and destination freight forwarder—an incorrectly entered address, for example—that can cause yet more delays to the goods in question. With IATA e-freight, the Asian goods will arrive in the United States nearly 24 hours before they would have using paper-based processes—saving time and money. The number of e-freight shipments in the live locations is not yet significant enough for the whole industry to declare financial benefits, as there are still

• In Amsterdam, freight forwarders are now able to bring freight directly to the delivery dock instead of via the document center.This saves 30–60 minutes from the usual process, which means that truck drivers can be engaged for shorter time periods.

• In Korea, Rep., freight forwarders can now transport freight to the airlines as soon as the electronic Air Waybill message is created. Printing and manual pouching of the documents can be done after the freight departs, saving time and money.

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• In various locations, airlines now have improved electronic arrival alert mechanisms.That means that freight forwarders no longer have to go to the airline or ground handling agents (GHA) arrival counter to be notified of freight receipt. 57 What can policymakers do to remove the barriers? Policymakers can promote conducting business electronically in terms of both commercial customs clearance and security.The two key elements are the technical and regulatory environments that must be in place to allow the implementation of e-freight. Countries where a technical framework for electronic message exchange for the purposes of customs clearance does not exist are advised to seek the support of the WCO through their capacity-building program. This program helps develop the customs processes that deliver an electronic environment for the purposes of customs clearance.The WCO promotes the single window concept that allows trading partners to lodge standardized information and documents with a single point of entry to fulfill import, export, and transit-related regulatory requirements. It eliminates the need for a trader to submit the same data to several authorities or agencies.This framework is supported by IATA and is an enabler of e-freight. Operating under this concept provides different governmental organizations with quality information leading to improved security and a greater ability to target suspicious consignments while improving efficiency. In cases where paper documentation requirements are in place for either commercial or security purposes, policymakers should promote the use of electronic data exchange.The data required are often already provided within existing electronic messages and therefore prevent

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duplicate and inefficient data provision. For example, as economies introduce security declarations, electronic security declarations should be favored over paper-based ones. If not, the supply chain and customs authorities will move in opposite directions: the supply chain will be trying to remove paper while governments are adding cost and complexity back into the supply chain by adopting nonstandard paper-based processes. The standard regulatory framework for the implementation of the removal of the Airway Bill is the ratification of treaties—that is, the Montreal Convention 99 or the Montreal Protocol 4—that allows the replacement of this document by electronic messages. However, at an operational level, customs needs to be aligned with this international regulation to ensure that there is no expectation of receiving a paper copy of this document in addition to an electronic version. Policymakers can reduce the inefficiencies of global trading by introducing technology that allows standard electronic data exchange for the purposes of goods clearance. Introducing unique data requirements rather than implementing standard processes and technology based on the WCO framework means increased complexity and cost. For example, if Country A requires X sets of data and Country B requires Y sets of data, then an airline of freight forwarder operating in both of those countries has to develop its processes and systems to be able to cope with both scenarios. If this were to be replicated across many states, there would be a very large increase in process and messaging complexity and thus cost. In terms of implementing technology, some economies have implemented their systems through in-house production or support from private companies, while others have looked to the support of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) to provide technology solutions. If policymakers are intending to implement the concept of e-business, then there are many parties to which to turn for advice, but it is important to ensure that the recommended solutions are based on common international standards as set by the UN, the WCO, and IATA. This will not only increase the likelihood of a successful implementation but also will make certain that trade is operating to one standard. IATA has a role in ensuring that an agreed standard is set, and then working with technology partners that are part of IATA’s Strategic Partnership Programme to deliver solutions that meet IATA e-freight requirements. Specifically, there is still a need for many economies to allow the use of an electronic version or no original copy of the Certificate of Origin.This document identifies the country of origin for each of the goods related to one shipment. In the majority of economies, this is required as an original paper document, often stamped by authorities, to allow the release of goods.With an electronic document standard that can be transmitted securely between the supply chain members, why is

there still a requirement for inefficient paper-based processes? For example, both Hong Kong and Canada, IATA e-freight pilot locations, allow the supply chain to provide non-original copies of the Certificate of Origin. There are other documents that currently require paper versions, such as the Letter of Credit.While these are not yet part of IATA e-freight’s scope, policymakers should promote and allow for electronic versions of documents to ensure that the supply chain, and by extension the broader economy, realizes maximum benefits from the more efficient e-freight process.

Conclusion Reliable, efficient, and effective transport is essential to facilitating international trade and global economic growth. Given the increasing importance of air cargo, policymakers should provide an environment that enables the efficient flow of goods without paper documents through the electronic exchange of messages. That environment lies within the framework put forward by IATA e-freight.The operational standards and procedures defined by IATA e-freight are aligned with the WCO and United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) standards.Where the project has developed new messaging standards, they are appropriate for inter-modal shipments: by air, land, and sea. IATA e-freight offers economies a common set of processes and standards for the exchange of electronic messages. If the air cargo supply chain is to continue to efficiently meet the needs of the consumer through reduced costs, reliability, and improved transit times, economies must adopt a framework based on common processes and standards rather than proprietary ones that would only add cost and complexity to the air cargo supply chain.

Notes 1 De 2008. 2 These percentages come from interviews with shippers, November–December 2008, IATA e-freight project. 3 De 2008. 4 OECD 2003.

References De, P. 2008. ”Trade Costs and Infrastructure: Analysis of the Effects of Trade Impediments in Asia.” Integration and Trade 12 (28): 241–66. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2003. Quantitative Assessment of the Benefits of Trade Facilitation. Paris: OECD. WCO (World Customs Organization). 1974; revised 1999. International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Kyoto Convention).

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CHAPTER 1.5

A Tour of the Ongoing Work of the World Trade Organization on Trade Facilitation: The Traders’ Perspective JOHN SIMPSON, Global Express Association (GEA)

Over the last two decades, several things have happened to force governments to look more closely at the need to facilitate trade by eliminating procedural barriers to goods moving across borders. First, as the World Trade Organization (WTO) has succeeded in removing or reducing high tariffs and other trade barriers, the impediments to trade caused by inefficient official procedures at the border have become more apparent. Second, new techniques for creating, transmitting, and processing trade data have enabled private traders and carriers to eliminate significant delays formerly associated with moving and processing paper documents, further illuminating the obsolescence of official procedures that still rely on paper. Finally, modern logistics systems— such as those introduced by the express delivery industry—have made the global business community and attentive governments painfully aware of the growing efficiency gap between commercial and governmental processes, and of the profound difference in their views of the value of time. As the defects of current official procedures for processing cross-border trade have become more obvious, other developments have made the need to address them more pressing. Some manufacturing operations have become intercontinental, assembling goods in stages in widely separated facilities; many manufacturing operations have adopted just-in-time practices for managing inventories of materials and components prior to production; and consumers are demanding and getting perishable food and floraculture products from around the world in all seasons. Moreover, it has become apparent to trade ministers worldwide that inefficient border procedures are thwarting the WTO’s accomplishments in bringing down other trade barriers and—because border inefficiency is not uniformly distributed—are adding to trade tensions by aggravating trade imbalances.

Trade facilitation’s manifold nature Any discussion of trade facilitation must recognize that what constitutes trade facilitation is highly subjective. Modernization of customs procedures is considered by many to be at the heart of trade facilitation, but inadequate infrastructure is a widespread problem that impedes the movement of goods. Byzantine health, safety, and environmental regulations are near the top of the problem list for those who deal in regulated products, which include almost everything in some countries. Restrictions on foreign investment deprive transportation companies, particularly airlines, of needed investment, and cabotage laws force inefficient routing. In the interest of brevity, this chapter will focus on a single aspect of trade facilitation that is the proverbial low-hanging fruit: customs reform and modernization. Customs procedures have long been understood as directly affecting the speed at which goods can move, and solutions are well developed, feasible, and affordable. The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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These subjects have already been addressed in the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda negotiations currently under way and the World Customs Organization (WCO)’s revised Kyoto Convention, both of which provide rational frameworks for dealing with what can be a somewhat unwieldy topic.1 This chapter lays out the rationale for streamlining different aspects of trade facilitation related to customs reform and evaluates the current proposals deliberated under the Doha Round negotiations on trade facilitation from a traders’ perspective.2 Customs is the primary agency for control of goods at international borders. Customs agencies collect duties and other taxes; enforce laws related to protection of human health and safety, animal and plant health, the environment, intellectual property, endangered species, and antiquities; administer trade sanctions under United Nations or national mandates; and control weapons and hazardous materials. Because of the wide range of customs’ responsibilities and the broad powers delegated to it, the quality of customs’ performance is an important determinant of the efficiency of international trade, and many kinds of trade transactions are extremely sensitive to inefficient customs’ performance. Notwithstanding the central role of customs in international trade, customs’ performance for many years escaped high-level policy attention, in part because its highly technical nature deterred the interest of ministrylevel officials and in part because of the usual tendency of specialized bureaucracies such as customs to keep policymakers at arm’s length. However, within the last decade, customs issues have been drawn into the center of international trade discussions.This is largely a result of a decision to include trade facilitation in the WTO’s Doha Development Agenda, but it is also a consequence of attention given to customs by multilateral donors, such as the World Bank, and other inter-governmental organizations, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). Additionally, a wholesome trend toward self-reform, orchestrated by the WCO with the support of progressive national customs administrations, has attracted attention to the very large potential to remove barriers to trade through customs reform.

Benefits of trade facilitation Among the benefits of trade facilitation are cost reduction, more effective border controls, enhanced trade competitiveness, and the creation of new trade. Cost reduction

Opaque, inefficient, and prolix border procedures create unnecessary costs for businesses, many of which would be greatly mitigated by trade facilitation.These costs arise from:

• collecting and maintaining information that only government agencies require; • creating and transmitting original paper documents, again something that only government agencies require; and • inefficient cash management resulting from slower turnover. Short and predictable customs transit times enable traders to recover and reinvest their working capital more quickly. More rapid turnover is equivalent to a virtual injection of new capital. Since the 1994 UNCTAD Columbus Symposium,3 surveys aimed at calculating direct costs have consistently suggested that they may range from 2 percent to 15 percent of the value of traded goods, with variations largely relating to the country of importation, types of products, and transport restrictions. Critics of this estimate correctly observe that it is difficult to verify: none of the studies contributing to this range can be properly substantiated. Moreover, as noted, costs imposed by official procedures vary widely around the world and depend on the character of goods being shipped. However, although the exact magnitude of these costs may never be determined with a high degree of accuracy, their existence is not in doubt, their adverse effects on trade are certain, and there is substantial anecdotal evidence to suggest that in many countries this estimate is not far off the mark. More effective border controls

Increasing border inefficiency can not only reduce costs to traders, but can also help governments more effectively administer border controls in at least two ways: reducing lost revenue owing to an inability to detect false customs declarations, outright smuggling, and official corruption; and increasing ability to ensure compliance with health and safety rules for humans, animals, and plants. Enhanced trade competitiveness

Finally, inefficient border procedures are also likely to lead to poor export competitiveness and to make a country less attractive to investors. Actions that improve the efficiency of border procedures have been shown to produce results remarkably quickly. Countries that have improved the efficiency of border administrative procedures have consistently seen increases in foreign investment and recognize significant increases in customs revenue even while reducing customs duty rates. Creation of new trade

Trade facilitation has also enabled the creation of entirely new trade, aided by modern capabilities to move goods and information rapidly over long distances. Examples of this new trade can be found in the expansion of the global express delivery industry. International express delivery companies carried an estimated US$2.86

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trillion in goods across borders in calendar year 2008.4 Much of this is trade that might otherwise not occur, since it responds to a demand for a high-quality, end-to-end type of services. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that much of the merchandise trade carried by international express delivery companies occurs because of the availability of express delivery and the efficient border procedures that make it possible.

Customs reforms These benefits can be enhanced through reducing costs and delays associated with border procedures, which can be achieved by reforming customs procedures. In this context, customs reform necessitates the review of three areas: transparency, the ease with which information about customs requirements and procedures can be obtained by traders; efficiency, the reduction of reporting burdens and streamlining of processes to minimize delays; and fairness, the removal of arbitrariness and uncertainty from the customs-trader relationship (the absence of “fairness” in the process adds to transaction costs because traders must take precautions against unforeseeable adverse official actions).These three areas are captured in the Enabling Trade Index under the border administration subindex. Transparency

The first area, transparency, can be enhanced by addressing several aspects of the publication of rules. Publication of rules For a trader contemplating entry into a new market, the threshold question is whether the landed cost of his goods, including customs duties and other taxes, will be competitive with prices for similar goods in that market. Even a trader experienced in exporting to other foreign markets will be unable to estimate landed costs or comply fully with trade laws in a new market unless the government in that market has published a full set of rules for importing. Publication of importing rules effectively opens a market to new competitors and enhances consumer choice. In addition, full disclosure is necessary for ensuring compliance with rules. Full publication of importing rules has another advantage: it makes it more difficult for dishonest officials to extort bribes from carriers and importers by maintaining that they have failed to meet official requirements. It is particularly useful to international traders for governments to post their customs regulations and some other rules for importing on the websites of their national customs administrations. It is important that the information be complete, and that it include the complete text of the statutes and a full presentation of all implementing rules. It is also important that information be easy to find on the website of the national customs

administration, preferably one mouse click away via a link on the homepage. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. The WTO members are considering two proposals: one by the United States and a second by China, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Mongolia, Norway, Switzerland, and Turkey. The requirement in the US proposal for a “full and precise description” of customs procedures is superior to the measure in the Hong Kong et al. proposal requiring only “an outline of . . . border agency procedures.”

Language of publication A second accommodation that is sometimes controversial but immensely helpful is the publication of national importing rules in one of the official languages of the WTO.Translating the entire text of customs and other importing rules into another language is expensive and sometimes controversial because occasionally thorny linguistic barriers are encountered.Yet it is highly valuable for the international trade community that each government publishes its rules for importing in languages used by the WTO.This makes it easier for traders to arrange further translation into their own languages. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. The WTO members are considering a proposal submitted by China, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Mongolia, Norway, Switzerland, and Turkey that provides that only rules published on websites in an official language of the WTO fulfill the needs of trade for transparency.

Advance notice of changes to rules and opportunity to comment Successful economies are joint ventures between governments and their business communities. It is highly important that government agencies and affected businesses collaborate in the establishment of economic regulations, and that businesses have an opportunity to comment in advance on proposed new regulations or proposed changes to regulations.There will, of course, be situations in which the exigencies of a matter addressed by regulations simply do not allow for the delay necessary to obtain public comments. A general policy in favor of public comment on new or revised regulation must give way when circumstances genuinely require immediate action. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. The WTO members are considering two proposals, one by China, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Korea, Rep., Mongolia, and Switzerland, and a second by Turkey. The proposal by Turkey provides for advance notice but appears to be intended to give traders an opportunity to prepare for implementation of new rules

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rather than an opportunity to submit comments that may result in rules being revised. It would be more meaningful if WTO members opted for a rule that makes clear that the provision for public comment is not a mere formality or warning period, but rather a meaningful exchange of views among government agencies and traders that may affect the content of rules or result in their withdrawal.

Publication of agencies’ analysis and response to comments The value of an opportunity to comment on proposed rules is greatly diminished if an agency proposing new rules is not required to make all comments received available for public examination or to publish an explanation of its response. Even when public parties disagree with an agency’s disposition of comments on an issue, public confidence in the regulatory process is greatly enhanced when government agencies make an effort to explain their decisions. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. This point is not currently addressed in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations and it is a major omission. As noted, if agencies issuing regulations are under no obligation to publish a response to reasonable comments from affected public parties, it appears that the comment process is a mere formality, and confidence in both the regulatory process and the quality of the final rules is diminished.

Deferred effective dates for new rules Once an agency has published a new or significantly revised regulation, it should defer the effective date for a period that is adequate to allow affected parties to make adjustments to their operations to comply with the new rules. If the notice and comment process is to have significance, the possibility must be left open that the rule finally adopted may differ in substantial respects from the original proposal. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. The WTO members are considering a proposal from China, Hong Kong SAR, Japan, Korea, Rep., Mongolia, and Switzerland that fully meets the needs of traders.

Advance rulings on technical legal issues Completion of customs formalities in every country involves interpretation and application of complex laws and coding systems, including classification of goods under the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (popularly known as “the Harmonized System”), an internationally standardized system of names and numbers for classifying traded products developed and maintained by the WCO; valuation of goods under the WTO Valuation Code, formally known

as the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994; and determination of country of origin.To promote compliance with a national interpretation of laws, the best practice among customs administrations is to provide official interpretations of legal issues to parties who request guidance. Absent a showing that material facts were misrepresented by a party applying for a ruling, these rulings, once issued, must be binding on all agencies and at all ports of entry. If a determination is made that an issued ruling was erroneous, government must give the recipient (and the public if the ruling has been published) advance notice of revocation in order to minimize the adverse consequences of traders who have acted in reliance on it.5 Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. The WTO members are considering a proposal by Australia, Canada, Turkey, and the United States that meets the needs of traders; however, other WTO members have asked that the proposal be limited to rulings on classification only. Such a limitation would make the proposal much less useful. Three decades after adoption of the WTO Valuation Code, valuation of imported goods remains a wild frontier for trade, and rulings on valuation are especially needed.

Customs efficiency

Reducing reporting burdens and streamlining processes to minimize delays is the next area addressed in the border administration subindex of the Enabling Trade Index. Elimination of paper documents / Automation Few developments of the last 30 years have created greater benefits for trade than automation of customs’ entry procedures. Such automation has: • eliminated the need to convert data and documents created electronically into paper documents; • expedited transmission of required information to customs, thus enabling customs to begin entry processing while goods are still in transit; • enabled customs administrations to make meaningful use of information received without time-consuming re-entry of information from paper documents into automated systems; and • improved revenue compliance and the ability of customs administrations to detect violations. This is only a partial list; it does not even touch on the environmental benefits that flow from eliminating hundreds of millions of paper documents each year.

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Notwithstanding its indisputable benefits, the automation of customs processes faces several hurdles. It is never a simple information technology project, and many countries lack the expertise and the funds to create and maintain automated customs systems. An example of a tool to automate customs procedures for air freight that has been developed by IATA is described in Chapter 1.4. Serious consideration should be given to creating an opportunity for customs administrations to outsource this function to one or more service centers (with appropriate backup sites) operated by contractors under the supervision of the WCO. Each participating customs administration could have its own secure account, accessible only by its authorized officers. Automated risk assessment could either be part of the system, with each customs administration establishing its own risk criteria, or risk assessment could be a separate function retained by customs administrations. This approach to extending automation to all customs administrations would greatly reduce the costs of creating and maintaining systems, and would free national customs managers to concentrate on their primary missions rather than diverting much of their time and resources to information technology management. Immediate release of shipments The celerity with which goods transit borders is commercially critical, yet time from the arrival of shipments to their release can range from minutes to days. Many customs administrations provide quick release for shipments of correspondence and documents and for low-value consignments for which no duty or taxes are collected (the definition of low value varies from country to country). However, for dutiable consignments, including even consignments of low-value dutiable goods, delays can extend to days.There are certain wellunderstood keys to faster release of shipments, listed below, but the record among customs administrations for implementing them is spotty. • Separating release of goods from completion of formalities. Customs processing at the border has two components. First is the process by which customs determines whether goods are admissible immediately or admissible only after examination.This process is often referred to as risk assessment. Second is a more time-consuming and technically complex process of classifying goods under the Harmonized System, calculating the customs value, providing other information such as country of origin for statistical purposes, and paying duties and other taxes. Customs administrations that do not separate the two processes cause substantial delays, in some cases up to several days.

Separation of the two processes is made possible by arrangements under which traders provide financial guarantees that, in exchange for quick release of their shipments, they will complete all customs formalities and pay assessed duties and taxes within a specified time period (usually 10 to 30 days). Such arrangements include bank guarantees, special customs bonds guaranteed by sureties, and, in some cases, liens against assets of importers, although this last option is generally seen by governments as awkward. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. The WTO members are considering proposal TN/TF/W/136/Rev.2 from Canada and Switzerland. This proposal requires each WTO member to adopt or maintain procedures authorizing an importer, upon tender of a guarantee in the form of a surety, a deposit, or some other appropriate instrument for this purpose, to remove goods from customs’ control prior to the final determination and payment of customs duties, taxes, and fees when these are not determined at or prior to arrival of the goods. However, the proposal does not recommend a minimum period for deferring payment of duties, taxes, and fees, and should be amended to set a minimum

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63 • Pre-arrival processing: Using the time while shipments of goods are in transit to process electronic information related to the shipments. Customs administrations that require paper documents, or that insist on delaying the processing of electronic information until shipments actually arrive in their territories, cause unnecessary delays that are more harmful than is realized. At land borders, these delays cause traffic congestion, deferred delivery schedules, and environmental pollution. For express delivery companies providing end-to-end services, the loss of time can cause missed transfers between transport modes and, if delays are routine, add an extra day to standard delivery schedules. Many customs administrations have agreed to process release information in advance of shipment arrivals but prefer to wait until actual arrival before indicating which shipments are released and which are subject to further examination. For air shipments and most maritime shipments this precaution is excessive, but—as long as release messages and examination directives are communicated promptly after arrival—there is no loss of efficiency. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. The WTO is considering a proposal by Hong Kong SAR, China, Japan, Korea, Rep., Mongolia, and Switzerland that provides that WTO members shall maintain or introduce pre-arrival processing, which is

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defined as administrative procedures of customs and other relevant border agencies to accept and examine import documentation and other required information upon the submission by traders prior to the arrival of goods, in order to further expedite the clearance of goods where appropriate. In cases where it is decided that no further examination is required, goods should be cleared immediately upon arrival.

Waiver of full formalities for small and low-value shipments There is a significant cost to government and business, in terms of administrative burdens and delays, resulting from subjecting shipments of minimal value to full customs formalities. All WTO members should adopt the practice of having de minimis exemptions from full formalities for small shipments. It is common in income tax regimes to provide for simplified tax returns for persons having only small incomes. Much of the logic that lies behind this policy is applicable to collection of tax information on goods crossing borders. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. This issue has not been addressed in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations and it is a significant omission.

64 Waiver of small amounts of duties and taxes Related to but separate from the issue of waiving full customs formalities for small-value shipments is the more sensitive issue of waiving collection of small amounts of duties and taxes. Even in a moment such as the present, when public revenues are reduced, governments that do not already have them should establish value limits below which shipments will not be subject to taxation; collecting taxes on such shipments is a procedure that is not cost effective. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. The WTO members are considering proposal TN/TF/ W/144/Rev.2 by the United States that appropriately leaves to each WTO member the latitude to set a national de minimis exemption.6

Automated risk management Customs administrations use essentially four methods to determine which shipments will be subjected to thorough physical examination. 1. All or virtually all shipments are examined. For some customs administrations, the policy is to examine, or attempt to examine, all shipments. The result for trade is significant additional cost—indirectly in terms of delays and directly in terms of inspection fees that are usually

required, plus costs of moving containers to examination stations.There is also a cost for customs administrations: this policy distributes scare enforcement resources uniformly over the entire risk spectrum, giving as much attention to low-risk shipments as to those that are high risk. 2. Random examinations. Some customs administrations have created systems that randomly select the containers to be subjected to intensive physical examination.While this method allows the examination workload to be contained at a specified level, it still distributes customs enforcement resources uniformly over the entire risk spectrum, because random examination techniques are as likely to select low-risk shipments for examination as those that are truly high risk. Random examination systems also reduce rewards for highly compliant traders, as their shipments are as likely to be delayed for inspection as the shipments of less compliant parties. 3. Inspector discretion. All customs administrations leave some discretion to inspectors to examine shipments that simply do not “look right,” and many customs inspectors have developed remarkable instincts for sniffing out suspect shipments. But reliance on inspector discretion as the primary basis for examining shipments has two substantial flaws: first, not all inspectors are equally gifted with good detection instincts; and second, handing such broad discretion to customs inspectors invites abuse. Lord Acton’s observation that “power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely” is usually amply demonstrated in these circumstances. 4. Automated risk assessment. The clearly superior method of risk assessment is to use automated systems that apply both rational risk factors (objective characteristics of shippers and shipments likely to violate laws) and empirical risk factors (the actual experiences of the most successful customs inspectors in detecting violations). A well-designed automated risk assessment system will provide also for a statistically valid random sampling of goods for intensive examination simply to validate risk criteria, and, as noted previously, there must always be some limited latitude for inspectors to examine shipments that are suspicious. But primary reliance is on risk factors programmed into the automated system. Of course, each customs administration must create its own list of risk factors, depending on its unique circumstances, but customs administrations that apply automated risk assessment are invariably more effective and efficient, and

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demonstrable benefits flow to their national economies and to the health and safety of their populations.

Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. WTO members are considering two proposals on this point, one by Taiwan, China; Korea, Rep.; and Switzerland and the other by China. Either of these proposals meets the needs expectations of traders, although the former is somewhat more comprehensive.

Periodic filing of complete customs returns and payment of duties and other taxes With the exception of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, and some members of the European Union,7 finance ministries and customs administrations the world over have not moved away from a full tax return and payment for each importation, despite the significant administrative burden this method entails. It is time for customs administrations, certainly in the most advanced nations, to implement systems for filing customs returns and payments periodically.The transition can be done in a way that is revenue neutral. Savings to governments resulting from a greatly reduced volume of tax returns and small payments to be processed would offset at least some of the cost of allowing payments to be deferred and made periodically, and there are other ways of making up any shortfall. And, of course, traders would be expected to provide appropriate financial guarantees to ensure completion of formal obligations and payment of amounts owed. Provision for periodic filing of full customs returns and duty payments should be one of the first applications for an automated customs system. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. There is no proposal in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations addressing periodic filing of full customs returns and payment of duties, even with an extended implementation period. This is a significant omission that locks both customs administrations and traders into an obsolete, costly, and highly inefficient practice.

Fairness

The next issue of concern is fairness. Ensuring that the process of moving goods across borders is fair and without arbitrary and uncertain consequences is essential to minimizing transaction costs. Appeals process for customs decisions In some countries, decisions of local customs officers cannot be appealed to a higher administrative official or to the courts.The absence of an appeals process results in inconsistent application of national customs laws at

different ports, a higher level of unpredictability for traders, and greater opportunities for corrupt behavior by port-level customs officials. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. WTO members are considering a proposal by Japan and Mongolia that meets the needs and expectations of traders.

Time limit on customs’ demands for additional payment or recall Currently, in many countries there is no limit on the time within which customs administrations may demand additional payments or return of goods released from customs custody.This exposes traders to indefinite liabilities on goods long ago resold and delivered to other parties. Absent proof of deception on the part of a trader, there should be a clear time limit on customs’ demands for further payments or return of goods. In cases where an order for return of goods is within a prescribed time limit but a trader is unable to comply because goods have passed out of his control, the government’s remedy should, absent a showing of bad faith on the part of the trader, be limited to a reasonable penalty or, more convenient for customs, to liquidated damages under the terms of the trader’s bond or other financial guarantee. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. There is no proposal in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations to provide for a time limit on demands for additional payments or return of goods previously released. This is a significant omission that introduces a high level of uncertainty for traders and the potential for abuse of discretion by unscrupulous customs officers.

Elimination of mandatory use of customs brokers Customs brokers are professional service providers, licensed by national customs administrations to provide advice and services to importers and other parties engaged in activities subject to the customs laws. Many private traders, especially those who import a variety of goods, sometimes on behalf of other parties, choose to use the services of customs brokers to ensure that complex decisions about classification and valuation are made correctly. However, the practice in some countries of mandating the use of customs brokers in customs laws or regulations is objectionable and the reasons for doing it are often suspect because it frequently is an indication of corruption. There are two kinds of corruption enabled by laws mandating the use of brokers. In the first form, customs brokers “share” the revenues from their mandatory services with legislators who enact and maintain such laws; in the second form, customs officials who wish to avoid demanding illegal payments directly from traders use

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more-or-less willing customs brokers as intermediaries. These are phenomena observed by all traders in certain countries, and certainly observed by express delivery managers. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. On June 6, 2006, the European Communities; Mongolia; Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu of Taiwan, China; and Switzerland introduced a proposal that would end mandatory patronage of customs brokers. Subsequently, on July 11, 2008, the same group of delegations submitted a revised proposal that would allow requirements for use of customs brokers to continue in those WTO members that already have such requirements; only new requirements for use of brokers would be barred. The revised document created a “grandfather clause” that would have sanctioned the use of a practice that is recognized as being undesirable. In early 2009, the revision was withdrawn and the original proposal was restored.

Cross-border customs cooperation: Making trade transparent Inadequate cooperation among customs administrations has for years caused significant inefficiencies in trade that have deteriorated even further in the past decade because customs in many countries has acquired a major counter-terrorism role. Customs administrations are invariably national law enforcement agencies engaged in monitoring an activity that is entirely international.This is a serious mismatch. It has been made worse by general indifference to improving cross-border cooperation. To be fair, past limitations on technology have not made it convenient for customs administrations to communicate routinely with each other. But the historical root of the problem is that threats faced by customs officers in importing countries—chiefly revenue violations and contraband smuggling—have not always been perceived in the same way by customs counterparts in exporting countries. Times have changed.The threat faced by customs today—the possible exploitation of international trade by terrorists to transport dangerous articles across borders— gives customs administrations a more urgent need to work with each other, and modern communications technologies make it easier for them to do so. But determined leadership is needed to break the old paradigm in two areas of security that are primarily of concern to customs administrations. Physical security

To their great credit, heads of customs around the world have resisted political attempts to impose so-called 100 percent scanning of cargo containers in international trade.The effect of such a requirement was described in detail earlier. Instead, using a variety of increasingly

sophisticated automated risk assessment systems, customs officers sift through electronic data about each container to identify factors associated with elevated levels of risk. This is, theoretically, a sound approach to risk management, but in practice it has a critical flaw: the risk criteria in the automated systems are based on the knowledge and experience of the importing country only, while many of the data being scrutinized relate to parties and events in an exporting country. Customs officers, in their quest to remove as much uncertainty as possible about incoming trade, would be better off using the information already available by participating in joint risk assessment with customs in the country of exportation, which is much more likely to know whether a trader is someone who raises concerns. The way to enable both exporting and importing customs to contribute to risk assessment without unnecessary duplication of effort and delays is to allow a standard goods declaration to be filed simultaneously with both exporting and importing customs. Customs at each end could perform risk assessment and exchange information on any significant results. A standard goods declaration, meeting the risk assessment needs of both exporting and importing customs administrations and submitted simultaneously to both, would seem to be the solution, but many customs administrations continue to oppose it as “futuristic.” It is clear that security interests need to be balanced with the need for trade facilitation, and governments, even in the most advanced economies, need to provide stronger leadership to create a better balance between security and trade facilitation. Revenue security

The same logic applies to revenue security. Many governments, in particular in developing countries, still derive a non-negligible part of their national revenues from customs duties.Their concern is that imported goods are undervalued or otherwise misdescribed on customs import declarations—that is, the goods are “double-invoiced,” with the actual selling price, quantity, and/or quality stated on an invoice given to the buyer and different invoice information given to customs in the country of importation to reduce ad valorem taxes.8 Customs administrations in importing countries have attempted repeatedly to obtain assistance from exporting countries to verify selling prices of goods by comparing import declarations to export declarations where they are available. But exporting countries are not keen to place difficulties in the way of their exporters by making it harder to avoid higher foreign taxes by double-invoicing their sales. In the absence of cooperation from their trading partners, importing governments take whatever measures they believe necessary to protect their customs revenues. Typically this includes time-consuming and physically intrusive examination of goods to verify statements made

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on import declarations about the nature, quantity, and value of goods. In many cases, values declared on import declarations are summarily rejected as not credible and alternative values from a reference list are substituted. In some cases, governments engage so-called pre-shipment inspection companies to verify the value, quantities, and quality of imported goods, and goods may not be admitted until the pre-shipment company completes its work and files its report. Of course, these measures seriously impede trade. Disposition in the WTO trade facilitation negotiations. WTO members are considering two proposals: one by India, South Africa, and Sri Lanka and a second by Canada. The proposal from India et al. represents the wishes of those countries that feel they are systematically defrauded and want help from their trading partners; the proposal from Canada represents a conscientious effort to be accommodating, within reason. Other industrialized countries seem less inclined to go along, and they are able to make the valid argument that routine exchange of data on individual transactions is administratively burdensome. But the same process that improves physical security—a standard goods declaration submitted simultaneously to both exporting and importing customs—removes the administrative burden entirely and reduces transaction costs for traders, who get the benefits of a standard dataset and a single filing.

In the end, governments and their customs administrations will not tolerate a lot of mystery about freight containers entering their territories, whether out of concerns about terrorism or loss of critical revenues.They will continue to intervene in a heavy-handed manner until their concerns are resolved. For that reason, greater trade transparency is in the interest of both governments and private traders. As sensible as this is, there is a critical precondition. Exporting nations will not agree to a system of shared export-import data that reduces opportunities for double-invoicing until importing countries reduce their tariffs to levels that are not punitive.

The way forward Despite a somewhat slow beginning, trade facilitation has been one of the success stories of the Doha negotiations. It has benefitted from the care of three excellent negotiating group chairs and a growing recognition on the part of developing countries that trade facilitation is not a zero sum proposition. In addition to improving market access for trading partners (improving market access for imports is, unfortunately, often seen as a concession in trade negotiations), it also enhances the abilities of customs administrations to collect revenues and ensure compliance with health and safety laws. Because of this appealing balance of benefits, the trade facilitation

negotiating text was already advanced and robust when the Doha negotiations stalled in July of 2008. Some WTO members—at one point including the European Communities—have expressed interest in spinning off the Doha trade facilitation package if the overall Doha negotiations collapse or become indefinitely stalled.WTO members who are interested in completing an agreement on trade facilitation could then finish their work in the context of a plurilateral (sectoral) agreement. However, many other WTO members, who continue to seek a full multilateral Doha agreement, appear to believe that trade facilitation has value as a bargaining chip—not for tradeoffs among WTO members (as all or virtually all WTO members see trade facilitation as in their own national interests), but to provide an incentive for the private sector to remain engaged in supporting the overall Doha negotiations and to promote acceptance of compromises in problematic areas of the negotiations.There is little likelihood of a consensus forming in favor of a separate plurilateral agreement until it becomes absolutely beyond reasonable dispute that the Doha negotiations have well and truly hit a dead end. A WTO agreement on trade facilitation is critical and could contribute to reviving global trade, thereby contributing to a faster recovery from the present recession.While other international organizations, such as the World Bank, UNCTAD, UNECE, and the WCO have active and well-managed trade facilitation programs— and in the case of the World Bank, significant resources— they tend to see obstacles to trade facilitation as a matter of insufficient financial and human resources in developing countries and the solution as technical assistance. Although this view is understandable in light of the tools they have, it is inconsistent with what is seen in surveys of customs barriers. For example, looking at three trade facilitation measures addressed in this chapter, there is no apparent correlation between resources and progress: • pre-arrival risk assessment (Ecuador and St. Lucia have the capability to perform risk assessment in advance of arrival of goods; larger and richer Brazil and Indonesia have chosen not to acquire it); • automated risk assessment (St.Vincent and the Grenadines do perform automated risk assessment; larger and richer Algeria and Mexico do not); and • separation of release from completion of formalities (Qatar and Lebanon do separate release from completion of formalities; larger Brazil, China, Egypt, and Japan do not). This pattern strongly suggests that political will, rather than availability of financial and human resources, is the primary determinant of progress on trade facilitation. It also confirms the importance of completing a

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binding WTO agreement on trade facilitation and then monitoring its implementation.This agreement should come soon, as part of a comprehensive Doha package if that can be done within the next year; otherwise, as a stand-alone sectoral agreement under WTO auspices. Recovery of global trade will not make its full contribution to recovery of the global economy unless there is a binding agreement to facilitate trade.

Notes 1 Eglin 2008 provides an overview of the Doha Round negotiations on trade facilitation. See also the revised Kyoto Convention, available at http://www.wcoomd.org/kybodycontent.htm. 2 The multiple functions that customs perform are to be kept in mind when discussing customs reform. Yet there appears to be much room for improving customs operations and facilitating the flow of goods across borders while maintaining or even increasing their effectiveness. 3 United Nations International Symposium on Trade Efficiency held at Columbus, Ohio, from October 17 to 21, 1994. 4 In comparison, the total world merchandise trade amounted to US$16.1 trillion in 2008, according to the WTO. 5 Maintenance of a professional staff competent to issue binding legal rulings is expensive and difficult for some developing countries that may not have a deep reservoir of expertise from which to draw. The WCO is conducting a test of a program under which WCO member administrations may forward to the WCO requests for classification rulings in complex areas of the Harmonized System. The test should be expanded and customs administrations needing assistance should be encouraged to use it. Major economies should be willing to increase their contributions to the WCO to support this effort. It is clearly more economical than funding separate legal offices within each national customs administration, and certainly more likely to result in globally uniform rulings. 6 Some WTO members that already have de minimis exemptions have set them at a level that is excessively low (for example, 22 euros per consignment for the 27 members of the European Union, well below the 430 euro exemption for arriving passengers; the European Union is said to be considering a substantial increase in the de minimis level, but there is reportedly a disagreement between customs and value-added tax (VAT) authorities). 7 These EU members are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. 8 Undervalued internal transfer prices are also being used to “move” profits to countries with lower corporate taxes.

References Eglin, R. 2008. “The Doha Round Negotiations on Trade Facilitation.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2008. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 35–9. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). The Report of the United Nations International Symposium on Trade Efficiency held at Columbus, Ohio, from October 17 to 21, 1994. Available at http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch3b-2.htm. WCO (World Customs Organization). 2006. The International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (as amended). Available at http://www.wcoomd.org/ kybodycontent.htm. WTO (World Trade Organization). Doha Development Agenda. Available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dda_e.htm.

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CHAPTER 1.6

Obstacles to Trade from the Perspective of the Business Sector: A Cross-Country Comparison MONDHER MIMOUNI, CAROLIN AVERBECK, and OLGA SKOROBOGATOVA, International Trade Centre (ITC)

A multitude of multilateral, regional, and bilateral trade negotiations, as well as several voluntary commitments— such as unilateral tariff preferences—to improve market access have contributed to the overall decrease of tariff rates to a historically low level. In order to foster international trade, trade-related policies have focused primarily on reducing tariff protection measures. Other factors, however, have proved to be more burdensome than tariffs for exporting companies, especially in developing countries.The business sector as well as trade policymakers are more and more concerned about non-tariff obstacles to trade, which are less visible and more complex than tariff protection. These non-tariff measures (NTMs) refer to a wide range of measures, including technical regulations and product standards as well as customs procedures. NTMs partly reflect the increasing sophistication of markets, with consumers demanding more information about the products they buy. Often it is difficult to distinguish between NTMs that are applied for legitimate reasons and those used as instruments of protection, or non-tariff barriers (NTBs). There is no international consensus on what can be considered legitimate NTMs and what measures are illegitimate barriers to trade—making it difficult to provide a clear picture. Moreover, not every exporter, in particular in developing countries, is able to comply with NTMs. From the perspective of the business sector, NTMs increase trade-related costs. If an NTM is used for protectionist reasons, the associated costs are even higher. The increased costs resulting from NTMs penalize not only producers in the exporting country but also businesses and final consumers in the importing country. Technical regulations and product standards, for example, can increase the costs of compliance in two ways. First, they can impose additional fixed costs on exporters who have to adapt products to the specific standards and regulations applied by the importing country. Second, conformity assessment procedures such as testing to demonstrate compliance with these technical measures induce additional costs. Trade-related costs and non-tariff obstacles to trade have been the subject of numerous studies. Some of these studies use country-level data but do not capture the experiences of exporters in their daily operations. Others, such as time-release studies, concentrate on very specific aspects of customs’ efficiency without taking into consideration the global framework. Studies focusing on the national level often do not allow cross-country comparison because they employ country-specific methodologies. Only a few studies center on the understanding of the obstacles to trade that affect products

The authors would like to thank Benjamin Prampart, Helen Lassen, and Mathieu Loridan for their contributions to this chapter.

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Table 1: Selected groups of non-tariff measures that exporting companies experienced as non-tariff barriers, percent Simple cross-country average

NTM group1

Chile

Philippines

Thailand

Tunisia

Uganda

Technical measures to trade (e.g., product characteristic requirement; production process; conformity assessment)

70.3

76.4

93.5

62.7

64.1

73.4

Pre-shipment inspection and other customs formalities

14.0

3.1

2.3

22.6

23.1

13.0

Licences, quotas, and other quantity control measures

6.1

0.4

2.2

0.5

0.3

1.9

Charges, taxes, and other para-tariff measures

1.2

2.7

0.2

4.7

7.4

3.2

Finance measures regulating the access to and cost of foreign exchange for imports and defining the terms of payment

2.1

0.6

0.1

4.2

0.2

1.4

Other

6.4

16.9

1.6

5.3

4.9

7.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Total 1 See Appendix B for definitions of these groups.

throughout the whole export process, from the origin country to the destination country—either on one side of the border or the other—from the perspective of the business sector. Hence it remains difficult to fully capture the various obstacles to trade faced by the business sector or to identify their possible patterns across products and sectors as well as countries and regions. The International Trade Centre (ITC) aims to assist countries to better understand the non-tariff obstacles to trade experienced by their business sectors and to identify potential bottlenecks at the national level. In January 2008, the ITC and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) launched a joint 15-month pilot project for the collection and classification of data on NTMs in seven developing countries. In each country, among other activities, a company-level survey with 300 to 400 face-to-face interviews was carried out in order to identify, at the product level, those measures that exporting companies perceive as barriers in their daily business, as well as the reasons why companies experience a measure as burdensome.1 The following analysis will be based on the survey results for five countries— Chile, the Philippines,Thailand,Tunisia, and Uganda.2 The applied survey methodology and the questionnaire used were the same in all countries; the surveys were carried out by trained local partners. Companies reported their experiences with obstacles to trade by “cases.” Each case has several parameters, including the exported product, the relevant NTM, and the partner country applying the NTM as well as a description of the challenges the exporter faces when complying with the applied NTM. Table 1 presents the major groups of NTMs reported by exporting companies as serious obstacles to trade in five surveyed countries.The numbers are expressed in percentages, capturing a share of reports on a certain type of measure in the total number of reports. As is to be expected, the majority of NTMs that exporters across the five surveyed countries experienced

as NTBs concern technical measures, which account for an average of about 73 percent of the total measures considered per surveyed country.These measures include regulations related to product characteristics or the associated production process. Exporters can find it challenging to comply with these regulations, as they are sometimes very complex and often vary significantly. More than 93 percent of all barriers reported by Thai exporters refer to technical measures to trade—in comparison with between 62 percent and 64 percent for Tunisia and Uganda, respectively. For these countries, however, the share of reports on customs formalities is significantly higher (around 23 percent) than the average (13 percent).The share of reports on customs formalities varies considerably across countries. For the Philippines and Thailand, less than 4 percent of the reported cases refer to this category. Chilean exporters reported three times more than the cross-country average on quantity control measures such as licenses or quotas.These types of barriers are very low for the Philippines,Tunisia, and Uganda. Exporters in Tunisia and, in particular, Uganda complained more often about customs surcharges and other additional charges and taxes (4.7 percent and 7.4 percent, respectively) than exporters in the other surveyed countries. This first highly aggregated overview of the survey results already shows some regional patterns. In the two African countries,Tunisia and Uganda, customs formalities and pre-shipment inspection are of much more concern to the private sector than they are in the other surveyed countries.The share of reports on technical measures is the highest for the two Asian countries,Thailand and the Philippines, while the share of licenses, quotas, and other quantity control measures is more than twice as high in Chile as it is in other countries.

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Figure 1: Types of non-tariff measures that surveyed companies experienced as barriers, by regional destination, percent

Most reported technical measures

冦

 Africa  Asia  Europe

Tolerance limits for residues and contaminants, or restricted use of certain substances

 North America  Oceania  Latin America & the Caribbean

Labeling, marking, and packaging requirements

Traceability requirements

Testing requirements

Certification requirements

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Pre-shipment inspection and other customs formalities Charges, taxes, and other para-tariff measures

0

5

10

15

20

25

71

Note: See Appendix A, Table A2 for absolute numbers.

Barriers in partner countries The survey captured those NTMs applied by destination countries that companies perceive as barriers to trade. One would expect the reasons exporters experience these measures as burdensome to be linked with the destination country.To test this view, the reported cases of all the five surveyed countries have been grouped according to the geographic regions of the partner countries and according to the types of reported measures. Each reported barrier refers to a specific case, which was reported by one company in relation to a specific product, partner country, measure and associated problem. Companies might have reported several cases, in particular if they export a range of products to different partner countries. As Appendix A Table A1 indicates, the average number of cases per company varied considerably across the surveyed countries. In order to level off these differences, for each surveyed country, the share per total number of reported cases has been calculated. In a second step, based on these calculations, a simple average share across all five countries has been used. Figure 1 illustrates the seven most prevailing types of measures that exporters experienced as barriers. Most of these are technical measures.The others are related to the cross-border transaction process and to para-tariff measures, such as additional charges.

Certification requirements, which refer in particular to the verification of the conformity of products with technical regulations, are a major concern for the surveyed exporters, no matter which region is the destination for their product—with the exception of Africa. For goods exported to African countries, as well as to Latin America and the Caribbean, the share of barriers related to customs formalities (22 percent and 15 percent, respectively) is much higher than it is for goods shipped to other regions. At the same time, the shares of obstacles to trade experienced in relation to traceability requirements and tolerance limits for residues and contaminants or the restricted use of certain substances are very low in these two regions.The share of testing requirements is also very low when goods are bound for Africa (2 percent against 6 percent on average). Asia (with Japan and China as main export destinations), North America, and Oceania (with Australia as the main export destination) have similar patterns in the sense that exporters have to comply with similar types of measures in comparable proportions.The most frequently reported measures for these regional destinations are related to technical measures to trade: certification requirements; labeling, marking, and packaging requirements; and traceability requirements (all these range

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from 10 percent to 22 percent).The shares of experienced obstacles related to pre-shipment inspection and other customs formalities—as well as to charges, taxes, and other para-tariff measures—are low (below 4 percent). For Europe, on the other hand, the picture is slightly different.The share of reports on technical measures has generally the same proportions as the shares related to Asia, North America, and Oceania—with the exception of certification requirements, which are less predominant. Obstacles to trade related to customs formalities are relatively high in Europe (11 percent) compared with other developed destinations, but lower than in Africa (22 percent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (15 percent). Thus the survey suggests that export to countries in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean face more procedural barriers, including inspections, formalities, and charges, while exports to other regions—in particular to developed countries—are subject to technical measures that focus on the characteristics of the specific product and production process. Obstacles to trade in relation to certification requirements are the most frequently reported cases for all export destinations, with the exception of Africa, where customs formalities are predominant. The survey data also reveal that for Chile,Thailand, and Uganda, and to a lesser extent Tunisia, non-tariff obstacles are much more widespread when trading regionally. Chile, for example, mainly exports to the Asia-Pacific region, but most of the reported cases of trade obstacles concern Latin American and the Caribbean countries.3 Almost 38 percent of total Chilean exports are destined for Asia-Pacific, but only 8 percent of all reported cases are related to this region. The situation is the opposite in Chile’s home region: no more than 14 percent of exports are regional, but 43 percent of all obstacles concern Latin American and Caribbean countries. In the case of Uganda, 44 percent of exports are bound for African countries. Uganda’s neighboring countries—the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, and Sudan—account for more than 40 percent of all reported trade barriers, despite existing trade agreements.This can be partly explained by the fact that Uganda is a landlocked country and Ugandan exporters have to comply with transit country requirements as well as the requirements imposed by the countries that are their final export destinations. It could be interesting to further analyze the patterns of intraregional barriers and potential correlations between types of measures, provisions of trade agreements, and a country’s export structure, but this is beyond the scope of this chapter.

Domestic roots of the obstacles to trade The surveyed companies reporting obstacles to trade were asked to indicate the destinations of their exported goods.Though the obstacles to trade are mainly related

to measures applied by these destination countries, they may not necessarily cause the problems and challenges about which the exporters complain.The causes can be partly located in the origin countries. The analysis of reported cases suggests that many of the problems faced by the surveyed companies range from weak customs and administrative procedures to a lack of local facilities and infrastructure and capacity within their own country. Reports from Philippine furniture exporters on certification requirements, for example, applied by the United States illustrate the findings with regard to weak customs and administrative procedures within the origin country. Certification requirements are categorized into certificates issued by government agencies of the countries of origin and those issued by local agencies in the destination market—hence it is possible to locate where exporters face most problems. The furniture sector is among the Philippines’ top-10 export sectors and the United States is its major destination country, accounting in 2007 for an export value of US$156 million and for almost 60 percent of total exported furniture from the Philippines. Also relatively high is the number of cases reported by Philippine exporters on this sector: furniture is the Philippines’ second most affected sector and around one-third of all reports on this sector are related to the United States (34 cases).This figure is almost five times larger than the number of reports on any other destination country for exported furniture from the Philippines. In comparison, Thai furniture exporters reported fewer barriers related to the United States although Thailand’s export of furniture to the United States is much larger (US$335 million). The number of reported cases on the United States, however, accounts for only 16 percent of the total 44 cases from Thailand’s furniture sector, similar to the number of cases reported on Japan, the United Kingdom, and other countries—so the cases reported by Thai furniture exporters are much more balanced in terms of the partner countries than those reported by Philippine exporters, which are concentrated in the United States. The reasons that Philippine companies experience problems when exporting furniture to the United States, however, partly originate from their own country: 50 percent of all reports on the United States pertain to the certificates that are requested by the United States but issued by the different agencies in the Philippines. Philippine exporters commented on the low efficiency of these agencies, in particular that of the customs administration—and associated export delays of their products.They also reported a significantly high number of cases of irregular payments.These observations are in line with Philippines’ assessment by the Enabling Trade Index 2009 discussed in Chapter 1.1, which ranks the efficiency of customs administration and of importexport procedures as well as the transparency in border administration across countries, among other factors.

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The burden of customs procedures in the Philippines is ranked 95th out of 121 countries, in comparison to Thailand, for which it is 48th.The effectiveness and efficiency of the clearance process by the Philippines’ customs and border controls is ranked better in international comparison—48th out of 121 countries (Thailand is ranked 11th). In contrast to this is the Philippines’ ranking with regard to irregular payments in exports and imports: the country ranks 116th out of 121 countries, while Thailand ranks 72nd. This finding is in line with the total number of reports by Philippine exporters on exported furniture: 50.5 percent of all reported cases on furniture are related to the certification procedures within the Philippines. The global picture across all sectors is different, however: 10 percent of all reported Philippine cases and 22 percent of those related to the United States concern certificates that are issued in the Philippines.This might be explained by the nature of the exported product: some products and packaging materials—such as wood—require specific or many certificates (for example, phytosanitary certificates) from specialized Philippine agencies. Interestingly, a different pattern is found for Thai cases: only 12.5 percent of all reported cases from Thai exporters on the United States concern the certification process—less than 17 percent of these are specifically related to the certification process within Thailand. For the furniture sector, 26 percent of reported Thai cases (23 cases) refer to certification in general; none of these are specific to the United States or to certificates issued by Thai agencies. However, these data should be read with caution— a simple explanation could be that local interviewers in Thailand categorized answers differently. Globally, for Thailand, 5.5 percent of all reported cases concern certification. Of these, only 12 percent are related to certificates issued in Thailand; 88 percent are related to certificates issued in the export destination countries. Most of these reports are related to agricultural products. One reason for the high percentage related to agricultural products might be that these products require a comprehensive certification process. The survey data revealed a similar pattern for the Philippines’ wood sector.Wood and articles of wood exported to the United States were mentioned 46 times, which is the highest number of cases for a single sector and partner country.These cases affect a significant share of trade: the Philippines’ export of wood to the United States amounts to almost US$30 million. Interestingly, Thai companies, exporting wood worth US$120 million to the United States, reported only four barriers related to technical measures. An explanation can be found by looking at the nature of the problems that Philippine exporters encounter when exporting wood to the United States.Though the measures with which Philippine exporters need to comply are themselves applied by the United States, the obstacles they face in relation to these measures seem to be located in their own country.

Out of 46 reported cases, 27 refer to Philippine agencies that are involved in the export process. Philippine companies exporting wood in particular report weak certification and fumigation procedures.4 From the perspective of the Philippine business sector, there is clearly an issue strongly affecting their export of wood to the United States. Policymakers and trade support institutions may be interested in identifying the roots of the problems, especially for those 27 reported cases associated with Philippine agencies. It could be the case that US requirements are too demanding to meet. In this context, it is worth comparing the United States with other export destinations. Exporting companies reported 12 cases related to wood exported to Australia, 6 cases on wood exported to China, and 3 each to Germany and France.These numbers are significantly lower than the number of cases reported about wood exported to the United States. However, the value of the bilateral trade in wood and wood articles is at least four times higher with the United States than it is with any of the countries listed above.Thus, at this stage it is not possible to conclude whether the barriers related to Philippine agencies have their roots in the United States or in the Philippines themselves. Uganda’s situation as a landlocked country is special, and many survey responses refer to high transportation costs in general and challenges encountered for transit goods. An overwhelming number of exporters’ complaints refer to the high transportation costs (e.g., air freight charges, the low quality of roads, high fuel costs).The Enabling Trade Index 2009 ranks Uganda’s quality of railroad infrastructure 97th out of 112, and its quality of roads 101st. Other reported constraints include the limited number of cooling rooms and warehouses, or power outages in general. Also the lack of skills and technology are experienced as obstacles to trade for exporters. A large number of exporters explicitly mention the challenges they face due to the fact that Uganda is landlocked, referring to two sets of problems. First, the cost of inland transportation is high. Second, the barriers arise in transit countries (the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda) rather than in the destination markets.The comments mostly mention the security situation in transit countries (e.g., roadblocks), time delays, and bribes. These observations suggest that some of the obstacles to trade that exporters face are located in their home country and involve local or national agencies—as is the case for the Philippines.The process of exporting goods involves agencies and infrastructure in both the exporting and importing country. Although the destination country might apply a specific measure, the challenge that exporters face with this measure often relates to the lack of infrastructure or efficiency in their own country, which thus leads to difficulties with compliance.The positive side of this conclusion is that such obstacles can be resolved domestically.

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Conclusion The elimination of NTBs has been gaining importance on the international trade agenda. Since the overall level of tariff protection is quite low, these obstacles are becoming a major determinant of market access conditions. There is no international consensus on what can be judged legitimate NTMs and which measures are protectionism in disguise. Countries may have legitimate reasons to introduce NTMs—for example, consumer protection, public health, or national security. Some of these measures however, may be experienced by exporters as obstacles to trade. First, importing countries may use NTMs for protectionist goals. Second, even legitimate measures can have a prohibitive cost of compliance. Finally, exporting companies may experience difficulties in meeting the requirements because of an inadequate domestic business environment, such as obsolete local facilities and procedures that are lacking in efficiency. Policymakers as well as the business sector can benefit from a better understanding of non-tariff obstacles to trade to make better-informed decisions. It is therefore important to identify not only those measures that the business sector perceives as obstacles to trade, but also their root causes. A company-level survey designed to address these issues is being undertaken in several developing countries across the world.The results from the first set of countries have provided data inputs for this chapter. Although capturing information on only five countries, this analysis sheds light on variations that exist in the incidences and types of NTBs experienced by the business sector across products, countries, and regions.The analysis of the reported barriers suggests that the prevailing types of barriers are linked to the destination regions of exports. However, the causes that lead an exporting company to qualify an applied measure as problematic are not necessarily associated with the country that applies the measure.The obstacles may be caused by factors linked to the home country of exporters—for example, a lack of infrastructure or a lack of efficient procedures. A more global analysis would facilitate a better understanding about NTMs and the challenges exporting companies face when complying with these measures, either because they are used for protectionist purposes or because of an inadequate domestic business environment. This understanding could facilitate the identification of policy options at the national and international level.

Notes 1 See Appendix A for the number of interviewed companies per country. 2 The goal of the pilot survey was to test and validate a representative cross-country and cross-sector methodology for the collection and classification of barriers experienced by the business sector in developing countries; the sample size per surveyed country was determined accordingly. The seven countries selected to test the methodology were therefore diverse in terms of geographical location as well as level of development. The cross-country analysis in this chapter is based on the data for five of the seven countries; a larger data analysis is planned for the future. A number of specific and unique differences were identified in each country owing to the nature of the topic itself, to different levels of local expertise and activities on the topic, and to local language requirements and cultural differences. Across the seven surveyed countries, interviewed companies reported the barriers they faced based on a global questionnaire. The local interviewers categorized these obstacles to trade according to a new classification on NTMs, which has been prepared by a number of international organizations within the framework of UNCTAD’s multi-agency initiative on NTMs. It might be possible that, in this process, reported NTMs have not been consistently matched against the corresponding measures. Furthermore, the way interviews were conducted could vary slightly across countries—also, the way interviewed companies responded to the survey might vary across countries. For example, in one country, interviewed companies only reluctantly shared their experiences on non-tariff obstacles to trade, as they considered these experiences already as a comparative advantage against their local competitors. Consequently, the results, as presented, can only show tendencies across countries. 3 The analysis of the regional distribution of trade obstacles reported by Chilean exporters is based on top-20 export destinations, representing 88 percent of the total Chilean export value. All trade statistics referred to in this article are sourced from United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, 2007 data. These export destinations have been categorized into geographic regions, namely Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America, and Oceania. Similar calculations were performed for each surveyed country. 4 Fumigation refers to a method of pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous pesticides, or fumigants, to suffocate or poison the pests within. Fumigation can be requested before crossborder transaction of goods to control pests and to prevent transfer of exotic organisms. In the survey, exporting companies in the Philippines often commented on the high cost of fumigation.

References UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). 2009. Classification of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs), prepared by UNCTAD’s multi-agency initiative on NTMs. UNSD (United Nations Statistics Division). Commodity Trade Statistics Database, 2007 data. Available at http://comtrade.un.org/.

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Appendix A: Scope of the survey Table A1: Number of surveyed companies and reported cases, per country Number of surveyed exporting companies

Number of reported cases

Chile

251

673

Philippines

303

851

Thailand

430

1,803

Tunisia

279

810

Uganda

210

593

Surveyed country

Table A2: Absolute number of reported cases by selected measures, per country Measure group

Chile

Selected technical measures Tolerance limits for residues and contaminants or restricted use of certain substances

Philippines

Thailand

Tunisia

Uganda

18

47

165

9

1

132

72

169

72

64

Traceability requirements

29

34

253

92

32

Testing requirements

17

40

140

40

69

119

244

305

86

22

Pre-shipment inspection and other customs formalities

7

44

58

16

55

Charges, taxes, and other para-tariff measures

8

23

4

38

44

Other

343

347

709

457

306

TOTAL

673

851

1,803

810

593

Labeling, marking, and packaging requirements

Certification requirements

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Appendix B: Definitions of non-tariff measures This appendix refers to a selected group of non-tariff measures that exporters in the surveyed countries have experienced as obstacles to trade.These non-tariff measures have been categorized as follows, based on a new NTM classification prepared in a multi-agency framework. Technical measures to trade refers to product characteristics or their related process and production methods. These measures include packaging, marking, and labeling requirements as well as conformity assessment procedures. Within the multilateral context, these measures are categorized into technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), depending on the purpose of the measures. SPS measures are designed to protect human, animal, and plant life or health from risks caused by pests, diseases, and disease-carrying or disease-causing organisms; and risks arising from additives, contaminants, toxins, or disease-causing organisms in foods, beverages, or feedstuffs.TBT measures are applied for the purpose of national security, protection of human safety, protection of the environment, and prevention of deceptive practices. See the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the WTO Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) for further information. For the purpose of the cross-country analysis, the following selected technical measures have been covered:

purpose is to verify the conformity of products with certain conditions. Pre-shipment inspection and other customs formalities include all the measures related to inspection of the products in the country of export before shipment as well as special customs formalities not related to TBT or SPS—for example, the requirement that a particular shipment pass through a specified port of customs. Licenses, quotas, and other quantity control measures include the requirements on different forms of licensing, quotas, and prohibitions. Charges, taxes, and other para-tariff measures include all the measures related to charges; taxes on imports that are not tariffs, such as internal taxes on imports; general sales taxes; excise taxes and charges; and decreed customs valuations. Finance measures regulate the access to and cost of foreign exchange for imports, and define the terms of payment—for example, advance payment requirement, multiple exchange rates, restrictive official foreign exchange allocation, regulations related to terms of payment for imports, transfer delays, and surrender requirement.

• Tolerance limits for residues and contaminants, or restricted use of certain substances determine the maximum limit for residues, contaminants, microorganisms, or certain substances that can be present in products. • Traceability requirements relate to the measures on the disclosure of information concerning different stages of production process and distribution of a certain product, such as origin of materials used, processing history, and so on. • Labeling, marking, and packaging requirements: Labeling is a requirement to provide certain information on products, or their production process, while marking is providing information that the product should carry for transport and customs purposes. Packaging requirements relate to the way products can be packed and to the packaging materials. • Testing requirements are conformity assessment procedures, required by the importing country, that envisage verifying the conformity of the products to certain SPS or TBT regulations by testing or sampling. • Certification requirements concern certification that is required by the importing country and is issued by either the importing or the exporting country; its The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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CHAPTER 1.7

Enabling Trade: Relationship to Clusters and Setting an Openness Agenda SAM SIDIQI and FOUAD ALAME, Agility

The Enabling Trade Index (ETI) is a tool that informs countries how they compare with other countries in terms of enabling cross-border trade and that gives insight into the specific elements that support their overall performance. For governments that would like to be more effective in enabling trade, the ETI can help identify the important issues for each country and provide valuable guidance on where to focus their efforts.The idea underlying this ranking is that trade has a positive effect on countries’ growth and development, and that countries should aspire to remove existing trade barriers and further enable trade so that they will be positioned better to achieve higher prosperity for their people.While this is an obvious conclusion for economists and some businessmen, it is not always a priority for important constituents who drive the political decision-making process. Someone needs to do the hard work of implementing policy changes in support of trade enablement in the face of budget constraints and a noisy political climate.

Research to action: Next steps after reading The Global Enabling Trade Report How can the ETI be used by government and business actors to facilitate the hard work of implementation more effectively? Governments have limitations in terms of both monetary and political capital, which requires them to choose which reforms and advances they can feasibly make given their constraints. An important area to be explored is how government can make the most appropriate strategic decisions to enable trade most effectively.This chapter puts forward two frameworks linked to the ETI that can allow an official to make more informed decisions about where and how to focus implementation efforts. First, it looks at theories of cluster development and explores the relationship between the ETI and cluster development.With this link and a closer look at the pillars of the Index, one can derive recommendations about where to prioritize focus based on the performance across different elements of an economy’s ETI results. Next, the chapter puts forward a simple framework that could help an official to decide what would be the best strategy when driving the enabling trade agenda in his or her country.

Implications of comparing cluster formation to the ETI The options available in drawing up an economic policy are broad. Legislation can be passed that will adjust minimum wages, provide subsidies, increase or decrease taxes, invest in education, sign free trade agreements— the list is practically endless. Many of the alternatives on that list are supported by active lobbying efforts. Amid the din of discussion of all the potential options, it is important that those pursuing an agenda of enabling trade treat the problem strategically.What information does an ETI ranking provide to policymakers that assists The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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Box 1: Why clusters matter Michael Porter’s studies show that clusters have a crucial role in defining countries’ economic success because of the following factors: Clusters increase productivity and efficiency by promoting • efficient access to specialized inputs, services, employees, information, institutions, and public goods (e.g., training programs); • ease of coordination and transactions across firms; • rapid diffusion of best practices; and • ongoing, visible performance comparisons and strong incentives to improve over local rivals. Clusters stimulate and enable innovations by encouraging • an enhanced ability to perceive innovation opportunities, • the presence of multiple suppliers and institutions to assist in knowledge creation, and • ease of experimentation given locally available resources. Clusters facilitate commercialization by providing • opportunities for new companies, and making new lines of established businesses more apparent; and • assistance in making new products commercially viable and facilitating an easier start for new companies because of available skills, suppliers, and so on.

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in deciding what to do next? If using cluster formation can improve a country’s economy, what additional information can be gained from the ETI? Specifically, how do analyses of clusters interact with the ETI to help policymakers decide on a target and scope of policies that will be the most effective in further enabling trade? Michael Porter, a leading researcher and writer in the field of business and economics, finds that one of the drivers of competitiveness is the presence of clusters, which are groupings of businesses, trade associations, and educational institutions that drive innovation and improvement for the set of linked industries on which the cluster is focused.1 Porter argues that competitiveness is the key driver of productivity, and that productivity, along with endowments, ultimately drives the prosperity of a country.2 He thus sees the creation of vibrant clusters that increase competitiveness and productivity as a sustainable approach to improving the living standards of a country’s populace (see Box 1). The first link between cluster theory and the ETI is that the ultimate goal of both is to help economies increase productivity and, consequently, prosperity. Further exploring the relationship between the ETI and Porter’s cluster theory, Figure 1 divides the countries covered by the ETI into three approximately equal groups of about 40 each. It then cross-references each of

those groups of countries with analyses of clusters based on data collected about clusters around the world.3 The figure shows that the number of clusters in the group of countries scoring in the top 40 of the ETI is many times higher than it is in the second group, and higher by an even wider margin than in the trailing group. This progression illustrates the close relationship between enabling trade and the number of clusters active in a country.While the formation of internationally competitive clusters is certainly related to a number of other factors besides the country’s openness of trade, it is undoubtedly significant. Porter argues that it is important for countries to build their “basic national infrastructure”;4 he goes on to assert that “government policy should pursue open market access in every foreign nation.”5 Although a country certainly needs more than policies conducive to trade, as reflected in good performance on the pillars of the ETI, to have competitive international clusters, it will struggle to get there without key reforms in this area. This approach could certainly be questioned on the grounds of the different size of countries, a better understanding of how openness drives cluster development (is the driver openness, or is it something else correlated with openness?),6 and selection bias in terms of which countries have been analyzed for clusters. On the first point, Figure 1 should be looked at directionally. Although the size of countries could affect the result, there are larger and smaller countries in all three groups, and the scale of the difference in cluster formation seems to outweigh the difference in average country size between groups. Second, it is clear that clusters have a number of building blocks. Factors that enable trade are only part of the story, and correlation does not imply causality. However, the relationship between clusters and openness is striking in this figure. An analysis of data from the Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (Survey), which is used to capture the development of clusters in the Global Competitiveness Index, confirms these results: the related variables are highly correlated with the ETI results.7

Extending the analysis: Where to focus A key take-away from the above analysis is that what actions a government should take to strengthen clusters depends heavily on where the country stands in terms of enabling trade. A country that is in the top 40 already has strong foundations in this respect.While this government can and should continue to drive trade enablers generally, the majority of its work should be concerned with general cluster upgrading, which “involves recognizing the presence of a cluster and then removing obstacles, relaxing constraints, and eliminating inefficiencies that impede cluster productivity and innovation.”8

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Figure 1: The number of clusters per ETI ranking groups

700

662

600

500

400

300

200

137 100

17

0 Top 40

41–80

81–118

ETI country ranking groups

More challenging are possible prescriptions for countries in the second and third groups. If you do not have globally competitive clusters in your country today, how do you get there? One could argue that a country in the third group should actually not distract itself by trying too hard to develop internationally competitive clusters. However, because of the potential importance of clusters for long-term development, giving up on the pursuit of international clusters would mean that an important tool was never developed.To understand how to achieve internationally competitive clusters, it would be good to first understand more about how clusters start and evolve. In fact, a deep, globally competitive cluster evolves from local to national to regional cluster and, finally, international cluster. The problem for new entrants to cluster formation is that clusters are self-reinforcing, so it is difficult to start a fresh one in the face of competition from those that are already deeply developed.The impediments to the development of internationally competitive clusters are so large that government leaders need to think carefully about where to focus their efforts, otherwise they risk investing in something that ultimately will not be successful.While new cluster creation is difficult and requires a long-term effort that could take decades to bear fruit, the development of existing clusters can be managed and influenced. To support the development and upgrade of clusters, governments need first to focus on domestic transport infrastructure, transport providers, and the overall business environment; they should clear the way

for input goods to be easily imported. Once clusters become more sophisticated, governments can support the process by creating regional markets.This involves coordination with neighboring countries to improve infrastructure that enables regional trade, and pursuing agreements that ease trade within the region. Finally, as clusters begin to reach a globally competitive level, governments will need to continue driving steps that enable trade to allow for a proliferation of participants and competitors that are interlinked in reinforcing and uninhibited ways.This is a summary review of actions that will support cluster development at different stages. A more nuanced exploration of specific pillars of the ETI within the context of a specific country should yield more specific prescriptions.

Framework to choose tactics Once a country knows its strategic priorities related to enabling trade from a cluster development perspective, as discussed in the previous section, work has to be done on a tangible level to implement reforms. In this regard, one needs to think explicitly about what actions are easier to accomplish based on the current budgetary and political environment in a specific country. Any economics student learns early a basic orthodoxy of the field—that trade increases wealth because specialization and comparative advantage allow for an increase in total output, which is then traded among market participants to improve everyone’s level of consumption, or gains from trade. Although this idea is a

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Budgetary capital

Expensive

Figure 2: Budgetary and political tradeoffs to enabling trade

Improve highways

Decrease export tax

Improve port infrastructure

Decrease import tariffs

Improve communications infrastructure

Decrease border admininistrative costs

Cheap

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Decrease protective barriers for industry X

Political capital

Expensive

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winner in the classroom, it has a long way to go before it will convince protesting farmers or people who have been pushed out of work because their sector is no longer competitive in their home country.While an economist can coolly argue that the overall benefit to society of productivity gains is greater than the onetime loss to individuals in transition, the benefits to the economy often come as very small, almost imperceptible positives across a very large number of individuals, while the losses come in big painful chunks to specific individuals who have a high motivation to avert this outcome. In many cases, the moves that can be made to enable trade are very expensive politically. In other cases, instead of costing political dollars, a move to enable trade will cost real dollars, which presents another set of hurdles. It is important to think through these hurdles and make tradeoffs when choosing the specific tactics of an enabling trade program. One approach that might be useful is to put together a simple heuristic method to visualize what choices a country has before it (Figure 2). By plotting on one axis the political capital involved and on the other axis the budgetary capital involved, a government official can start to see the tradeoffs involved in developing an overall enabling trade agenda.This chart should be a way to visualize and compare efficiency of improving a country’s score on the Index.To read the chart, imagine that each step taken creates an equivalent unit of

improvement in terms of enabling trade, reflected in the ETI score—for example, a port infrastructure project may be more expensive than a highway infrastructure project, but in a specific country, the port infrastructure will create a better improvement per dollar spent. Because it is more efficient in enabling trade, it appears cheaper on the budgetary axis even if it is more expensive overall. While it would be a fallacy to think that these measures can be plotted perfectly, a policymaker can use such an exercise to make a rough estimate about how to address a particular country’s weaknesses that could lead to quick improvements. To improve the ease of getting goods across borders as captured by the ETI, specific actions for a notional country have the budgetary and political tradeoff illustrated in Figure 2. Although improving the ETI score is not the final goal, it can provide guidance on the degree to which a country enables trade. The example chart is only a thought exercise. Specific moves will have different budgetary and political capital costs depending on each country’s specific situation. What is important is that, by putting things down in a framework like this, an official can also start thinking through the tactical moves that could decrease the investment needed to get a particular improvement done. For example, although improving the highway infrastructure faces huge budgetary hurdles, in a developing country that has access to development grants or loans

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for infrastructure development, the hurdle is no longer a budgetary one. Another way to enhance trade is to address the political side. By building coalitions, one can make a specific move less politically costly. Here a benefit of the ETI is that it encompasses a lot of details. Instead of imagining a broad abstract trade score, an official can look into specific tangible pillars.While it might be difficult to get people excited about broad topics, it may be easier to get political groups motivated to take steps around actions focused on specific parts of a pillar that will affect them. One example would be to decrease an export tax while at the same time reducing import tariffs on other products.While farmers might be against a reduction of tariffs for a product they produce, they would support a decrease of an export tax that would increase the profit from their harvest. By bundling these two measures, officials could gain support for the unpopular move, thereby building a coalition supporting that specific move. One place worth looking for potential coalitions is in clusters themselves (see Box 2). Another way to look at the diagram of Figure 2 is to use it to think through potential baskets of reforms that could build a larger coalition.This is the stereotype of what politicians are supposed to be able to do—find ways of getting groups to agree on legislation by horse trading.While in the United States this often leads to “pork barrel” bills, where the bill is overloaded with benefits for different localities, a smartly crafted piece of legislation can meet different constituents’ needs and push through some politically difficult measures. For example, one could garner a lot of political good will for a legislative measure by putting in some expensive infrastructure that helps a specific community but that is also an enabler to trade, and use that goodwill to get a basket of initiatives passed that includes politically more difficult measures, like a decrease in trade barriers.The actual approach to this negotiating should be left to the professionals, but the above framework could help in the planning phase. There are probably other models that would be helpful in navigating the creation of the right steps in an enabling trade agenda. However, what is important is to bring the agenda back to tangible steps that can be executed as real projects or policy changes.

Box 2: More than beneficiaries: Can clusters help the political process? Beyond taking quotes from important academic studies and notable academics, what else can an official use to support an agenda that enables trade? This chapter has looked in detail at how clusters benefit from government policies that enable trade. It is worth evaluating what happens when the responsibility for change is shifted to the clusters rather than resting on policies. One prospect worth further investigation is to consider activating clusters themselves as political constituencies that can proactively support the agenda. By creating clusters, business leaders who belong to local and national clusters create associations that bring their industry together. It is here that an official can potentially build a constituency that will help drive the enabling trade agenda. Although clusters may not be large in terms of numbers of voters, they should be able to make up for that politically in organizational ability and financial clout. Each cluster will have its own forums for meeting, and it is up to local officials to pick the groups that can be most effective in driving their particular cause. Interestingly, by using the ETI analysis a productive dialogue could be started with cluster leaders to identify the specific pillars that are most important to them according to their ETI ranking group, as discussed above. The push for enabling trade could thus be made much more specific and actionable, rather than being lost in vague discussion.

framework to help a policymaker strategically decide on tactics by visualizing the tradeoffs between budgetary and political capital. However, while helpful for planning, this study does not diminish the need for continued hard work by policymakers who will advance the enabling trade agenda with real actions and policies.The details of any particular program cannot be generalized; they must be made for a specific country at a specific point in time. It is up to the doers to take the information available in the ETI and work with their peers and constituents to come up with the right agenda to effectively move forward in their country.

Notes Conclusion It is hoped that the points raised in this chapter and elsewhere in The Global Enabling Trade Report will help initiate good discussions among policymakers and their constituents.The chapter began by focusing on the connection between the ETI and Michael Porter’s cluster theory, both of which share the same objective— increasing national competitiveness and prosperity. It then developed some prescriptions for focus that come from the joint analysis. Finally, the chapter proposed a

1 Porter 1998, pp. 199, 213. 2 Porter et al. 2008, p. 44. 3 These data were collected by the Cluster Meta-Study, a multi-year research project conducted by the Harvard Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness that gathered data from existing publications worldwide about clusters. 4 Porter 1998, p. 186. 5 Porter 1998, p. 190. 6 Both the number of clusters and ETI scores are highly correlated with the level of development.

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7 This result is confirmed when correlating the ETI scores with the scores of indicators assessing the state of cluster development from The Global Competitiveness Report. ETI scores are highly correlated with the variable obtained from the Executive Opinion Survey “State of cluster development” and also with the category “Clusters and supporting Industries” from the Global Competitiveness Index. For details about the variables, see Sala-iMartin et al. 2008. 8 Porter 1998, p. 247.

References Porter, M. E. 1998. On Competition. Boston: The Harvard Business School Press. Porter, M. E., Delgado, M., C. Ketels, and S. Stern. 2008. “Moving to a New Global Competitiveness Index.” The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 43–63. Sala-i-Martin, X., J. Blanke, M. Drzeniek Hanouz, T. Geiger, and F. Paua. 2008. “The Global Competitiveness Index: Prioritizing the Economic Policy Agenda.” The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 3–41.

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The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

Implementing Trade Facilitation JEAN-FRANÇOIS ARVIS, GERARD MCLINDEN, and MONICA ALINA MUSTRA, The World Bank LAURI OJALA, Turku School of Economics, Finland

Trade facilitation can play an important role in achieving national development objectives because it enhances countries’ competitiveness, and allows them to trade goods and services on time and with low transaction costs. Many developing countries may not be able to take advantage of opportunities presented by international trade unless they can make investments in the areas where binding constraints to trade development are most pronounced.

1.8: Implementing Trade Facilitation

CHAPTER 1.8

Trade facilitation, development, and trade competitiveness This facilitation may involve reform of border management institutions; policy changes in the area of transport regulation; and, in some cases, significant investment in trade-related infrastructure, among other elements.The key issue is that a trade supply chain is only as strong as its weakest link. Determining where the weaknesses are and addressing them through targeted development interventions has therefore become a major element of the new trade facilitation and logistics agenda. A practical focus

Surprisingly, there is no universally accepted definition of exactly what trade facilitation is. A narrow, yet consistent, approach focuses on the simplification and streamlining of trade-related procedures (red-tape obstacles to the movement of goods across borders), and defines it as simplification, standardization, and harmonization of procedures and associated information flows to move goods from seller to buyer and to make payment. This definition is the one followed by many facilitation bodies in developed economies and is the focus of the current trade facilitation negotiation at the World Trade Organization (WTO). In recent years, however, trade facilitation practitioners are tending to adopt a wider total supply chain perspective and to look not just at trade procedures, but rather at the export and import supply chains of developing countries and the associated physical movements of goods. Hence, in practice, a more comprehensive definition might describe trade facilitation as the process of identifying and addressing bottlenecks affecting the cost-effective and timely movement of goods imposed by weaknesses in traderelated logistics. This wider definition implies that trade facilitation covers issues such as logistics, trade-related infrastructure, and transport facilitation together, along with the simplification, rationalization of procedures, and, where possible, the elimination of red tape. This wider supply chain focus is logical from the perspective of firm competitiveness, since the ability of firms to connect effectively to international markets depends in part on the performance of the entire supply chain in terms of cost, time, and—above all—reliability and predictability.The performance of trade supply chains—especially their reliability—is determined by a The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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A growing awareness

Box 1: The Logistics Performance Index and Doing Business indicators The Logistics Performance Index (LPI), the first of its kind and published in the 2007 edition of the World Bank’s report Connecting to Compete: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy,1 is a comprehensive index created to help countries identify the challenges and opportunities they face in their performance on trade logistics. It presents disaggregated data in seven different categories, allowing countries to know exactly what areas need to be strengthened. The LPI is the first comprehensive cross-country assessment of logistics performance in 150 countries, based on a world survey of international freight forwarders and express carriers completed by more than 800 logistics professionals. The International Finance Corporation and the World Bank jointly maintain the Doing Business database. This major initiative provides objective measures of business regulations and enforcement (http://www.doingbusiness.org). Doing Business 2008 presents quantitative indicators on business regulations and the protection of property rights that can be compared across 175 economies and over time. This dataset includes indicators of trade regulations.

Note 1 Arvis et al., 2007.

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complex set of factors in three broad and interdependent categories discussed in more detail in the next section of this chapter.These categories are (1) the quality of traderelated infrastructure, (2) trade procedures and regulations, and (3) the availability and quality of private-sector services. The supply chain perspective is also reflected in the operational focus of trade facilitation as supported by the World Bank and other development partners.The main operational areas of focus include: • infrastructure investment; • customs modernization and improvement of the border-crossing environment; • the streamlining of documentary requirements and information flows; • the efficiency of gateways such as ports and airports; • the regulation and competitiveness of logistics and transport services; • corridor facilitation and transit trade facilitation, especially in the context of landlocked countries; • multimodal freight transport (i.e., rail-road); and • transport security.

Achieving practical trade facilitation reform has become a key development priority in recent years. Several factors have contributed to the growing importance of this agenda and to the awareness and motivation of policymakers and development agencies. First, the economic benefits from trade facilitation are now widely acknowledged, especially as the reduction of logistics costs may be of an even higher order of magnitude in their impact on trade than that of tariffs. Recently, empirical literature has provided evidence on the cost of inefficiencies and the large returns from investments and reforms in facilitation.1 For example, Francois et al. simulate the impact on income of a reduction of 3.0 percent in trade transaction costs for goods, which is probably a conservative estimate of the reduction in transactions costs.2 Such research suggests that world annual income could increase by US$151 billion with a 3.0 percent cut in trade transaction costs. In proportion to national income, the authors estimate that most of these gains would benefit developing countries. Evidence from the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) survey (see Box 1) indicates that, at the same level of development per capita, the countries with the best logistics performance experience additional growth of 1 percent for GDP and 2 percent for trade. Second, there is evidence from the last four years of cross-country comparable sets of performance indicators, which were previously only partially available in this area. The main indicators have been the LPI at the World Bank, the “Trading across Borders” chapter in Doing Business by the International Finance Corporation (World Bank Group) (Box 1), and the Enabling Trade Index by the World Economic Forum.The publication and wide dissemination of this information have been a wakeup call for many countries. All of this evidence has pointed out the wide gap of performance between developing and high-income countries, but has also indicated significant differences for countries at similar levels of development (Table 1). Finally, this awareness of the importance of trade facilitation is reflected in the numerous trade facilitation –related provisions that have been incorporated in various bilateral and regional trading agreements.This trend also led to the decision to launch negotiations to overhaul and modernize the WTO trade facilitation rules that are now over 50 years old as part of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations.3 The WTO negotiations in this area have been productive beyond their initial mandate. Logistics and trade competitiveness

An effective connection with international markets depends to a large extent on the efficiency and, especially, the reliability of the supply chain for firms and for countries. A key insight from the LPI survey of logistics professionals is that, although costs and timeliness are of great importance, traders are primarily concerned with

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Table 1: Wide gap of performance among regions Customs clearance (days)

Physical inspection (percent of shipments)

Time export (days)

Time import (days)

Documents for export (number)

Documents for import (number)

East Asia & Pacific

2.1

18.0

2.5

5.7

6.7

7.1

Europe & Central Asia

1.2

8.0

1.7

4.5

7.1

8.3

Latin America & Caribbean

2.0

14.0

2.7

5.7

6.9

7.4

Middle East & North Africa

2.2

14.0

2.1

7.2

6.5

7.6

South Asia

2.0

27.0

4.4

7.2

8.5

9.0

Sub-Saharan Africa

3.3

29.0

4.8

13.3

7.8

8.8

High income: OECD

0.9

3.0

1.8

4.6

4.5

5.1

Region

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the overall reliability of the supply chain. A firm’s competitiveness is influenced by the cost and performance of its supply chain, and thus it depends on the overall logistics environment—but the main impact on the trade environment occurs less through transportation costs than through the predictability of delivery. Excessively bureaucratic border processing systems and procedures, poor infrastructure, or inadequate services result in long delays and unpredictability in the clearance of goods. Excessive bureaucracy is often accompanied by high levels of corruption. Hence, on top of direct costs associated with moving goods—such as freight costs and port charges—firms have to absorb the induced costs associated with hedging for the lack of predictability and reliability of the supply chain (Figure 1).4 They must either carry higher inventories of supplies or finished products, or switch to more expensive modes of transportation to be sure to meet delivery schedules.5 These costs are inversely related to predictability, and they tend to rise steeply with declining logistics performance (Figure 2). The high costs of unpredictability in the international supply chain are a major constraint for companies and countries trying to diversify into higher-value production. In global production chains, countries face the double challenge of maintaining efficiency in the supply chain not only for exports but also for imported inputs and components. Suppliers to the same automobile manufacturer will carry inventory for 7 days in Italy but for 35 days in Morocco. Importers of spare parts for electrical and mechanical equipment in, for example, Albania and Ukraine typically carry three to four times larger inventories than similar firms in neighboring European Union (EU) countries.This is an even higher burden for least-developed countries, where inputs often cannot be sourced regionally, so firms must store even larger amounts of inventory in case supplies are delayed. Some least-developed countries also have to contend with the fact that ports that are geographically closer to them may be more unreliable. Garment exporters from

Malawi, for example, prefer to haul their containers 2,500 kilometers to the port of Durban in South Africa instead of going through the much less reliable Mozambican port, although the port in Mozambique is only onethird of the distance.

Emerging issues and developments in trade facilitation The focus of trade facilitation has been evolving in the last few years, and it is becoming clear that to address it thoroughly, one has to look at many elements of the international supply chain. The first generation of implementation projects: Infrastructure and customs

As mentioned above, at the practical level, trade facilitation requires a commitment to investment and reform in three main areas: trade-related infrastructure, border processing and clearance systems and procedures, and logistics services. Unlike multilateral trade liberalization, which requires coordination at the international level, many trade facilitation initiatives are implemented primarily at the country level. In some cases—such as land border trade and transit trade for landlocked countries— the solutions need to be comprehensive and include bilateral and/or regional cooperation for trade facilitation reform to be effective. Over the last two decades, trade facilitation projects in developing countries have concentrated primarily on the first two areas, notably focusing on port, road, and rail infrastructure, and on customs processing and clearance systems and procedures.This focus has been an attempt to make the flow of trade cheaper, faster, and more reliable. These efforts are important and still need to be pursued, but much progress has been achieved. For example, in port management, the separation of commercial and services activities from the port authority is now the norm in developing countries, and there are many examples of the successful participation of the private sector in container terminal operations. Automation

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Figure 1: Structure of logistics costs supported by traders

Direct costs Freight and other costs associated with shipment

Induced costs Cost of non-delivery, storage

+

Source: Arvis et al., 2007b.

Priorities and needs are shifting to new issues: Border management, transit, and services

With the shift in emphasis away from first-generation investments in port and road infrastructure and customs reform to new areas not previously addressed, the binding constraints are not only more institutionally complex but also of a cross-cutting nature.

Figure 2: Reliability matters

100

Predictability of deliveries (percent)

86

of customs procedures has now been generalized, and there are few countries without some form of automated customs system in place. As a result, some level of information technology for customs is usually available; thus it is among the mildest of the constraints to trade facilitation faced, even by the least-developed countries.Yet, in many cases, there is a huge scope for upgrading and making better use of automation processes, notably when it comes to the exchange of information with the trading communities (e.g., freight forwarders) or with other trade-related agencies. In many developing countries it is rare for non-customs border management agencies to be automated (Table 2). The ports and corridors in Central and Eastern Africa face the most severe trade facilitation challenges. Anecdotal evidence points to the fact that, thanks to

various trade facilitation initiatives, the time to import containers has been systematically reduced in the ports of some of the poorer countries. For example, the port communities in Douala and Mombasa have taken serious steps to improve the processing of imports with schemes such as the single window in Douala and a similar port community initiative in Mombasa. As a result, dwell times of containers in Douala and Mombasa have been halved over the last decade, although the average is still over 10 days.6 The state of trade corridor infrastructure—a key area especially for landlocked developing countries— rehabilitation needs, and, above all, sustainable resources for maintenance are high priorities for development agencies.Thanks to efforts by donors to upgrade and expand the network, most road corridors in Africa are today in reasonably good or at least passable condition, and the state of the road infrastructure is no longer a major source of costs or delays.7 Moreover, all capital cities of landlocked developing countries are now connected by all-weather routes.

80

60

40

20

0 1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

Logistics Performance Index score

Source: LPI, 2007. Note: Percent refers to respondents of the LPI survey who say that import shipments are not cleared and delivered on time.

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Table 2: Trade logistics constraints worldwide Top quintile Q1 (percent)

Q2 (percent)

Q3 (percent)

Q4 (percent)

Bottom quintile Q5 (percent)

Usage of information technology in customs administration

78

50

50

58

35

Quality of logistics services

47

34

17

19

8

Competence in customs

55

32

19

18

11

Non-customs agencies

38

13

10

9

18

Issue

Source: LPI, 2007. Note: The percentages indicate the prevalence of the issue as reported by international freight forwarders. Q1= top quintile, highest performance in the LPI; Q2 = second quintile, high performance in the LPI; Q3 = third quintile, average performance in the LPI; Q4 = fourth quintile, low performance in the LPI; Q5 = bottom quintile, lowest performance in the LPI.

The constraints experienced by operators are increasingly found in these new areas (Table 2).The new agenda will need to address issues such as improving coordination among agencies involved in border processing; transport policies and regulation designed to improve market structure; and competition in trade-related services such as trucking, forwarding, and railways. In addition, more attention will need to be given to problems that can be adequately addressed only at the level of regional economic groupings. This expansion of the traditional scope of trade facilitation and logistics reform is visible not only in the content of various development projects but also in the trade facilitation negotiations taking place in the WTO, where the content of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Articles VIII and X address issues not previously covered comprehensively in the first generation of reforms described above. Another example is the complex question of facilitating trade on transit corridors for the benefit of landlocked developing countries.This issue is the focus of another international initiative, the Almaty Programme of Action launched in 2003 under the auspices of the United Nations.8 The imperative to better integrate border management for imports and exports is the most widely acknowledged element of the new agenda. It addresses coordination among border control agencies such as standards, sanitary, phytosanitary, and veterinary agencies. Although goods are finally cleared by customs, this occurs only after clearances from other border agencies have been obtained, which often significantly delays release. Figure 3 illustrates the gains on clearance that have been achieved in the context of a trade facilitation project, supported by the World Bank, that focuses on border management in the port of Radès,Tunisia.The project focuses on integrating the clearance procedures of different agencies: clearance operations (the middle band in the figure) accounted for one-third of the dwell time, and further gains are expected to come upstream (the bottom band) from automated transmission of the manifest by the port operators and investment in handling to customs and downstream (the top band) by making e-payment possible and by changes in port rate structure to make the rates predictable.

Movement of goods and vehicles across borders and overland over long distances relies on putting in place a seamless transit system at the regional level or at least bilaterally in order to be able to allow efficiency. The single and most important practical constraint is the arrangement, or the transit regime, by which goods can move efficiently in the country of transit, although the duties are to be collected in the country of destination— a landlocked country for imports, or its final commercial partner for exports.To facilitate trade, transit is founded on a delayed clearance regime based on authorized transit operators, bonds, secure cargo, and proper information systems in customs. A recent global review of transit systems shows that on most corridors crossing the territory of developing countries, transit systems are far from effective.There are some exceptions: very efficient regional transit systems— such as Transports Internationaux Routiers (International Road Transport, or TIR) and Common Transit9—were developed in Europe after World War II, allowing for seamless door-to-door operation over several borders. But in many parts of the world, overregulation and lengthy chain control prevail and the movement of goods can take weeks.10 Many regional treaties have a provision for regional systems similar to that in Europe (this is the case in most of Africa, for instance). But implementation has been jeopardized by lack of implementing mechanisms and poor cross-country cooperation. It is now accepted by the international trade community that improving the transit system is a high priority, especially for landlocked developing countries. On most trade corridors, existing or projected investment in infrastructure will not deliver benefits without parallel changes in the transit system. Awareness of the importance of improving the quality of logistics and trade-supporting services is fairly recent, but this quality is becoming increasingly central to trade and transport facilitation and related regulatory reform packages. Recent trucking surveys indicate that differences among countries in freight costs are largely due to the market structure for transport providers, to regulatory barriers, and to the degree of competition.11 The trucking market structure and environment in West and Central African corridors are characterized by strict market regulation, which leads to low transport quality

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Figure 3: Structure of clearance time for containers at the port of Radès, 2006–08

12

 Post-clearance  Clearance operations  Pre-clearance

10

Days

8

6

4

2

0 2006 S1

2006 S2

2007 S1

2007 S2

2008 S1

2008 S2

Source: World Bank project data. Note: S = semester.

88 and limited vehicle usage (a truck may run as little as 2,000 kilometers a month, compared with a long-haul truck in the United States that can run almost 10 times as far).This results in excessive fixed costs (gross margin) and costs of transportation up to three times higher than those observed in corridors in Southern Africa, where competition allows for moderate rates and good quality of services. There is only limited experience with reforms that address private logistics services. It is essential that trade facilitation improvements provide incentives for highquality and reliable services, notably through regulation of entry. For instance, improvements in regional transit systems are dependent upon the quality of trucking services: implementation of the international TIR system imposes strict technical and financial requirements in exchange for facilitated transit. However, the political economy of the “soft” and “hard” trade infrastructure may not favor changes that depart from current business practices and limit historical rents. In many developing countries, for example, broker licenses are a de facto privilege for retired customs officers, or fragmented informal trucking regimes are maintained to meet social goals.

the benefits of progress in one area may not be reaped until progress is achieved in other areas as well.12 The impediments observed in logistics performance show similar patterns in countries, depending on how advanced their reform program is. Following the typology of developing countries proposed in the LPI 2007 report, we classify countries as follows: (1) severely logistically constrained countries (LDCs), (2) partial reformers in the low-income and middle-income groups of countries, and (3) consistent reformers (those countries achieving better logistics performance than their income group). Based on these categories, a rough intuitive typology of typical constraints faced by these three groups of countries is presented in Table 3.

Stepping up implementation Although the priorities may be set and the initiatives are in place, implementation must still be emphasized if serious progress is to be made. Some of the ways to ensure progress is to focus on the collective aspects of the efforts at reform, to consider a large portfolio of development assistance programs, and to obtain technical assistance.

Countries and constraints

Priorities for trade facilitation are essentially set at the country or regional level.What adds to the complexity of the issue is that the areas of reforms are often greatly entangled in development concerns, and because the robustness of a supply chain depends on its weakest link,

Promoting trade facilitation is a collective effort

Many entities are active in the area of trade facilitation to help developing-country policymakers and stakeholders better implement the most appropriate roadmap to reform and modernization (see Table 4).These activities

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Table 3: Typology of countries according to impediments to logistics performance Logistics Performance Impediments

Severely constrained countries (LDCs)

Partial reformers

Consistent reformers

Trade-related infrastructure

Not the major constraint, but a serious maintenance issue for road or rail network soft reforms

Capacity issues can be addressed by soft reforms

Capacity bottlenecks to support trade expansion

Core customs modernization

Potentially a major constraint

Potentially a major constraint

No longer a constraint

Integration of border management

Comparatively a lesser problem

Serious problem

Typically the key remaining facilitation problem

Regional facilitation and transit

The main issue for landlocked LDCs

Systematic problem with few exceptions (e.g. countries where TIR is implemented)1

Systematic problem with few exceptions (TIR developing countries)

Quality and supply of logistics services

Serious constraint at various degrees depending on regions

Serious constraint at various degrees depending on regions

Still a problem when restrictions on the entry of international logistics providers are applied

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1 TIR stands for Transports Internationaux Routiers (International Road Transport). For more information on the TIR, please visit http://www.iru.org/index/en_iru_about_tir.

include not only promoting projects on the ground, but also promoting the international standards and practices that guide reform.The main participants in this effort at the global level include the World Bank, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the World Customs Organization (WCO), the WTO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Private global groups are also very active in promoting this agenda and can help setting the priorities, including the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA), the Global Express Association (GEA), the International Air Transport Association (IATA), and the International Road Transport Union (IRU), among others. Some of these entities are also involved in implementation activities. Regional organizations such as UN commissions or regional development banks are also making decisive contributions to the implementation in their respective areas. Bilateral agencies are playing a key role as well, and in fact are the main donors of technical assistance.13 The Global Facilitation Partnership for Transportation and Trade (GFP) was launched in 1999.The GFP is a network of 250 public and private partners and is the reference forum in trade and transport facilitation where participants work together to design and undertake specific programs, create knowledge, or support trade facilitation training opportunities. Several ongoing initiatives have put these partnerships into effect and stimulated implementation in developing countries. Launched in 2005, the Trade Facilitation Negotiations Support Project (TFNSP) responds to demands by developing countries engaged

in negotiating a new trade facilitation agreement in the WTO and helps them understand their potential capacity gap with regard to the measures under negotiation. A growing portfolio of development assistance: The example of the World Bank

Over the last five years, the World Bank and other agencies have increased the share of projects related to facilitation of trade and transportation. In the case of the World Bank, the portfolio of projects in this area has been growing and diversifying according to the change in demand and the shift of priorities. Investments and reforms are complemented by technical assistance and knowledge sharing. The World Bank’s projects in support of trade facilitation total about US$1.4 billion in projected commitments for the fiscal year 2009 (Figure 4).This represents approximately 40 percent of the World Bank’s total trade-related lending.The most significant projects fall into the following categories: modernizing customs, improving gateway infrastructure such as ports and airports, modernizing trade corridors, improving export promotion, improving trade facilitation and logistics, and modernizing multimodal transport. Customs modernization projects have been and remain a major part of the portfolio worldwide.The World Bank has financed over 120 customs-related projects over the past two decades.The current portfolio totals US$409 million, with another US$94 million in the pipeline. Improving the performance of customs administrations remains a high priority for many countries, but increasingly these projects support the modernization of agencies with border responsibilities such as those concerned with health, agriculture, quarantine, police, immigration, product standards, and so on.

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T Table 4: Supporters of trade facilitation activities in developing countries International organization

• World Trade Organization (WTO) • World Customs Organization (WCO) • UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) • United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) • UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) • International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) • International Maritime Organization (IMO) • World Bank • International Monetary Fund (IMF) • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) • Regional international financial institutions (IFIs)

Global business, nongovernmental organizations and institutions, and forums

• International Road Transport Union (IRU) • International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) • International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA) • International Air Transport Association (IATA) • World Economic Forum • Global Express Association (GEA) • Global Facilitation Partnership for Transportation and Trade (GFP)

Regional and bilateral entities and agreements

• Regional and subregional economic unions — Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) — Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) — East African Community (EAC) — Southern African Development Community (SADC) — Mercado Común del Sur, or Southern Common Market and so on (MERCOSUR) (there were 185 regional agreements registered by the WTO in force at the end of 2005) • Corridor authorities

90

• Regional UN agencies • Regional IFIs • Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) National entities

• Trade and transport facilitation and coordination committees and task forces, trade procedures committees (UNECE currently has 48 registered) • Customs and other border agencies • Transport agencies and operators • Private-sector associations (forwarders, shippers, truckers, and so on)

Corridor projects are an increasingly important part both of the Bank’s trade facilitation work program and of client demand across the regions.These projects cover several countries on the same trade corridors and address issues such as gaps in infrastructure, border management, and trade transit systems (Box 2). Recent examples include projects in Central America; Central, Eastern, and Western Africa; and Pakistan-Afghanistan. The Bank continues its support of trade-related infrastructure projects, emphasizing ports and airports. The area of multimodal transport (railway systems) has proved the most difficult in which to make headway. Despite the potential of railroads to reduce freight costs and carbon footprints, the state of the sector makes it a marginal player for logistics in less-developed countries and in many middle-income countries as well.

Further increasing impact: Technical assistance

In addition to investment or reform projects, there is a growing demand from developing-country governments for technical assistance, advice, and transfer of knowledge. Technical assistance and lending are increasingly linked. Indeed, most of the gains in terms of supply chain reliability or reducing the cost of logistics are likely to come from the implementation of measures that do not cost much, such as organizational changes and regulatory reform. However, in many client countries and especially in least-developed countries, trade facilitation measures are easier to implement as part of bigger financial packages than as standalone activities. The World Bank and other organizations are assisting developing countries in many different ways.These include (1) making reform toolkits available;14 (2) providing data on trade facilitation (such as the LPI and

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Figure 4: World Bank trade facilitation funding by projects type and region 4a: Trade facilitation lending: Commitments, 2002–09 (US$ millions)

1,500

1429

 Trade facilitation

1,200

US$ millions

Part 1.r2

 Development policy lending

900

616

600

595

547

475 381 300

357

226 169

124 0

24

2

2002

2003

2004

2005

135

37

29

13

2006

2007

2008

2009

Source: World Bank projects.

91 4b: Trade facilitation lending: Regional breakdown, fiscal years 2004–09

6%

4% 18%  Africa

 East Asia & Pacific

20% 16%

 Eastern & Central Europe  Latin America & Caribbean  Middle East & North Africa  South Asia

36%

Source: World Bank projects.

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Box 2: Re-engineering transit regimes: The case of Central Africa

Box 3: The Trade Facilitation Facility will boost implementation of new projects

The notion that regional transit trade arrangements in Africa or Asia should be reengineered along the principles of the systems already available in Europe, such as the TIR,1 has now gained acceptance worldwide. For instance, Chad and the Central African Republic are primarily served by a road-rail corridor through the port of Douala in Cameroon. The transit of goods used to take up to six weeks or more, with seven documents required, all to be cleared by three separate offices. There were also multiple checkpoints and controls on the roads to the landlocked countries. Thanks mainly to strong leadership from Cameroonian customs, agreement was eventually reached on a substantially revised transit system as part of a World Bank regional corridor project. The main elements of the agreement are the introduction of a one common transit document (based on the model of the EU Single Administrative Document), the removal of intermediate checkpoints, the use of information technology based on UNCTAD’s Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) system, the addition of a bar code to the transit document and container with optical reading at borders, and a new bonds system.

The World Bank Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF) program assists in the implementation of practical initiatives in the following key areas: border management improvement, institutional development, transit and regional facilitation, logistics services markets, and gateway infrastructure. TFF assistance will be delivered through technical advisory services and capacity-building activities. Examples of TFF activities include:

Note 1 TIR stands for Transports Internationaux Routiers (International Road Transport). For more information on the TIR, please visit http://www.iru.org/index/en_iru_about_tir.

The TFF is currently supported by the governments of Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands.

Doing Business indicators); (3) diagnosing weaknesses, for example through trade and transport facilitation audits, which are especially important for project preparation in least-developed countries; and (4) assisting domestic or regional institutions in the design and implementation of reforms.The recently launched Trade Facilitation Facility (TFF) (Box 3) will further scale up technical assistance in this area.15

Conclusions Trade facilitation is a dynamic field and is high priority for governments in developing countries and for international organizations.The current economic downturn has made it even more relevant. As international shipping costs have dropped dramatically, the cost of domestic inefficiencies in trade facilitation is more important than it used to be and comprises a higher share of total trade costs.The changes in demand and cost structures are also influencing the way international buyers are organizing their supply chains, favoring leaner, shorter, and more reliable supply chains.16 In times of crisis, those countries with lower logistics performance or that depend

• long-term technical advisers to support the implementation of regulatory and policy reforms related to trade and transport facilitation; • short-term advisory services in the design and improvement of regional trade facilitation and transit regimes; • technical support for the improvement of border management, clearance, technical controls, and standards systems; and • capacity building to promote better design, investment, and management of critical tradesupporting infrastructure.

primarily on land transportation for their exports are at an even bigger disadvantage than before. The current crisis is also an opportunity to rethink priorities. It is leading to the first decline in international trade in 25 years, pushing millions of people in the developing world back into crippling poverty. Governments are increasing public investments so as to counter falling demand and ought to be targeting those projects with large economic payoffs, such as those associated with trade facilitation. Development agencies could counter the impact of the global crisis with a proactive strategy to support reforms that reduce the trade costs facing traders around the globe.The payoff to developing countries that depend heavily on trade could be particularly significant, capitalizing on the growing consensus that trade facilitation is a good new agenda for all.

Notes 1 Wilson et al. 2004. 2 Francois et al. 2003. 3 See Eglin 2008 for more details. 4 Arvis et al. 2007a. 5 Guasch and Kogan 2003.

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6 LPI survey. 7 Arvis 2007b; World Bank 2008b. 8 See http://www.un.org/specialrep/ohrlls/lldc/default.htm#ALMATY. 9 TIR is a 60-year-old arrangement that was instrumental in the development of trade across borders in Europe. It remains essential to overland trade beyond the EU borders. 10 World Bank 2008a. 11 Raballand and Teravaninthorn 2008.

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12 This is especially true for investments in information technology, which are unlikely to deliver results if they are limited to customs and do not involve other agencies. Investments in corridor infrastructure will not reduce trade costs if they are not complemented by measures to improve the transit systems and the quality of services delivered by truck or multimodal transportation. Likewise, the adoption of modern approaches to risk management by customs simply will not deliver rapid clearance if standards and quarantine agencies continue to require the physical inspection of all imports that fall into any of a large range of tariff headings. 13 Statistics are available from the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) Database (http://tcbdb.wto.org), established jointly by the WTO and the OECD’s Development Assistance Committee in November 2002. 14 Examples of toolkits are customs modernization handbooks and port reforms. 15 The TFF was launched in April 2009. 16 McKinsey 2008a, b.

References Arvis, J., M. Mustra, J. Panzer, L. Ojala, and T. Naula. 2007a. Connecting to Compete: Trade Logistics in the Global Economy. The Logistics Performance Index and Its Indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank. Arvis, J., G. Raballand, and J. Marteau. 2007b. “The Cost of Being Landlocked: Logistics Costs and Supply Chain Reliability.” Policy Research Working Paper 4258. Washington, DC: World Bank. Eglin, R. 2008. “The Doha Round Negotiations on Trade Facilitation.” The Global Enabling Trade Report 2008. Geneva: World Economic Forum. 35–9. Francois, J., H. van Meil, and F. van Tongeren. 2003. “Economic Benefits of the Doha Round for the Netherlands.” Project Report. Agricultural Economics Research Institute, The Hague. Guasch, J. and J. L. Kogan. 2003. “Just in Case Inventories: A Cross Country Analysis.” Policy Research Working Paper 3012. World Bank, Washington, DC: World Bank. McKinsey & Company, Inc. 2008a. “How Companies Act on Global Trends: A McKinsey Global Survey.” The McKinsey Quarterly. April. Available at http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com. ———. 2008b. “Managing Global Supply Chains: A McKinsey Global Survey.” The McKinsey Quarterly. June. Available at http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com. Raballand, G. and S. Teravaninthorn. 2008. “Transport Prices and Costs in Africa: A Review of the International Corridors.” Directions in Development. Washington, DC: World Bank. United Nations. Almaty Programme of Action. Available at http://www.un.org/special-rep/ohrlls/lldc/default.htm#ALMATY. Wilson, J. S., C. L. Mann, and T. Otsuki. 2004. “Assessing the Potential Benefit of Trade Facilitation : A Global Perspective.” World Bank Policy Research Paper 3224. Washington, DC: World Bank. World Bank. 2008a. Doing Business 2008. Washington, DC: World Bank. ———. 2008b. “Improving Trade and Transport for Landlocked Developing Countries: World Bank Contributions to Implementing the Almaty Programme of Action: A Report for the Mid-Term Review.” October. Washington, DC: World Bank.

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Part 2 Country/Economy Profiles

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2.1 Country/Economy Profiles

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How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles

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How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles EVA TRUJILLO HERRERA, World Economic Forum

Albania Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007)

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................28.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................13.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,073.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................70 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.8

Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

FDI inflows

The Country/Economy Profiles section presents a twopage profile for each of the 121 economies covered by The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009.

Trade

Part 2

2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

Page 1

0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

Key indicators

The first section presents a selection of key indicators: • Population figures are from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)’s State of World Population 2008 and surface area data are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators 2008.

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–13.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,072.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,398.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................100 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................4,196.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,391.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................93

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2000 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................63.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............7.0; 5.4 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Serbia Others

Imports origin 83.1 6.7 10.2

EU27 Turkey China Switzerland Russian Federation Others

100

59.9 7.3 6.6 4.9 4.1 17.2

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

65.1

71.7

60

■ Agricultural products

40 16.9

20

19.5

0

Source: WTO

17.9

7.3

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

• GDP figures are from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s World Economic Outlook Online Database (April 2009). The chart on the upper right-hand side displays the evolution of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and trade volume as a percentage of GDP from 1995 through 2007 (or over the subperiod for which data were available) for the economy under review (blue line).The black line represents the evolution of trade as percentage of GDP for the world as a whole, for comparison. Data used to calculate total trade volumes are from the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s Statistics Database,Time series on merchandise and commercial services, representing the sum of total imports and exports of both merchandise and commercial services.These trade values were then divided by each country’s GDP. GDP data come from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook Online Database (April 2009).The gray bars in the background represent the evolution of FDI inflows as a percentage of GDP. FDI flows with a negative sign indicate reverse investment or disinvestment, as data on FDI flows are presented on a net basis (capital transactions’ credits less debits between direct investors and their foreign affiliates). FDI data are from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development’s foreign direct investment database FDIstat (May 2009). Main trade data and trade policy data

The second section presents main trade and policy data that aim to provide an overview of trade patterns and main trends in each economy.This section is split into three parts:

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................63 Market access ...................................................................................................30 Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................30

Score (1–7 scale)

3.8 4.6

99

4.6

Border administration.......................................................................................60

3.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................60 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................64 Transparency of border administration...........................................................66

3.6 4.7 3.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................94

2.8

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................97 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................85 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................82

2.9 3.1 2.5

Business environment ......................................................................................83

3.9

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................105 Physical security .................................................................................................74

3.2 4.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

The first part presents main trade-related indicators. Current account balance data are from the IMF’s World Economic Outlook Online Database (April 2009). Merchandise and commercial services data come from the WTO’s Statistics Database. Data used to calculate total exports and imports ranks represent the sum of merchandise and commercial services exports and imports, respectively.The values for total imports and total exports were then ranked (out of the 121 countries included in this Report). The second part presents selected trade policy–related indicators.WTO accession year, regional trade agreements, and simple tariff average data come from the WTO’s Statistics Database. Multilateral agreements and domestic agricultural and domestic nonagricultural tariff peaks data come from the International Trade Centre. Applied tariff escalation data come from the World Bank’s World Trade Indicators 2008. The third part displays the main trading partners for each country and a bar chart summarizing imports and exports by sector.The tables on the left-hand side show

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the share in the total volume of merchandise trade by origin and destination country. Note that data for Chad and Tajikistan are mirror data (obtained from partner countries’ trade data).The chart on the right-hand side shows the share of total volume of merchandise imports and exports for each of the three main merchandise sectors of each economy: manufactures, fuels and mining products, and agricultural products. Note that no sector data are available for Mauritania, and data for Lesotho and Chad are mirror data. According to the WTO International Trade Statistics (ITS), the breakdown by main commodity group is as follows: Agricultural products refers to food (SITC Rev. 3 sections 0, 1, 4, and division 22) and raw materials (SITC Rev. 3 divisions 21, 23, 24, 25, and 26). Fuels and mining products includes ores and other minerals, as well as fuels and non-ferrous metals. Manufactures refers to iron and steel, chemicals, other semi-manufactures, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, clothing, and other consumer goods. Please note that the sum of shares may not add up to 100 because the world total merchandise trade includes other commodities and transactions that are not part of the three main groups.These commodities are gold, arms and ammunition, and commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere (SITC Rev. 3, section 9).

Albania The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................43 .....■ .........4.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................48 .....■ .........3.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................7 .....■ .........6.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................15 .....■ .........5.5 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................7 .....■ .........6.9 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................9 .....■ .........5.6 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................20 .....■ ............6 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................89 .....■ ..........29 Tariffs faced ................................................................................113 .....■ .........6.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................17 .....■ .......55.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................93 .....■ .........3.1 Customs services index ...............................................................45 .....■ .........7.2

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import.............................................................................63 .....■ ..........22 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................19 .....■ ........775 Time for export .............................................................................70 .....■ ..........21 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................28 .....■ ........770

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................69 .....■ .........3.8 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................67 .....■ .........3.4

5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................90 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................91 .....■ .......51.9 Paved roads..................................................................................66 .....■ .......39.0 Road congestion...........................................................................25 .....■ ..........15 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................69 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................102 .....■ .........1.3 Quality of roads ..........................................................................104 .....■ .........2.4 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................112 .....■ .........2.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................95 .....■ .........2.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................98 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................108 .....■ .........2.0 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................120 .....■ .........1.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................119 .....■ .........2.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................71 .....■ .........4.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................6 .....■ .......53.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................100 .....■ .........4.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................68 .....■ .......72.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................82 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users ...............................................................................73 .....■ .......15.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................83 .....■ .........9.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................115 .....■ .........2.9 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................87 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence .........................................................................107 .....■ .........2.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................95 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ................................................................111 .....■ .........3.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................83 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................2 .....■ .........6.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................101 .....■ .........4.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................105 .....■ .........4.3 Capital controls.............................................................................93 .....■ .........3.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................71 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................69 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................77 .....■ .........5.3

Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

The Enabling Trade Index

The bottom section of the left-hand side presents the economy’s performance on the Enabling Trade Index (ETI) and its various components. Data Tables made available on the Report’s website (www.weforum.org/getr) provide detailed rankings and scores for each of the variables included in the ETI.

Page 2 The Enabling Trade Index in detail

This page presents the rank achieved by an economy on each of the indicators entering the composition of the ETI. Indicators are organized by pillar. Please refer to the Appendix A of Chapter 1.1 for the detailed structure of the ETI. Next to the rank, a colored square indicates whether the indicator constitutes an advantage (the blue square) or a disadvantage (black square) for the country. In order to identify variables as an advantage or disadvantage, the following rules apply: • For the top 10 economies in the overall ETI, any variables on which the economy is ranked 10th or higher are considered to be advantages. Any variables ranked below 10 are considered to be disadvantages. For example, in the case of Canada, which is ranked 6th overall, its 7th rank in the variable “share of duty-free imports” makes this variable a competitive advantage, whereas “non-tariff barriers,” on which it

ranks 21st, constitutes a competitive disadvantage for the country. • For those economies ranked from 11th to 50th on the overall ETI, any variables with a higher rank than the economy’s overall rank are considered to be advantages. Any variables ranked equal to, or lower than, the economy’s overall rank are disadvantages. For instance, in the case of the Malaysia, ranked 28th overall, its rank of 2nd for the “cost to import” makes this variable a competitive advantage. On the other hand, “tariff barriers,” in which the Malaysia ranks 59th, represents a competitive disadvantage. • For economies with an overall rank on the ETI lower than 50, any variables for which the economy has a rank of 50 or higher are considered to be advantages. Any variables ranked below 50 are considered disadvantages. For Peru, ranked 65th overall, the “tariffs faced” constitutes a competitive advantage (32nd), whereas the relatively high “quality of roads” constitutes a competitive disadvantage (89th). For comparison, the last two columns on the page show the best performer in each indicator, accompanied by the score achieved. A list of countries/economies is provided below for those indicators where the best performer is indicated as “multiple economies”:

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• Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products (2 economies): Hong Kong SAR and Singapore. • Domestic tariff peaks (23 economies): Albania, Algeria, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia,The Gambia, Ghana, Hong Kong SAR, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Paraguay, and Senegal. • Specific tariffs (30 economies): Albania, Algeria, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Hong Kong SAR, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Senegal,Tunisia, Uruguay,Venezuela, and Vietnam.

How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

• Time for export (3 economies): Denmark, Estonia, and Singapore. • Corruption Perceptions Index (3 economies): Denmark, New Zealand, and Sweden. • Paved roads (18 economies): Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hong Kong SAR, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Latvia, Luxembourg, Mauritius, Singapore, Slovenia, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.

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102

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List of Countries/Economies

Part 2

List of Countries/Economies

Country/Economy

Page

Country/Economy

Page

Country/Economy

Page

Albania

104

Guyana

190

Paraguay

276

Algeria

106

Honduras

192

Peru

278

Argentina

108

Hong Kong SAR

194

Philippines

280

Armenia

110

Hungary

196

Poland

282

Australia

112

India

198

Portugal

284

Austria

114

Indonesia

200

Qatar

286

Azerbaijan

116

Ireland

202

Romania

288

Bahrain

118

Israel

204

Russian Federation

290

Bangladesh

120

Italy

206

Saudi Arabia

292

Belgium

122

Jamaica

208

Senegal

294

Benin

124

Japan

210

Singapore

296

Bolivia

126

Jordan

212

Slovak Republic

298

Bosnia and Herzegovina

128

Kazakhstan

214

Slovenia

300

Brazil

130

Kenya

216

South Africa

302

Bulgaria

132

Korea, Rep.

218

Spain

304

Burkina Faso

134

Kuwait

220

Sri Lanka

306

Burundi

136

Kyrgyz Republic

222

Sweden

308

Cambodia

138

Latvia

224

Switzerland

310

Cameroon

140

Lesotho

226

Syria

312

Canada

142

Lithuania

228

Taiwan, China

314

Chad

144

Luxembourg

230

Tajikistan

316

Chile

146

Macedonia, FYR

232

Tanzania

318

China

148

Madagascar

234

Thailand

320

Colombia

150

Malawi236

236

Tunisia

322

Costa Rica

152

Malaysia

238

Turkey

324

Côte d’Ivoire

154

Mali

240

Uganda

326

Croatia

156

Mauritania

242

Ukraine

328

Cyprus

158

Mauritius

244

United Arab Emirates

330

Czech Republic

160

Mexico

246

United Kingdom

332

Denmark

162

Moldova

248

United States

334

Dominican Republic

164

Mongolia

250

Uruguay

336

Ecuador

166

Morocco

252

Venezuela

338

Egypt

168

Mozambique

254

Vietnam

340

El Salvador

170

Namibia

256

Zambia

342

Estonia

172

Nepal

258

Zimbabwe

344

Ethiopia

174

Netherlands

260

Finland

176

New Zealand

262

France

178

Nicaragua

264

Gambia, The

180

Nigeria

266

Germany

182

Norway

268

Ghana

184

Oman

270

Greece

186

Pakistan

272

Guatemala

188

Panama

274

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Albania Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................28.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................13.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,073.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................70 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.8

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

104

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–13.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,072.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,398.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................100 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................4,196.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,391.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................93

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2000 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................63.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............7.0; 5.4 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Serbia Others

Imports origin 83.1 6.7 10.2

EU27 Turkey China Switzerland Russian Federation Others

100

59.9 7.3 6.6 4.9 4.1 17.2

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

65.1

71.7

60

■ Agricultural products

40 16.9

20

19.5 17.9

7.3

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................63

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................30

4.6

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................30

4.6

Border administration.......................................................................................60

3.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................60 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................64 Transparency of border administration...........................................................66

3.6 4.7 3.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................94

2.8

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................97 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................85 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................82

2.9 3.1 2.5

Business environment ......................................................................................83

3.9

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................105 Physical security .................................................................................................74

3.2 4.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Albania The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................43 .....■ .........4.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................48 .....■ .........3.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................7 .....■ .........6.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................15 .....■ .........5.5 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................7 .....■ .........6.9 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................9 .....■ .........5.6 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................20 .....■ ............6 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................89 .....■ ..........29 Tariffs faced ................................................................................113 .....■ .........6.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................17 .....■ .......55.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................93 .....■ .........3.1 Customs services index ...............................................................45 .....■ .........7.2

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import.............................................................................63 .....■ ..........22 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................19 .....■ ........775 Time for export .............................................................................70 .....■ ..........21 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................28 .....■ ........770

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................69 .....■ .........3.8 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................67 .....■ .........3.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

105 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................90 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................91 .....■ .......51.9 Paved roads..................................................................................66 .....■ .......39.0 Road congestion...........................................................................25 .....■ ..........15 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................69 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................102 .....■ .........1.3 Quality of roads ..........................................................................104 .....■ .........2.4 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................112 .....■ .........2.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................95 .....■ .........2.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................98 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................108 .....■ .........2.0 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................120 .....■ .........1.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................119 .....■ .........2.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................71 .....■ .........4.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................6 .....■ .......53.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................100 .....■ .........4.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................68 .....■ .......72.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................82 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users ...............................................................................73 .....■ .......15.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................83 .....■ .........9.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................115 .....■ .........2.9 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................87 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence .........................................................................107 .....■ .........2.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................95 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ................................................................111 .....■ .........3.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................83 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................2 .....■ .........6.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................101 .....■ .........4.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................105 .....■ .........4.3 Capital controls.............................................................................93 .....■ .........3.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................71 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................69 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................77 .....■ .........5.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Algeria Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................34.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................2,381.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................159.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,588.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................66 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

106

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................23.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................60,163.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................2,474.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................48 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................27,631.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................4,540.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................58

WTO accession year............................................................................Observer Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................59.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ............—; 18.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............3.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Canada Others

Imports origin 43.6 30.1 7.8 18.6

EU27 China United States Others

100

51.9 8.6 7.7 31.7

0.9

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

74.9

60 98.9

■ Agricultural products

40 3.0

20 22.1 0.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................112

3.2

Market access .................................................................................................118

2.8

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................118

2.8

Border administration.......................................................................................88

3.2

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................105 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................88 Transparency of border administration...........................................................74

2.4 4.1 3.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................90

2.9

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................68 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................111 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................85

3.6 2.7 2.4

Business environment ......................................................................................92

3.8

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................101 Physical security .................................................................................................87

3.3 4.3 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Algeria The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................117 .....■ .......15.6 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................117 .....■ .......14.4 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................98 .....■ .......22.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................89 .....■ .......78.4 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................26 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................52 .....■ .......10.1 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................68 .....■ ..........48 Tariffs faced ................................................................................116 .....■ .........6.1 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................71 .....■ .......22.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................115 .....■ .........2.6 Customs services index ...............................................................83 .....■ .........4.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................121 .....■ .........1.6 Time for import.............................................................................67 .....■ ..........23 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................80 .....■ .....1,428 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................75 .....■ .....1,248

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................80 .....■ .........3.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................72 .....■ .........3.2

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

107 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................45 .....■ .........0.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................59 .....■ .......67.0 Paved roads..................................................................................45 .....■ .......70.2 Road congestion...........................................................................43 .....■ ..........27 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................96 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................61 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of roads ............................................................................69 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................93 .....■ .........3.1

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................80 .....■ .........7.8 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................115 .....■ .........2.0 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................113 .....■ .........1.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................98 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................93 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency.............................................................104 .....■ .........3.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................116 .....■ .........3.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................59 .....■ .......81.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................73 .....■ .........0.8 Internet users ...............................................................................84 .....■ .......10.3 Telephone lines ............................................................................82 .....■ .........9.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................104 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................66 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................70 .....■ .........3.2 Government inefficiency ..............................................................85 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition ................................................................107 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................118 .....■ .........3.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................112 .....■ .........3.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................118 .....■ .........3.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................104 .....■ .........4.3 Capital controls...........................................................................118 .....■ .........2.8

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................62 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................76 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................111 .....■ .........4.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Argentina Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................39.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................2,780.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................326.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............8,214.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................52 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

108

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................1.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................55,778.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................10,175.5 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................45 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................44,706.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................10,521.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................47

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................66.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........31.9; 12.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............6.6 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.7

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Brazil EU27 China United States Chile Others

Imports origin 18.8 17.6 9.3 7.8 7.5 39.0

Brazil EU27 United States China Others

100

32.8 16.7 11.9 11.4 27.2

80

30.8

60

14.7

■ Manufactures ■ Fuels and mining products

85.0

■ Agricultural products

40 51.5

20 9.3

0

Source: WTO

Exports

5.0

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................97

3.5

Market access ...................................................................................................95

3.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................95

3.7

Border administration.......................................................................................84

3.4

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................83 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................77 Transparency of border administration...........................................................96

2.9 4.3 2.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................67

3.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................91 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................66 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................47

3.0 3.4 3.6

Business environment ....................................................................................111

3.4

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................117 Physical security .................................................................................................92

2.8 4.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Argentina The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................74 .....■ .........7.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................82 .....■ .........7.7 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................44 .....■ .........9.9 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................87 .....■ .......65.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................75 .....■ .........4.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................84 .....■ .......10.9 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................54 .....■ .........1.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................85 .....■ .........7.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................84 .....■ ........700 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................61 .....■ ..........58 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................40 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................40 .....■ .......42.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................106 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index ...............................................................64 .....■ .........5.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................50 .....■ .........2.7 Time for import.............................................................................46 .....■ ..........18 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................96 .....■ .....1,810 Time for export .............................................................................29 .....■ ..........13 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ..............................................................................90 .....■ .....1,480

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................104 .....■ .........2.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................84 .....■ .........2.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

109 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................28 .....■ .........1.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................44 .....■ .......70.6 Paved roads..................................................................................75 .....■ .......30.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................113 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................74 .....■ .........2.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................79 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................82 .....■ .........3.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................37 .....■ .......25.7 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................51 .....■ .........3.0 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................44 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................45 .....■ .........3.5 Postal service efficiency...............................................................91 .....■ .........3.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................76 .....■ .........4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................39 .....■ .....102.2 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................43 .....■ .........6.6 Internet users ...............................................................................54 .....■ .......25.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................49 .....■ .......24.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................112 .....■ .........3.0 Ethics and corruption .................................................................115 .....■ .........1.8 Undue influence .........................................................................113 .....■ .........2.1 Government inefficiency ............................................................119 .....■ .........2.4 Domestic competition ................................................................116 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................107 .....■ .........4.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................45 .....■ .........5.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................89 .....■ .........4.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................114 .....■ .........3.7 Capital controls...........................................................................114 .....■ .........3.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................117 .....■ .........2.3 Business costs of crime and violence........................................100 .....■ .........3.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................32 .....■ .........6.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Armenia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

12 10

90

8

60

6 4

30

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................29.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................11.9 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............3,360.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................76 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.8

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

110

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–12.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,152.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................570.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................108 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,267.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................772.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................103

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2003 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................62.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................8 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 .............8.5; 2.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2006 ............0.2 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................3.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation Georgia Switzerland United States Others

Imports origin 50.0 17.7 6.2 4.4 4.4 17.4

EU27 Russian Federation Ukraine Kazakhstan China Others

100

33.2 15.8 8.2 7.9 6.3 28.6

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

54.0 54.9

60

■ Agricultural products

40 24.9

17.7

17.0

16.9

Exports

Imports

20 0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................64

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................42

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................42

4.2

Border administration.......................................................................................87

3.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................64 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................99 Transparency of border administration.........................................................106

3.5 3.6 2.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................61

3.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................69 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................50 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................70

3.6 3.8 2.9

Business environment ......................................................................................64

4.3

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................91 Physical security .................................................................................................46

3.5 5.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Armenia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................109 .....■ .......13.6 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................37 .....■ .........2.1 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................121 .....■ .......83.4 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................69 .....■ .........5.4 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................119 .....■ .......59.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................33 .....■ .........0.4 Specific tariffs...............................................................................54 .....■ .........0.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................57 .....■ ..........32 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................21 .....■ ..........74 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................88 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................10 .....■ .......70.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................111 .....■ .........2.7 Customs services index ...............................................................38 .....■ .........7.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................101 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import.............................................................................74 .....■ ..........24 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ............................................................................101 .....■ .....1,981 Time for export .............................................................................95 .....■ ..........30 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ............................................................................100 .....■ .....1,746

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................115 .....■ .........2.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................84 .....■ .........2.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

111 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................60 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................27 .....■ .......90.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................78 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................79 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of roads ............................................................................71 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................103 .....■ .........2.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................115 .....■ .........2.0 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................104 .....■ .........2.1 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................102 .....■ .........2.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................106 .....■ .........2.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................63 .....■ .........4.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................2 .....■ .......59.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................99 .....■ .........4.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................71 .....■ .......62.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users ...............................................................................97 .....■ .........5.7 Telephone lines............................................................................n/a ..................n/a

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................70 .....■ .........4.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................99 .....■ .........2.4 Undue influence .........................................................................104 .....■ .........2.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................81 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition ................................................................104 .....■ .........3.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................48 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................7 .....■ .........5.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................77 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................79 .....■ .........4.8 Capital controls.............................................................................53 .....■ .........5.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................84 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................28 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................28 .....■ .........6.2

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Australia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

6

60

3

40

0

20

-3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................21.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................7,741.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................1,010.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........47,400.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................12 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

-6 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

112

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–4.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................141,358.4 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................39,726.8 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................28 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................165,336.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................38,540.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................19

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................83.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................7 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............9.9; 3.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............3.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................2.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................4.5

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Japan China EU27 Korea, Rep. United States Others

Imports origin 19.0 14.0 11.4 8.0 6.0 41.6

EU27 China United States Japan Singapore Others

100

21.9 15.5 12.9 9.6 5.6 34.6

■ Manufactures

80

18.5

60

■ Fuels and mining products

75.8

■ Agricultural products

50.9

40 20

14.4

15.8

5.7

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................14

5.1

Market access ...................................................................................................97

3.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................97

3.7

Border administration.......................................................................................17

5.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................24 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................32 Transparency of border administration.............................................................8

5.1 5.3 6.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................14

5.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................17 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................9 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................17

5.1 5.4 5.7

Business environment ......................................................................................14

5.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................11 Physical security .................................................................................................23

5.5 5.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Australia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................86 .....■ .........9.3 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................96 .....■ .........9.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................3 .....■ .........1.2 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................30 .....■ .......20.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................52 .....■ .........6.4 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................8 .....■ .........4.5 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................66 .....■ .........4.2 Specific tariffs...............................................................................53 .....■ .........0.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................53 .....■ ..........23 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................62 .....■ ..........57 Tariffs faced ................................................................................112 .....■ .........6.0 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................119 .....■ .........2.6

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................21 .....■ .........4.9 Customs services index ...............................................................23 .....■ .........9.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................17 .....■ .........3.6 Time for import.............................................................................25 .....■ ..........12 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................60 .....■ .....1,239 Time for export .............................................................................18 .....■ ............9 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................70 .....■ .....1,200

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................9 .....■ .........6.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................8 .....■ .........8.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

113 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................3 .....■ .........7.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................29 .....■ .......74.1 Paved roads..................................................................................67 .....■ .......38.7 Road congestion...........................................................................31 .....■ ..........17 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................16 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................26 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of roads ............................................................................29 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................36 .....■ .........4.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................21 .....■ .......38.2 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................12 .....■ .........3.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................18 .....■ .........3.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................12 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................20 .....■ .........4.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................14 .....■ .........6.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................4 .....■ .......58.1

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................16 .....■ .........5.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................38 .....■ .....102.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................16 .....■ .......23.3 Internet users ...............................................................................14 .....■ .......69.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................14 .....■ .......47.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................8 .....■ .........6.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................12 .....■ .........5.6 Undue influence .............................................................................8 .....■ .........5.8 Government inefficiency ..............................................................16 .....■ .........4.7 Domestic competition ....................................................................3 .....■ .........5.5 Openness to foreign participation ................................................45 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................79 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................35 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................53 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................46 .....■ .........5.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................13 .....■ .........6.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................34 .....■ .........5.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................65 .....■ .........5.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Austria Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

12

90

9

60

6

30

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................8.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................83.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................415.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........50,098.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................11 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.8

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

114

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................2.9 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................163,804.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................55,210.5 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................22 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................163,246.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................38,908.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................20

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................77.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Switzerland Others

Imports origin 72.3 5.1 4.4 18.2

EU27 Switzerland China Others

100

74.5 4.2 4.0 17.3

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

76.3

84.6

■ Agricultural products

40 20

14.5

6.0 8.9

0

Source: WTO

8.7

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................9

5.3

Market access ...................................................................................................84

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................84

3.8

Border administration.........................................................................................6

5.9

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................3 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................18 Transparency of border administration...........................................................11

6.0 5.7 6.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................6

5.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................9 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................5 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................15

5.2 5.8 5.7

Business environment ........................................................................................8

5.9

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................13 Physical security ...................................................................................................5

5.4 6.4 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Austria The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................70 .....■ .......46.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................10 .....■ .........5.4 Customs services index .................................................................4 .....■ .......11.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................8 .....■ .........3.8 Time for import.............................................................................11 .....■ ............8 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................51 .....■ .....1,125 Time for export ...............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................64 .....■ .....1,125

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................10 .....■ .........6.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................11 .....■ .........8.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

115 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................53 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................58 .....■ ..........36 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................12 .....■ .........6.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................12 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of roads ..............................................................................6 .....■ .........6.4 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................30 .....■ .........5.0

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................3 .....■ .........4.0 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................4 .....■ .........4.1 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................12 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................3 .....■ .........4.4 Postal service efficiency...............................................................24 .....■ .........6.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................11 .....■ .......47.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................6 .....■ .........6.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................16 .....■ .....118.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................23 .....■ .......19.4 Internet users ...............................................................................17 .....■ .......67.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................26 .....■ .......40.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................3 .....■ .........6.5 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................15 .....■ .........5.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................13 .....■ .........5.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................17 .....■ .........4.7 Domestic competition ..................................................................10 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................37 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................110 .....■ .........3.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................18 .....■ .........5.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................27 .....■ .........5.6 Capital controls.............................................................................16 .....■ .........5.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................12 .....■ .........6.2 Business costs of crime and violence............................................9 .....■ .........6.3 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................7 .....■ .........6.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Azerbaijan Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

60

90

40

60

20

30

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................8.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................86.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................46.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............5,349.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................60 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................11.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

-20 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

116

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................35.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................21,269.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,172.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................63 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................6,045.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................3,324.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................83

WTO accession year............................................................................Observer Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................73 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ..............—; 9.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................7.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Turkey Russian Federation Iran, Islamic Rep. Indonesia Others

Imports origin 27.6 17.4 8.7 7.2 6.4 32.6

EU27 Russian Federation Turkey Ukraine Japan Others

100

29.3 17.6 10.9 8.2 5.2 28.9

3.7

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

77.6

60 90.5

■ Agricultural products

40 20 0

Source: WTO

14.43 16.8

5.2

Exports

4.5

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................70

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................52

4.1

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................52

4.1

Border administration.....................................................................................103

2.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................36 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................118 Transparency of border administration.........................................................112

4.3 1.8 2.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................62

3.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................45 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................62 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................80

4.1 3.5 2.6

Business environment ......................................................................................46

4.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................59 Physical security .................................................................................................38

3.9 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Azerbaijan The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................61 .....■ .........6.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................67 .....■ .........5.7 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................52 .....■ .......10.7 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................63 .....■ .........5.9 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................45 .....■ .........9.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................56 .....■ .........1.6 Specific tariffs...............................................................................73 .....■ .........2.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................76 .....■ ........274 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................81 .....■ ..........34 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................94 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................45 .....■ .......39.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................58 .....■ .........3.8 Customs services index ...............................................................26 .....■ .........8.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................83 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import...........................................................................112 .....■ ..........56 Documents for import ................................................................120 .....■ ..........14 Cost to import ............................................................................115 .....■ .....3,420 Time for export ...........................................................................112 .....■ ..........48 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ............................................................................117 .....■ .....3,075

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................97 .....■ .........3.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................114 .....■ .........1.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

117 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................84 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................61 .....■ .......49.4 Road congestion...........................................................................16 .....■ ..........10 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................43 .....■ .........5.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................33 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................54 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................53 .....■ .........4.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................80 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................108 .....■ .........2.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................86 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................106 .....■ .........2.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................47 .....■ .........5.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................48 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................79 .....■ .......53.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................90 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users ...............................................................................81 .....■ .......10.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................68 .....■ .......14.8

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................69 .....■ .........4.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................48 .....■ .........3.4 Undue influence ...........................................................................62 .....■ .........3.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................46 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................95 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to foreign participation ................................................61 .....■ .........4.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................39 .....■ .........5.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................46 .....■ .........5.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................71 .....■ .........5.0 Capital controls.............................................................................90 .....■ .........3.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................50 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................20 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................37 .....■ .........6.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Bahrain Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

40

150 30 100

20

50

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................0.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................0.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................21.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........27,247.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................29 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

10

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

118

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................10.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................13,634.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,524.2 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................67 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................11,488.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,700.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................76

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................58.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........34.4; 5.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.8 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................3.3 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Saudi Arabia Others

Imports origin 5.3 94.7

EU27 Australia Japan Saudi Arabia China Others

100

11.4 6.3 5.2 4.8 4.2 68.1

9.8

■ Manufactures

35.2

80

■ Fuels and mining products

60 89.7

40

■ Agricultural products

59.1

20 0.5

0

Source: WTO

Exports

5.6

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................24

4.8

Market access ...................................................................................................26

4.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................26

4.7

Border administration.......................................................................................25

5.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................16 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................23 Transparency of border administration...........................................................35

5.3 5.5 4.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................41

4.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................36 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................63 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................36

4.3 3.5 4.4

Business environment ......................................................................................27

5.1

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................28 Physical security .................................................................................................34

4.8 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Bahrain The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................54 .....■ .........5.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................51 .....■ .........3.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................95 .....■ .......21.5 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................8 .....■ .........2.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................42 .....■ .........6.5 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................88 .....■ .......11.5 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................38 .....■ .........0.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................61 .....■ .........0.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................53 .....■ ..........23 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................86 .....■ ..........31 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................95 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................51 .....■ .......36.8

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................16 .....■ .........5.1 Customs services index ...............................................................16 .....■ .........9.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................22 .....■ .........3.4 Time for import.............................................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................25 .....■ ........845 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................30 .....■ ........805

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................33 .....■ .........5.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................35 .....■ .........5.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

119 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................27 .....■ .........1.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................94 .....■ .......48.6 Paved roads..................................................................................38 .....■ .......79.1 Road congestion...........................................................................77 .....■ ..........77 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................18 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ............................................................................26 .....■ .........5.2 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................20 .....■ .........5.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................85 .....■ .........5.8 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................26 .....■ .........3.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................57 .....■ .........2.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................44 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................73 .....■ .........3.0 Postal service efficiency...............................................................26 .....■ .........6.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................34 .....■ .........5.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................6 .....■ .....148.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................35 .....■ .........9.1 Internet users ...............................................................................42 .....■ .......33.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................47 .....■ .......26.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................32 .....■ .........5.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................29 .....■ .........4.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................38 .....■ .........4.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................24 .....■ .........4.4 Domestic competition ..................................................................35 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................13 .....■ .........5.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................69 .....■ .........4.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................14 .....■ .........6.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................6 .....■ .........6.1 Capital controls...............................................................................9 .....■ .........6.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................30 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................24 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................66 .....■ .........5.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Bangladesh Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

2.0

60

1.5

40

1.0

20

0.5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................161.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................144.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................81.9 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............506.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................112 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0.0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

120

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................0.9 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................12,453.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................685.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................71 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................18,596.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,673.4 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................65

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................47 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .......169.2; 14.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............3.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States China Others

Imports origin 49.3 26.7 6.6 17.3

China India EU27 Kuwait Japan Others

100

16.4 12.0 11.0 9.3 5.7 45.7

■ Manufactures

56.0

80

■ Fuels and mining products

60 93.0

■ Agricultural products

40 13.1

20 1.1

0

Source: WTO

Exports

24.7

5.7

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................111

3.2

Market access ...................................................................................................57

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................57

4.0

Border administration.....................................................................................104

2.9

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................115 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................82 Transparency of border administration.........................................................119

2.2 4.2 2.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................108

2.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................102 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................105 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................102

2.8 2.8 1.9

Business environment ....................................................................................110

3.4

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................110 Physical security ...............................................................................................104

3.1 3.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Bangladesh The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................108 .....■ .......13.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................110 .....■ .......13.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................58 .....■ .......12.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................76 .....■ .......48.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................27 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................40 .....■ .........9.0 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs...............................................................................44 .....■ .........0.2 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................114 .....■ ............3 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................9 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................11 .....■ .......67.8

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................119 .....■ .........2.4 Customs services index ...............................................................88 .....■ .........3.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import.............................................................................91 .....■ ..........32 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................75 .....■ .....1,375 Time for export .............................................................................91 .....■ ..........28 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................47 .....■ ........970

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................120 .....■ .........2.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................107 .....■ .........2.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

121 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................120 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................93 .....■ .......51.0 Paved roads................................................................................109 .....■ .........9.5 Road congestion.............................................................................1 .....■ ............1 Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................108 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................65 .....■ .........2.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................83 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................109 .....■ .........2.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................83 .....■ .........6.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................89 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................92 .....■ .........2.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................81 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................53 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency.............................................................101 .....■ .........3.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................101 .....■ .........4.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................105 .....■ .......21.7 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users .............................................................................121 .....■ .........0.3 Telephone lines ..........................................................................109 .....■ .........0.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................111 .....■ .........3.1 Ethics and corruption .................................................................109 .....■ .........2.0 Undue influence .........................................................................103 .....■ .........2.6 Government inefficiency ............................................................105 .....■ .........2.9 Domestic competition ..................................................................96 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................103 .....■ .........4.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................113 .....■ .........3.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................86 .....■ .........4.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................50 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls...........................................................................112 .....■ .........3.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................110 .....■ .........2.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................93 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................102 .....■ .........4.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Belgium Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

20

150

15

100

10

50

5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................10.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................30.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................506.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........47,107.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................13 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

122

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–2.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................432,271.7 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................76,874.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................9 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................413,582.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................72,383.4 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................10

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................80.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 76.7 5.6 17.7

EU27 United States China Others

100

71.3 5.3 4.1 19.3

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

73.9

60 79.4

■ Agricultural products

40 20

10.7 9.5

16.9

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

9.1

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................21

4.9

Market access ...................................................................................................80

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................80

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................29

5.0

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................33 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................34 Transparency of border administration...........................................................19

4.4 5.2 5.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................12

5.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................7 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................8 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................19

5.3 5.5 5.6

Business environment ......................................................................................20

5.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................20 Physical security .................................................................................................20

5.0 5.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Belgium The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................67 .....■ .......45.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................27 .....■ .........4.8 Customs services index ...............................................................48 .....■ .........7.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................16 .....■ .........3.6 Time for import.............................................................................14 .....■ ............9 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................86 .....■ .....1,600 Time for export .............................................................................13 .....■ ............8 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................94 .....■ .....1,619

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................23 .....■ .........5.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................17 .....■ .........7.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

123 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................73 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................3 .....■ .......96.3 Paved roads..................................................................................40 .....■ .......78.0 Road congestion...........................................................................60 .....■ ..........37 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................13 .....■ .........6.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................8 .....■ .........5.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................11 .....■ .........5.9 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................7 .....■ .........6.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................8 .....■ .......78.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................16 .....■ .........3.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................10 .....■ .........4.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................14 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................10 .....■ .........4.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................31 .....■ .........5.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................23 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................37 .....■ .....102.7 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................11 .....■ .......26.0 Internet users ...............................................................................18 .....■ .......67.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................20 .....■ .......44.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................18 .....■ .........5.9 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................24 .....■ .........4.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................20 .....■ .........5.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................43 .....■ .........3.9 Domestic competition ..................................................................17 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................22 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................72 .....■ .........4.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................12 .....■ .........6.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................20 .....■ .........5.8 Capital controls.............................................................................23 .....■ .........5.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................26 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................23 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................39 .....■ .........6.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Benin Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

4

70

3

60

2

50

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................9.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................112.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................6.9 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............856.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................104 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 40

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

124

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–8.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ..............................................875.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................428.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................112 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................1,600.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................516.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................112

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1996 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................52 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........28.3; 11.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination China EU27 India Nigeria Niger Others

Imports origin 36.2 10.1 6.9 5.8 5.3 35.9

EU27 China Ghana Côte d’Ivoire Thailand Others

100

38.5 8.8 7.2 6.9 6.7 32.0

80

■ Manufactures

44.1

■ Fuels and mining products

60 6.2

40 20

34.2 41.7

0

Source: WTO

■ Agricultural products

21.4

0.6

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................96

3.5

Market access ...................................................................................................47

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................47

4.2

Border administration.....................................................................................101

3.0

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................118 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................93 Transparency of border administration...........................................................86

2.0 3.9 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................99

2.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................114 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................61 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................111

2.4 3.5 1.9

Business environment ......................................................................................74

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................82 Physical security .................................................................................................71

3.6 4.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Benin The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................73 .....■ .........7.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................80 .....■ .........7.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................55 .....■ .......11.9 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................9 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................20 .....■ .........6.8 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................103 .....■ ..........12 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................12 .....■ .........4.9 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................72 .....■ .......21.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................109 .....■ .........2.7 Customs services index .............................................................108 .....■ .........2.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................120 .....■ .........1.8 Time for import...........................................................................102 .....■ ..........40 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................76 .....■ .....1,393 Time for export .............................................................................99 .....■ ..........32 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................73 .....■ .....1,237

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................76 .....■ .........3.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

125 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................114 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................57 .....■ .......67.4 Paved roads................................................................................109 .....■ .........9.5 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................90 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................83 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of roads ............................................................................87 .....■ .........2.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................86 .....■ .........3.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................64 .....■ .......12.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................62 .....■ .........2.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................69 .....■ .........2.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................52 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................96 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency...............................................................72 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................43 .....■ .......31.8

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................81 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................106 .....■ .......21.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................99 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................107 .....■ .........1.7 Telephone lines ..........................................................................104 .....■ .........1.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................94 .....■ .........3.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................82 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................57 .....■ .........3.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................62 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................88 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................82 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................26 .....■ .........5.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................83 .....■ .........4.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................96 .....■ .........4.5 Capital controls.............................................................................92 .....■ .........3.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................38 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................86 .....■ .........4.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................84 .....■ .........5.2

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Bolivia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

16

60

11

40

6

20

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................9.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,098.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................17.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,736.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................89 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

-4 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

126

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................11.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................4,458.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................452.8 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................88 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,457.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................809.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................100

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................41.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........40.0; 8.3 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–1.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Brazil Argentina United States Japan EU27 Others

Imports origin 36.7 8.7 8.6 8.5 7.9 29.7

Brazil Argentina United States Japan EU27 Others

100

20.2 16.9 11.7 9.4 9.1 32.7

7.3

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

79.2

60

75.0

■ Agricultural products

40 20

9.0 17.6

11.8

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................88

3.6

Market access ...................................................................................................11

5.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................11

5.0

Border administration.......................................................................................75

3.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................63 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................89 Transparency of border administration...........................................................85

3.5 4.1 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................106

2.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................88 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................116 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................106

3.1 2.6 1.9

Business environment ....................................................................................118

3.2

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................118 Physical security ...............................................................................................107

2.6 3.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Bolivia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................79 .....■ .........8.3 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................85 .....■ .........8.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................41 .....■ .........9.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................42 .....■ .......30.8 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................5 .....■ .........6.9 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................5 .....■ .........2.8 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................2 .....■ ............3 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................59 .....■ ..........59 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................14 .....■ .........4.9 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................24 .....■ .......53.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................103 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index ...............................................................38 .....■ .........7.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import.............................................................................67 .....■ ..........23 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................93 .....■ .....1,747 Time for export .............................................................................58 .....■ ..........19 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................86 .....■ .....1,425

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................90 .....■ .........3.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................80 .....■ .........3.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

127 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................25 .....■ .........1.4 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads................................................................................114 .....■ .........7.0 Road congestion.............................................................................9 .....■ ............7 Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................112 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................90 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of roads ..........................................................................116 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................88 .....■ .........3.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................91 .....■ .........2.4 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................102 .....■ .........2.2 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................86 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................94 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency.............................................................120 .....■ .........1.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................121 .....■ .........3.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................93 .....■ .......34.2 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................79 .....■ .........0.4 Internet users ...............................................................................83 .....■ .......10.5 Telephone lines ............................................................................86 .....■ .........7.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................120 .....■ .........2.4 Ethics and corruption .................................................................116 .....■ .........1.8 Undue influence .........................................................................115 .....■ .........2.1 Government inefficiency ............................................................120 .....■ .........2.3 Domestic competition ................................................................118 .....■ .........3.3 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................111 .....■ .........4.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................66 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................113 .....■ .........3.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................119 .....■ .........2.5 Capital controls.............................................................................51 .....■ .........5.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................119 .....■ .........1.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................90 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................83 .....■ .........5.2

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Bosnia and Herzegovina Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

150

20

120

15

90

10

60

5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................51.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................18.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,625.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................65 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 30

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

128

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–15.0 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................4,166.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,361.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................86 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................9,772.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................550.3 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................79

WTO accession year............................................................................Observer Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................65.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ..............—; 7.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............6.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................34.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Croatia Serbia Others

Imports origin 57.3 18.4 13.7 10.6

EU27 Croatia Serbia Turkey China Others

100

47.9 17.6 10.2 5.8 4.3 14.2

■ Manufactures

80 60.0

■ Fuels and mining products

63.6

60

■ Agricultural products

40 25.4

18.3

13.5

17.0

Exports

Imports

20 0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................102

3.4

Market access .................................................................................................107

3.4

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................107

3.4

Border administration.......................................................................................81

3.4

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................96 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................50 Transparency of border administration...........................................................97

2.6 4.9 2.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................85

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................113 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................57 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................69

2.4 3.6 2.9

Business environment ......................................................................................86

3.9

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................113 Physical security .................................................................................................67

3.0 4.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Bosnia and Herzegovina The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................83 .....■ .........8.5 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................65 .....■ .........5.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................103 .....■ .......25.3 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................84 .....■ .........4.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................55 .....■ .......10.2 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................75 .....■ .........6.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................86 .....■ .........7.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................86 .....■ ........747 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................75 .....■ ..........39 Tariffs faced ................................................................................120 .....■ .........6.2 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................14 .....■ .......61.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................84 .....■ .........3.3 Customs services index ...............................................................92 .....■ .........3.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................75 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import.............................................................................40 .....■ ..........16 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................42 .....■ .....1,035 Time for export .............................................................................43 .....■ ..........16 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................57 .....■ .....1,070

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................109 .....■ .........2.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................72 .....■ .........3.2

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

129 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................49 .....■ .........0.8 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................58 .....■ .......52.3 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................119 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................98 .....■ .........1.4 Quality of roads ..........................................................................118 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................121 .....■ .........1.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................80 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................89 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................96 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................73 .....■ .........3.0 Postal service efficiency...............................................................55 .....■ .........4.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................120 .....■ .........3.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................73 .....■ .......62.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................61 .....■ .........2.2 Internet users ...............................................................................52 .....■ .......26.8 Telephone lines ............................................................................46 .....■ .......27.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................114 .....■ .........3.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................93 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence .........................................................................111 .....■ .........2.4 Government inefficiency ............................................................118 .....■ .........2.4 Domestic competition ................................................................112 .....■ .........3.5 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................102 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................70 .....■ .........4.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................93 .....■ .........4.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................115 .....■ .........3.7 Capital controls.............................................................................77 .....■ .........4.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................99 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................62 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................18 .....■ .........6.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Brazil Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................194.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................8,514.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................1,572.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............8,197.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................53 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

130

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–1.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................160,649.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................22,614.8 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................26 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................126,568.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................34,699.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................29

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................50.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........31.4; 12.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............9.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Argentina China Others

Imports origin 25.2 15.8 9.0 6.7 43.4

EU27 United States China Argentina Nigeria Others

100

22.2 15.7 10.5 8.6 4.4 38.7

■ Manufactures

80 47.2

■ Fuels and mining products

70.6

60

■ Agricultural products

20.0

40 20

23.3 30.0

6.0

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................87

3.6

Market access .................................................................................................100

3.7

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................100

3.7

Border administration.......................................................................................77

3.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................98 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................67 Transparency of border administration...........................................................65

2.6 4.6 3.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................68

3.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................93 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................56 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................54

3.0 3.7 3.4

Business environment ......................................................................................93

3.8

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................95 Physical security .................................................................................................90

3.4 4.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Brazil The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................84 .....■ .........8.6 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................87 .....■ .........8.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................49 .....■ .......10.1 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................82 .....■ .......54.9 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................18 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................37 .....■ .........8.0 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................39 .....■ ..........16 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................82 .....■ ..........34 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................49 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................68 .....■ .......23.9

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................116 .....■ .........2.5 Customs services index ...............................................................74 .....■ .........4.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................67 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import.............................................................................53 .....■ ..........19 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................65 .....■ .....1,275 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................74 .....■ .....1,240

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................70 .....■ .........3.8 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................62 .....■ .........3.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

131 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................67 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................24 .....■ .......76.4 Paved roads................................................................................116 .....■ .........5.5 Road congestion...........................................................................34 .....■ ..........18 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................91 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................82 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of roads ..........................................................................100 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................111 .....■ .........2.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................27 .....■ .......30.9 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................73 .....■ .........2.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................47 .....■ .........2.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................62 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................68 .....■ .........3.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................25 .....■ .........6.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................66 .....■ .........3.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................40 .....■ .........5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................70 .....■ .......63.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................53 .....■ .........3.5 Internet users ...............................................................................40 .....■ .......35.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................56 .....■ .......20.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................63 .....■ .........4.1 Ethics and corruption .................................................................108 .....■ .........2.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................55 .....■ .........3.5 Government inefficiency ............................................................111 .....■ .........2.7 Domestic competition ................................................................105 .....■ .........3.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................90 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................58 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................73 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................74 .....■ .........5.0 Capital controls...........................................................................108 .....■ .........3.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................105 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of crime and violence........................................111 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................10 .....■ .........6.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Bulgaria Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

160

32

120

24

80

16

40

8

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................7.6 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................111.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................52.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............6,856.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................56 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

132

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–24.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................18,575.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................6,333.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................61 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................30,086.9 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................4,812.3 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................57

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1996 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................83.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2005.....................................30.3 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2005 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Turkey Serbia Others

Imports origin 60.8 11.4 4.7 23.1

EU27 Russian Federation Ukraine Turkey Others

100

58.5 12.5 7.2 6.8 15.1

■ Manufactures

80 56.0

■ Fuels and mining products

63.4

60

■ Agricultural products

40 32.6

20

7.0

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

28.7

10.4

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................72

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................55

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................55

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................69

3.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................61 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................79 Transparency of border administration...........................................................82

3.6 4.3 3.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................48

3.7

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................77 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................53 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................41

3.3 3.8 3.9

Business environment ......................................................................................97

3.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................99 Physical security .................................................................................................91

3.3 4.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Bulgaria The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................45 .....■ .......31.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................72 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index ...............................................................55 .....■ .........6.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................62 .....■ .........2.5 Time for import.............................................................................59 .....■ ..........21 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................94 .....■ .....1,776 Time for export .............................................................................79 .....■ ..........23 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................95 .....■ .....1,626

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................101 .....■ .........2.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................57 .....■ .........3.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

133 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................81 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................87 .....■ .......56.9 Paved roads..................................................................................19 .....■ .......99.0 Road congestion...........................................................................72 .....■ ..........63 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................94 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................53 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of roads ..........................................................................106 .....■ .........2.3 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................71 .....■ .........3.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................88 .....■ .........5.1 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................60 .....■ .........2.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................51 .....■ .........2.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................39 .....■ .........3.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................42 .....■ .........3.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................74 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................104 .....■ .........4.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................9 .....■ .....129.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................41 .....■ .........8.2 Internet users ...............................................................................45 .....■ .......31.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................37 .....■ .......30.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................89 .....■ .........3.6 Ethics and corruption .................................................................103 .....■ .........2.2 Undue influence .........................................................................100 .....■ .........2.7 Government inefficiency ............................................................102 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................76 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................99 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................85 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................95 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................107 .....■ .........4.3 Capital controls.............................................................................83 .....■ .........4.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................100 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................89 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................92 .....■ .........5.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Burkina Faso Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

70

10

60

8

50

6

40

4

30

2

20

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................15.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................274.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................8.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............577.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................110 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

134

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–11.0 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ..............................................623.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ..............................................69.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................117 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................1,620.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................432.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................113

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................48.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........41.8; 11.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Ghana EU27 Côte d’Ivoire Niger Others

Imports origin 60.9 15.4 3.8 2.9 17.0

EU27 Côte d’Ivoire Japan United States South Africa Others

100

29.7 17.9 13.1 7.1 4.9 27.4

80

■ Manufactures

6.5

2.7

■ Fuels and mining products

62.0

60 40

■ Agricultural products

72.4 32.6

20

25.0 12.5

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................104

3.4

Market access ...................................................................................................46

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................46

4.2

Border administration.....................................................................................112

2.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................97 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................116 Transparency of border administration...........................................................69

2.6 1.9 3.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................101

2.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................89 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................98 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................116

3.0 3.0 1.7

Business environment ......................................................................................69

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................67 Physical security .................................................................................................75

3.8 4.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Burkina Faso The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................89 .....■ .........9.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................95 .....■ .........9.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................45 .....■ .........9.9 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................4 .....■ .........1.0 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................9 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................20 .....■ .........6.8 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................110 .....■ ............7 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................21 .....■ .........5.0 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................113 .....■ .........8.9

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................66 .....■ .........3.6 Customs services index ...............................................................97 .....■ .........3.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................100 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import...........................................................................110 .....■ ..........54 Documents for import ................................................................113 .....■ ..........11 Cost to import ............................................................................116 .....■ .....3,630 Time for export ...........................................................................108 .....■ ..........45 Documents for export ................................................................114 .....■ ..........11 Cost to export ............................................................................109 .....■ .....2,132

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................74 .....■ .........3.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................62 .....■ .........3.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

135 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................110 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads................................................................................117 .....■ .........4.2 Road congestion.............................................................................9 .....■ ............7 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................97 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................73 .....■ .........2.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................88 .....■ .........2.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................60 .....■ .........3.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................69 .....■ .........2.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................92 .....■ .........2.3 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................108 .....■ .........2.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................117 .....■ .........2.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................57 .....■ .........4.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................90 .....■ .........4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................115 .....■ .......10.9 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................103 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................117 .....■ .........0.6 Telephone lines ..........................................................................111 .....■ .........0.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................62 .....■ .........4.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................67 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................69 .....■ .........3.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................47 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................64 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................77 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................34 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................87 .....■ .........4.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................85 .....■ .........4.8 Capital controls.............................................................................89 .....■ .........4.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................44 .....■ .........4.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................96 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................76 .....■ .........5.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Burundi Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

75

2.0

60

1.5

45

1.0

30

0.5

15

0.0

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................8.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................27.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................1.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............138.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................120 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

-0.5 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

136

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–11.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ................................................53.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ................................................6.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................119 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ...............................................319.1 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................167.8 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................118

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................34 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................1 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........68.2; 12.7 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ..........10.2 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination

Imports origin

100 15.8

UAE EU27 Switzerland Congo, Dem. Rep. Kenya Others

34.2 12.9 10.9 9.4 7.2 25.4

Saudi Arabia EU27 Uganda Kenya Japan Others

27.4 21.9 10.7 7.9 7.0 25.0

■ Manufactures

6.7

80

■ Fuels and mining products

67.0

60 40

■ Agricultural products

77.5 5.5

20

23.4

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................116

3.0

Market access ...................................................................................................68

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................68

3.9

Border administration.....................................................................................114

2.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................85 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................117 Transparency of border administration...........................................................95

2.9 1.9 2.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................120

2.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................119 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................117 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................114

2.1 2.6 1.8

Business environment ....................................................................................114

3.3

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................114 Physical security ...............................................................................................108

2.9 3.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Burundi The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................99 .....■ .......11.6 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................105 .....■ .......11.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................47 .....■ .......10.0 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................22 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................44 .....■ .........9.3 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs...............................................................................35 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................20 .....■ ............6 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................88 .....■ ..........30 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................16 .....■ .........4.9 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................75 .....■ .......15.2

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................98 .....■ .........2.9 Customs services index ..............................................................n/a ..................n/a

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................89 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import...........................................................................114 .....■ ..........71 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ............................................................................117 .....■ .....3,705 Time for export ...........................................................................111 .....■ ..........47 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ............................................................................110 .....■ .....2,147

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................78 .....■ .........3.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................114 .....■ .........1.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

137 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................112 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads................................................................................105 .....■ .......10.4 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................100 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ..........................................................................111 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................89 .....■ .........3.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................80 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................73 .....■ .........2.5 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................109 .....■ .........2.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................121 .....■ .........2.0 Postal service efficiency.............................................................113 .....■ .........2.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................103 .....■ .........4.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................119 .....■ .........2.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users .............................................................................115 .....■ .........0.8 Telephone lines ..........................................................................115 .....■ .........0.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................116 .....■ .........2.8 Ethics and corruption .................................................................104 .....■ .........2.1 Undue influence .........................................................................110 .....■ .........2.4 Government inefficiency ............................................................101 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition ................................................................117 .....■ .........3.3 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................110 .....■ .........4.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................57 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................109 .....■ .........3.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................101 .....■ .........4.4 Capital controls...........................................................................115 .....■ .........3.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................96 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................95 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................115 .....■ .........4.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Cambodia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

150

12 10

120

8

90

6 4

60

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................14.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................181.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................11.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............818.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................105 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 30

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

138

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–10.9 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................4,089.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,510.5 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................85 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................5,423.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................858.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................91

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2004 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................53.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........19.0; 14.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............7.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States Hong Kong SAR EU27 Others

Imports origin 46.9 22.0 21.2 9.9

Hong Kong SAR China Taiwan, China Thailand Vietnam Others

100

19.9 16.5 11.8 11.2 8.2 32.5

80

■ Manufactures

60

■ Fuels and mining products 97.4

■ Agricultural products

48.1

40 20

11.4 5.2

2.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................91

3.5

Market access ...................................................................................................27

4.6

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................27

4.6

Border administration.......................................................................................98

3.0

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................91 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................86 Transparency of border administration.........................................................118

2.7 4.1 2.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................109

2.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................105 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................91 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................115

2.7 3.0 1.7

Business environment ......................................................................................87

3.9

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................89 Physical security .................................................................................................89

3.5 4.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Cambodia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................97 .....■ .......11.5 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................102 .....■ .......11.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................71 .....■ .......15.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................14 .....■ .........4.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................30 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................57 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................115 .....■ ............3 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................2 .....■ .........4.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................35 .....■ .......46.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................100 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index ...............................................................77 .....■ .........4.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................93 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import.............................................................................89 .....■ ..........30 Documents for import ................................................................113 .....■ ..........11 Cost to import ..............................................................................29 .....■ ........872 Time for export .............................................................................77 .....■ ..........22 Documents for export ................................................................114 .....■ ..........11 Cost to export ..............................................................................20 .....■ ........732

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................117 .....■ .........2.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................118 .....■ .........1.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

139 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................99 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................89 .....■ .......54.1 Paved roads................................................................................115 .....■ .........6.3 Road congestion...........................................................................60 .....■ ..........37 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................79 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................91 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of roads ............................................................................72 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................81 .....■ .........3.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................91 .....■ .........3.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................88 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................75 .....■ .........2.5 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................76 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................71 .....■ .........3.1 Postal service efficiency.............................................................110 .....■ .........3.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................48 .....■ .......24.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................97 .....■ .........4.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................110 .....■ .......17.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................91 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users .............................................................................119 .....■ .........0.5 Telephone lines ..........................................................................118 .....■ .........0.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................102 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................64 .....■ .........2.9 Undue influence ...........................................................................96 .....■ .........2.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................78 .....■ .........3.3 Domestic competition ..................................................................94 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................59 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................71 .....■ .........4.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................68 .....■ .........5.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................63 .....■ .........5.2 Capital controls.............................................................................55 .....■ .........5.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................103 .....■ .........2.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................71 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................86 .....■ .........5.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Cameroon Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

7

60

5

40

3

20

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................18.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................475.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................23.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,199.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................92 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.4

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

-1 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

140

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................0.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................3,604.4 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................476.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................93 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,680.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,413.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................96

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................51.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........79.9; 17.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............1.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 74.3 6.4 19.4

EU27 Nigeria China Others

100

35.0 23.3 6.3 35.3

3.6

80

■ Manufactures

48.3

■ Fuels and mining products

65.3

60 40

■ Agricultural products

31.5

20

30.5 19.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................106

3.4

Market access ...................................................................................................83

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................83

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................96

3.1

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................93 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................90 Transparency of border administration.........................................................113

2.7 4.0 2.5

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................104

2.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................94 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................107 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................108

3.0 2.8 1.9

Business environment ......................................................................................81

4.0

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................103 Physical security .................................................................................................72

3.3 4.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Cameroon The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................111 .....■ .......14.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................114 .....■ .......13.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................88 .....■ .......20.1 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................3 .....■ .........0.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................20 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................49 .....■ .........9.5 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................16 .....■ ............5 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................119 .....■ ............0 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................92 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................47 .....■ .......38.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................101 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index ...............................................................77 .....■ .........4.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................56 .....■ .........2.6 Time for import.............................................................................93 .....■ ..........33 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................90 .....■ .....1,672 Time for export .............................................................................90 .....■ ..........27 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ..............................................................................51 .....■ ........995

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................113 .....■ .........2.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................104 .....■ .........2.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

141 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................103 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................48 .....■ .......69.0 Paved roads................................................................................106 .....■ .......10.0 Road congestion.............................................................................3 .....■ ............3 Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................114 .....■ .........3.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................69 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of roads ..........................................................................103 .....■ .........2.4 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................102 .....■ .........2.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................67 .....■ .......11.1 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................98 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................96 .....■ .........2.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................78 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................55 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency.............................................................107 .....■ .........3.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................71 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................102 .....■ .......24.5 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................107 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................106 .....■ .........2.2 Telephone lines ..........................................................................107 .....■ .........1.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................91 .....■ .........3.5 Ethics and corruption .................................................................114 .....■ .........1.9 Undue influence .........................................................................109 .....■ .........2.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................96 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................91 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................76 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................43 .....■ .........5.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................53 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................95 .....■ .........4.5 Capital controls.............................................................................96 .....■ .........3.8

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................58 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................88 .....■ .........4.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................54 .....■ .........5.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Canada Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

10 8

80

6 4

60

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................33.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................9,984.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................1,511.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........45,428.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................17 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 40

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

142

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................0.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................420,693.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................61,386.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................10 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................389,910.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................79,824.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................11

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................62.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............6.5; 5.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................11.6 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................9.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Others

Imports origin 79.0 7.7 13.3

United States EU27 China Mexico Others

100

54.2 12.1 9.4 4.2 20.1

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

53.6

60

77.3

■ Agricultural products

40 29.5

20 11.6

12.5 7.2

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................6

5.3

Market access ...................................................................................................13

5.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................13

5.0

Border administration.......................................................................................12

5.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................15 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................28 Transparency of border administration.............................................................9

5.4 5.3 6.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................17

5.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................2 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................25 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................18

5.6 4.6 5.6

Business environment ......................................................................................17

5.5

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................16 Physical security .................................................................................................21

5.3 5.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Canada The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................32 .....■ .........2.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................34 .....■ .........1.4 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................72 .....■ .......15.9 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................21 .....■ .........8.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................79 .....■ .........4.5 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................95 .....■ .......12.0 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................86 .....■ .........9.7 Specific tariffs...............................................................................78 .....■ .........4.6 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................81 .....■ ........431 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................7 .....■ ..........89 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................58 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................56 .....■ .......32.2

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................24 .....■ .........4.8 Customs services index ...............................................................12 .....■ .......10.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................9 .....■ .........3.8 Time for import.............................................................................22 .....■ ..........11 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ..............................................................................95 .....■ .....1,785 Time for export ...............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents for export ....................................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to export ..............................................................................96 .....■ .....1,660

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................11 .....■ .........6.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................8 .....■ .........8.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

143 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................2 .....■ .........7.9 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................17 .....■ .......79.6 Paved roads..................................................................................65 .....■ .......39.9 Road congestion...........................................................................22 .....■ ..........13 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................14 .....■ .........6.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................15 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................10 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................13 .....■ .........5.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................25 .....■ .......34.3 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................7 .....■ .........3.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................12 .....■ .........3.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................11 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................13 .....■ .........4.2 Postal service efficiency...............................................................10 .....■ .........6.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................17 .....■ .........5.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................74 .....■ .......61.7 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................8 .....■ .......27.6 Internet users .................................................................................9 .....■ .......73.0 Telephone lines ..............................................................................7 .....■ .......55.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................11 .....■ .........6.1 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................18 .....■ .........4.9 Undue influence ...........................................................................16 .....■ .........5.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................18 .....■ .........4.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................11 .....■ .........5.2 Openness to foreign participation ................................................34 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................75 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................32 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................39 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls.............................................................................26 .....■ .........5.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................8 .....■ .........6.3 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................35 .....■ .........5.5 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................64 .....■ .........5.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Chad Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

150

50 40

120

30 90 20 60

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................11.1 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,284.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................8.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............862.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................102 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–0.4

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

10

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 30

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

144

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–11.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................3,662.5 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................150.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................95 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................1,520.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,919.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................106

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1996 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................34.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................1 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........79.9; 17.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............1.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2006

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States China Others

Imports origin 80.6 10.4 9.0

France United States Germany Cameroon India Others

100

22.2 14.9 8.7 7.1 6.9 40.1

0.5

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

81.1 96.1

■ Agricultural products

40 20

0.9 13.4

3.1

0

Source: ITC

Exports

Imports

Source: ITC

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................121

2.8

Market access ...................................................................................................50

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................50

4.2

Border administration.....................................................................................121

2.0

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................120 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................113 Transparency of border administration.........................................................121

1.9 2.1 2.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................121

2.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................121 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................120 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................117

1.7 2.5 1.7

Business environment ....................................................................................120

3.0

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................119 Physical security ...............................................................................................116

2.6 3.3 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Chad The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................113 .....■ .......14.7 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................116 .....■ .......14.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................80 .....■ .......17.4 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................20 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................49 .....■ .........9.5 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................16 .....■ ............5 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................120 .....■ ............0 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................8 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................58 .....■ .......29.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................121 .....■ .........1.9 Customs services index ..............................................................n/a ..................n/a

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import...........................................................................120 .....■ ........102 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ............................................................................120 .....■ .....6,020 Time for export ...........................................................................118 .....■ ..........78 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ............................................................................120 .....■ .....5,367

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................121 .....■ .........1.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................121 .....■ .........1.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

145 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................116 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads................................................................................119 .....■ .........0.8 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................117 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ..........................................................................119 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................105 .....■ .........2.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................120 .....■ .........1.8 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................117 .....■ .........1.8 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................116 .....■ .........1.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................109 .....■ .........2.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................89 .....■ .........3.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................117 .....■ .........3.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................117 .....■ .........8.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users .............................................................................116 .....■ .........0.6 Telephone lines ..........................................................................119 .....■ .........0.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................118 .....■ .........2.5 Ethics and corruption .................................................................119 .....■ .........1.7 Undue influence .........................................................................119 .....■ .........1.9 Government inefficiency ............................................................113 .....■ .........2.6 Domestic competition ................................................................120 .....■ .........3.0 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................116 .....■ .........3.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................89 .....■ .........4.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................108 .....■ .........3.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................113 .....■ .........3.7 Capital controls...........................................................................117 .....■ .........2.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................114 .....■ .........2.4 Business costs of crime and violence........................................108 .....■ .........3.2 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................110 .....■ .........4.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Chile Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

12

80

9

60

6

40

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................16.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................756.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................169.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........10,123.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................48 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 20

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

146

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–2.0 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................67,643.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................8,676.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................38 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................47,124.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................9,718.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................46

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................62.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................17 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........25.1; 6.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................1.1 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 China United States Japan Korea, Rep. Others

Imports origin 24.5 15.2 12.8 10.8 5.9 30.8

United States EU27 China Brazil Argentina Others

100 9.8

17.0 14.0 11.4 10.5 10.1 37.0

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

56.0

60

63.6

■ Agricultural products

40 27.3

20 20.0

7.3

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................19

Score (1–7 scale)

5.0

Market access .....................................................................................................3

5.6

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................3

5.6

Border administration.......................................................................................21

5.3

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................20 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................40 Transparency of border administration...........................................................17

5.2 5.2 5.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................43

3.9

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................48 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................51 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................44

4.1 3.8 3.7

Business environment ......................................................................................29

5.1

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................37 Physical security .................................................................................................26

4.6 5.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Chile The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................47 .....■ .........4.6 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................59 .....■ .........4.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................5 .....■ .........5.0 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................33 .....■ .......21.7 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................2 .....■ .........7.0 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................2 .....■ .........0.5 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................26 .....■ .........0.2 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................2 .....■ ............3 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................19 .....■ ..........76 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................1 .....■ .........3.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................41 .....■ .......41.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................7 .....■ .........5.6 Customs services index ...............................................................29 .....■ .........8.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................24 .....■ .........3.3 Time for import.............................................................................59 .....■ ..........21 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................20 .....■ ........795 Time for export .............................................................................70 .....■ ..........21 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................25 .....■ ........745

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................15 .....■ .........6.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................20 .....■ .........6.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

147 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................32 .....■ .........1.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................46 .....■ .......70.1 Paved roads..................................................................................85 .....■ .......20.2 Road congestion...........................................................................42 .....■ ..........26 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................21 .....■ .........5.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................71 .....■ .........2.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................22 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................32 .....■ .........4.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................53 .....■ .......17.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................33 .....■ .........3.2 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................34 .....■ .........3.2 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................37 .....■ .........3.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................44 .....■ .........3.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................52 .....■ .........5.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................63 .....■ .........9.3

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................31 .....■ .........5.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................56 .....■ .......83.7 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................42 .....■ .........7.9 Internet users ...............................................................................46 .....■ .......30.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................55 .....■ .......20.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................43 .....■ .........4.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................41 .....■ .........3.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................45 .....■ .........4.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................30 .....■ .........4.3 Domestic competition ..................................................................27 .....■ .........5.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................18 .....■ .........5.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................41 .....■ .........5.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................11 .....■ .........6.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................18 .....■ .........5.8 Capital controls.............................................................................30 .....■ .........5.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................15 .....■ .........6.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................75 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................22 .....■ .........6.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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China Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

80

5

70

4

60

3

50

2

40

1

30

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ......................................1,336.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................9,598.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................4,401.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............3,315.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................77 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................9.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

148

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................10.0 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ....................................1,218,635.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .....................................121,653.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................3 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................955,950.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .....................................129,254.4 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................3

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2001 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................88 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................7 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........10.0; 9.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................7.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Hong Kong SAR Japan Korea, Rep. Others

Imports origin 20.1 19.1 15.1 8.4 4.6 32.6

Japan EU27 Korea, Rep. Taiwan, China China Others

100

14.0 11.6 10.9 10.6 9.0 44.0

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

70.9

60

93.2

■ Agricultural products

40 20

22.0 3.4

0

Source: WTO

Exports

3.2

6.8

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................49

4.2

Market access .................................................................................................103

3.6

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................103

3.6

Border administration.......................................................................................43

4.4

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................45 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................30 Transparency of border administration...........................................................55

4.2 5.3 3.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................38

4.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................30 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................19 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................60

4.5 4.9 3.1

Business environment ......................................................................................49

4.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................45 Physical security .................................................................................................52

4.1 5.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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China The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................110 .....■ .......13.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................113 .....■ .......13.4 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................92 .....■ .......21.0 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................35 .....■ .......22.6 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................53 .....■ .........6.3 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................31 .....■ .........7.5 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................58 .....■ .........2.2 Specific tariffs...............................................................................58 .....■ .........0.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................64 .....■ ........107 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................69 .....■ ..........47 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................57 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................118 .....■ .........3.9

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................40 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index ...............................................................53 .....■ .........6.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................35 .....■ .........3.0 Time for import.............................................................................74 .....■ ..........24 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ................................................................................3 .....■ ........545 Time for export .............................................................................70 .....■ ..........21 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ................................................................................3 .....■ ........460

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................46 .....■ .........4.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................57 .....■ .........3.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

149 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................113 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................9 .....■ .......90.0 Paved roads..................................................................................34 .....■ .......81.6 Road congestion...........................................................................27 .....■ ..........16 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................67 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................28 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................46 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................49 .....■ .........4.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................1 .....■ .....137.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................27 .....■ .........3.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................26 .....■ .........3.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................31 .....■ .........3.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................36 .....■ .........3.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................40 .....■ .........5.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................54 .....■ .......20.4

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................43 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................84 .....■ .......41.2 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................46 .....■ .........5.0 Internet users ...............................................................................72 .....■ .......16.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................44 .....■ .......27.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................49 .....■ .........4.6 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................45 .....■ .........3.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................52 .....■ .........3.6 Government inefficiency ..............................................................37 .....■ .........4.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................49 .....■ .........4.5 Openness to foreign participation ................................................88 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................42 .....■ .........5.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................97 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................49 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls...........................................................................110 .....■ .........3.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................43 .....■ .........4.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................50 .....■ .........5.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................79 .....■ .........5.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Colombia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................46.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,141.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................240.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,985.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................63 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

150

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–2.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................29,991.4 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,559.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................57 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................32,897.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................6,169.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................54

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................65.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........42.9; 12.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............2.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................4.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States Venezuela EU27 Ecuador Others

Imports origin 35.4 17.4 15.2 4.3 27.8

United States EU27 China Mexico Brazil Others

100

26.2 12.4 10.1 9.3 7.3 34.6

80

■ Manufactures

39.2

60

■ Fuels and mining products

82.1

40

■ Agricultural products

38.6

20 19.5

6.0 10.5

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................84

3.6

Market access ...................................................................................................48

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................48

4.2

Border administration.......................................................................................74

3.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................89 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................75 Transparency of border administration...........................................................60

2.7 4.3 3.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................76

3.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................76 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................84 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................64

3.3 3.1 3.0

Business environment ....................................................................................103

3.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................71 Physical security ...............................................................................................114

3.7 3.4 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Colombia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................91 .....■ .......10.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................93 .....■ .........9.7 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................74 .....■ .......16.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................83 .....■ .......56.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................28 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................30 .....■ .........7.3 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................40 .....■ .........0.6 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................33 .....■ ..........13 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................80 .....■ ..........35 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................18 .....■ .........5.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................23 .....■ .......53.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................74 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index ...............................................................92 .....■ .........3.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................101 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import.............................................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................88 .....■ .....1,640 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................99 .....■ .....1,690

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................62 .....■ .........4.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................55 .....■ .........3.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

151 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................31 .....■ .........1.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................38 .....■ .......72.2 Paved roads..................................................................................97 .....■ .......14.4 Road congestion...........................................................................27 .....■ ..........16 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................59 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................94 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads ............................................................................81 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................97 .....■ .........2.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................42 .....■ .......21.6 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................73 .....■ .........2.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................79 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................67 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................79 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................68 .....■ .........4.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................92 .....■ .........4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................67 .....■ .......73.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................58 .....■ .........2.6 Internet users ...............................................................................53 .....■ .......26.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................62 .....■ .......17.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................64 .....■ .........4.1 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................72 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................59 .....■ .........3.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................64 .....■ .........3.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................98 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to foreign participation ................................................73 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................31 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................79 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................73 .....■ .........5.0 Capital controls.............................................................................97 .....■ .........3.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................67 .....■ .........4.1 Business costs of crime and violence........................................107 .....■ .........3.3 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................121 .....■ .........3.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Costa Rica Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

8

100

6

80

4

60

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................4.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................51.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................29.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............6,579.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................58 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 40

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

152

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–8.9 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................9,337.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,598.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................72 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................12,952.4 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,798.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................74

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................49.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........42.8; 5.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............1.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................9.1 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 China Hong Kong SAR Others

Imports origin 36.6 15.5 9.4 6.3 32.3

United States EU27 China Mexico Japan Others

100

38.4 11.1 5.9 5.8 5.7 33.0

■ Manufactures

80 65.0

40

■ Agricultural products

2.0

20

33.0

16.3

Exports

Imports

9.5

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

74.2

60

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................43

Score (1–7 scale)

4.4

Market access .....................................................................................................5

5.4

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................5

5.4

Border administration.......................................................................................46

4.3

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................41 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................65 Transparency of border administration...........................................................46

4.2 4.6 4.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................70

3.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................66 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................103 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................56

3.6 2.9 3.3

Business environment ......................................................................................58

4.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................41 Physical security .................................................................................................80

4.4 4.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Costa Rica The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................35 .....■ .........3.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................39 .....■ .........2.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................81 .....■ .......17.5 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................22 .....■ .........8.9 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................36 .....■ .........6.6 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................33 .....■ .........7.7 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................52 .....■ .........1.4 Specific tariffs...............................................................................36 .....■ .........0.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................48 .....■ ..........67 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................27 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................33 .....■ .......46.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................69 .....■ .........3.6 Customs services index ...............................................................26 .....■ .........8.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................60 .....■ .........2.5 Time for import.............................................................................77 .....■ ..........25 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................45 .....■ .....1,050 Time for export .............................................................................55 .....■ ..........18 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................55 .....■ .....1,050

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................56 .....■ .........4.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................37 .....■ .........5.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

153 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................10 .....■ .........3.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................53 .....■ .......68.5 Paved roads..................................................................................80 .....■ .......24.4 Road congestion...........................................................................40 .....■ ..........24 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................53 .....■ .........4.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................107 .....■ .........1.2 Quality of roads ..........................................................................107 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................116 .....■ .........2.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................62 .....■ .......12.8 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................78 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................81 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................72 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................83 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................95 .....■ .........3.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................50 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................94 .....■ .......33.8 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................56 .....■ .........2.8 Internet users ...............................................................................41 .....■ .......33.6 Telephone lines ............................................................................34 .....■ .......32.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................60 .....■ .........4.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................36 .....■ .........3.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................31 .....■ .........4.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................42 .....■ .........3.9 Domestic competition ..................................................................57 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................21 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................49 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................10 .....■ .........6.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................16 .....■ .........5.8 Capital controls.............................................................................45 .....■ .........5.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................74 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................97 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................50 .....■ .........5.8

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Côte d’Ivoire Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

4

80

3

60

2

40

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................19.6 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................322.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................23.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,132.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................94 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 20

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

154

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................2.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................8,476.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................787.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................77 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................6,160.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,223.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................86

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................44.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........11.1; 11.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Nigeria United States Burkina Faso Others

Imports origin 49.9 8.0 6.8 4.2 31.1

EU27 Nigeria China Others

100

36.1 24.1 6.6 33.3

■ Manufactures

13.4

80

46.2

■ Fuels and mining products

31.3

60 40

■ Agricultural products

34.3 45.9

20

19.5

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................120

2.8

Market access .................................................................................................119

2.7

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................119

2.7

Border administration.....................................................................................115

2.6

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................114 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................104 Transparency of border administration.........................................................116

2.2 3.0 2.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................97

2.7

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................95 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................95 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................97

2.9 3.0 2.1

Business environment ....................................................................................119

3.1

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................112 Physical security ...............................................................................................117

3.0 3.3 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Côte d’Ivoire The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................93 .....■ .......10.5 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................97 .....■ .......10.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................65 .....■ .......14.1 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................92 .....■ .......93.0 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................9 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................20 .....■ .........6.8 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................111 .....■ ............6 Tariffs faced ................................................................................117 .....■ .........6.2 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................52 .....■ .......34.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................102 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index ...............................................................97 .....■ .........3.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................86 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import...........................................................................107 .....■ ..........43 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ............................................................................105 .....■ .....2,437 Time for export .............................................................................79 .....■ ..........23 Documents for export ................................................................108 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export ............................................................................104 .....■ .....1,904

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................114 .....■ .........2.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................111 .....■ .........2.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

155 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................119 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................32 .....■ .......73.6 Paved roads................................................................................112 .....■ .........8.1 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................75 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................76 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of roads ............................................................................53 .....■ .........3.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................35 .....■ .........4.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................55 .....■ .......16.9 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................45 .....■ .........3.0 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................86 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................109 .....■ .........2.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................60 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency.............................................................105 .....■ .........3.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................64 .....■ .........8.4

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................39 .....■ .........5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................90 .....■ .......36.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................93 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users .............................................................................108 .....■ .........1.6 Telephone lines ..........................................................................101 .....■ .........1.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................109 .....■ .........3.1 Ethics and corruption .................................................................118 .....■ .........1.7 Undue influence .........................................................................117 .....■ .........2.0 Government inefficiency ............................................................108 .....■ .........2.8 Domestic competition ................................................................102 .....■ .........3.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................67 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................87 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................21 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................33 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls...........................................................................104 .....■ .........3.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................109 .....■ .........2.7 Business costs of crime and violence........................................117 .....■ .........2.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................99 .....■ .........4.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Croatia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

12

80

9

60

6

40

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................4.6 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................56.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................69.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........15,628.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................39 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.4

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 20

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

156

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–9.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................12,364.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................12,524.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................62 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................25,838.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................3,858.4 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................60

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2000 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................89.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............6.3; 5.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.2 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................50.4 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.4

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination

Imports origin

EU27 60.3 Bosnia & Herzegovina 14.4 Serbia 5.4 Others 19.9

EU27 Russian Federation China Others

100

64.8 10.1 6.2 18.9

■ Manufactures

80 68.1

60

■ Fuels and mining products

73.0

■ Agricultural products

40 17.5

20

17.8

14.0

9.1

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................39

4.4

Market access ...................................................................................................28

4.6

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................28

4.6

Border administration.......................................................................................52

4.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................47 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................68 Transparency of border administration...........................................................56

4.1 4.5 3.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................37

4.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................42 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................37 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................38

4.1 4.2 4.3

Business environment ......................................................................................55

4.5

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................77 Physical security .................................................................................................42

3.6 5.3 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Croatia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................33 .....■ .........2.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................35 .....■ .........1.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................66 .....■ .......14.3 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................86 .....■ .........3.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................18 .....■ .........6.5 Domestic tariff peaks .................................................................116 .....■ .......13.0 Specific tariffs...............................................................................81 .....■ .........6.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................83 .....■ ........678 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................6 .....■ ..........89 Tariffs faced ................................................................................105 .....■ .........5.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................19 .....■ .......54.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................53 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index ...............................................................38 .....■ .........7.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................71 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import.............................................................................40 .....■ ..........16 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................54 .....■ .....1,141 Time for export .............................................................................63 .....■ ..........20 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................79 .....■ .....1,281

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................66 .....■ .........4.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................50 .....■ .........4.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

157 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................19 .....■ .........1.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................60 .....■ .......66.8 Paved roads..................................................................................28 .....■ .......89.0 Road congestion...........................................................................68 .....■ ..........55 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................74 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................43 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of roads ............................................................................31 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................80 .....■ .........3.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................59 .....■ .......15.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................67 .....■ .........2.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................53 .....■ .........2.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................81 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................47 .....■ .........3.5 Postal service efficiency...............................................................30 .....■ .........5.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................7 .....■ .......53.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................91 .....■ .........4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................28 .....■ .....110.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................39 .....■ .........8.5 Internet users ...............................................................................36 .....■ .......43.6 Telephone lines ............................................................................27 .....■ .......40.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................68 .....■ .........4.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................63 .....■ .........3.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................81 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................84 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition ..................................................................77 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................91 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................96 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................75 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................106 .....■ .........4.3 Capital controls.............................................................................69 .....■ .........4.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................46 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................43 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................33 .....■ .........6.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Cyprus Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

12

120

10

90

8

60

6

30

4

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................0.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................9.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................24.9 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........32,772.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................24 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.7

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

158

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–18.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,391.1 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................8,303.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................75 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................8,635.5 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................3,634.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................77

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................78.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Others

Imports origin 56.0 44.0

EU27 Israel China Others

100

68.3 6.4 5.3 20.0

■ Manufactures

80

53.9

■ Fuels and mining products

67.6

60 40

■ Agricultural products

24.2 18.4

20 21.2

13.6

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................32

4.6

Market access ...................................................................................................74

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................74

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................47

4.3

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................46 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................98 Transparency of border administration...........................................................25

4.1 3.7 5.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................28

4.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................16 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................40 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................32

5.1 4.1 4.7

Business environment ......................................................................................18

5.5

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................24 Physical security .................................................................................................12

4.9 6.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Cyprus The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................59 .....■ .......41.7 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................23 .....■ .........4.9 Customs services index ...............................................................62 .....■ .........6.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................41 .....■ .........2.8 Time for import ............................................................................n/a ..................n/a Documents for import .................................................................n/a ..................n/a Cost to import .............................................................................n/a ..................n/a Time for export ............................................................................n/a ..................n/a Documents for export .................................................................n/a ..................n/a Cost to export..............................................................................n/a ..................n/a

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................26 .....■ .........5.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................27 .....■ .........6.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

159 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................9 .....■ .........3.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................64 .....■ .......65.3 Paved roads..................................................................................54 .....■ .......63.0 Road congestion...........................................................................63 .....■ ..........47 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................39 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ............................................................................15 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................24 .....■ .........5.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................65 .....■ .......11.8 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................53 .....■ .........2.9 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................56 .....■ .........2.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................49 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................60 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................17 .....■ .........6.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................46 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................21 .....■ .....115.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................32 .....■ .......11.7 Internet users ...............................................................................39 .....■ .......38.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................18 .....■ .......44.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................26 .....■ .........5.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................20 .....■ .........4.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................24 .....■ .........4.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................19 .....■ .........4.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................30 .....■ .........4.9 Openness to foreign participation ................................................42 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................81 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................59 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................28 .....■ .........5.6 Capital controls.............................................................................32 .....■ .........5.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................27 .....■ .........5.5 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................10 .....■ .........6.2 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................21 .....■ .........6.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Czech Republic Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

180

12

150

10

120

8

90

6

60

4

30

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................10.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................78.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................217.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........21,027.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................32 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

160

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–3.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................122,751.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................17,144.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................32 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................118,456.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................14,308.4 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................31

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................75.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Others

Imports origin 85.0 15.0

EU27 China Russian Federation Others

100

70.7 7.9 4.8 16.6

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

81.1

89.6

■ Agricultural products

40 20 4.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

12.1 6.5

5.2

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................36

4.4

Market access ...................................................................................................94

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................94

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................30

4.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................17 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................44 Transparency of border administration...........................................................36

5.3 5.1 4.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................35

4.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................46 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................34 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................33

4.1 4.3 4.6

Business environment ......................................................................................50

4.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................61 Physical security .................................................................................................43

3.9 5.3 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Czech Republic The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................78 .....■ .......50.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................41 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index ...............................................................10 .....■ .......10.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................36 .....■ .........3.0 Time for import.............................................................................54 .....■ ..........20 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................48 .....■ .....1,087 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................48 .....■ ........985

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................40 .....■ .........4.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................36 .....■ .........5.2

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

161 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................66 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................90 .....■ .......52.6 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................48 .....■ ..........31 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................40 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................23 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................73 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................55 .....■ .........4.1

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................93 .....■ .........3.2 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................43 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................34 .....■ .........3.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................42 .....■ .........3.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................34 .....■ .........5.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................11 .....■ .......47.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................36 .....■ .........5.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................13 .....■ .....124.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................31 .....■ .......12.9 Internet users ...............................................................................33 .....■ .......49.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................50 .....■ .......23.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................55 .....■ .........4.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................96 .....■ .........2.4 Undue influence ...........................................................................68 .....■ .........3.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................98 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................36 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to foreign participation ................................................28 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................32 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................47 .....■ .........5.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................23 .....■ .........5.7 Capital controls.............................................................................33 .....■ .........5.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................81 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................32 .....■ .........5.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................11 .....■ .........6.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Denmark Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

120

25

100

20

80

15

60

10

40

5

20

0

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................5.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................43.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................342.9 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........62,625.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................5 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–1.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

-5 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

162

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................0.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................102,800.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................61,608.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................31 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................98,646.5 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................53,889.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................30

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................80.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Norway Others

Imports origin 68.8 6.3 6.0 18.9

EU27 China Norway Others

100

73.6 5.6 4.2 16.6

■ Manufactures

80 65.1

60

■ Fuels and mining products

77.0

■ Agricultural products

40 11.8

20

7.2 20.4

14.4

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................4

5.4

Market access ...................................................................................................86

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................86

3.8

Border administration.........................................................................................3

6.3

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................4 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................2 Transparency of border administration.............................................................2

6.0 6.3 6.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................8

5.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................5 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................17 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................4

5.4 5.0 6.1

Business environment ........................................................................................2

6.1

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................2 Physical security ...................................................................................................4

5.9 6.4 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Denmark The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................71 .....■ .......46.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................4 .....■ .........5.9 Customs services index ...............................................................10 .....■ .......10.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................2 .....■ .........4.0 Time for import...............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Documents for import ....................................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to import ..............................................................................13 .....■ ........681 Time for export ...............................................................................1 .....■ ............5 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................10 .....■ ........681

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................3 .....■ .........6.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................1 .....■ .........9.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

163 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................18 .....■ .........1.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................62 .....■ .......65.8 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................54 .....■ ..........33 Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................7 .....■ .........6.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................14 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of roads ..............................................................................7 .....■ .........6.2 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................5 .....■ .........6.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................35 .....■ .......26.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................14 .....■ .........3.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................15 .....■ .........3.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................17 .....■ .........3.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................18 .....■ .........4.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................13 .....■ .........6.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................5 .....■ .........6.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................25 .....■ .....114.5 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................1 .....■ .......36.0 Internet users .................................................................................3 .....■ .......81.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................12 .....■ .......51.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................2 .....■ .........6.5 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................2 .....■ .........6.4 Undue influence .............................................................................1 .....■ .........6.3 Government inefficiency ................................................................4 .....■ .........5.2 Domestic competition ....................................................................4 .....■ .........5.4 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................9 .....■ .........5.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................36 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................17 .....■ .........5.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................22 .....■ .........5.7 Capital controls...............................................................................5 .....■ .........6.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................2 .....■ .........6.6 Business costs of crime and violence............................................6 .....■ .........6.4 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................35 .....■ .........6.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Dominican Republic Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

8

90

6

60

4

30

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................9.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................48.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................45.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............5,122.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................62 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.8

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

164

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–9.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................7,160.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................4,740.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................74 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................13,597.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,692.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................73

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................54.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 ...........34.9; 8.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................2.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Haiti Others

Imports origin 40.2 18.8 8.8 32.1

United States Venezuela EU27 Mexico Others

120

44.8 13.4 10.9 6.7 24.3

■ Manufactures

100

■ Fuels and mining products

80 63.6

60

85.5

■ Agricultural products

40 24.1

20 0

Source: WTO

5.4

9.0

Exports

12.3

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................81

3.6

Market access ...................................................................................................69

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................69

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................64

3.8

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................76 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................42 Transparency of border administration...........................................................77

3.2 5.1 3.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................73

3.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................73 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................64 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................78

3.4 3.5 2.6

Business environment ......................................................................................99

3.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................97 Physical security .................................................................................................99

3.4 3.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Dominican Republic The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................66 .....■ .........6.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................70 .....■ .........5.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................60 .....■ .......13.2 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................25 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................35 .....■ .........7.9 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................34 .....■ .........0.4 Specific tariffs...............................................................................34 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................24 .....■ ............7 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................107 .....■ ............9 Tariffs faced ................................................................................110 .....■ .........6.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................15 .....■ .......60.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................57 .....■ .........3.9 Customs services index ...............................................................77 .....■ .........4.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................73 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import.............................................................................18 .....■ ..........10 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................55 .....■ .....1,150 Time for export .............................................................................18 .....■ ............9 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................44 .....■ ........916

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................82 .....■ .........3.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................80 .....■ .........3.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

165 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................54 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................35 .....■ .......73.3 Paved roads..................................................................................60 .....■ .......49.4 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................33 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................103 .....■ .........1.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................59 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................67 .....■ .........3.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................45 .....■ .......20.1 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................97 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................96 .....■ .........2.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................97 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................83 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency.............................................................116 .....■ .........2.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................3 .....■ .......58.4

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................57 .....■ .........4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................77 .....■ .......56.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................65 .....■ .........1.6 Internet users ...............................................................................69 .....■ .......17.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................80 .....■ .........9.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................75 .....■ .........3.9 Ethics and corruption .................................................................113 .....■ .........1.9 Undue influence .........................................................................108 .....■ .........2.4 Government inefficiency ............................................................106 .....■ .........2.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................90 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................30 .....■ .........5.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................6 .....■ .........5.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................34 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................60 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................66 .....■ .........4.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................116 .....■ .........2.3 Business costs of crime and violence........................................105 .....■ .........3.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................41 .....■ .........6.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Ecuador Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................13.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................283.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................52.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............3,776.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................74 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

166

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................2.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................14,321.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,086.5 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................68 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................13,893.5 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,480.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................71

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1996 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................71.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........21.8; 11.7 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............4.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Peru Chile Colombia Others

Imports origin 43.3 12.7 10.8 4.8 4.7 23.6

United States Colombia Venezuela EU27 China Others

100

20.6 11.0 9.7 9.2 8.3 41.2

7.8

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

67.2

60.9

60

■ Agricultural products

40 22.2

20 30.8

9.5

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................103

3.4

Market access ...................................................................................................36

4.5

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................36

4.5

Border administration.....................................................................................107

2.8

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................121 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................83 Transparency of border administration.........................................................114

1.7 4.2 2.5

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................87

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................86 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................78 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................79

3.1 3.2 2.6

Business environment ....................................................................................112

3.4

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................116 Physical security .................................................................................................98

2.8 3.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Ecuador The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................70 .....■ .........7.7 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................77 .....■ .........7.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................67 .....■ .......14.4 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................54 .....■ .......37.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................29 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................41 .....■ .........9.0 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................29 .....■ .........0.3 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................28 .....■ ............9 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................70 .....■ ..........47 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................28 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................30 .....■ .......48.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................118 .....■ .........2.4 Customs services index .............................................................111 .....■ .........2.2

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................78 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import.............................................................................86 .....■ ..........29 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................73 .....■ .....1,332 Time for export .............................................................................63 .....■ ..........20 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ..............................................................................84 .....■ .....1,345

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................106 .....■ .........2.8 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................111 .....■ .........2.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

167 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................34 .....■ .........1.0 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................50 .....■ .......69.0 Paved roads..................................................................................96 .....■ .......15.0 Road congestion...........................................................................31 .....■ ..........17 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................70 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................109 .....■ .........1.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................90 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................98 .....■ .........2.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................61 .....■ .......13.2 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................71 .....■ .........2.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................66 .....■ .........2.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................83 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................58 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency.............................................................114 .....■ .........2.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................50 .....■ .......23.2

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................114 .....■ .........3.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................65 .....■ .......75.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................60 .....■ .........2.4 Internet users ...............................................................................76 .....■ .......13.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................70 .....■ .......13.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................113 .....■ .........3.0 Ethics and corruption .................................................................112 .....■ .........1.9 Undue influence .........................................................................114 .....■ .........2.1 Government inefficiency ............................................................116 .....■ .........2.5 Domestic competition ................................................................114 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................112 .....■ .........4.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................83 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................110 .....■ .........3.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................118 .....■ .........3.1 Capital controls.............................................................................71 .....■ .........4.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................113 .....■ .........2.4 Business costs of crime and violence........................................101 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................59 .....■ .........5.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Egypt Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

80

10

70

8

60

6

50

4

40

2

30

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................76.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,001.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................162.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............2,160.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................83 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

168

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................0.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................19,223.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................19,659.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................54 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................37,100.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................13,087.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................49

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................72.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................6 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........36.8; 16.7 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ..........22.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................2.7 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 India United States Others

Imports origin 29.1 11.3 5.8 53.9

EU27 United States Saudi Arabia China Russian Federation Others

100

23.0 9.5 8.3 6.0 4.6 48.6

■ Manufactures

35.9

80

■ Fuels and mining products

52.8

60 40

■ Agricultural products

54.6 18.2

20 23.1

9.4

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................75

3.7

Market access .................................................................................................117

3.0

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................117

3.0

Border administration.......................................................................................65

3.8

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................77 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................38 Transparency of border administration...........................................................91

3.2 5.2 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................66

3.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................53 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................58 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................81

3.9 3.6 2.5

Business environment ......................................................................................44

4.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................49 Physical security .................................................................................................39

4.1 5.4 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Egypt The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................120 .....■ .......22.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................112 .....■ .......13.4 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................117 .....■ .......45.8 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................91 .....■ .......90.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................68 .....■ .........5.4 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................120 .....■ .....143.0 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................35 .....■ .........0.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................45 .....■ .........0.2 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................53 .....■ ..........23 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................76 .....■ ..........38 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................46 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................38 .....■ .......42.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................70 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index ...............................................................71 .....■ .........5.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................103 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import.............................................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................24 .....■ ........823 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................24 .....■ ........737

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................87 .....■ .........3.3 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................87 .....■ .........2.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

169 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................105 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................16 .....■ .......81.0 Paved roads..................................................................................36 .....■ .......81.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................47 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................52 .....■ .........3.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................67 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................62 .....■ .........3.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................16 .....■ .......52.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................98 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................86 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................68 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................88 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................45 .....■ .........5.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................60 .....■ .......12.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................58 .....■ .........4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................86 .....■ .......39.8 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................77 .....■ .........0.6 Internet users ...............................................................................75 .....■ .......14.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................66 .....■ .......14.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................58 .....■ .........4.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................54 .....■ .........3.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................42 .....■ .........4.1 Government inefficiency ..............................................................55 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................71 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to foreign participation ................................................63 .....■ .........4.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................37 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................71 .....■ .........5.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................75 .....■ .........4.9 Capital controls.............................................................................72 .....■ .........4.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................45 .....■ .........4.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................19 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................63 .....■ .........5.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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El Salvador Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................7.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................21.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................22.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............3,823.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................73 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

170

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–7.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................3,984.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,453.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................87 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................8,712.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,705.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................78

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................67.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........36.6; 6.7 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................14.4 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.2

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Guatemala United States Honduras EU27 Nicaragua Others

Imports origin 24.3 19.9 15.9 9.5 8.8 21.6

United States Mexico Guatemala EU27 Others

100

31.0 11.3 9.7 7.4 40.7

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

67.1 75.2

60

■ Agricultural products

40 4.8

16.8

19.6

15.9

Exports

Imports

20 0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................56

Score (1–7 scale)

4.0

Market access .....................................................................................................1

5.6

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................1

5.6

Border administration.......................................................................................61

3.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................78 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................52 Transparency of border administration...........................................................58

3.1 4.9 3.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................91

2.9

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................98 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................93 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................73

2.9 3.0 2.8

Business environment ....................................................................................104

3.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................70 Physical security ...............................................................................................115

3.8 3.4 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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El Salvador The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................38 .....■ .........3.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................43 .....■ .........2.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................53 .....■ .......10.7 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................49 .....■ .........6.5 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................32 .....■ .........7.7 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................63 .....■ .........3.1 Specific tariffs...............................................................................38 .....■ .........0.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................30 .....■ ..........11 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................16 .....■ ..........79 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................36 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................6 .....■ .......78.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................61 .....■ .........3.7 Customs services index ...............................................................77 .....■ .........4.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................68 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import.............................................................................18 .....■ ..........10 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................23 .....■ ........820 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................39 .....■ ........880

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................61 .....■ .........4.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................53 .....■ .........3.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

171 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................109 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................86 .....■ .......58.1 Paved roads..................................................................................87 .....■ .......19.8 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................30 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................106 .....■ .........1.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................33 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................73 .....■ .........3.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................75 .....■ .........8.7 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................62 .....■ .........2.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................72 .....■ .........2.5 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................58 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................70 .....■ .........3.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................82 .....■ .........3.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................85 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................51 .....■ .......89.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................70 .....■ .........1.3 Internet users ...............................................................................80 .....■ .......11.1 Telephone lines ............................................................................65 .....■ .......15.8

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................85 .....■ .........3.7 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................73 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................89 .....■ .........2.9 Government inefficiency ..............................................................66 .....■ .........3.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................66 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................27 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................14 .....■ .........5.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................45 .....■ .........5.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................37 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls.............................................................................42 .....■ .........5.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................85 .....■ .........3.5 Business costs of crime and violence........................................120 .....■ .........2.0 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................104 .....■ .........4.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Estonia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

250

25

200

20

150

15

100

10

50

5

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................1.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................45.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................23.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........17,299.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................37 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–3.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

172

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–9.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................11,023.1 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................4,335.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................69 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................15,671.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................3,021.8 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................67

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1999 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................78.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation United States Others

Imports origin 69.9 8.9 4.1 17.1

EU27 Russian Federation Others

100

78.5 10.2 11.4

■ Manufactures

80 68.4

60

■ Fuels and mining products

72.1

■ Agricultural products

40 15.7

15.1

15.6

12.5

Exports

Imports

20 0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................22

4.8

Market access ...................................................................................................71

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................71

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................16

5.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................13 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................7 Transparency of border administration...........................................................24

5.4 6.0 5.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................27

4.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................40 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................42 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................16

4.2 4.0 5.7

Business environment ......................................................................................24

5.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................29 Physical security .................................................................................................24

4.8 5.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Estonia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................56 .....■ .......39.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................11 .....■ .........5.4 Customs services index ...............................................................16 .....■ .........9.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................42 .....■ .........2.8 Time for import...............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ..............................................................................16 .....■ ........740 Time for export ...............................................................................1 .....■ ............5 Documents for export ....................................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to export ..............................................................................18 .....■ ........730

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................19 .....■ .........5.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................24 .....■ .........6.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

173 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................16 .....■ .........2.2 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................83 .....■ .......59.1 Paved roads..................................................................................82 .....■ .......22.7 Road congestion...........................................................................19 .....■ ..........11 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................46 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................37 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of roads ............................................................................48 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................18 .....■ .........5.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................87 .....■ .........5.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................58 .....■ .........2.9 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................56 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................52 .....■ .........3.4 Postal service efficiency...............................................................18 .....■ .........6.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................28 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................5 .....■ .....148.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................20 .....■ .......20.8 Internet users ...............................................................................20 .....■ .......64.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................30 .....■ .......37.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................24 .....■ .........5.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................35 .....■ .........3.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................35 .....■ .........4.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................21 .....■ .........4.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................18 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................31 .....■ .........5.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................114 .....■ .........3.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................33 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................10 .....■ .........6.0 Capital controls.............................................................................11 .....■ .........6.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................32 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................33 .....■ .........5.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................15 .....■ .........6.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Ethiopia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................85.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,104.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................25.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............324.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................118 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................11.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

174

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–5.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,284.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,185.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................101 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................5,749.2 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,739.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................88

WTO accession year............................................................................Observer Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................28.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................1 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ............—; 16.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............5.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Saudi Arabia Japan Somalia Others

Imports origin 34.6 8.4 7.0 6.1 5.7 38.3

EU27 China Saudi Arabia India Japan Others

100 13.3

22.3 19.6 11.4 7.4 7.4 31.9

■ Manufactures

2.9

80

■ Agricultural products

80.5

40 20

15.9 8.5

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

75.6

60

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................95

3.5

Market access ...................................................................................................91

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................91

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................89

3.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................50 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................109 Transparency of border administration...........................................................76

3.9 2.6 3.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................96

2.7

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................80 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................71 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................121

3.3 3.3 1.5

Business environment ......................................................................................72

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................81 Physical security .................................................................................................65

3.6 4.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Ethiopia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................101 .....■ .......12.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................104 .....■ .......11.4 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................69 .....■ .......15.6 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................33 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................89 .....■ .......11.6 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................20 .....■ ............6 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................108 .....■ ............8 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................11 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................70 .....■ .......22.9

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................87 .....■ .........3.3 Customs services index ...............................................................31 .....■ .........8.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................96 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import...........................................................................103 .....■ ..........42 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ............................................................................109 .....■ .....2,893 Time for export ...........................................................................110 .....■ ..........46 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ............................................................................107 .....■ .....2,087

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................71 .....■ .........3.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................94 .....■ .........2.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

175 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................95 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads................................................................................101 .....■ .......12.7 Road congestion.............................................................................6 .....■ ............4 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................55 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................93 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of roads ............................................................................82 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................72 .....■ .........3.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................90 .....■ .........2.4 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................108 .....■ .........2.0 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................117 .....■ .........1.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................37 .....■ .........3.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................86 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................115 .....■ .........3.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................120 .....■ .........1.5 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................108 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................120 .....■ .........0.4 Telephone lines ..........................................................................106 .....■ .........1.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................73 .....■ .........3.9 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................58 .....■ .........3.1 Undue influence ...........................................................................74 .....■ .........3.2 Government inefficiency ..............................................................52 .....■ .........3.7 Domestic competition ..................................................................85 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................114 .....■ .........3.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................94 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................112 .....■ .........3.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................89 .....■ .........4.6 Capital controls...........................................................................116 .....■ .........3.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................72 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................48 .....■ .........5.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................80 .....■ .........5.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Finland Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................5.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................338.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................274.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........51,989.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................10 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

176

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................2.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................90,091.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................23,066.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................34 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................81,757.5 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................22,093.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................36

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................74.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation United States Others

Imports origin 56.7 10.2 6.4 26.7

EU27 Russian Federation China Others

100

55.5 14.1 7.5 22.9

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

67.4

60

78.1

■ Agricultural products

40 20

23.4 10.2 7.1

7.9

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................8

5.3

Market access ...................................................................................................78

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................78

3.8

Border administration.........................................................................................9

5.8

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................29 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................5 Transparency of border administration.............................................................5

4.7 6.2 6.5

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................16

5.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................4 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................18 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................13

5.5 4.9 5.7

Business environment ........................................................................................1

6.3

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................3 Physical security ...................................................................................................1

5.9 6.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Finland The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................64 .....■ .......44.4 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................5 .....■ .........5.8 Customs services index ...............................................................55 .....■ .........6.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................14 .....■ .........3.7 Time for import.............................................................................11 .....■ ............8 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ................................................................................4 .....■ ........575 Time for export .............................................................................13 .....■ ............8 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ................................................................................4 .....■ ........495

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................4 .....■ .........6.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................5 .....■ .........9.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

177 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................8 .....■ .........4.2 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................78 .....■ .......61.4 Paved roads..................................................................................50 .....■ .......65.0 Road congestion...........................................................................55 .....■ ..........35 Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................8 .....■ .........6.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................6 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of roads ............................................................................12 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................6 .....■ .........6.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................70 .....■ .........9.7 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................29 .....■ .........3.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................12 .....■ .........3.9 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................2 .....■ .........4.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................14 .....■ .........4.2 Postal service efficiency.................................................................3 .....■ .........6.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................7 .....■ .........6.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................22 .....■ .....115.2 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................6 .....■ .......30.6 Internet users .................................................................................5 .....■ .......79.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................31 .....■ .......33.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................5 .....■ .........6.4 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................3 .....■ .........6.2 Undue influence .............................................................................2 .....■ .........6.3 Government inefficiency ................................................................3 .....■ .........5.3 Domestic competition ..................................................................14 .....■ .........5.2 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................5 .....■ .........5.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................21 .....■ .........5.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................8 .....■ .........6.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................13 .....■ .........5.9 Capital controls...............................................................................8 .....■ .........6.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................1 .....■ .........6.7 Business costs of crime and violence............................................2 .....■ .........6.6 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................1 .....■ .........6.8

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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France Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................61.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................551.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................2,865.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........46,015.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................15 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.7

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

178

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–1.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................552,190.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .....................................144,679.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................6 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................620,152.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .....................................129,464.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................6

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................80.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 65.5 6.3 28.2

EU27 China United States Others

100

62.1 6.3 5.8 25.8

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

73.9

79.3

60

■ Agricultural products

40 20

6.6 11.8

16.4

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

9.0

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................17

5.0

Market access ...................................................................................................89

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................89

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................19

5.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................25 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................10 Transparency of border administration...........................................................22

5.1 5.9 5.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................7

5.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................1 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................10 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................24

5.8 5.3 5.5

Business environment ......................................................................................23

5.3

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................22 Physical security .................................................................................................29

4.9 5.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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France The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................74 .....■ .......46.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................28 .....■ .........4.7 Customs services index ...............................................................16 .....■ .........9.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................21 .....■ .........3.5 Time for import.............................................................................22 .....■ ..........11 Documents for import ....................................................................1 .....■ ............2 Cost to import ..............................................................................62 .....■ .....1,248 Time for export .............................................................................18 .....■ ............9 Documents for export ....................................................................1 .....■ ............2 Cost to export ..............................................................................59 .....■ .....1,078

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................21 .....■ .........5.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................20 .....■ .........6.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

179 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................39 .....■ .........1.0 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................2 .....■ .......97.0 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................62 .....■ ..........38 Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................5 .....■ .........6.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................2 .....■ .........6.6 Quality of roads ..............................................................................1 .....■ .........6.7 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................9 .....■ .........5.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................13 .....■ .......66.2 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................18 .....■ .........3.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................18 .....■ .........3.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................16 .....■ .........3.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................23 .....■ .........4.0 Postal service efficiency...............................................................16 .....■ .........6.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................21 .....■ .........5.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................50 .....■ .......89.8 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................13 .....■ .......25.2 Internet users ...............................................................................32 .....■ .......51.2 Telephone lines ..............................................................................6 .....■ .......56.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................14 .....■ .........6.1 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................27 .....■ .........4.4 Undue influence ...........................................................................23 .....■ .........4.8 Government inefficiency ..............................................................35 .....■ .........4.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................25 .....■ .........5.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................50 .....■ .........5.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................88 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................43 .....■ .........5.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................58 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................34 .....■ .........5.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................18 .....■ .........5.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................46 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................60 .....■ .........5.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Gambia, The Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

125

15

100

12

75

9

50

6

25

3

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................1.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................11.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................0.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............495.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................113 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

180

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–17.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ................................................12.5 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................114.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................118 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ...............................................320.9 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ..............................................76.8 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................119

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1996 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................42.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................1 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .......102.0; 19.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination

Imports origin

100 14.1

EU27 Senegal Mauritania Others

60.1 25.2 7.5 7.2

EU27 United States China Côte d’Ivoire Others

46.3 13.0 10.6 6.7 23.3

■ Manufactures

0.9

80

48.7

■ Fuels and mining products

60 40

85.0

18.0

6.6

33.4

20

■ Agricultural products

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................67

3.8

Market access .................................................................................................108

3.4

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................108

3.4

Border administration.......................................................................................70

3.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................80 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................60 Transparency of border administration...........................................................78

3.1 4.7 3.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................84

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................57 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................97 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................90

3.8 3.0 2.2

Business environment ......................................................................................28

5.1

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................32 Physical security .................................................................................................27

4.7 5.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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Gambia, The The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................118 .....■ .......16.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................120 .....■ .......18.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................48 .....■ .......10.0 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................6 .....■ .........6.9 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................7 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs...............................................................................43 .....■ .........0.1 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................105 .....■ ..........10 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................22 .....■ .........5.1 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................73 .....■ .......19.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................30 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index ...............................................................97 .....■ .........3.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................78 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import.............................................................................67 .....■ ..........23 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................36 .....■ ........922 Time for export .............................................................................82 .....■ ..........24 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................34 .....■ ........831

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................60 .....■ .........4.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................114 .....■ .........1.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

181 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................65 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................75 .....■ .......61.8 Paved roads..................................................................................88 .....■ .......19.3 Road congestion.............................................................................3 .....■ ............3 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................65 .....■ .........4.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ............................................................................51 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................56 .....■ .........4.1

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................89 .....■ .........5.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................45 .....■ .........3.0 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................92 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................110 .....■ .........2.5 Postal service efficiency...............................................................65 .....■ .........4.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................62 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................81 .....■ .......46.8 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................101 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users ...............................................................................96 .....■ .........5.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................92 .....■ .........4.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................50 .....■ .........4.6 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................30 .....■ .........4.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................34 .....■ .........4.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................14 .....■ .........4.7 Domestic competition ..................................................................60 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................17 .....■ .........5.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................24 .....■ .........5.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................15 .....■ .........6.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................12 .....■ .........5.9 Capital controls.............................................................................44 .....■ .........5.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................35 .....■ .........5.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................29 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................36 .....■ .........6.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Germany Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

140

12

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................82.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................357.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................3,667.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........44,660.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................18 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

-2 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

182

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................6.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ....................................1,322,189.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .....................................210,819.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................2 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) .....................................1,055,849.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .....................................257,095.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................2

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................79.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 64.7 7.6 27.7

EU27 China United States Others

100

59.5 7.1 5.9 27.5

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

73.2

60

86.5

■ Agricultural products

40 20

16.4 5.7 5.5

0

Source: WTO

8.9

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................12

5.2

Market access ...................................................................................................90

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................90

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................11

5.7

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................21 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................8 Transparency of border administration...........................................................15

5.2 6.0 5.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................1

5.8

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................8 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................3 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................3

5.3 5.8 6.2

Business environment ......................................................................................10

5.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................12 Physical security .................................................................................................11

5.4 6.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Germany The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................75 .....■ .......47.8 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................20 .....■ .........5.0 Customs services index ...............................................................23 .....■ .........9.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................4 .....■ .........3.9 Time for import...............................................................................9 .....■ ............7 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................32 .....■ ........887 Time for export ...............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................33 .....■ ........822

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................17 .....■ .........5.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................13 .....■ .........7.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

183 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................76 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................3 .....■ .......96.3 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................87 .....■ ........208 Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................3 .....■ .........6.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................4 .....■ .........6.4 Quality of roads ..............................................................................4 .....■ .........6.5 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................4 .....■ .........6.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................4 .....■ .......89.3 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................4 .....■ .........3.9 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................2 .....■ .........4.2 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................5 .....■ .........4.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................7 .....■ .........4.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................12 .....■ .........6.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................11 .....■ .........6.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................18 .....■ .....117.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................15 .....■ .......23.7 Internet users ...............................................................................11 .....■ .......72.0 Telephone lines ..............................................................................2 .....■ .......65.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................6 .....■ .........6.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................16 .....■ .........5.1 Undue influence .............................................................................7 .....■ .........5.9 Government inefficiency ..............................................................20 .....■ .........4.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................13 .....■ .........5.2 Openness to foreign participation ................................................25 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................76 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................29 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................40 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls...............................................................................7 .....■ .........6.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................4 .....■ .........6.5 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................15 .....■ .........6.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................53 .....■ .........5.8

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Ghana Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

120

6

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................23.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................238.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................16.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............715.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................107 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

184

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–18.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................4,194.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,614.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................84 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................8,073.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,807.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................81

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................49.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........92.5; 13.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–1.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination South Africa EU27 Switzerland Burkina Faso Others

Imports origin 37.1 31.1 5.9 4.6 21.2

EU27 China United States Nigeria India Others

100

32.6 11.1 7.6 6.9 4.4 37.4

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

20.7

57.3

43.6

12.5

Exports

Imports

20

12.0

0

Source: WTO

■ Agricultural products

2.5

40

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................86

3.6

Market access ...................................................................................................67

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................67

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................80

3.4

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................102 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................66 Transparency of border administration...........................................................72

2.5 4.6 3.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................102

2.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................79 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................119 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................107

3.3 2.5 1.9

Business environment ......................................................................................57

4.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................63 Physical security .................................................................................................51

3.9 5.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Ghana The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................92 .....■ .......10.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................90 .....■ .........9.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................76 .....■ .......17.1 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................24 .....■ .........9.6 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................23 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................19 .....■ .........6.8 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs...............................................................................51 .....■ .........0.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................41 .....■ ..........17 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................101 .....■ ..........15 Tariffs faced ................................................................................103 .....■ .........5.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................53 .....■ .......34.2

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................82 .....■ .........3.4 Customs services index ...............................................................97 .....■ .........3.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import.............................................................................86 .....■ ..........29 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................52 .....■ .....1,130 Time for export .............................................................................58 .....■ ..........19 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................53 .....■ .....1,003

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................89 .....■ .........3.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................53 .....■ .........3.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

185 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................106 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................28 .....■ .......74.3 Paved roads..................................................................................93 .....■ .......17.9 Road congestion...........................................................................13 .....■ ............9 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................83 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................104 .....■ .........1.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................66 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................77 .....■ .........3.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................50 .....■ .......18.1 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................115 .....■ .........2.0 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................120 .....■ .........1.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................99 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................110 .....■ .........2.5 Postal service efficiency...............................................................96 .....■ .........3.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................98 .....■ .........4.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................95 .....■ .......32.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................89 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users .............................................................................102 .....■ .........3.7 Telephone lines ..........................................................................100 .....■ .........1.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................67 .....■ .........4.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................60 .....■ .........3.1 Undue influence ...........................................................................76 .....■ .........3.1 Government inefficiency ..............................................................51 .....■ .........3.7 Domestic competition ..................................................................72 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to foreign participation ................................................55 .....■ .........5.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................61 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................28 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................30 .....■ .........5.6 Capital controls.............................................................................80 .....■ .........4.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................79 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................57 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................14 .....■ .........6.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Page 186

Greece Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

2.0

60

1.5

40

1.0

20

0.5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................11.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................132.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................357.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........32,004.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................25 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0.0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

186

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–14.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................23,607.5 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................42,984.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................44 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................76,254.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................19,783.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................37

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................79.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 64.9 4.2 30.9

EU27 Russian Federation China Others

100

57.7 5.6 5.0 31.6

■ Manufactures

80 51.6

■ Fuels and mining products

67.6

60

■ Agricultural products

40 23.6 19.4

20 21.4

12.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................47

4.3

Market access ...................................................................................................59

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................59

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................57

4.0

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................81 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................51 Transparency of border administration...........................................................47

3.0 4.9 4.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................30

4.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................24 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................29 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................35

4.7 4.6 4.4

Business environment ......................................................................................47

4.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................53 Physical security .................................................................................................41

4.0 5.3 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Greece The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................49 .....■ .......34.8 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................52 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index ...............................................................88 .....■ .........3.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................31 .....■ .........3.1 Time for import.............................................................................77 .....■ ..........25 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................64 .....■ .....1,265 Time for export .............................................................................63 .....■ ..........20 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................65 .....■ .....1,153

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................52 .....■ .........4.3 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................45 .....■ .........4.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

187 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................11 .....■ .........3.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................30 .....■ .......73.8 Paved roads..................................................................................23 .....■ .......91.8 Road congestion...........................................................................63 .....■ ..........47 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................35 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................48 .....■ .........3.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................42 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................52 .....■ .........4.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................34 .....■ .......27.1 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................37 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................28 .....■ .........3.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................27 .....■ .........3.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................16 .....■ .........4.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................38 .....■ .........5.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................83 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................30 .....■ .....110.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................33 .....■ .........9.1 Internet users ...............................................................................43 .....■ .......33.0 Telephone lines ..............................................................................9 .....■ .......53.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................44 .....■ .........4.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................56 .....■ .........3.1 Undue influence ...........................................................................51 .....■ .........3.6 Government inefficiency ..............................................................82 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition ..................................................................73 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to foreign participation ................................................60 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................67 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................58 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................98 .....■ .........4.5 Capital controls.............................................................................35 .....■ .........5.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................54 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................27 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................47 .....■ .........5.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Guatemala Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................13.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................108.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................39.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............2,848.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................78 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

188

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–4.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................6,897.9 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,599.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................79 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................13,575.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,005.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................72

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................59.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........42.2; 5.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.2 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................4.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.7

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States El Salvador Honduras Mexico EU27 Others

Imports origin 42.6 12.2 8.6 6.7 5.4 24.6

United States Mexico EU27 China El Salvador Others

100

34.1 8.8 7.6 5.7 4.8 38.9

■ Manufactures

80

49.5

■ Agricultural products

9.0

40

41.1

18.3

Exports

Imports

20

11.6

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

63.6

60

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................58

Score (1–7 scale)

4.0

Market access .....................................................................................................8

5.1

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................8

5.1

Border administration.......................................................................................55

4.1

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................32 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................85 Transparency of border administration...........................................................57

4.4 4.1 3.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................72

3.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................81 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................69 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................61

3.2 3.4 3.1

Business environment ....................................................................................109

3.5

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................69 Physical security ...............................................................................................119

3.8 3.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Guatemala The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................37 .....■ .........3.3 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................44 .....■ .........2.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................11 .....■ .........8.8 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................34 .....■ .......22.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................32 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................14 .....■ .........6.3 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................49 .....■ .........1.2 Specific tariffs...............................................................................32 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................26 .....■ ............8 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................71 .....■ ..........46 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................41 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................13 .....■ .......64.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................42 .....■ .........4.3 Customs services index ...............................................................35 .....■ .........7.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................77 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import.............................................................................46 .....■ ..........18 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................68 .....■ .....1,302 Time for export .............................................................................58 .....■ ..........19 Documents for export ................................................................108 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export ..............................................................................68 .....■ .....1,182

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................43 .....■ .........4.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................76 .....■ .........3.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

189 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................108 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................47 .....■ .......69.9 Paved roads..................................................................................70 .....■ .......34.5 Road congestion...........................................................................67 .....■ ..........53 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................48 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................108 .....■ .........1.2 Quality of roads ............................................................................47 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................57 .....■ .........4.0

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................58 .....■ .......15.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................72 .....■ .........2.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................73 .....■ .........2.5 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................84 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................62 .....■ .........3.2 Postal service efficiency...............................................................53 .....■ .........5.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................58 .....■ .......12.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................47 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................63 .....■ .......76.0 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users ...............................................................................85 .....■ .......10.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................75 .....■ .......10.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................88 .....■ .........3.7 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................78 .....■ .........2.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................73 .....■ .........3.2 Government inefficiency ..............................................................65 .....■ .........3.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................52 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation ................................................29 .....■ .........5.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................40 .....■ .........5.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................38 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................66 .....■ .........5.1 Capital controls.............................................................................20 .....■ .........5.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................115 .....■ .........2.4 Business costs of crime and violence........................................118 .....■ .........2.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................89 .....■ .........5.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Guyana Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

250

15

200

12

150

9

100

6

50

3

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................0.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................215.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................1.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,479.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................90 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

190

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–20.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ..............................................678.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................172.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................115 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................1,059.4 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................272.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................117

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................33.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 .........56.6; 11.1 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2006..........–3.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................34.6 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................3.9

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Canada United States Barbados Trinidad and Tobago Others

Imports origin 29.7 21.6 14.4 5.9 5.2 23.2

United States Trinidad and Tobago EU27 China Others

100

25.1 25.1 11.3 8.5 30.0

■ Manufactures

80 12.9 8.2

60

■ Fuels and mining products

54.8

■ Agricultural products

40 58.5

27.2

20

12.8

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................115

3.1

Market access .................................................................................................114

3.1

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................114

3.1

Border administration.......................................................................................94

3.1

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................100 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................84 Transparency of border administration.........................................................103

2.5 4.1 2.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................92

2.9

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................107 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................108 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................55

2.6 2.8 3.3

Business environment ....................................................................................113

3.3

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................93 Physical security ...............................................................................................118

3.5 3.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Guyana The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................96 .....■ .......11.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................89 .....■ .........9.1 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................104 .....■ .......25.7 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................65 .....■ .........5.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................98 .....■ .......12.5 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................83 .....■ .........8.9 Specific tariffs...............................................................................33 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................102 .....■ ..........14 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................97 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................62 .....■ .......26.9

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................117 .....■ .........2.4 Customs services index ...............................................................76 .....■ .........4.7

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................114 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import.............................................................................95 .....■ ..........35 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................46 .....■ .....1,056 Time for export .............................................................................95 .....■ ..........30 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................55 .....■ .....1,050

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................100 .....■ .........3.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................94 .....■ .........2.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

191 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................26 .....■ .........1.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................79 .....■ .......61.3 Paved roads................................................................................113 .....■ .........7.4 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................105 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................100 .....■ .........1.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................65 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................95 .....■ .........3.0

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................90 .....■ .........4.4 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................121 .....■ .........1.8 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................112 .....■ .........2.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................91 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................110 .....■ .........2.5 Postal service efficiency.............................................................106 .....■ .........3.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................45 .....■ .......30.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................105 .....■ .........3.9 Mobile telephone subscribers .....................................................n/a ..................n/a Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users ...............................................................................56 .....■ .......25.7 Telephone lines............................................................................n/a ..................n/a

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................106 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................91 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence .........................................................................102 .....■ .........2.6 Government inefficiency ..............................................................80 .....■ .........3.3 Domestic competition ..................................................................82 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................47 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................10 .....■ .........5.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................88 .....■ .........4.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................78 .....■ .........4.9 Capital controls.............................................................................41 .....■ .........5.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................107 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of crime and violence........................................116 .....■ .........2.3 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................108 .....■ .........4.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Honduras Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

10

120

8

90

6

60

4

30

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................7.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................112.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................14.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,842.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................87 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

192

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–14.0 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................5,594.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................732.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................80 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................8,556.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,027.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................82

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................54.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........32.6; 5.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................5.7 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Guatemala El Salvador Mexico Others

Imports origin 42.8 20.3 9.2 8.1 4.4 15.2

United States Guatemala EU27 Mexico El Salvador Others

100

40.0 8.3 6.6 6.0 4.4 34.7

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

66.5

60.0

■ Agricultural products

40 5.5

20

15.8

23.2

11.9

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................66

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................16

4.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................16

4.9

Border administration.......................................................................................82

3.4

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................95 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................71 Transparency of border administration...........................................................71

2.6 4.4 3.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................82

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................71 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................104 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................77

3.5 2.9 2.7

Business environment ......................................................................................84

3.9

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................68 Physical security .................................................................................................95

3.8 4.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Honduras The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................68 .....■ .........6.5 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................61 .....■ .........5.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................73 .....■ .......16.1 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................31 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................26 .....■ .........6.9 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................42 .....■ .........0.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................31 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................33 .....■ ..........13 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................73 .....■ ..........46 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................52 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................9 .....■ .......74.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................55 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index .............................................................108 .....■ .........2.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................61 .....■ .........2.5 Time for import.............................................................................67 .....■ ..........23 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................58 .....■ .....1,190 Time for export .............................................................................63 .....■ ..........20 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................66 .....■ .....1,163

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................65 .....■ .........4.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................94 .....■ .........2.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

193 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................29 .....■ .........1.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................73 .....■ .......62.8 Paved roads..................................................................................84 .....■ .......20.4 Road congestion...........................................................................48 .....■ ..........31 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................63 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................96 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads ............................................................................56 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................31 .....■ .........4.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................72 .....■ .........9.3 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................86 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................83 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................85 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................85 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency.............................................................109 .....■ .........3.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................62 .....■ .......11.4

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................87 .....■ .........4.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................75 .....■ .......58.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users ...............................................................................95 .....■ .........6.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................73 .....■ .......11.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................66 .....■ .........4.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................69 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................79 .....■ .........3.1 Government inefficiency ..............................................................53 .....■ .........3.7 Domestic competition ..................................................................84 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................40 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................30 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................41 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................48 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls.............................................................................61 .....■ .........4.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................92 .....■ .........3.3 Business costs of crime and violence........................................106 .....■ .........3.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................70 .....■ .........5.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Hong Kong SAR Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

500

50

400

40

300

30

200

20

100

10

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................7.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................1.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................215.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........30,755.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................26 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

194

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................14.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................349,386.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................83,563.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................12 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................370,132.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................41,234.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................13

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009 .........................n/a Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................1 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............0.0; 0.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination China EU27 United States Japan Others

Imports origin 48.3 13.6 13.5 4.4 20.2

China Japan Taiwan, China EU27 Singapore Others

100

46.1 10.1 7.2 7.1 6.9 22.7

80

■ Manufactures

60

■ Fuels and mining products 90.1

94.8

■ Agricultural products

40 20 5.5

2.2 1.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

3.6

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................2

5.6

Market access ...................................................................................................20

4.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................20

4.7

Border administration.........................................................................................7

5.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................14 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................3 Transparency of border administration...........................................................12

5.4 6.3 6.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................5

5.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................11 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................6 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................6

5.2 5.5 6.0

Business environment ........................................................................................4

6.1

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................6 Physical security ...................................................................................................3

5.7 6.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Hong Kong SAR The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................1 .....■ .........7.0 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................1 .....■ ............1 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................1 .....■ ........100 Tariffs faced ................................................................................119 .....■ .........6.2 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................112 .....■ .........9.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................3 .....■ .........5.9 Customs services index ...............................................................26 .....■ .........8.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................7 .....■ .........3.8 Time for import...............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ................................................................................7 .....■ ........633 Time for export ...............................................................................4 .....■ ............6 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ................................................................................7 .....■ ........625

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................13 .....■ .........6.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................11 .....■ .........8.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

195 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................97 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................9 .....■ .......90.0 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................89 .....■ ........254 Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................2 .....■ .........6.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................5 .....■ .........6.2 Quality of roads ..............................................................................5 .....■ .........6.4 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................2 .....■ .........6.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................2 .....■ .....108.8 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................7 .....■ .........3.8 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................9 .....■ .........4.0 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................8 .....■ .........4.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................7 .....■ .........4.3 Postal service efficiency.................................................................4 .....■ .........6.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................55 .....■ .......19.2

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................15 .....■ .........5.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................4 .....■ .....149.2 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................10 .....■ .......26.4 Internet users ...............................................................................26 .....■ .......55.0 Telephone lines ..............................................................................5 .....■ .......57.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................16 .....■ .........6.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................11 .....■ .........5.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................12 .....■ .........5.4 Government inefficiency ................................................................2 .....■ .........5.4 Domestic competition ....................................................................6 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................2 .....■ .........6.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................22 .....■ .........5.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................1 .....■ .........6.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................3 .....■ .........6.6 Capital controls...............................................................................1 .....■ .........6.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................6 .....■ .........6.4 Business costs of crime and violence............................................5 .....■ .........6.4 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................5 .....■ .........6.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Hungary Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

12

150

9

100

6

50

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................10.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................93.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................156.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........15,542.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................40 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

196

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–7.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................95,572.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................16,981.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................35 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................95,714.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................15,432.3 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................34

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................88.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Others

Imports origin 79.2 20.8

EU27 Russian Federation China Others

100

69.9 6.9 5.4 17.9

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

81.3

86.4

■ Agricultural products

40 20 12.3

4.5

7.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

5.3

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................38

4.4

Market access ...................................................................................................81

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................81

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................31

4.7

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................28 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................53 Transparency of border administration...........................................................38

4.9 4.9 4.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................34

4.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................60 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................26 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................31

3.7 4.6 4.7

Business environment ......................................................................................45

4.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................58 Physical security .................................................................................................35

3.9 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Hungary The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................68 .....■ .......45.6 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................45 .....■ .........4.3 Customs services index ...............................................................16 .....■ .........9.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................33 .....■ .........3.0 Time for import.............................................................................45 .....■ ..........17 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................66 .....■ .....1,290 Time for export .............................................................................55 .....■ ..........18 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................80 .....■ .....1,300

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................42 .....■ .........4.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................37 .....■ .........5.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

197 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................93 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................64 .....■ .......43.9 Road congestion...........................................................................35 .....■ ..........20 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................64 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................39 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................62 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................63 .....■ .........3.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................41 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................37 .....■ .........3.1 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................44 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................34 .....■ .........3.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................58 .....■ .........4.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................11 .....■ .......47.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................63 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................31 .....■ .....110.0 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................30 .....■ .......14.2 Internet users ...............................................................................30 .....■ .......52.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................33 .....■ .......32.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................41 .....■ .........4.9 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................80 .....■ .........2.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................61 .....■ .........3.4 Government inefficiency ............................................................109 .....■ .........2.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................65 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................26 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................64 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................9 .....■ .........6.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................34 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls.............................................................................29 .....■ .........5.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................40 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................39 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................17 .....■ .........6.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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India Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

2.5

80

2.0

60

1.5

40

1.0

20

0.5

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ......................................1,186.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................3,287.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................1,209.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,016.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................100 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0.0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

198

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–2.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................147,034.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................91,841.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................19 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................216,759.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................77,602.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................16

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................51.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................8 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........50.2; 14.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–7.2 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................14.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................3.7

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States UAE China Singapore Others

Imports origin 21.7 13.8 9.9 6.5 4.4 43.7

EU27 China Saudi Arabia United States UAE Others

100

14.8 11.2 7.6 6.5 5.4 54.5

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

63.6

60

46.3

■ Agricultural products

40

11.0

0

Source: WTO

40.2

24.3

20

4.4

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................76

3.7

Market access .................................................................................................116

3.1

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................116

3.1

Border administration.......................................................................................58

3.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................51 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................62 Transparency of border administration...........................................................70

3.8 4.7 3.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................64

3.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................51 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................46 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................93

4.0 3.9 2.2

Business environment ......................................................................................53

4.5

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................46 Physical security .................................................................................................57

4.1 4.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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India The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................94 .....■ .......10.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................92 .....■ .........9.4 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................113 .....■ .......30.9 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................48 .....■ .......34.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................85 .....■ .........4.0 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................107 .....■ .......18.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................68 .....■ .........5.0 Specific tariffs...............................................................................84 .....■ .........6.8 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................88 .....■ ........825 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................97 .....■ ..........18 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................48 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................110 .....■ .......10.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................65 .....■ .........3.7 Customs services index ...............................................................48 .....■ .........7.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................47 .....■ .........2.7 Time for import.............................................................................54 .....■ ..........20 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................37 .....■ ........960 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................46 .....■ ........945

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................77 .....■ .........3.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................67 .....■ .........3.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

199 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................118 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................20 .....■ .......78.8 Paved roads..................................................................................62 .....■ .......47.4 Road congestion.............................................................................3 .....■ ............3 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................61 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................21 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................77 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................83 .....■ .........3.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................20 .....■ .......42.2 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................39 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................31 .....■ .........3.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................42 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................46 .....■ .........3.5 Postal service efficiency...............................................................50 .....■ .........5.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................24 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................109 .....■ .......20.0 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................85 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users ...............................................................................91 .....■ .........6.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................94 .....■ .........3.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................51 .....■ .........4.6 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................62 .....■ .........3.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................43 .....■ .........4.1 Government inefficiency ..............................................................50 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................41 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................69 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................98 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................62 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................54 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................75 .....■ .........4.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................53 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................47 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................94 .....■ .........5.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Indonesia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

4

75

2

50

0

25

–2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................234.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,904.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................511.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............2,246.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................82 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

–4 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WDI; UNCTAD

200

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................0.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................118,014.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions)................................................n/a Total exports (rank out of 121) .....................................................................n/a Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................92,778.4 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ...............................................n/a Total imports (rank out of 121) .....................................................................n/a

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................44.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........37.1; 6.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............3.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................6.6 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................2.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Japan EU27 United States Singapore China Others

Imports origin 20.7 11.7 10.2 9.2 8.5 39.7

Singapore China EU27 Japan Malaysia Others

100

13.2 11.5 10.3 8.8 8.6 47.6

■ Manufactures

80

41.2

■ Fuels and mining products

61.7

60 40

■ Agricultural products

35.0 26.9

20 19.9

11.3

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................62

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................53

4.1

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................53

4.1

Border administration.......................................................................................66

3.8

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................75 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................37 Transparency of border administration...........................................................94

3.2 5.2 2.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................79

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................82 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................54 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................91

3.2 3.7 2.2

Business environment ......................................................................................60

4.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................55 Physical security .................................................................................................56

4.0 4.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Indonesia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................62 .....■ .........6.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................68 .....■ .........5.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................43 .....■ .........9.9 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................66 .....■ .......45.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................51 .....■ .........6.4 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................43 .....■ .........9.3 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................61 .....■ .........2.7 Specific tariffs...............................................................................50 .....■ .........0.3 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................58 .....■ ..........33 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................58 .....■ ..........59 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................47 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................79 .....■ .......13.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................86 .....■ .........3.3 Customs services index ...............................................................64 .....■ .........5.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................43 .....■ .........2.7 Time for import.............................................................................83 .....■ ..........27 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ................................................................................9 .....■ ........660 Time for export .............................................................................70 .....■ ..........21 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................15 .....■ ........704

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................88 .....■ .........3.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................94 .....■ .........2.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

201 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................98 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................26 .....■ .......75.0 Paved roads..................................................................................57 .....■ .......55.3 Road congestion...........................................................................70 .....■ ..........62 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................68 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................56 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of roads ............................................................................95 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................94 .....■ .........3.0

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................38 .....■ .......24.9 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................44 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................49 .....■ .........2.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................33 .....■ .........3.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................57 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency.............................................................102 .....■ .........3.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................52 .....■ .......21.4

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................60 .....■ .........4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................91 .....■ .......35.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................88 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users ...............................................................................98 .....■ .........5.6 Telephone lines ............................................................................84 .....■ .........7.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................99 .....■ .........3.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................51 .....■ .........3.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................53 .....■ .........3.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................54 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................40 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................20 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................28 .....■ .........5.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................24 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................36 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls.............................................................................31 .....■ .........5.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................75 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................41 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................71 .....■ .........5.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Ireland Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

250

30

200

20

150

10

100

0

50

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................4.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................70.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................273.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........61,809.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................6 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–2.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

–10

0

–20 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

202

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–4.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................121,501.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................88,994.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................23 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................83,906.1 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................94,472.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................25

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................70.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 63.4 17.8 18.8

EU27 United States China Others

100

60.9 11.1 7.6 20.4

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

73.7

84.4

■ Agricultural products

40 20 10.2

9.5 10.3

Exports

Imports

2.3

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................15

5.0

Market access ...................................................................................................96

3.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................96

3.7

Border administration.........................................................................................8

5.8

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................6 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................15 Transparency of border administration...........................................................14

5.9 5.7 5.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................23

4.9

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................31 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................20 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................22

4.5 4.8 5.5

Business environment ......................................................................................16

5.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................14 Physical security .................................................................................................18

5.3 5.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Ireland The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................79 .....■ .......52.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................18 .....■ .........5.0 Customs services index .................................................................4 .....■ .......11.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................9 .....■ .........3.8 Time for import.............................................................................25 .....■ ..........12 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ..............................................................................49 .....■ .....1,121 Time for export ...............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................62 .....■ .....1,109

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................14 .....■ .........6.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................15 .....■ .........7.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

203 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................15 .....■ .........2.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................77 .....■ .......61.6 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................35 .....■ ..........20 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................41 .....■ .........5.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................49 .....■ .........3.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................64 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................58 .....■ .........4.0

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................81 .....■ .........7.6 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................11 .....■ .........3.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................11 .....■ .........3.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................14 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................9 .....■ .........4.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................28 .....■ .........5.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................27 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................20 .....■ .....115.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................24 .....■ .......18.7 Internet users ...............................................................................21 .....■ .......57.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................13 .....■ .......49.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................12 .....■ .........6.1 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................19 .....■ .........4.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................15 .....■ .........5.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................26 .....■ .........4.4 Domestic competition ....................................................................5 .....■ .........5.4 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................3 .....■ .........6.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................3 .....■ .........5.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................2 .....■ .........6.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................1 .....■ .........6.7 Capital controls.............................................................................17 .....■ .........5.8

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................23 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................42 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................13 .....■ .........6.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Israel Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

12

75

9

50

6

25

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................7.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................22.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................201.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........28,365.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................28 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

204

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................1.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................54,092.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................21,091.2 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................39 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................59,038.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................17,586.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................40

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................56.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................7 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........22.2; 6.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–7.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................27.3 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................2.4

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Hong Kong SAR Others

Imports origin 35.0 29.6 5.8 29.7

EU27 United States China Switzerland Others

100

36.5 13.9 6.1 5.1 38.4

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

71.2 93.7

■ Agricultural products

40 20

17.2 1.9 4.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

6.7

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................29

4.7

Market access ...................................................................................................35

4.5

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................35

4.5

Border administration.......................................................................................23

5.3

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................27 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................17 Transparency of border administration...........................................................28

5.0 5.7 5.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................32

4.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................54 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................43 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................25

3.9 4.0 5.3

Business environment ......................................................................................56

4.5

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................39 Physical security .................................................................................................83

4.5 4.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Israel The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................49 .....■ .........4.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................46 .....■ .........3.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................102 .....■ .......24.9 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................82 .....■ .........4.2 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................102 .....■ .......14.9 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................72 .....■ .........6.1 Specific tariffs...............................................................................88 .....■ .........7.8 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................82 .....■ ........652 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................12 .....■ ..........84 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................33 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................57 .....■ .......32.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................31 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index ...............................................................16 .....■ .........9.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................43 .....■ .........2.7 Time for import.............................................................................25 .....■ ..........12 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ................................................................................6 .....■ ........605 Time for export .............................................................................27 .....■ ..........12 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ................................................................................9 .....■ ........665

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................27 .....■ .........5.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................29 .....■ .........6.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

205 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................69 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................48 .....■ .......69.0 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................83 .....■ ........115 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................34 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................38 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................40 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................48 .....■ .........4.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................46 .....■ .......19.8 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................30 .....■ .........3.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................32 .....■ .........3.2 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................29 .....■ .........3.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................41 .....■ .........3.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................23 .....■ .........6.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................10 .....■ .........6.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................11 .....■ .....128.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................18 .....■ .......22.1 Internet users ...............................................................................48 .....■ .......28.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................21 .....■ .......43.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................40 .....■ .........4.9 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................40 .....■ .........3.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................26 .....■ .........4.6 Government inefficiency ..............................................................39 .....■ .........4.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................37 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to foreign participation ................................................58 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................119 .....■ .........3.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................23 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................42 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls.............................................................................28 .....■ .........5.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................66 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................37 .....■ .........5.4 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................117 .....■ .........3.8

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Italy Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................58.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................301.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................2,313.9 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........38,996.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................20 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–1.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

206

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–3.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................492,129.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .....................................110,467.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................8 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................504,852.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .....................................118,261.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................7

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................78.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 60.5 6.6 32.9

EU27 China Others

100

57.0 5.8 37.2

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

65.8

60

85.6

■ Agricultural products

40 22.1

20 6.1 7.1

0

Source: WTO

10.8

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................45

4.3

Market access ...................................................................................................66

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................66

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................48

4.3

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................53 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................47 Transparency of border administration...........................................................50

3.8 5.0 4.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................25

4.8

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................50 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................21 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................23

4.0 4.8 5.5

Business environment ......................................................................................66

4.3

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................84 Physical security .................................................................................................55

3.6 4.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Italy The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................53 .....■ .......37.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................56 .....■ .........3.9 Customs services index ...............................................................55 .....■ .........6.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................29 .....■ .........3.2 Time for import.............................................................................46 .....■ ..........18 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................69 .....■ .....1,305 Time for export .............................................................................63 .....■ ..........20 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................82 .....■ .....1,305

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................59 .....■ .........4.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................44 .....■ .........4.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

207 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................58 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................6 .....■ .......93.7 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................80 .....■ ..........81 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................71 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................50 .....■ .........3.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................50 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................85 .....■ .........3.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................15 .....■ .......55.9 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................21 .....■ .........3.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................21 .....■ .........3.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................21 .....■ .........3.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................27 .....■ .........3.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................79 .....■ .........4.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................69 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................2 .....■ .....153.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................25 .....■ .......18.4 Internet users ...............................................................................27 .....■ .......54.4 Telephone lines ............................................................................16 .....■ .......46.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................48 .....■ .........4.6 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................75 .....■ .........2.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................71 .....■ .........3.2 Government inefficiency ............................................................112 .....■ .........2.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................78 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................101 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................12 .....■ .........5.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................98 .....■ .........4.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................111 .....■ .........3.9 Capital controls...........................................................................111 .....■ .........3.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................47 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................65 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................69 .....■ .........5.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Jamaica Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

10

120

8

90

6

60

4

30

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................11.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................14.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............5,335.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................61 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–1.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

208

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–15.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................2,169.1 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................2,664.8 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................90 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................6,459.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,204.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................85

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................46 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 ...........49.6; 7.3 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2006..........–4.7 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2006.....................................35.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2006 ...............................4.6

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Canada Others

Imports origin 37.2 26.8 15.0 21.0

120

United States 40.4 Trinidad and Tobago 15.7 Venezuela 9.0 EU27 6.7 Brazil 4.5 Others 23.7

100

■ Manufactures

8.5

80

■ Fuels and mining products

56.1

60

■ Agricultural products

73.9

40 28.4

20 17.6

15.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................79

3.7

Market access ...................................................................................................85

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................85

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................73

3.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................65 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................72 Transparency of border administration...........................................................87

3.5 4.3 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................53

3.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................58 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................76 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................45

3.8 3.2 3.7

Business environment ......................................................................................89

3.8

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................62 Physical security ...............................................................................................102

3.9 3.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Jamaica The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................85 .....■ .........8.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................78 .....■ .........7.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................87 .....■ .......19.5 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................67 .....■ .........5.6 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................92 .....■ .......11.7 Domestic tariff peaks .................................................................113 .....■ .......10.0 Specific tariffs...............................................................................49 .....■ .........0.2 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................31 .....■ ..........12 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................63 .....■ ..........55 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................99 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................61 .....■ .......27.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................96 .....■ .........2.9 Customs services index ...............................................................48 .....■ .........7.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................72 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import.............................................................................63 .....■ ..........22 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................77 .....■ .....1,420 Time for export .............................................................................70 .....■ ..........21 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ............................................................................101 .....■ .....1,750

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................93 .....■ .........3.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................76 .....■ .........3.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

209 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................52 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................40 .....■ .......71.5 Paved roads..................................................................................44 .....■ .......73.9 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................36 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................111 .....■ .........1.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................55 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................28 .....■ .........5.1

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................49 .....■ .......18.2 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................110 .....■ .........2.1 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................106 .....■ .........2.1 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................101 .....■ .........2.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................104 .....■ .........2.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................80 .....■ .........4.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................19 .....■ .......37.4

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................54 .....■ .........4.9 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................41 .....■ .......98.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................54 .....■ .........3.4 Internet users ...............................................................................24 .....■ .......55.3 Telephone lines ............................................................................71 .....■ .......13.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................53 .....■ .........4.5 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................98 .....■ .........2.4 Undue influence ...........................................................................54 .....■ .........3.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................53 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation ................................................39 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................86 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................27 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................31 .....■ .........5.6 Capital controls.............................................................................40 .....■ .........5.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................91 .....■ .........3.3 Business costs of crime and violence........................................119 .....■ .........2.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................40 .....■ .........6.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Japan Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

80

0.8

60

0.6

40

0.4

20

0.2

0

0.0

-20

-0.2 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................127.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................377.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................4,923.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........38,559.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................22 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–0.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

210

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................3.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................714,327.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .....................................127,059.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................4 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................622,243.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .....................................148,684.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................5

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................71 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................8 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.1; 5.1 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–6.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................32.7 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States China EU27 Korea, Rep. Taiwan, China Others

Imports origin 20.4 15.3 14.8 7.6 6.3 35.6

China United States EU27 Saudi Arabia UAE Others

100

20.6 11.6 10.5 5.7 5.2 46.5

■ Manufactures

80 50.6

■ Fuels and mining products

60 89.9

■ Agricultural products

40 36.6

20 3.7 1.1

0

Source: WTO

Exports

11.1

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................23

4.8

Market access .................................................................................................115

3.1

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................115

3.1

Border administration.......................................................................................13

5.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................11 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................19 Transparency of border administration...........................................................16

5.5 5.7 5.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................15

5.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................23 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................4 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................21

4.8 5.8 5.5

Business environment ......................................................................................31

5.0

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................26 Physical security .................................................................................................44

4.8 5.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Japan The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................40 .....■ .........3.6 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................36 .....■ .........2.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................101 .....■ .......24.9 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................88 .....■ .......65.4 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................87 .....■ .........3.8 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................113 .....■ .......26.5 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................76 .....■ .........7.4 Specific tariffs...............................................................................83 .....■ .........6.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................85 .....■ ........716 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................15 .....■ ..........79 Tariffs faced ................................................................................121 .....■ .........6.2 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................120 .....■ .........1.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................43 .....■ .........4.3 Customs services index .................................................................4 .....■ .......11.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................11 .....■ .........3.8 Time for import.............................................................................22 .....■ ..........11 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................44 .....■ .....1,047 Time for export .............................................................................23 .....■ ..........10 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................49 .....■ ........989

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................16 .....■ .........5.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................17 .....■ .........7.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

211 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................68 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................15 .....■ .......82.4 Paved roads..................................................................................41 .....■ .......77.7 Road congestion...........................................................................72 .....■ ..........63 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................44 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................3 .....■ .........6.5 Quality of roads ............................................................................19 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................23 .....■ .........5.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................12 .....■ .......66.6 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................9 .....■ .........3.8 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................5 .....■ .........4.1 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................7 .....■ .........4.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................6 .....■ .........4.3 Postal service efficiency.................................................................2 .....■ .........6.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................8 .....■ .......52.1

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................1 .....■ .........6.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................55 .....■ .......83.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................17 .....■ .......22.1 Internet users ...............................................................................15 .....■ .......68.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................28 .....■ .......40.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................13 .....■ .........6.1 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................33 .....■ .........4.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................18 .....■ .........5.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................25 .....■ .........4.4 Domestic competition ..................................................................29 .....■ .........4.9 Openness to foreign participation ................................................80 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................105 .....■ .........4.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................92 .....■ .........4.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................82 .....■ .........4.8 Capital controls.............................................................................48 .....■ .........5.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................20 .....■ .........5.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................51 .....■ .........5.0 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................100 .....■ .........4.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Jordan Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

250

25

200

20

150

15

100

10

50

5

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................6.1 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................88.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................20.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............3,421.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................75 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

212

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–12.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................5,699.9 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,298.2 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................78 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................13,712.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................3,317.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................70

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2000 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................64.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........16.3; 11.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............3.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................3.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States Iraq India Saudi Arabia UAE Others

Imports origin 21.8 12.7 8.3 7.2 6.8 43.3

EU27 Saudi Arabia China United States Egypt Others

100

24.7 21.0 9.7 4.7 4.4 35.6

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

57.4

60

78.9

■ Agricultural products

40 24.4

20

6.5 13.4

0

Source: WTO

16.3

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................37

4.4

Market access ...................................................................................................61

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................61

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................36

4.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................34 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................54 Transparency of border administration...........................................................34

4.4 4.8 4.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................52

3.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................59 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................39 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................65

3.8 4.1 3.0

Business environment ......................................................................................22

5.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................30 Physical security .................................................................................................14

4.7 6.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Jordan The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................103 .....■ .......12.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................98 .....■ .......10.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................96 .....■ .......22.1 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................80 .....■ .......54.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................44 .....■ .........6.5 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................101 .....■ .......14.7 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................36 .....■ .........0.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................42 .....■ .........0.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................58 .....■ ..........33 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................51 .....■ ..........64 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................35 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................43 .....■ .......41.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................33 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index ...............................................................44 .....■ .........7.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................53 .....■ .........2.6 Time for import.............................................................................63 .....■ ..........22 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................66 .....■ .....1,290 Time for export .............................................................................58 .....■ ..........19 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................18 .....■ ........730

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................30 .....■ .........5.3 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................37 .....■ .........5.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

213 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................85 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................65 .....■ .......64.6 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................81 .....■ ..........83 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................28 .....■ .........5.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................86 .....■ .........1.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................35 .....■ .........4.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................41 .....■ .........4.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................56 .....■ .......16.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................39 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................55 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................66 .....■ .........3.2 Postal service efficiency...............................................................32 .....■ .........5.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................18 .....■ .......38.2

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................33 .....■ .........5.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................60 .....■ .......80.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................68 .....■ .........1.5 Internet users ...............................................................................66 .....■ .......19.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................77 .....■ .........9.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................21 .....■ .........5.5 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................31 .....■ .........4.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................32 .....■ .........4.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................27 .....■ .........4.4 Domestic competition ..................................................................33 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................49 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................92 .....■ .........4.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................42 .....■ .........5.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................38 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls.............................................................................38 .....■ .........5.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................19 .....■ .........5.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................11 .....■ .........6.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................43 .....■ .........5.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Kazakhstan Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

140

14

120

12

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................15.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................2,724.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................132.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............8,502.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................51 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

214

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................5.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................47,755.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,241.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................51 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................32,756.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................11,370.4 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................50

WTO accession year............................................................................Observer Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................56.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................8 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ..............—; 7.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.6 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................26.1 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.2

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination

Imports origin

100 12.8

EU27 Switzerland China Russian Federation Iran, Islamic Rep. Others

40.7 15.7 11.8 9.8 5.1 16.9

Russian Federation EU27 China United States Ukraine Others

35.5 24.6 10.7 5.0 4.7 19.5

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

79.7

60

■ Agricultural products

82.8

40 20

13.7 6.5

3.4

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................93

3.5

Market access ...................................................................................................45

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................45

4.2

Border administration.....................................................................................119

2.3

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................106 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................120 Transparency of border administration...........................................................88

2.4 1.4 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................63

3.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................49 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................75 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................68

4.0 3.2 2.9

Business environment ......................................................................................77

4.1

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................75 Physical security .................................................................................................78

3.7 4.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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Kazakhstan The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................36 .....■ .........3.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................41 .....■ .........2.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................68 .....■ .......15.4 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................27 .....■ .......14.9 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................91 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................85 .....■ .......11.0 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................74 .....■ .........6.5 Specific tariffs.............................................................................117 .....■ .......13.6 Number of distinct tariffs ...........................................................118 .....■ .....1,500 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................74 .....■ ..........42 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................53 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................49 .....■ .......37.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................94 .....■ .........3.0 Customs services index ...............................................................96 .....■ .........3.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................117 .....■ .........1.9 Time for import...........................................................................118 .....■ ..........76 Documents for import ................................................................117 .....■ ..........13 Cost to import ............................................................................111 .....■ .....3,055 Time for export ...........................................................................120 .....■ ..........89 Documents for export ................................................................114 .....■ ..........11 Cost to export ............................................................................116 .....■ .....3,005

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................73 .....■ .........3.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................106 .....■ .........2.2

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

215 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................35 .....■ .........1.0 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................33 .....■ .......84.0 Road congestion...........................................................................31 .....■ ..........17 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................92 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................34 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of roads ............................................................................98 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................91 .....■ .........3.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................111 .....■ .........2.1 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................107 .....■ .........2.1 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................103 .....■ .........2.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................104 .....■ .........2.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................62 .....■ .........4.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................78 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................61 .....■ .......79.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................63 .....■ .........1.8 Internet users ...............................................................................78 .....■ .......12.3 Telephone lines ............................................................................54 .....■ .......21.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................82 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................53 .....■ .........3.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................75 .....■ .........3.1 Government inefficiency ..............................................................60 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................74 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................106 .....■ .........4.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................101 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................100 .....■ .........4.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................92 .....■ .........4.5 Capital controls...........................................................................103 .....■ .........3.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................86 .....■ .........3.5 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................63 .....■ .........4.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................74 .....■ .........5.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Kenya Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

2.5

80

2.0

60

1.5

40

1.0

20

0.5

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................38.6 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................580.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................30.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............857.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................103 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0.0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

216

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–6.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................4,080.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................2,177.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................81 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................8,989.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,268.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................80

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................62.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........95.7; 12.7 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................3.4 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.5

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Uganda Tanzania United States Pakistan Others

Imports origin 26.6 12.2 8.1 7.0 4.9 41.1

EU27 UAE India China United States Others

100

20.2 14.8 9.4 7.6 7.4 40.7

80

36.8

60

7.1

■ Manufactures ■ Fuels and mining products

62.1

■ Agricultural products

40 54.7

23.5

20

12.9

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................98

3.5

Market access ...................................................................................................34

4.6

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................34

4.6

Border administration.....................................................................................108

2.8

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................109 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................102 Transparency of border administration.........................................................105

2.3 3.3 2.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................93

2.9

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................78 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................73 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................99

3.3 3.3 2.1

Business environment ....................................................................................105

3.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................83 Physical security ...............................................................................................111

3.6 3.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Kenya The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................71 .....■ .........7.7 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................74 .....■ .........6.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................97 .....■ .......22.2 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................39 .....■ .........6.6 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................91 .....■ .......11.7 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................43 .....■ .........0.9 Specific tariffs...............................................................................46 .....■ .........0.2 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................44 .....■ ..........19 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................56 .....■ ..........60 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................87 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................20 .....■ .......54.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................90 .....■ .........3.1 Customs services index .............................................................104 .....■ .........2.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................73 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import.............................................................................81 .....■ ..........26 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ............................................................................103 .....■ .....2,190 Time for export .............................................................................92 .....■ ..........29 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ............................................................................106 .....■ .....2,055

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................96 .....■ .........3.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................107 .....■ .........2.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

217 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................94 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................52 .....■ .......68.5 Paved roads..................................................................................99 .....■ .......14.1 Road congestion...........................................................................16 .....■ ..........10 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................62 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................66 .....■ .........2.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................85 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................75 .....■ .........3.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................68 .....■ .......11.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................60 .....■ .........2.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................95 .....■ .........2.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................68 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................82 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................83 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................49 .....■ .......23.8

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................61 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................97 .....■ .......30.2 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................94 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users ...............................................................................89 .....■ .........8.0 Telephone lines ..........................................................................110 .....■ .........0.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................76 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................89 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence ...........................................................................98 .....■ .........2.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................58 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................75 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................66 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................78 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................51 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................72 .....■ .........5.0 Capital controls.............................................................................73 .....■ .........4.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................78 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of crime and violence........................................114 .....■ .........2.9 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................116 .....■ .........4.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Korea, Rep. Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

2.5

80

2.0

60

1.5

40

1.0

20

0.5

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................48.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................99.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................947.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........19,504.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................33 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0.0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

218

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–0.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................371,489.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................61,536.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................11 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................356,846.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................82,522.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................12

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................75.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................6 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........17.0; 12.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007........–18.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.....................................18.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination China EU27 United States Japan Hong Kong SAR Others

Imports origin 22.1 15.1 12.4 7.1 5.0 38.4

China Japan United States EU27 Saudi Arabia Others

100

17.7 15.8 10.5 10.3 5.9 39.8

■ Manufactures

80 57.8

60

■ Fuels and mining products

88.9

■ Agricultural products

40 35.5

20 9.1

0

Source: WTO

1.7

Exports

6.1

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................26

4.7

Market access .................................................................................................106

3.5

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................106

3.5

Border administration.......................................................................................22

5.3

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................18 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................13 Transparency of border administration...........................................................33

5.3 5.8 4.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................21

5.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................29 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................23 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................14

4.5 4.7 5.7

Business environment ......................................................................................26

5.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................27 Physical security .................................................................................................32

4.8 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Korea, Rep. The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................76 .....■ .........8.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................63 .....■ .........5.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................118 .....■ .......48.1 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................70 .....■ .........5.3 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................116 .....■ .......42.6 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................60 .....■ .........2.6 Specific tariffs...............................................................................59 .....■ .........0.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................68 .....■ ........161 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................65 .....■ ..........54 Tariffs faced ................................................................................104 .....■ .........5.8 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................116 .....■ .........5.8

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................17 .....■ .........5.0 Customs services index ...............................................................16 .....■ .........9.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................27 .....■ .........3.2 Time for import.............................................................................11 .....■ ............8 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................17 .....■ ........747 Time for export .............................................................................13 .....■ ............8 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................27 .....■ ........767

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................32 .....■ .........5.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................32 .....■ .........5.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

219 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................87 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................11 .....■ .......88.1 Paved roads..................................................................................43 .....■ .......76.8 Road congestion...........................................................................84 .....■ ........151 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................23 .....■ .........5.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................7 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of roads ............................................................................13 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................25 .....■ .........5.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................10 .....■ .......76.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................24 .....■ .........3.4 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................21 .....■ .........3.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................25 .....■ .........3.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................29 .....■ .........3.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................21 .....■ .........6.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................14 .....■ .........5.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................47 .....■ .......90.2 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................7 .....■ .......30.5 Internet users .................................................................................8 .....■ .......76.3 Telephone lines ............................................................................15 .....■ .......46.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................31 .....■ .........5.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................21 .....■ .........4.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................28 .....■ .........4.6 Government inefficiency ..............................................................32 .....■ .........4.2 Domestic competition ..................................................................28 .....■ .........4.9 Openness to foreign participation ................................................46 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................52 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................48 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................45 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls.............................................................................58 .....■ .........5.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................28 .....■ .........5.4 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................36 .....■ .........5.5 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................56 .....■ .........5.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Kuwait Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

120

1.2

100

0.9

80

0.6

60

0.3

40

0.0

20

–0.3

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................17.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................158.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........45,920.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................16 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

–0.6 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

220

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................44.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................62,376.1 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................8,571.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................42 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................21,122.5 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................10,430.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................59

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................48.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........100.0; 4.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008...........-0.7 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................1.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Saudi Arabia Others

Imports origin 0.7 99.3

EU27 United States Saudi Arabia China Japan Others

100

33.4 10.8 7.9 6.8 6.4 34.7

3.7

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

85.7

60 96.1

■ Agricultural products

40 20 2.3 12.0

0.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................59

4.0

Market access ...................................................................................................76

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................76

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................78

3.5

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................112 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................69 Transparency of border administration...........................................................52

2.2 4.4 3.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................54

3.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................70 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................79 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................42

3.6 3.2 3.9

Business environment ......................................................................................34

4.9

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................43 Physical security .................................................................................................28

4.2 5.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Kuwait The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................60 .....■ .........6.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................49 .....■ .........3.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................85 .....■ .......18.5 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................50 .....■ .........6.4 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................100 .....■ .......14.5 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................31 .....■ .........0.3 Specific tariffs...............................................................................66 .....■ .........1.3 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................48 .....■ ..........22 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................95 .....■ ..........21 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................38 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................111 .....■ .........9.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................79 .....■ .........3.4 Customs services index .............................................................112 .....■ .........2.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................58 .....■ .........2.5 Time for import.............................................................................54 .....■ ..........20 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................56 .....■ .....1,152 Time for export .............................................................................63 .....■ ..........20 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................51 .....■ ........995

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................54 .....■ .........4.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................52 .....■ .........4.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

221 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................83 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................92 .....■ .......51.6 Paved roads..................................................................................32 .....■ .......85.0 Road congestion...........................................................................85 .....■ ........181 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................57 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ............................................................................32 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................59 .....■ .........4.0

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................84 .....■ .........6.1 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................75 .....■ .........2.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................32 .....■ .........3.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................32 .....■ .........3.8 Postal service efficiency.............................................................115 .....■ .........2.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................26 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................43 .....■ .......97.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users ...............................................................................44 .....■ .......31.6 Telephone lines ............................................................................58 .....■ .......18.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................38 .....■ .........5.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................44 .....■ .........3.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................44 .....■ .........4.1 Government inefficiency ..............................................................56 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................39 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................98 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................8 .....■ .........5.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................120 .....■ .........3.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................117 .....■ .........3.3 Capital controls.............................................................................47 .....■ .........5.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................37 .....■ .........5.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................14 .....■ .........6.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................52 .....■ .........5.8

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Kyrgyz Republic Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

8

120

6

90

4

60

2

30

0

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................5.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................199.9 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................5.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............950.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................101 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

-2 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

222

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–6.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,135.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................653.5 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................107 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................2,417.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................577.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................109

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1998 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................55.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................9 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............7.5; 4.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............0.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................20.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Russian Federation Switzerland Kazakhstan Afghanistan Uzbekistan Others

Imports origin 20.7 19.9 18.0 10.4 7.6 23.3

Russian Federation China Kazakhstan EU27 Uzbekistan Others

100

40.5 14.7 12.9 9.4 5.0 17.4

■ Manufactures

80

49.8

■ Fuels and mining products

31.8

60

■ Agricultural products

40 28.7

32.9

17.8

16.9

20 0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................101

3.4

Market access ...................................................................................................18

4.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................18

4.8

Border administration.....................................................................................116

2.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................58 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................121 Transparency of border administration.........................................................117

3.7 1.3 2.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................86

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................61 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................87 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................94

3.7 3.1 2.2

Business environment ....................................................................................108

3.5

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................111 Physical security .................................................................................................96

3.1 4.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Kyrgyz Republic The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................100 .....■ .......11.7 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................103 .....■ .......11.4 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................62 .....■ .......13.6 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................62 .....■ .........6.0 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................11 .....■ .........6.0 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................67 .....■ .........4.6 Specific tariffs...............................................................................68 .....■ .........1.6 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................68 .....■ ........161 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................11 .....■ ..........84 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................59 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................5 .....■ .......79.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................108 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index ...............................................................34 .....■ .........8.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................89 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import...........................................................................117 .....■ ..........75 Documents for import ................................................................117 .....■ ..........13 Cost to import ............................................................................112 .....■ .....3,250 Time for export ...........................................................................117 .....■ ..........64 Documents for export ................................................................120 .....■ ..........13 Cost to export ............................................................................115 .....■ .....3,000

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................111 .....■ .........2.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................118 .....■ .........1.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

223 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................82 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................24 .....■ .......91.1 Road congestion...........................................................................18 .....■ ..........10 Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................110 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................58 .....■ .........2.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................91 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................119 .....■ .........1.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................96 .....■ .........2.4 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................91 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................86 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................97 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency...............................................................92 .....■ .........3.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................61 .....■ .......11.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................111 .....■ .........3.7 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................85 .....■ .......40.8 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................92 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users ...............................................................................74 .....■ .......14.1 Telephone lines ............................................................................81 .....■ .........9.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................110 .....■ .........3.1 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................94 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence .........................................................................106 .....■ .........2.5 Government inefficiency ............................................................107 .....■ .........2.8 Domestic competition ................................................................109 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................108 .....■ .........4.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................103 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................106 .....■ .........4.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................112 .....■ .........3.9 Capital controls.............................................................................82 .....■ .........4.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................102 .....■ .........3.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................87 .....■ .........4.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................98 .....■ .........4.8

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Latvia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

10

120

8

90

6

60

4

30

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................64.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................34.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........14,997.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................41 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–4.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

224

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–13.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................8,328.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,632.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................73 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................15,343.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,678.3 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................68

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1999 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................72.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation Others

Imports origin 76.0 9.6 14.4

EU27 Russian Federation Others

100

77.9 8.4 13.7

■ Manufactures

80 63.2

■ Fuels and mining products

73.6

60

■ Agricultural products

40 7.0

20

12.6

29.8

13.7

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................44

4.3

Market access ...................................................................................................73

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................73

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................39

4.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................39 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................33 Transparency of border administration...........................................................41

4.3 5.2 4.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................39

4.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................37 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................45 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................40

4.3 3.9 4.0

Business environment ......................................................................................43

4.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................56 Physical security .................................................................................................36

4.0 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Latvia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................58 .....■ .......40.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................46 .....■ .........4.2 Customs services index ...............................................................38 .....■ .........7.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................57 .....■ .........2.5 Time for import.............................................................................25 .....■ ..........12 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................26 .....■ ........850 Time for export .............................................................................29 .....■ ..........13 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................42 .....■ ........900

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................45 .....■ .........4.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................41 .....■ .........5.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

225 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................44 .....■ .........0.9 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................85 .....■ .......58.8 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................21 .....■ ..........12 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................32 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................35 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of roads ............................................................................80 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................47 .....■ .........4.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................86 .....■ .........5.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................27 .....■ .........3.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................47 .....■ .........2.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................41 .....■ .........3.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................34 .....■ .........3.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................77 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................74 .....■ .........4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................42 .....■ .......97.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................44 .....■ .........6.4 Internet users ...............................................................................25 .....■ .......55.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................41 .....■ .......28.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................46 .....■ .........4.7 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................70 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................67 .....■ .........3.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................79 .....■ .........3.3 Domestic competition ..................................................................48 .....■ .........4.5 Openness to foreign participation ................................................56 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................115 .....■ .........3.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................31 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................62 .....■ .........5.2 Capital controls.............................................................................21 .....■ .........5.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................55 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................25 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................19 .....■ .........6.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Lesotho Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

250

10

200

8

150

6

100

4

50

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................30.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................1.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............661.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................108 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

226

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–3.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ..............................................805.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ..............................................67.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................114 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................1,730.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ..............................................88.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................115

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................58.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........78.5; 7.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............6.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................13.1 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................7.7

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States South Africa EU27 Others

Imports origin 68.5 17.6 9.9 4.0

South Africa Taiwan, China Hong Kong SAR China Others

100

78.2 6.3 5.7 4.0 5.7

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

60 93.0

98.6

■ Agricultural products

40 20 0.4

0

Source: WTO

Exports

5.9

0.5

Imports

Source: ITC

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................90

Score (1–7 scale)

3.5

Market access .....................................................................................................7

5.2

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................7

5.2

Border administration.....................................................................................105

2.8

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................99 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................100 Transparency of border administration.........................................................110

2.5 3.4 2.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................118

2.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................120 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................99 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................101

2.0 3.0 2.0

Business environment ....................................................................................101

3.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................96 Physical security ...............................................................................................100

3.4 3.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Lesotho The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................44 .....■ .........4.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................47 .....■ .........3.4 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................64 .....■ .......14.0 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................10 .....■ .........3.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................72 .....■ .........5.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................86 .....■ .......11.3 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................80 .....■ .........8.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................75 .....■ .........3.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................73 .....■ ........245 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................78 .....■ ..........35 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................24 .....■ .........5.1 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................3 .....■ .......80.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................73 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index .............................................................103 .....■ .........2.9

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................65 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import...........................................................................108 .....■ ..........49 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................91 .....■ .....1,715 Time for export ...........................................................................107 .....■ ..........44 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................93 .....■ .....1,549

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................118 .....■ .........2.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................72 .....■ .........3.2

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

227 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................72 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................91 .....■ .......18.3 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................120 .....■ .........2.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................77 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of roads ..........................................................................112 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................110 .....■ .........2.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................80 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................101 .....■ .........2.2 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................117 .....■ .........1.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................90 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency...............................................................94 .....■ .........3.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................59 .....■ .......12.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................108 .....■ .........3.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................103 .....■ .......22.7 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users .............................................................................103 .....■ .........3.5 Telephone lines ............................................................................95 .....■ .........3.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................98 .....■ .........3.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................76 .....■ .........2.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................86 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................91 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ................................................................100 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to foreign participation ................................................94 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................84 .....■ .........4.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................74 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................91 .....■ .........4.6 Capital controls.............................................................................91 .....■ .........3.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................89 .....■ .........3.4 Business costs of crime and violence........................................103 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................107 .....■ .........4.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Lithuania Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

10

120

8

90

6

60

4

30

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................65.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................47.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........14,085.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................42 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

228

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–11.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................17,169.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,980.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................64 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................24,456.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................3,282.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................61

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2001 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................83.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation Belarus Others

Imports origin 64.7 15.0 4.0 16.3

EU27 Russian Federation Others

100

68.4 18.0 13.6

■ Manufactures

80 64.4

■ Fuels and mining products

70.2

60

■ Agricultural products

40 15.6 18.0

20 19.9

11.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................40

4.4

Market access ...................................................................................................60

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................60

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................42

4.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................48 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................29 Transparency of border administration...........................................................48

4.0 5.3 4.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................36

4.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................35 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................55 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................30

4.3 3.7 4.8

Business environment ......................................................................................41

4.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................54 Physical security .................................................................................................33

4.0 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Lithuania The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................51 .....■ .......35.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................35 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index ...............................................................60 .....■ .........6.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................51 .....■ .........2.6 Time for import.............................................................................30 .....■ ..........13 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................38 .....■ ........980 Time for export .............................................................................23 .....■ ..........10 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................37 .....■ ........870

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................50 .....■ .........4.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................46 .....■ .........4.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

229 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................43 .....■ .........0.9 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................84 .....■ .......59.0 Paved roads..................................................................................39 .....■ .......78.2 Road congestion...........................................................................35 .....■ ..........20 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................66 .....■ .........4.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................27 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................27 .....■ .........5.2 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................38 .....■ .........4.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................79 .....■ .........7.8 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................45 .....■ .........3.0 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................62 .....■ .........2.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................70 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................49 .....■ .........3.4 Postal service efficiency...............................................................73 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................53 .....■ .........5.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................7 .....■ .....145.2 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................28 .....■ .......15.0 Internet users ...............................................................................34 .....■ .......49.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................51 .....■ .......23.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................45 .....■ .........4.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................57 .....■ .........3.1 Undue influence ...........................................................................63 .....■ .........3.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................67 .....■ .........3.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................50 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation ................................................75 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................100 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................69 .....■ .........5.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................93 .....■ .........4.5 Capital controls.............................................................................57 .....■ .........5.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................56 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................30 .....■ .........5.6 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................8 .....■ .........6.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Luxembourg Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

400

80

300

40

200

0

100

-40

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................0.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................2.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................55.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ........113,044.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................1 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.7

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

-80 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WDI; UNCTAD

230

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................9.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................22,430.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................64,147.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................36 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................27,547.2 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................37,420.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................45

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................74.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Others

Imports origin 84.4 15.6

EU27 Others

100

86.8 13.2

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

74.0

87.6

■ Agricultural products

40 20

17.0 5.9 5.4

0

Source: WTO

8.9

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................13

5.1

Market access ...................................................................................................58

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................58

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................24

5.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................49 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................24 Transparency of border administration...........................................................10

4.0 5.5 6.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................13

5.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................19 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................13 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................5

5.0 5.2 6.0

Business environment ........................................................................................9

5.9

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................8 Physical security ...................................................................................................7

5.5 6.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Luxembourg The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................47 .....■ .......33.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................9 .....■ .........5.5 Customs services index ...............................................................77 .....■ .........4.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................15 .....■ .........3.7 Time for import...............................................................................6 .....■ ............6 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ..............................................................................77 .....■ .....1,420 Time for export ...............................................................................4 .....■ ............6 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................85 .....■ .....1,420

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................7 .....■ .........6.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................10 .....■ .........8.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

231 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................17 .....■ .........2.1 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................72 .....■ ..........63 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................49 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................18 .....■ .........4.9 Quality of roads ............................................................................16 .....■ .........5.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................19 .....■ .........5.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................45 .....■ .........3.0 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................33 .....■ .........3.2 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................25 .....■ .........3.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................24 .....■ .........4.0 Postal service efficiency.................................................................9 .....■ .........6.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................11 .....■ .......47.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................29 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................10 .....■ .....129.5 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................9 .....■ .......27.5 Internet users .................................................................................6 .....■ .......78.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................11 .....■ .......53.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................17 .....■ .........5.9 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................8 .....■ .........5.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................11 .....■ .........5.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................13 .....■ .........4.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................16 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................4 .....■ .........6.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................11 .....■ .........5.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................5 .....■ .........6.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................4 .....■ .........6.3 Capital controls.............................................................................12 .....■ .........6.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................16 .....■ .........6.1 Business costs of crime and violence............................................8 .....■ .........6.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................23 .....■ .........6.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Macedonia, FYR Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

140

14

120

12

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................25.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................9.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,656.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................64 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

232

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–13.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................3,356.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................799.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................92 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................5,228.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................744.8 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................92

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2003 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................74.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................6 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............7.2; 7.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.7 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................32.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................5.9

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Serbia Croatia Others

Imports origin 65.1 19.1 4.9 11.0

EU27 Russian Federation Serbia China Others

100

49.5 12.3 8.6 4.6 25.0

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

62.5 76.0

60

■ Agricultural products

40 20

24.8

9.5 14.4

12.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................68

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................62

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................62

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................71

3.6

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................101 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................63 Transparency of border administration...........................................................61

2.5 4.7 3.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................57

3.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................65 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................59 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................58

3.6 3.6 3.2

Business environment ......................................................................................78

4.1

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................86 Physical security .................................................................................................77

3.6 4.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Macedonia, FYR The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................81 .....■ .........8.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................71 .....■ .........6.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................91 .....■ .......20.9 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................76 .....■ .........4.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................42 .....■ .........9.2 Domestic tariff peaks .................................................................114 .....■ .......11.4 Specific tariffs...............................................................................74 .....■ .........3.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................77 .....■ ........341 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................66 .....■ ..........53 Tariffs faced ................................................................................109 .....■ .........5.9 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................12 .....■ .......66.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................63 .....■ .........3.7 Customs services index .............................................................106 .....■ .........2.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import.............................................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................71 .....■ .....1,325 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................83 .....■ .....1,315

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................57 .....■ .........4.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................57 .....■ .........3.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

233 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................38 .....■ .........1.0 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................53 .....■ .......63.8 Road congestion...........................................................................41 .....■ ..........25 Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................111 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................68 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of roads ............................................................................75 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................76 .....■ .........3.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................69 .....■ .........2.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................92 .....■ .........2.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................78 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................90 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency...............................................................69 .....■ .........4.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................119 .....■ .........3.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................46 .....■ .......95.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................48 .....■ .........4.9 Internet users ...............................................................................50 .....■ .......27.3 Telephone lines ............................................................................52 .....■ .......22.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................90 .....■ .........3.6 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................52 .....■ .........3.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................90 .....■ .........2.9 Government inefficiency ..............................................................76 .....■ .........3.3 Domestic competition ..................................................................80 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................97 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................65 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................103 .....■ .........4.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................97 .....■ .........4.5 Capital controls.............................................................................87 .....■ .........4.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................69 .....■ .........4.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................68 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................85 .....■ .........5.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Madagascar Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

15

80

12

60

9

40

6

20

3

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................20.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................587.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................9.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............457.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................116 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

234

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–24.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,237.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................795.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................104 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................2,635.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................747.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................107

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................63.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................0 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........27.4; 12.4 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............2.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 62.7 17.7 19.6

EU27 China Bahrain South Africa Others

100

23.1 19.1 15.2 5.3 37.3

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

56.4 63.5

60 40

8.1

20

35.5

■ Agricultural products 16.0 14.5

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................73

Score (1–7 scale)

3.8

Market access .....................................................................................................4

5.4

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................4

5.4

Border administration.......................................................................................86

3.3

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................111 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................76 Transparency of border administration...........................................................73

2.2 4.3 3.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................115

2.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................103 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................118 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................112

2.7 2.6 1.8

Business environment ......................................................................................82

3.9

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................90 Physical security .................................................................................................86

3.5 4.3 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Madagascar The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................80 .....■ .........8.3 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................84 .....■ .........8.1 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................12 .....■ .........9.2 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................5 .....■ .........1.0 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................8 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................15 .....■ .........6.3 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................94 .....■ ..........22 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................3 .....■ .........4.7 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................2 .....■ .......81.2

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................91 .....■ .........3.1 Customs services index .............................................................106 .....■ .........2.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................82 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import.............................................................................83 .....■ ..........27 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................89 .....■ .....1,660 Time for export .............................................................................79 .....■ ..........23 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................78 .....■ .....1,279

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................81 .....■ .........3.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................67 .....■ .........3.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

235 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................23 .....■ .........1.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................69 .....■ .......63.8 Paved roads................................................................................102 .....■ .......11.6 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................73 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................89 .....■ .........1.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................78 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................106 .....■ .........2.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................78 .....■ .........7.8 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................104 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................108 .....■ .........2.0 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................103 .....■ .........2.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................102 .....■ .........2.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................84 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................65 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................114 .....■ .......11.3 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................102 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................118 .....■ .........0.6 Telephone lines ..........................................................................112 .....■ .........0.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................95 .....■ .........3.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................85 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................80 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................70 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition ..................................................................67 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................100 .....■ .........4.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................74 .....■ .........4.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................84 .....■ .........4.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................94 .....■ .........4.5 Capital controls...........................................................................107 .....■ .........3.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................63 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................98 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................93 .....■ .........5.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Malawi Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

6

90

5

80

4

70

3

60

2

50

1

40

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................14.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................118.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................4.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............312.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................119 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................9.7

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

236

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–6.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ..............................................710.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ..............................................80.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................116 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................1,377.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................221.8 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................116

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................44.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 .........75.9; 13.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............4.2 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination

Imports origin

100 12.8

EU27 Zimbabwe South Africa United States Others

39.0 15.2 14.8 4.2 26.8

South Africa EU27 Mozambique UAE Tanzania Others

29.1 15.8 12.2 7.0 6.0 29.9

0.1

■ Manufactures

80

■ Agricultural products

86.9

40

32.6

20

13.8 11.0

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

69.2

60

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................69

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................12

5.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................12

5.0

Border administration.......................................................................................97

3.1

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................66 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................111 Transparency of border administration...........................................................68

3.5 2.3 3.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................112

2.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................109 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................83 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................119

2.6 3.1 1.6

Business environment ......................................................................................48

4.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................47 Physical security .................................................................................................48

4.1 5.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Malawi The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................98 .....■ .......11.5 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................101 .....■ .......11.1 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................63 .....■ .......14.0 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................23 .....■ .........9.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................24 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................47 .....■ .........9.4 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs...............................................................................41 .....■ .........0.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................20 .....■ ............6 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................72 .....■ ..........46 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................26 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................8 .....■ .......74.6

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................77 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index ..............................................................n/a ..................n/a

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................78 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import...........................................................................110 .....■ ..........54 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ............................................................................106 .....■ .....2,550 Time for export ...........................................................................108 .....■ ..........45 Documents for export ................................................................119 .....■ ..........12 Cost to export ..............................................................................97 .....■ .....1,671

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................58 .....■ .........4.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................87 .....■ .........2.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

237 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................104 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................63 .....■ .......45.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................115 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................80 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of roads ............................................................................96 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................74 .....■ .........3.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................36 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................69 .....■ .........2.6 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................109 .....■ .........2.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................73 .....■ .........3.0 Postal service efficiency...............................................................88 .....■ .........3.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................106 .....■ .........3.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................118 .....■ .........7.5 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................105 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................110 .....■ .........1.0 Telephone lines ..........................................................................103 .....■ .........1.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................74 .....■ .........3.9 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................46 .....■ .........3.5 Undue influence ...........................................................................40 .....■ .........4.2 Government inefficiency ..............................................................34 .....■ .........4.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................63 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................79 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................73 .....■ .........4.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................65 .....■ .........5.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................52 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls...........................................................................102 .....■ .........3.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................52 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................78 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................12 .....■ .........6.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Malaysia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

250

10

200

8

150

6

100

4

50

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................27.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................329.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................222.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............8,140.7 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................54 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

238

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................17.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................176,211.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................28,184.2 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................24 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................146,982.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................27,784.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................27

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................53 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........24.5; 8.4 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............5.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................7.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 .............................15.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States Singapore EU27 Japan China Others

Imports origin 15.6 14.6 12.9 9.1 8.8 39.0

Japan China EU27 Singapore United States Others

100

13.0 12.9 11.9 11.5 10.8 40.0

■ Manufactures

80 70.9

60

■ Fuels and mining products

75.3

■ Agricultural products

40 20

15.8

14.1

11.6

0

Source: WTO

7.2

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................28

4.7

Market access ...................................................................................................32

4.6

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................32

4.6

Border administration.......................................................................................33

4.7

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................44 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................22 Transparency of border administration...........................................................40

4.2 5.5 4.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................29

4.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................22 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................16 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................43

4.9 5.0 3.8

Business environment ......................................................................................33

5.0

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................25 Physical security .................................................................................................49

4.9 5.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Malaysia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................59 .....■ .........5.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................64 .....■ .........5.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................94 .....■ .......21.4 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................28 .....■ .......17.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................78 .....■ .........4.6 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................112 .....■ .......26.0 Domestic tariff peaks .................................................................118 .....■ .......14.1 Specific tariffs...............................................................................64 .....■ .........0.9 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................67 .....■ ........128 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................10 .....■ ..........85 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................30 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................74 .....■ .......17.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................26 .....■ .........4.8 Customs services index ...............................................................60 .....■ .........6.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................23 .....■ .........3.4 Time for import.............................................................................34 .....■ ..........14 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ................................................................................2 .....■ ........450 Time for export .............................................................................55 .....■ ..........18 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ................................................................................1 .....■ ........450

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................44 .....■ .........4.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................37 .....■ .........5.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

239 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................24 .....■ .........1.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................13 .....■ .......86.2 Paved roads..................................................................................35 .....■ .......81.3 Road congestion...........................................................................76 .....■ ..........72 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................17 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................17 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................17 .....■ .........5.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................15 .....■ .........5.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................9 .....■ .......77.6 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................25 .....■ .........3.4 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................26 .....■ .........3.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................28 .....■ .........3.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................26 .....■ .........4.0 Postal service efficiency...............................................................56 .....■ .........4.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................42 .....■ .......35.7

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................20 .....■ .........5.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................52 .....■ .......87.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................52 .....■ .........3.8 Internet users ...............................................................................23 .....■ .......55.7 Telephone lines ............................................................................63 .....■ .......16.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................34 .....■ .........5.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................25 .....■ .........4.5 Undue influence ...........................................................................36 .....■ .........4.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................12 .....■ .........4.9 Domestic competition ..................................................................20 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................52 .....■ .........5.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................47 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................60 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................41 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls.............................................................................60 .....■ .........4.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................34 .....■ .........5.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................66 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................72 .....■ .........5.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Mali Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................12.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,240.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................8.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............657.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................109 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

240

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–8.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,524.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................341.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................106 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................2,184.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................781.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................110

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................61.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........28.5; 11.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination South Africa EU27 Switzerland Senegal Others

Imports origin 67.1 5.9 4.6 4.2 18.3

EU27 Senegal Côte d’Ivoire China Benin Others

100

25.1 19.8 12.7 5.9 4.5 32.0

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

61.7

60

■ Agricultural products

40 3.2 0.7

20

22.7

20.8

15.3

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: ITC

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................99

3.4

Market access ...................................................................................................37

4.5

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................37

4.5

Border administration.....................................................................................111

2.6

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................108 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................110 Transparency of border administration...........................................................79

2.4 2.5 3.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................113

2.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................116 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................94 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................109

2.3 3.0 1.9

Business environment ......................................................................................68

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................72 Physical security .................................................................................................69

3.7 4.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Mali The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................88 .....■ .........9.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................94 .....■ .........9.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................46 .....■ .........9.9 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................17 .....■ .........6.4 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................9 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................20 .....■ .........6.8 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................87 .....■ ..........30 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................7 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................81 .....■ .......11.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................80 .....■ .........3.4 Customs services index .............................................................105 .....■ .........2.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................94 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import...........................................................................103 .....■ ..........42 Documents for import ................................................................113 .....■ ..........11 Cost to import ............................................................................110 .....■ .....2,902 Time for export ...........................................................................104 .....■ ..........38 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ............................................................................105 .....■ .....2,012

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................85 .....■ .........3.3 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................76 .....■ .........3.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

241 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................117 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................92 .....■ .......18.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................87 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................84 .....■ .........1.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................86 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................69 .....■ .........3.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................106 .....■ .........2.2 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................98 .....■ .........2.2 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................86 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................85 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................64 .....■ .........4.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................70 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................108 .....■ .......20.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................98 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................114 .....■ .........0.8 Telephone lines ..........................................................................113 .....■ .........0.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................79 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................92 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence ...........................................................................66 .....■ .........3.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................41 .....■ .........3.9 Domestic competition ..................................................................62 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................85 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................48 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................94 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................77 .....■ .........4.9 Capital controls.............................................................................86 .....■ .........4.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................51 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................79 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................81 .....■ .........5.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Mauritania Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

50

125

40

100

30

75

20

50

10

25

0

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,030.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................3.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,042.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................97 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

-10 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

242

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–15.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,430.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ..............................................86.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................111 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................1,520.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................406.3 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................114

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................50.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................0 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........19.6; 11.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............6.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007 Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Japan Others

Imports origin 75.9 13.8 10.3

EU27 United States Others

43.0 8.0 48.9

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................107

3.3

Market access ...................................................................................................44

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................44

4.2

Border administration.....................................................................................110

2.7

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................116 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................103 Transparency of border administration.........................................................104

2.2 3.1 2.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................110

2.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................117 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................82 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................100

2.2 3.2 2.0

Business environment ......................................................................................88

3.8

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................102 Physical security .................................................................................................85

3.3 4.4 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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Page 243

Mauritania The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................75 .....■ .........8.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................83 .....■ .........7.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................51 .....■ .......10.6 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................15 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................28 .....■ .........7.0 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................121 .....■ ............0 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................19 .....■ .........5.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................36 .....■ .......45.9

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................81 .....■ .........3.4 Customs services index .............................................................114 .....■ .........2.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................65 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import...........................................................................103 .....■ ..........42 Documents for import ................................................................113 .....■ ..........11 Cost to import ..............................................................................85 .....■ .....1,523 Time for export ...........................................................................101 .....■ ..........35 Documents for export ................................................................114 .....■ ..........11 Cost to export ..............................................................................91 .....■ .....1,520

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................110 .....■ .........2.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................87 .....■ .........2.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

243 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................61 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................70 .....■ .......63.5 Paved roads................................................................................104 .....■ .......11.3 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................116 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................92 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of roads ..........................................................................109 .....■ .........2.1 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................104 .....■ .........2.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................76 .....■ .........7.9 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................75 .....■ .........2.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................62 .....■ .........2.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................59 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................68 .....■ .........3.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................60 .....■ .........4.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................72 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................82 .....■ .......41.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................86 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users .............................................................................112 .....■ .........1.0 Telephone lines ..........................................................................102 .....■ .........1.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................93 .....■ .........3.5 Ethics and corruption .................................................................102 .....■ .........2.3 Undue influence ...........................................................................85 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................74 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition ................................................................115 .....■ .........3.4 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................109 .....■ .........4.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................63 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................117 .....■ .........3.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................87 .....■ .........4.6 Capital controls...........................................................................106 .....■ .........3.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................77 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................67 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................97 .....■ .........4.8

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Mauritius Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

6

150

4

100

2

50

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................1.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................2.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................8.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............6,871.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................55 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

-2 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

244

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–8.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................2,237.9 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................2,194.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................91 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,895.1 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,538.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................94

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................62 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........93.7; 3.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................35.1 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 .............................15.5

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Madagascar Others

Imports origin 69.9 7.5 6.0 16.6

EU27 India China South Africa Others

100

27.0 21.2 11.4 7.4 33.1

■ Manufactures

80 61.8

60

■ Fuels and mining products

57.7

■ Agricultural products

40 19.5

0.9

20

29.1

21.3

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................33

4.5

Market access ...................................................................................................10

5.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................10

5.0

Border administration.......................................................................................37

4.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................37 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................35 Transparency of border administration...........................................................39

4.3 5.2 4.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................55

3.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................32 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................106 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................49

4.4 2.8 3.4

Business environment ......................................................................................32

5.0

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................33 Physical security .................................................................................................40

4.6 5.4 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Mauritius The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................39 .....■ .........3.6 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................42 .....■ .........2.7 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................13 .....■ .........9.2 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................19 .....■ .........7.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................83 .....■ .........4.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................38 .....■ .........8.4 Domestic tariff peaks .................................................................120 .....■ .......17.9 Specific tariffs...............................................................................80 .....■ .........5.9 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................78 .....■ ........373 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................8 .....■ ..........88 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................96 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................16 .....■ .......56.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................32 .....■ .........4.6 Customs services index ...............................................................47 .....■ .........7.1

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import.............................................................................40 .....■ ..........16 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................10 .....■ ........677 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................16 .....■ ........725

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................51 .....■ .........4.3 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................33 .....■ .........5.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

245 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................21 .....■ .........1.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................43 .....■ .......70.9 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................78 .....■ ..........79 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................37 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ............................................................................39 .....■ .........4.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................42 .....■ .........4.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................52 .....■ .......17.4 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................107 .....■ .........2.2 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................120 .....■ .........1.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................99 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................115 .....■ .........2.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................39 .....■ .........5.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................59 .....■ .........4.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................66 .....■ .......73.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................49 .....■ .........4.9 Internet users ...............................................................................51 .....■ .......26.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................39 .....■ .......28.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................29 .....■ .........5.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................43 .....■ .........3.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................41 .....■ .........4.2 Government inefficiency ..............................................................31 .....■ .........4.2 Domestic competition ..................................................................38 .....■ .........4.7 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................8 .....■ .........5.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................23 .....■ .........5.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................40 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................7 .....■ .........6.1 Capital controls...............................................................................3 .....■ .........6.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................57 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................49 .....■ .........5.1 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................4 .....■ .........6.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Mexico Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................107.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,964.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................1,088.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........10,234.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................47 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

246

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–1.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................271,821.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................17,647.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................16 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................295,201.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................23,231.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................15

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................70.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................14 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........36.1; 12.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............4.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................9.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.4

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Others

Imports origin 82.2 5.3 12.5

United States EU27 China Japan Korea, Rep. Others

100

49.6 12.0 10.6 5.8 4.5 17.5

■ Manufactures

80 75.1

60

■ Fuels and mining products

80.8

■ Agricultural products

40 20

18.3

9.9 7.8

5.7

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................74

3.7

Market access ...................................................................................................43

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................43

4.2

Border administration.......................................................................................62

3.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................52 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................78 Transparency of border administration...........................................................64

3.8 4.3 3.5

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................74

3.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................85 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................65 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................63

3.1 3.5 3.0

Business environment ......................................................................................98

3.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................78 Physical security ...............................................................................................106

3.6 3.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Mexico The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................86 .....■ .........8.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................110 .....■ .......28.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................55 .....■ .......38.7 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................57 .....■ .........6.2 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................106 .....■ .......17.1 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................50 .....■ .........1.2 Specific tariffs...............................................................................60 .....■ .........0.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................63 .....■ ..........88 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................91 .....■ ..........27 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................20 .....■ .........5.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................25 .....■ .......52.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................67 .....■ .........3.6 Customs services index ...............................................................48 .....■ .........7.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................58 .....■ .........2.5 Time for import.............................................................................67 .....■ ..........23 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ............................................................................107 .....■ .....2,700 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................89 .....■ .....1,472

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................67 .....■ .........3.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................57 .....■ .........3.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

247 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................64 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................25 .....■ .......76.2 Paved roads..................................................................................68 .....■ .......37.0 Road congestion...........................................................................82 .....■ ..........90 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................51 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................70 .....■ .........2.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................61 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................84 .....■ .........3.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................26 .....■ .......31.2 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................55 .....■ .........2.9 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................54 .....■ .........2.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................47 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................49 .....■ .........3.4 Postal service efficiency.............................................................117 .....■ .........2.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................57 .....■ .......14.6

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................84 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................72 .....■ .......62.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................51 .....■ .........4.3 Internet users ...............................................................................58 .....■ .......22.4 Telephone lines ............................................................................59 .....■ .......18.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................78 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................88 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence ...........................................................................78 .....■ .........3.1 Government inefficiency ..............................................................94 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................86 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................36 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................60 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................25 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................55 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................39 .....■ .........5.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................112 .....■ .........2.5 Business costs of crime and violence........................................113 .....■ .........3.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................62 .....■ .........5.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Moldova Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

12

150

9

100

6

50

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................33.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................6.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,808.7 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................88 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

248

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–19.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,342.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................631.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................105 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,690.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................593.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................99

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2001 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................60.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 .............6.9; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2006..........–0.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................51.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................2.5

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation Ukraine Belarus Others

Imports origin 50.6 17.3 12.5 6.1 13.4

EU27 Ukraine Russian Federation China Turkey Others

120

45.6 18.6 13.5 5.5 4.5 12.3

■ Manufactures

100 80

55.4

60 40

6.0

20

38.6

■ Agricultural products 21.9 13.8

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

64.2

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................52

Score (1–7 scale)

4.1

Market access .....................................................................................................6

5.4

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................6

5.4

Border administration.......................................................................................72

3.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................67 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................97 Transparency of border administration...........................................................59

3.4 3.7 3.7

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................58

3.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................75 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................38 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................71

3.4 4.1 2.8

Business environment ......................................................................................73

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................94 Physical security .................................................................................................58

3.5 4.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Moldova The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................41 .....■ .........3.7 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................38 .....■ .........2.1 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................59 .....■ .......13.1 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................9 .....■ .........2.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................80 .....■ .........4.3 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................16 .....■ .........6.4 Domestic tariff peaks .................................................................117 .....■ .......13.2 Specific tariffs...............................................................................79 .....■ .........4.6 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................80 .....■ ........406 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................13 .....■ ..........81 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................56 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................4 .....■ .......80.2

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................78 .....■ .........3.4 Customs services index ..............................................................n/a ..................n/a

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................96 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import.............................................................................95 .....■ ..........35 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................98 .....■ .....1,895 Time for export .............................................................................99 .....■ ..........32 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ............................................................................103 .....■ .....1,775

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................39 .....■ .........4.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................84 .....■ .........2.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

249 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................100 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................30 .....■ .......86.3 Road congestion...........................................................................48 .....■ ..........31 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................85 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................60 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of roads ..........................................................................120 .....■ .........1.6 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................118 .....■ .........2.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................95 .....■ .........2.4 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................98 .....■ .........2.2 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................78 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................99 .....■ .........2.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................48 .....■ .........5.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................1 .....■ .......60.6

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................89 .....■ .........4.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................80 .....■ .......49.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................71 .....■ .........1.2 Internet users ...............................................................................67 .....■ .......18.5 Telephone lines ............................................................................40 .....■ .......28.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................80 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................74 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................95 .....■ .........2.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................88 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................99 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to foreign participation ................................................95 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................29 .....■ .........5.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................107 .....■ .........4.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................86 .....■ .........4.7 Capital controls.............................................................................98 .....■ .........3.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................101 .....■ .........3.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................40 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................26 .....■ .........6.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Mongolia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

180

15

120

10

60

5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,566.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................5.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,980.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................84 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................8.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

250

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–9.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,889.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................570.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................102 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................2,117.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................630.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................111

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1997 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................65.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................0 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........17.6; 5.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007..........–0.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................2.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination China Canada EU27 Others

Imports origin 74.2 9.5 5.6 10.8

Russian Federation China EU27 Korea, Rep. Japan Others

100 4.9

34.3 31.1 9.2 5.6 5.1 14.8

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

60.4

60 70.2

■ Agricultural products

40 27.4

20 12.4

0

Source: WTO

12.1

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................113

3.2

Market access .................................................................................................110

3.4

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................110

3.4

Border administration.....................................................................................109

2.7

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................88 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................108 Transparency of border administration.........................................................101

2.8 2.6 2.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................95

2.8

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................67 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................112 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................96

3.6 2.7 2.2

Business environment ......................................................................................91

3.8

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................108 Physical security .................................................................................................81

3.1 4.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Mongolia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................53 .....■ .........5.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................60 .....■ .........4.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................6 .....■ .........5.5 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................3 .....■ .........6.9 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................3 .....■ .........0.6 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................30 .....■ .........0.3 Specific tariffs...............................................................................37 .....■ .........0.1 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................117 .....■ ............2 Tariffs faced ................................................................................107 .....■ .........5.9 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................114 .....■ .........7.8

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................107 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index ..............................................................n/a ..................n/a

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................106 .....■ .........2.0 Time for import...........................................................................108 .....■ ..........49 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ............................................................................104 .....■ .....2,274 Time for export ...........................................................................113 .....■ ..........49 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ............................................................................108 .....■ .....2,131

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................108 .....■ .........2.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................80 .....■ .........3.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

251 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................6 .....■ .........5.7 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads................................................................................118 .....■ .........3.5 Road congestion.............................................................................2 .....■ ............2 Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................118 .....■ .........2.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................72 .....■ .........2.1 Quality of roads ..........................................................................121 .....■ .........1.4 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................113 .....■ .........2.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................80 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................118 .....■ .........1.8 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................109 .....■ .........2.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................117 .....■ .........2.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................67 .....■ .........4.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................79 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................99 .....■ .......28.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................84 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users ...............................................................................79 .....■ .......12.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................89 .....■ .........5.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................97 .....■ .........3.4 Ethics and corruption .................................................................110 .....■ .........2.0 Undue influence .........................................................................112 .....■ .........2.3 Government inefficiency ............................................................114 .....■ .........2.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................93 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................84 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................90 .....■ .........4.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................67 .....■ .........5.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................110 .....■ .........4.0 Capital controls.............................................................................56 .....■ .........5.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................104 .....■ .........2.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................70 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................38 .....■ .........6.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Morocco Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................31.6 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................446.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................86.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............2,748.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................80 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.4

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

252

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–5.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................15,150.5 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................11,490.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................59 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................31,821.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................4,527.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................55

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................58.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................6 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........41.3; 23.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007..........–0.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................10.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Others

Imports origin 72.4 27.6

EU27 United States China Saudi Arabia Russian Federation Others

100

51.9 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.0 25.7

■ Manufactures

80 65.9

■ Fuels and mining products

59.0

60

■ Agricultural products

40 20

14.9

22.9

19.1

14.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................55

4.0

Market access ...................................................................................................51

4.1

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................51

4.1

Border administration.......................................................................................51

4.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................40 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................56 Transparency of border administration...........................................................62

4.2 4.8 3.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................65

3.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................52 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................67 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................76

3.9 3.4 2.7

Business environment ......................................................................................63

4.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................51 Physical security .................................................................................................66

4.0 4.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Morocco The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................104 .....■ .......12.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................99 .....■ .......10.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................112 .....■ .......30.1 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................85 .....■ .......59.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................58 .....■ .........6.2 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................110 .....■ .......23.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................53 .....■ .........1.5 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................44 .....■ ..........19 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................14 .....■ ..........80 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................39 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................26 .....■ .......50.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................47 .....■ .........4.2 Customs services index ...............................................................38 .....■ .........7.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................89 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import.............................................................................46 .....■ ..........18 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................40 .....■ .....1,000 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................14 .....■ ........700

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................55 .....■ .........4.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................62 .....■ .........3.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

253 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................71 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................36 .....■ .......73.0 Paved roads..................................................................................55 .....■ .......61.9 Road congestion...........................................................................47 .....■ ..........29 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................56 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................45 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of roads ............................................................................57 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................54 .....■ .........4.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................32 .....■ .......29.8 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................65 .....■ .........2.8 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................103 .....■ .........2.1 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................109 .....■ .........2.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................87 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................44 .....■ .........5.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................53 .....■ .......21.2

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................64 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................69 .....■ .......64.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................66 .....■ .........1.5 Internet users ...............................................................................61 .....■ .......21.1 Telephone lines ............................................................................85 .....■ .........7.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................61 .....■ .........4.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................49 .....■ .........3.3 Undue influence ...........................................................................48 .....■ .........3.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................44 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................54 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation ................................................86 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................68 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................78 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................67 .....■ .........5.1 Capital controls...........................................................................101 .....■ .........3.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................41 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................59 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................101 .....■ .........4.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Mozambique Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................21.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................799.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................9.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............465.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................114 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

254

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–12.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................2,700.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................404.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................98 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,300.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................819.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................101

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................40.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........97.4; 10.3 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............2.2 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination South Africa EU27 Others

Imports origin 17.8 6.1 76.1

South Africa EU27 India Others

100

31.8 23.5 4.3 40.4

5.4

■ Manufactures

80 60

68.4

■ Fuels and mining products

53.0

■ Agricultural products

40 14.7

20 24.8

15.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................94

3.5

Market access ...................................................................................................17

4.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................17

4.8

Border administration.......................................................................................90

3.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................87 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................92 Transparency of border administration...........................................................92

2.8 3.9 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................117

2.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................110 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................114 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................105

2.5 2.6 1.9

Business environment ....................................................................................107

3.6

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................100 Physical security ...............................................................................................101

3.3 3.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

6/19/09

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Mozambique The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................72 .....■ .........7.7 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................79 .....■ .........7.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................10 .....■ .........8.7 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................6 .....■ .........1.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................17 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................29 .....■ .........7.3 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................16 .....■ ............5 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................116 .....■ ............2 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................10 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................29 .....■ .......49.2

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................105 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index ..............................................................n/a ..................n/a

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................83 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import.............................................................................91 .....■ ..........32 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................82 .....■ .....1,475 Time for export .............................................................................89 .....■ ..........26 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................70 .....■ .....1,200

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................84 .....■ .........3.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................94 .....■ .........2.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

255 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................56 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................55 .....■ .......68.3 Paved roads..................................................................................90 .....■ .......18.7 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................103 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................78 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of roads ..........................................................................110 .....■ .........2.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................99 .....■ .........2.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................74 .....■ .........8.8 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................104 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................90 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................109 .....■ .........2.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................90 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency...............................................................98 .....■ .........3.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................95 .....■ .........4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................111 .....■ .......15.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users .............................................................................113 .....■ .........0.9 Telephone lines ..........................................................................117 .....■ .........0.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................105 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................97 .....■ .........2.4 Undue influence ...........................................................................83 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................77 .....■ .........3.3 Domestic competition ................................................................110 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................105 .....■ .........4.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................99 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................81 .....■ .........4.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................83 .....■ .........4.8 Capital controls...........................................................................119 .....■ .........2.8

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................106 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of crime and violence........................................104 .....■ .........3.4 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................82 .....■ .........5.2

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Namibia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

12

90

9

60

6

30

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.1 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................824.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................8.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,135.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................68 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

256

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................2.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................2,921.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................579.8 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................97 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,520.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................505.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................104

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................43.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........19.1; 7.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............6.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................13.1 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................7.7

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 South Africa Angola Canada Others

Imports origin 44.7 29.0 6.5 4.9 14.9

South Africa EU27 Others

100

78.1 10.4 11.5

■ Manufactures

33.2

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

74.9 33.3

■ Agricultural products

40 20

3.9

33.4 16.1

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................60

3.9

Market access ...................................................................................................33

4.6

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................33

4.6

Border administration.......................................................................................79

3.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................84 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................101 Transparency of border administration...........................................................45

2.9 3.4 4.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................75

3.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................25 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................115 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................95

4.7 2.6 2.2

Business environment ......................................................................................54

4.5

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................42 Physical security .................................................................................................70

4.3 4.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Namibia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................82 .....■ .........8.5 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................81 .....■ .........7.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................61 .....■ .......13.5 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................32 .....■ .......20.8 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................73 .....■ .........5.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................87 .....■ .......11.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................80 .....■ .........8.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................75 .....■ .........3.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................73 .....■ ........245 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................4 .....■ ..........93 Tariffs faced ................................................................................101 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................27 .....■ .......50.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................49 .....■ .........4.1 Customs services index ...............................................................94 .....■ .........3.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................96 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import.............................................................................74 .....■ ..........24 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................97 .....■ .....1,813 Time for export .............................................................................92 .....■ ..........29 Documents for export ................................................................114 .....■ ..........11 Cost to export ..............................................................................98 .....■ .....1,686

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................48 .....■ .........4.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................49 .....■ .........4.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

257 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................12 .....■ .........3.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................71 .....■ .......63.5 Paved roads................................................................................100 .....■ .......12.8 Road congestion.............................................................................6 .....■ ............4 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................45 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................24 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................23 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................22 .....■ .........5.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................66 .....■ .......11.1 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................109 .....■ .........2.1 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................116 .....■ .........1.8 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................117 .....■ .........1.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................73 .....■ .........3.0 Postal service efficiency...............................................................70 .....■ .........4.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................67 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................87 .....■ .......38.6 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................104 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users ...............................................................................99 .....■ .........4.9 Telephone lines ............................................................................87 .....■ .........6.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................25 .....■ .........5.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................39 .....■ .........3.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................33 .....■ .........4.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................38 .....■ .........4.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................92 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................104 .....■ .........4.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................120 .....■ .........2.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................55 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................65 .....■ .........5.1 Capital controls.............................................................................95 .....■ .........3.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................70 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................94 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................25 .....■ .........6.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Nepal Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

0.6

60

0.4

40

0.2

20

0.0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................28.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................147.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................12.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............459.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................115 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.7

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

-0.2 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

258

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................2.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ..............................................887.7 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................339.5 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................113 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................2,904.4 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................716.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................105

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2004 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................39.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........26.0; 12.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............4.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................9.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................2.7

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination India United States EU27 Others

Imports origin 52.4 29.1 9.6 9.0

India China EU27 Singapore Others

100

53.0 8.4 6.4 6.3 25.9

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

64.2

60

79.3

■ Agricultural products

40 21.0

20 20.7

14.7

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................110

3.2

Market access ...................................................................................................29

4.6

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................29

4.6

Border administration.....................................................................................113

2.6

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................119 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................105 Transparency of border administration.........................................................100

2.0 3.0 2.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................107

2.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................101 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................88 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................120

2.8 3.1 1.6

Business environment ....................................................................................117

3.2

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................104 Physical security ...............................................................................................121

3.2 3.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Nepal The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................106 .....■ .......12.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................108 .....■ .......12.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................70 .....■ .......15.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................39 .....■ .......24.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................55 .....■ .........6.3 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................51 .....■ .........9.6 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................65 .....■ .........3.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................57 .....■ .........0.6 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................61 .....■ ..........41 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................100 .....■ ..........16 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................15 .....■ .........4.9 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................1 .....■ .......94.6

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................104 .....■ .........2.8 Customs services index .............................................................110 .....■ .........2.4

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................119 .....■ .........1.8 Time for import.............................................................................95 .....■ ..........35 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................99 .....■ .....1,900 Time for export ...........................................................................106 .....■ ..........41 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ............................................................................102 .....■ .....1,764

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................103 .....■ .........2.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................91 .....■ .........2.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

259 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................51 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................56 .....■ .......56.9 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................104 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................105 .....■ .........1.3 Quality of roads ..........................................................................113 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................96 .....■ .........2.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................112 .....■ .........2.1 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................105 .....■ .........2.1 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................92 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................98 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency.............................................................112 .....■ .........3.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................46 .....■ .......27.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................118 .....■ .........3.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................113 .....■ .......11.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................95 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................109 .....■ .........1.4 Telephone lines ............................................................................98 .....■ .........2.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................101 .....■ .........3.3 Ethics and corruption .................................................................100 .....■ .........2.3 Undue influence ...........................................................................84 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................97 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................87 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................117 .....■ .........3.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................118 .....■ .........3.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................114 .....■ .........3.6 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................102 .....■ .........4.4 Capital controls...........................................................................109 .....■ .........3.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................98 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of crime and violence........................................109 .....■ .........3.2 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................119 .....■ .........3.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Netherlands Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

20

150

15

100

10

50

5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................16.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................41.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................868.9 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........52,019.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................9 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

260

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................4.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................551,679.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................94,211.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................7 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................493,303.5 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................83,769.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................8

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................76.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 75.3 5.0 19.7

EU27 China United States Others

100

56.5 8.6 7.9 27.0

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

65.8

65.1

60

■ Agricultural products

40 18.3

20

22.6

15.7

11.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................10

5.3

Market access ...................................................................................................87

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................87

3.8

Border administration.........................................................................................4

6.0

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................5 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................9 Transparency of border administration.............................................................7

5.9 5.9 6.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................2

5.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................14 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................2 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................10

5.1 5.9 5.9

Business environment ......................................................................................15

5.6

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................7 Physical security .................................................................................................31

5.7 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Netherlands The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................72 .....■ .......46.4 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................13 .....■ .........5.2 Customs services index .................................................................4 .....■ .......11.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................1 .....■ .........4.0 Time for import...............................................................................6 .....■ ............6 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................41 .....■ .....1,020 Time for export ...............................................................................4 .....■ ............6 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................41 .....■ ........895

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................12 .....■ .........6.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................7 .....■ .........8.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

261 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................91 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................8 .....■ .......92.6 Paved roads..................................................................................25 .....■ .......90.0 Road congestion...........................................................................70 .....■ ..........62 Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................9 .....■ .........6.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................13 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of roads ............................................................................25 .....■ .........5.3 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................3 .....■ .........6.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................5 .....■ .......87.6 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................1 .....■ .........4.1 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................1 .....■ .........4.3 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................4 .....■ .........4.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................5 .....■ .........4.4 Postal service efficiency.................................................................8 .....■ .........6.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................25 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................19 .....■ .....117.5 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................3 .....■ .......33.5 Internet users .................................................................................2 .....■ .......84.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................19 .....■ .......44.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................10 .....■ .........6.2 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................9 .....■ .........5.8 Undue influence .............................................................................4 .....■ .........6.1 Government inefficiency ..............................................................15 .....■ .........4.7 Domestic competition ....................................................................2 .....■ .........5.5 Openness to foreign participation ................................................15 .....■ .........5.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................46 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................26 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................11 .....■ .........5.9 Capital controls.............................................................................15 .....■ .........5.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................10 .....■ .........6.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................56 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................73 .....■ .........5.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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New Zealand Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

10.0

75

7.5

50

5.0

25

2.5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................4.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................267.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................128.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........30,049.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................27 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0.0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

262

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–8.9 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................26,930.9 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................9,160.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................55 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................30,890.4 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................8,940.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................53

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................74.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............9.9; 3.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................6.5

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Australia EU27 United States Japan China Others

Imports origin 21.9 13.7 11.5 9.2 5.3 38.2

Australia EU27 China United States Japan Others

100

20.6 16.8 13.3 9.8 9.4 30.1

■ Manufactures

27.7

80

9.0

60

■ Fuels and mining products

72.9

■ Agricultural products

40 59.5

20

17.0 9.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................11

5.3

Market access ...................................................................................................39

4.4

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................39

4.4

Border administration.........................................................................................5

6.0

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................8 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................20 Transparency of border administration.............................................................3

5.7 5.6 6.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................22

5.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................20 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................31 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................20

5.0 4.4 5.5

Business environment ......................................................................................11

5.7

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................9 Physical security .................................................................................................15

5.5 6.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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New Zealand The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................29 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................31 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................2 .....■ .........0.7 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................37 .....■ .......23.7 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................56 .....■ .........6.2 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................6 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................69 .....■ .........5.6 Specific tariffs...............................................................................52 .....■ .........0.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................28 .....■ ............9 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................18 .....■ ..........77 Tariffs faced ................................................................................115 .....■ .........6.1 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................115 .....■ .........6.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................8 .....■ .........5.6 Customs services index ...............................................................13 .....■ .......10.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................18 .....■ .........3.6 Time for import.............................................................................14 .....■ ............9 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................26 .....■ ........850 Time for export .............................................................................23 .....■ ..........10 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................36 .....■ ........868

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................5 .....■ .........6.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................1 .....■ .........9.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

263 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................5 .....■ .........6.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................31 .....■ .......73.7 Paved roads..................................................................................51 .....■ .......64.9 Road congestion...........................................................................52 .....■ ..........32 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................20 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................42 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of roads ............................................................................45 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................21 .....■ .........5.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................43 .....■ .......20.5 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................9 .....■ .........3.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................16 .....■ .........3.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................19 .....■ .........3.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................22 .....■ .........4.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................11 .....■ .........6.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................22 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................40 .....■ .....101.7 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................21 .....■ .......20.4 Internet users ...............................................................................13 .....■ .......70.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................25 .....■ .......41.8

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................15 .....■ .........6.0 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................7 .....■ .........5.8 Undue influence .............................................................................5 .....■ .........6.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................23 .....■ .........4.5 Domestic competition ....................................................................7 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................24 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................55 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................22 .....■ .........5.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................56 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................14 .....■ .........6.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................21 .....■ .........5.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................21 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................24 .....■ .........6.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Nicaragua Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

10.0

75

7.5

50

5.0

25

2.5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................5.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................130.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................6.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,025.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................99 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0.0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

264

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–23.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,224.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................332.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................110 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,593.3 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................524.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................102

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................52.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........41.7; 5.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............0.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................8.3 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States El Salvador EU27 Honduras Costa Rica Others

Imports origin 31.2 14.1 14.0 9.3 7.3 24.1

United States Mexico Costa Rica China Guatemala Others

100 9.7

23.0 13.1 8.6 7.9 6.1 41.2

■ Manufactures

3.0

80

■ Fuels and mining products

59.7

60

■ Agricultural products

81.2

40

22.7

20 16.3

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................77

3.7

Market access ...................................................................................................15

4.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................15

4.9

Border administration.......................................................................................83

3.4

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................92 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................70 Transparency of border administration...........................................................81

2.7 4.4 3.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................105

2.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................100 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................102 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................103

2.8 2.9 1.9

Business environment ......................................................................................79

4.0

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................106 Physical security .................................................................................................60

3.2 4.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Nicaragua The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................65 .....■ .........6.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................57 .....■ .........4.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................77 .....■ .......17.1 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................63 .....■ .......44.4 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................34 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................25 .....■ .........6.9 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................51 .....■ .........1.3 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................31 .....■ ..........12 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................60 .....■ ..........58 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................31 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in target markets .........................................7 .....■ .......76.2

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................62 .....■ .........3.7 Customs services index ...............................................................97 .....■ .........3.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................96 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import.............................................................................86 .....■ ..........29 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................77 .....■ .....1,420 Time for export .............................................................................92 .....■ ..........29 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................80 .....■ .....1,300

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................76 .....■ .........3.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................100 .....■ .........2.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

265 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................55 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................81 .....■ .......60.1 Paved roads................................................................................103 .....■ .......11.4 Road congestion...........................................................................22 .....■ ..........13 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................72 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................110 .....■ .........1.1 Quality of roads ..........................................................................102 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................117 .....■ .........2.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................73 .....■ .........8.9 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................108 .....■ .........2.2 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................83 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................103 .....■ .........2.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................110 .....■ .........2.5 Postal service efficiency...............................................................75 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................56 .....■ .......15.7

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................107 .....■ .........3.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................89 .....■ .......37.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................80 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users .............................................................................104 .....■ .........2.8 Telephone lines ............................................................................93 .....■ .........4.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................103 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption .................................................................105 .....■ .........2.1 Undue influence .........................................................................118 .....■ .........2.0 Government inefficiency ............................................................104 .....■ .........2.9 Domestic competition ................................................................106 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation ................................................41 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................5 .....■ .........5.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................76 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................80 .....■ .........4.8 Capital controls.............................................................................43 .....■ .........5.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................48 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................80 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................68 .....■ .........5.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Nigeria Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

12

90

9

60

6

30

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................151.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................923.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................214.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,450.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................91 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.3

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

266

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................4.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................66,050.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................5,788.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................41 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................29,500.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................13,902.2 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................51

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................68.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 .......118.3; 12.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............2.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................3.4 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................2.2

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 India Brazil Others

Imports origin 45.0 21.1 9.3 4.2 20.3

EU27 United States China India Others

100

37.1 15.7 13.8 4.8 28.5

0.8

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

72.3

60 97.1

■ Agricultural products

40 4.0

20 23.7 2.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................117

3.0

Market access .................................................................................................120

2.7

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................120

2.7

Border administration.....................................................................................100

3.0

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................107 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................96 Transparency of border administration...........................................................98

2.4 3.8 2.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................100

2.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................112 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................92 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................88

2.5 3.0 2.3

Business environment ....................................................................................106

3.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................74 Physical security ...............................................................................................113

3.7 3.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Nigeria The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................105 .....■ .......12.7 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................106 .....■ .......11.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................82 .....■ .......17.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................90 .....■ .......89.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................45 .....■ .........6.5 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................39 .....■ .........8.9 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................59 .....■ .........2.3 Specific tariffs...............................................................................40 .....■ .........0.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................16 .....■ ............5 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................112 .....■ ............5 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................45 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................83 .....■ .......10.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................112 .....■ .........2.7 Customs services index ...............................................................88 .....■ .........3.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................83 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import...........................................................................103 .....■ ..........42 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................70 .....■ .....1,306 Time for export .............................................................................87 .....■ ..........25 Documents for export ................................................................108 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export ..............................................................................67 .....■ .....1,179

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................99 .....■ .........3.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................91 .....■ .........2.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

267 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................115 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................32 .....■ .......73.6 Paved roads..................................................................................95 .....■ .......15.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................77 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................101 .....■ .........1.4 Quality of roads ..........................................................................105 .....■ .........2.3 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................108 .....■ .........2.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................48 .....■ .......18.3 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................85 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................86 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................90 .....■ .........2.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................100 .....■ .........2.7 Postal service efficiency.............................................................108 .....■ .........3.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................51 .....■ .......22.2

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................68 .....■ .........4.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................100 .....■ .......27.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users ...............................................................................92 .....■ .........6.8 Telephone lines ..........................................................................105 .....■ .........1.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................84 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption .................................................................111 .....■ .........2.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................72 .....■ .........3.2 Government inefficiency ..............................................................73 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition ..................................................................46 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................51 .....■ .........5.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................19 .....■ .........5.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................37 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................51 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls.............................................................................84 .....■ .........4.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................108 .....■ .........2.8 Business costs of crime and violence........................................112 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................106 .....■ .........4.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Norway Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................4.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................323.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................456.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........95,061.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................2 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

268

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................18.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................136,357.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................40,357.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................29 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................80,297.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................38,940.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................33

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................78.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................18 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........20.7; 8.1 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–6.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................38.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 80.8 6.2 13.0

EU27 China United States Canada Others

100 18.0

68.8 6.0 4.8 4.3 16.0

■ Manufactures

80

■ Agricultural products

72.6

40 20

14.3 8.4

5.5

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

76.7

60

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................7

5.3

Market access ...................................................................................................21

4.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................21

4.7

Border administration.......................................................................................18

5.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................35 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................6 Transparency of border administration...........................................................13

4.4 6.1 6.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................20

5.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................10 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................35 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................9

5.2 4.2 5.9

Business environment ........................................................................................5

6.0

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................10 Physical security ...................................................................................................2

5.5 6.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Norway The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................50 .....■ .........4.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................3 .....■ .........0.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................120 .....■ .......59.5 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................11 .....■ .........3.5 Complexity of tariffs ...................................................................118 .....■ .........2.8 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................118 .....■ .......46.7 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................77 .....■ .........7.5 Specific tariffs.............................................................................116 .....■ .......10.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................87 .....■ ........750 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................3 .....■ ..........98 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................50 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................54 .....■ .......32.8

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................12 .....■ .........5.3 Customs services index ...............................................................62 .....■ .........6.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................12 .....■ .........3.8 Time for import...............................................................................9 .....■ ............7 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ..............................................................................14 .....■ ........709 Time for export ...............................................................................8 .....■ ............7 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................29 .....■ ........780

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................8 .....■ .........6.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................13 .....■ .........7.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

269 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................1 .....■ .......10.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................66 .....■ .......64.4 Paved roads..................................................................................42 .....■ .......77.5 Road congestion...........................................................................43 .....■ ..........27 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................10 .....■ .........6.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................31 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................43 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................11 .....■ .........5.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................77 .....■ .........7.9 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................19 .....■ .........3.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................17 .....■ .........3.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................20 .....■ .........3.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................12 .....■ .........4.2 Postal service efficiency...............................................................22 .....■ .........6.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................8 .....■ .........6.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................29 .....■ .....110.5 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................5 .....■ .......30.6 Internet users .................................................................................1 .....■ .......85.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................23 .....■ .......42.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................9 .....■ .........6.2 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................6 .....■ .........5.9 Undue influence ...........................................................................10 .....■ .........5.8 Government inefficiency ..............................................................11 .....■ .........4.9 Domestic competition ..................................................................22 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................44 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................38 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................50 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................68 .....■ .........5.1 Capital controls.............................................................................49 .....■ .........5.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................9 .....■ .........6.3 Business costs of crime and violence............................................3 .....■ .........6.6 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................2 .....■ .........6.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Oman Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

120

6

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................309.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................52.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........18,987.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................35 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

270

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................6.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................24,692.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,162.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................60 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................16,024.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................4,996.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................66

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2000 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................58.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........13.8; 5.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................5.3 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination China Japan UAE Thailand Korea, Rep. Others

Imports origin 26.8 11.8 11.6 10.4 9.3 30.0

UAE EU27 Japan India United States Others

100

26.4 19.5 15.7 6.5 5.8 26.1

2.6

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

80.4

60

■ Agricultural products

95.5

40 20

8.8 10.3

1.9

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................34

4.5

Market access ...................................................................................................23

4.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................23

4.7

Border administration.......................................................................................49

4.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................62 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................74 Transparency of border administration...........................................................32

3.6 4.3 4.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................45

3.7

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................43 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................32 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................74

4.1 4.3 2.8

Business environment ......................................................................................19

5.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................21 Physical security .................................................................................................16

5.0 5.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Page 271

Oman The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................51 .....■ .........4.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................54 .....■ .........3.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................89 .....■ .......20.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................12 .....■ .........3.7 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................46 .....■ .........6.5 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................96 .....■ .......12.1 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................46 .....■ .........0.9 Specific tariffs...............................................................................61 .....■ .........0.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................48 .....■ ..........22 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................79 .....■ ..........35 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................51 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................55 .....■ .......32.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................22 .....■ .........4.9 Customs services index ...............................................................86 .....■ .........4.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................46 .....■ .........2.7 Time for import.............................................................................81 .....■ ..........26 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................43 .....■ .....1,037 Time for export .............................................................................77 .....■ ..........22 Documents for export ................................................................108 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export ..............................................................................32 .....■ ........821

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................28 .....■ .........5.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................33 .....■ .........5.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

271 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................30 .....■ .........1.2 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................42 .....■ .......71.0 Paved roads..................................................................................78 .....■ .......27.7 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................52 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ............................................................................21 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................27 .....■ .........5.1

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................29 .....■ .......30.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................77 .....■ .........2.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................64 .....■ .........2.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................59 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................24 .....■ .........4.0 Postal service efficiency...............................................................33 .....■ .........5.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................16 .....■ .......46.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................75 .....■ .........4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................45 .....■ .......96.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................76 .....■ .........0.8 Internet users ...............................................................................77 .....■ .......13.1 Telephone lines ............................................................................76 .....■ .......10.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................33 .....■ .........5.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................14 .....■ .........5.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................21 .....■ .........5.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................10 .....■ .........4.9 Domestic competition ..................................................................32 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................71 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................82 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................85 .....■ .........4.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................76 .....■ .........4.9 Capital controls.............................................................................62 .....■ .........4.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................25 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................16 .....■ .........6.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................42 .....■ .........6.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Pakistan Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................167.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................796.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................167.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,044.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................96 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

272

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–8.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................17,837.5 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................2,221.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................65 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................32,590.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................8,409.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................52

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................56 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................8 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........59.9; 14.1 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............9.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................2.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.9

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States UAE Afghanistan Others

Imports origin 26.8 21.6 11.9 4.7 35.0

EU27 China Saudi Arabia UAE United States Others

100

14.6 12.8 12.3 8.5 8.0 43.8

■ Manufactures

80 54.8

60

■ Fuels and mining products

80.1

■ Agricultural products

40 29.3

20

6.7 13.0

0

Source: WTO

13.9

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................100

3.4

Market access .................................................................................................111

3.3

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................111

3.3

Border administration.......................................................................................63

3.8

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................56 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................57 Transparency of border administration...........................................................80

3.7 4.8 3.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................80

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................56 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................80 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................98

3.8 3.2 2.1

Business environment ....................................................................................102

3.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................76 Physical security ...............................................................................................112

3.6 3.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Pakistan The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................95 .....■ .......11.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................100 .....■ .......11.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................79 .....■ .......17.4 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................43 .....■ .......30.9 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................48 .....■ .........6.5 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................56 .....■ .......10.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................47 .....■ .........1.1 Specific tariffs...............................................................................56 .....■ .........0.6 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................62 .....■ ..........58 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................113 .....■ ............4 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................91 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................82 .....■ .......10.6

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................76 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index ...............................................................48 .....■ .........7.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................64 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import.............................................................................46 .....■ ..........18 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................12 .....■ ........680 Time for export .............................................................................82 .....■ ..........24 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ................................................................................5 .....■ ........611

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................75 .....■ .........3.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................100 .....■ .........2.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

273 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................107 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................45 .....■ .......70.3 Paved roads..................................................................................52 .....■ .......64.7 Road congestion...........................................................................12 .....■ ............8 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................76 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................51 .....■ .........3.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................63 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................70 .....■ .........3.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................39 .....■ .......24.6 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................66 .....■ .........2.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................61 .....■ .........2.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................72 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................81 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................76 .....■ .........4.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................77 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................88 .....■ .......38.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................97 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users ...............................................................................82 .....■ .......10.7 Telephone lines ............................................................................96 .....■ .........2.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................83 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................71 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................87 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................87 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition ..................................................................79 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................53 .....■ .........5.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................53 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................66 .....■ .........5.1 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................25 .....■ .........5.7 Capital controls.............................................................................63 .....■ .........4.8

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................95 .....■ .........3.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................99 .....■ .........3.7 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................118 .....■ .........3.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Panama Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

100

20

75

15

50

10

25

5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................75.5 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................23.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............6,784.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................57 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................9.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

274

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–12.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,163.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................4,853.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................83 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................6,872.1 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,050.3 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................84

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1997 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................65.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........23.5; 7.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007..........–0.7 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................10.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 China Costa Rica Others

Imports origin 35.7 34.0 5.6 5.1 19.6

100 10.3

United States 30.8 Netherlands Antilles 7.1 EU27 7.1 China 5.2 Japan 4.8 Others 45.0

■ Manufactures

4.3

80

■ Fuels and mining products

67.9

60

■ Agricultural products

80.6

40

19.2

20

10.9

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................53

4.1

Market access ...................................................................................................54

4.1

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................54

4.1

Border administration.......................................................................................50

4.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................73 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................12 Transparency of border administration...........................................................63

3.3 5.8 3.5

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................44

3.7

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................27 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................70 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................57

4.7 3.3 3.3

Business environment ......................................................................................71

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................60 Physical security .................................................................................................79

3.9 4.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Panama The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................55 .....■ .........5.3 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................58 .....■ .........4.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................75 .....■ .......16.7 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................41 .....■ .........6.6 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................36 .....■ .........8.0 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................57 .....■ .........1.7 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................60 .....■ ..........36 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................85 .....■ ..........32 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................90 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................66 .....■ .......24.8

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................44 .....■ .........4.3 Customs services index ...............................................................83 .....■ .........4.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................48 .....■ .........2.7 Time for import.............................................................................14 .....■ ............9 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ..............................................................................30 .....■ ........879 Time for export .............................................................................18 .....■ ............9 Documents for export ....................................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to export ..............................................................................17 .....■ ........729

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................63 .....■ .........4.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................67 .....■ .........3.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

275 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................4 .....■ .........6.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................39 .....■ .......71.8 Paved roads..................................................................................69 .....■ .......34.6 Road congestion...........................................................................43 .....■ ..........27 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................27 .....■ .........5.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................62 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of roads ............................................................................52 .....■ .........3.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................14 .....■ .........5.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................28 .....■ .......30.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................59 .....■ .........2.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................58 .....■ .........2.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................48 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................48 .....■ .........3.4 Postal service efficiency...............................................................97 .....■ .........3.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................51 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................48 .....■ .......90.0 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................50 .....■ .........4.3 Internet users ...............................................................................59 .....■ .......22.3 Telephone lines ............................................................................67 .....■ .......14.8

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................42 .....■ .........4.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................79 .....■ .........2.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................97 .....■ .........2.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................71 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition ..................................................................51 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation ................................................33 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................107 .....■ .........4.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................20 .....■ .........5.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................17 .....■ .........5.8 Capital controls.............................................................................19 .....■ .........5.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................88 .....■ .........3.4 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................73 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................61 .....■ .........5.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Paraguay Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................6.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................406.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................16.0 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............2,601.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................81 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.8

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

276

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–1.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................2,785.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................774.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................96 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................7,220.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................441.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................87

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................69.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........33.4; 10.4 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............6.7 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination

Imports origin

100 13.8

Brazil Argentina Uruguay EU27 Chile Others

20.0 19.8 9.5 8.4 7.4 34.9

Brazil China Argentina EU27 United States Others

0.9

29.0 27.8 14.4 5.5 5.0 18.3

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

60 72.7

■ Agricultural products

85.4

40 20

10.4 6.3

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................105

3.4

Market access ...................................................................................................31

4.6

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................31

4.6

Border administration.......................................................................................93

3.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................86 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................95 Transparency of border administration.........................................................102

2.9 3.8 2.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................103

2.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................104 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................113 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................87

2.7 2.6 2.3

Business environment ....................................................................................115

3.2

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................115 Physical security ...............................................................................................110

2.9 3.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Paraguay The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................67 .....■ .........6.5 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................72 .....■ .........6.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................40 .....■ .........9.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................41 .....■ .......27.9 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................14 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................10 .....■ .........5.9 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................48 .....■ ..........22 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................50 .....■ ..........65 Tariffs faced ................................................................................100 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................31 .....■ .......48.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................68 .....■ .........3.6 Customs services index ...............................................................83 .....■ .........4.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................89 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import.............................................................................93 .....■ ..........33 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................59 .....■ .....1,200 Time for export ...........................................................................101 .....■ ..........35 Documents for export ..................................................................98 .....■ ............9 Cost to export ..............................................................................43 .....■ ........915

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................94 .....■ .........3.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................103 .....■ .........2.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

277 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................88 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................95 .....■ .......48.2 Paved roads..................................................................................59 .....■ .......50.8 Road congestion...........................................................................25 .....■ ..........15 Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................121 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure.................................................112 .....■ .........1.0 Quality of roads ..........................................................................117 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................61 .....■ .........3.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................96 .....■ .........0.7 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................102 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................67 .....■ .........2.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................64 .....■ .........2.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................62 .....■ .........3.2 Postal service efficiency.............................................................119 .....■ .........2.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................112 .....■ .........3.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................62 .....■ .......76.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................74 .....■ .........0.8 Internet users ...............................................................................87 .....■ .........8.7 Telephone lines ............................................................................88 .....■ .........6.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................117 .....■ .........2.8 Ethics and corruption .................................................................121 .....■ .........1.5 Undue influence .........................................................................121 .....■ .........1.6 Government inefficiency ............................................................115 .....■ .........2.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................83 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................74 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................20 .....■ .........5.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................105 .....■ .........4.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................108 .....■ .........4.1 Capital controls.............................................................................54 .....■ .........5.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................120 .....■ .........1.9 Business costs of crime and violence........................................110 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................57 .....■ .........5.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Peru Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................28.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,285.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................127.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,452.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................67 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................9.8

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

278

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–3.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................27,881.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,209.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................58 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................20,493.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................4,132.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................63

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................65.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........30.1; 10.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–0.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................1.3 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 China Switzerland Japan Others

Imports origin 19.4 18.0 10.9 8.4 7.8 35.5

United States China EU27 Brazil Ecuador Others

100

17.7 12.1 11.6 9.2 7.4 42.1

80

■ Manufactures

12.0

■ Agricultural products

57.4

40

19.9

20 15.0

12.2

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

66.4

60

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................65

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................25

4.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................25

4.7

Border administration.......................................................................................59

3.9

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................79 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................61 Transparency of border administration...........................................................49

3.1 4.7 4.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................89

2.9

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................90 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................90 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................75

3.0 3.1 2.7

Business environment ......................................................................................95

3.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................79 Physical security ...............................................................................................103

3.6 3.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Peru The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................34 .....■ .........2.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................40 .....■ .........2.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................9 .....■ .........7.7 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................46 .....■ .......32.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................16 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................13 .....■ .........6.3 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................27 .....■ .........0.2 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................90 .....■ ..........28 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................32 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................34 .....■ .......46.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................85 .....■ .........3.3 Customs services index ...............................................................68 .....■ .........5.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................48 .....■ .........2.7 Time for import.............................................................................77 .....■ ..........25 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................33 .....■ ........895 Time for export .............................................................................82 .....■ ..........24 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................38 .....■ ........875

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................36 .....■ .........4.8 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................57 .....■ .........3.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

279 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................62 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................41 .....■ .......71.2 Paved roads..................................................................................97 .....■ .......14.4 Road congestion...........................................................................27 .....■ ..........16 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................86 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................85 .....■ .........1.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................89 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................115 .....■ .........2.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................54 .....■ .......17.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................55 .....■ .........2.9 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................58 .....■ .........2.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................63 .....■ .........2.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................73 .....■ .........3.0 Postal service efficiency.............................................................100 .....■ .........3.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................82 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................78 .....■ .......55.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................62 .....■ .........2.0 Internet users ...............................................................................49 .....■ .......27.4 Telephone lines ............................................................................78 .....■ .........9.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................96 .....■ .........3.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................77 .....■ .........2.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................94 .....■ .........2.8 Government inefficiency ..............................................................93 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................69 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to foreign participation ................................................16 .....■ .........5.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................18 .....■ .........5.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................19 .....■ .........5.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................26 .....■ .........5.6 Capital controls.............................................................................25 .....■ .........5.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................111 .....■ .........2.6 Business costs of crime and violence........................................102 .....■ .........3.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................90 .....■ .........5.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Philippines Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

4

90

3

60

2

30

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................89.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................300.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................168.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,866.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................86 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WDI; UNCTAD

280

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................2.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................50,466.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................8,448.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................49 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................57,995.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................7,245.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................44

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................59.2 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................5 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........25.6; 6.3 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............1.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.....................................13.6 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................8.7

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Japan Hong Kong SAR China Others

Imports origin 17.0 17.0 14.5 11.5 11.4 28.6

United States Japan Singapore EU27 China Others

100

14.0 12.4 11.1 9.6 7.3 45.7

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

72.1

60

86.3

■ Agricultural products

40 20

20.0 7.3 6.3

0

Source: WTO

7.4

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................82

3.6

Market access ...................................................................................................56

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................56

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................68

3.7

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................54 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................48 Transparency of border administration.........................................................115

3.8 4.9 2.5

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................77

3.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................92 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................47 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................86

3.0 3.9 2.4

Business environment ....................................................................................100

3.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................98 Physical security .................................................................................................97

3.3 3.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Philippines The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................46 .....■ .........4.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................55 .....■ .........3.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................57 .....■ .......12.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................86 .....■ .......64.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................64 .....■ .........5.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................17 .....■ .........6.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................84 .....■ .........9.3 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................67 .....■ ..........52 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................29 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................64 .....■ .......26.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................95 .....■ .........2.9 Customs services index ...............................................................31 .....■ .........8.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................51 .....■ .........2.6 Time for import.............................................................................40 .....■ ..........16 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................22 .....■ ........819 Time for export .............................................................................43 .....■ ..........16 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................31 .....■ ........816

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................116 .....■ .........2.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................104 .....■ .........2.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

281 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................75 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................80 .....■ .......60.4 Paved roads................................................................................108 .....■ .........9.9 Road congestion...........................................................................24 .....■ ..........14 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................81 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................81 .....■ .........1.8 Quality of roads ............................................................................84 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................90 .....■ .........3.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................31 .....■ .......30.3 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................64 .....■ .........2.8 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................65 .....■ .........2.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................65 .....■ .........2.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................67 .....■ .........3.1 Postal service efficiency.............................................................111 .....■ .........3.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................5 .....■ .......54.1

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................45 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................76 .....■ .......58.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................78 .....■ .........0.6 Internet users ...............................................................................94 .....■ .........6.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................91 .....■ .........4.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................86 .....■ .........3.7 Ethics and corruption .................................................................107 .....■ .........2.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................93 .....■ .........2.8 Government inefficiency ..............................................................99 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition ................................................................101 .....■ .........3.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................92 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................106 .....■ .........4.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................91 .....■ .........4.6 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................88 .....■ .........4.6 Capital controls.............................................................................67 .....■ .........4.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................87 .....■ .........3.5 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................83 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................113 .....■ .........4.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Poland Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................38.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................312.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................525.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........13,798.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................43 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.8

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

282

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–5.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................140,416.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................28,694.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................30 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................166,142.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................23,696.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................23

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................77.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation Others

Imports origin 78.8 4.6 16.6

EU27 Russian Federation China Others

100

64.1 8.7 7.2 20.0

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

75.4

80.8

■ Agricultural products

40 20

13.9

8.4 10.7

0

Source: WTO

7.9

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................57

4.0

Market access ...................................................................................................77

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................77

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................45

4.4

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................55 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................36 Transparency of border administration...........................................................43

3.7 5.2 4.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................46

3.7

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................83 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................49 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................39

3.2 3.9 4.1

Business environment ......................................................................................80

4.0

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................88 Physical security .................................................................................................82

3.5 4.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Poland The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................62 .....■ .......43.7 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................59 .....■ .........3.8 Customs services index ...............................................................55 .....■ .........6.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................38 .....■ .........2.9 Time for import.............................................................................83 .....■ ..........27 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................31 .....■ ........884 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................40 .....■ ........884

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................41 .....■ .........4.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................46 .....■ .........4.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

283 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................96 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................72 .....■ .......63.4 Paved roads..................................................................................46 .....■ .......69.7 Road congestion...........................................................................55 .....■ ..........35 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................93 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................59 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of roads ..........................................................................115 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................107 .....■ .........2.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................71 .....■ .........9.3 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................53 .....■ .........2.9 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................38 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................40 .....■ .........3.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................40 .....■ .........3.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................87 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................66 .....■ .........4.7 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................34 .....■ .....108.7 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................36 .....■ .........9.0 Internet users ...............................................................................35 .....■ .......44.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................45 .....■ .......27.1

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................81 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................81 .....■ .........2.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................77 .....■ .........3.1 Government inefficiency ............................................................110 .....■ .........2.7 Domestic competition ..................................................................70 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to foreign participation ................................................78 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................104 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................70 .....■ .........5.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................90 .....■ .........4.6 Capital controls.............................................................................59 .....■ .........4.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................76 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................85 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................75 .....■ .........5.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Portugal Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................10.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................92.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................244.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........22,997.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................31 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

284

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–12.0 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................51,521.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................22,905.5 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................40 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................78,328.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................13,685.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................38

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................73.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Angola Others

Imports origin 72.0 4.5 4.5 19.0

EU27 Others

100

72.3 27.7

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

67.4

60

77.2

■ Agricultural products

40 17.4

20

8.0 11.0

0

Source: WTO

14.0

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................30

4.6

Market access ...................................................................................................63

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................63

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................35

4.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................59 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................31 Transparency of border administration...........................................................29

3.7 5.3 4.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................26

4.7

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................28 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................24 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................29

4.6 4.7 4.9

Business environment ......................................................................................25

5.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................36 Physical security .................................................................................................17

4.6 5.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Portugal The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................52 .....■ .......36.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................29 .....■ .........4.7 Customs services index ...............................................................74 .....■ .........4.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................26 .....■ .........3.2 Time for import.............................................................................40 .....■ ..........16 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................39 .....■ ........999 Time for export .............................................................................43 .....■ ..........16 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................12 .....■ ........685

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................31 .....■ .........5.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................28 .....■ .........6.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

285 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................22 .....■ .........1.5 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................22 .....■ .......78.0 Paved roads..................................................................................31 .....■ .......86.0 Road congestion...........................................................................75 .....■ ..........67 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................38 .....■ .........5.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................25 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................14 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................37 .....■ .........4.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................24 .....■ .......35.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................32 .....■ .........3.2 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................34 .....■ .........3.2 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................30 .....■ .........3.4 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................21 .....■ .........4.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................27 .....■ .........6.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................37 .....■ .........5.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................12 .....■ .....126.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................29 .....■ .......14.4 Internet users ...............................................................................38 .....■ .......40.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................29 .....■ .......39.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................28 .....■ .........5.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................34 .....■ .........4.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................27 .....■ .........4.6 Government inefficiency ..............................................................59 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................42 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................35 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................9 .....■ .........5.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................64 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................29 .....■ .........5.6 Capital controls.............................................................................65 .....■ .........4.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................31 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................17 .....■ .........6.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................16 .....■ .........6.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Qatar Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................0.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................11.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................102.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........93,204.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................3 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................16.4

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WDI; UNCTAD

286

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................35.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................42,019.5 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,488.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................53 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................22,005.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................5,680.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................62

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1996 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................45.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........16.0; 4.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................3.3 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Japan Korea, Rep. Singapore India Thailand Others

Imports origin 40.6 17.5 11.3 6.4 4.6 19.7

EU27 United States Japan UAE Korea, Rep. Others

100

33.9 11.4 10.0 7.0 6.1 31.7

6.8

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

87.2

93.1

■ Agricultural products

40 20 0.1

0

Source: WTO

Exports

5.5

3.3

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................35

4.5

Market access .................................................................................................102

3.6

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................102

3.6

Border administration.......................................................................................34

4.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................69 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................43 Transparency of border administration...........................................................20

3.4 5.1 5.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................42

4.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................47 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................60 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................34

4.1 3.5 4.5

Business environment ......................................................................................12

5.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................17 Physical security ...................................................................................................8

5.2 6.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Qatar The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................52 .....■ .........4.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................52 .....■ .........3.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................90 .....■ .......20.7 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................47 .....■ .........6.5 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................99 .....■ .......12.6 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................38 .....■ .........0.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................65 .....■ .........1.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................48 .....■ ..........22 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................99 .....■ ..........17 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................93 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................117 .....■ .........4.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................50 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index ...............................................................71 .....■ .........5.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................63 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import.............................................................................54 .....■ ..........20 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ................................................................................8 .....■ ........657 Time for export .............................................................................70 .....■ ..........21 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................23 .....■ ........735

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................18 .....■ .........5.8 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................25 .....■ .........6.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

287 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................13 .....■ .........2.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................96 .....■ .......45.9 Paved roads..................................................................................25 .....■ .......90.0 Road congestion...........................................................................88 .....■ ........231 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................19 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of roads ............................................................................41 .....■ .........4.3 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................46 .....■ .........4.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................92 .....■ .........3.2 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................45 .....■ .........3.0 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................37 .....■ .........3.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................37 .....■ .........3.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................42 .....■ .........5.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................38 .....■ .........5.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................3 .....■ .....150.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................40 .....■ .........8.4 Internet users ...............................................................................37 .....■ .......41.8 Telephone lines ............................................................................42 .....■ .......28.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................23 .....■ .........5.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................10 .....■ .........5.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................14 .....■ .........5.3 Government inefficiency ................................................................8 .....■ .........5.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................31 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................43 .....■ .........5.2 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................15 .....■ .........5.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................90 .....■ .........4.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................64 .....■ .........5.2 Capital controls.............................................................................37 .....■ .........5.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................14 .....■ .........6.1 Business costs of crime and violence............................................4 .....■ .........6.5 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................46 .....■ .........5.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Romania Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................21.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................238.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................199.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............9,291.7 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................50 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

288

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–12.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................40,559.3 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................9,455.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................52 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................70,553.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................8,757.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................39

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................84.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Turkey Others

Imports origin 72.0 7.0 21.0

EU27 Russian Federation Turkey Others

100

71.2 6.3 5.4 17.1

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

78.7

81.1

■ Agricultural products

40 20

13.8

12.8 5.9

0

Source: WTO

7.3

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................54

4.0

Market access ...................................................................................................72

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................72

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................44

4.4

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................42 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................45 Transparency of border administration...........................................................54

4.2 5.1 3.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................51

3.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................84 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................41 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................46

3.2 4.1 3.6

Business environment ......................................................................................65

4.3

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................85 Physical security .................................................................................................53

3.6 5.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 © 2009 World Economic Forum

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Page 289

Romania The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................57 .....■ .......39.9 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................51 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index ...............................................................35 .....■ .........7.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................55 .....■ .........2.6 Time for import.............................................................................30 .....■ ..........13 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................57 .....■ .....1,175 Time for export .............................................................................27 .....■ ..........12 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................77 .....■ .....1,275

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................49 .....■ .........4.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................55 .....■ .........3.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

289 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................57 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................68 .....■ .......63.9 Paved roads..................................................................................74 .....■ .......30.2 Road congestion...........................................................................35 .....■ ..........20 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................88 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................57 .....■ .........2.7 Quality of roads ..........................................................................114 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................92 .....■ .........3.1

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................36 .....■ .......26.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................34 .....■ .........3.2 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................51 .....■ .........2.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................54 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................65 .....■ .........3.2 Postal service efficiency...............................................................54 .....■ .........4.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................86 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................35 .....■ .....106.7 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................34 .....■ .........9.1 Internet users ...............................................................................57 .....■ .......24.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................57 .....■ .......19.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................71 .....■ .........4.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................83 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................92 .....■ .........2.9 Government inefficiency ..............................................................90 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................61 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................70 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................59 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................80 .....■ .........4.9 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................81 .....■ .........4.8 Capital controls.............................................................................68 .....■ .........4.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................64 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................61 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................48 .....■ .........5.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Russian Federation Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................141.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers).................17,098.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................1,676.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........11,807.0 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................44 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

290

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................6.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................354,403.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................39,119.4 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................13 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................223,486.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................57,810.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................17

WTO accession year............................................................................Observer Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................71.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................7 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ............—; 11.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............5.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................10.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Belarus Ukraine China Others

Imports origin 47.6 4.9 4.5 4.3 38.7

EU27 China Ukraine Japan United States Others

100 19.4

43.6 12.2 6.7 6.4 4.7 26.5

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Agricultural products

72.5

40 20

3.7 12.0

6.6

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

83.1

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................109

3.3

Market access .................................................................................................113

3.2

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................113

3.2

Border administration.....................................................................................106

2.8

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................74 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................107 Transparency of border administration.........................................................109

3.2 2.7 2.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................56

3.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................64 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................68 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................50

3.6 3.4 3.4

Business environment ......................................................................................96

3.7

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................109 Physical security .................................................................................................88

3.1 4.3 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Russian Federation The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................114 .....■ .......14.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................109 .....■ .......12.7 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................106 .....■ .......26.2 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................44 .....■ .......31.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................90 .....■ .........3.3 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................104 .....■ .......15.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................64 .....■ .........3.3 Specific tariffs.............................................................................118 .....■ .......16.9 Number of distinct tariffs ...........................................................119 .....■ .....1,859 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................83 .....■ ..........33 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................43 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................50 .....■ .......37.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................110 .....■ .........2.7 Customs services index ...............................................................55 .....■ .........6.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................115 .....■ .........1.9 Time for import.............................................................................99 .....■ ..........36 Documents for import ................................................................117 .....■ ..........13 Cost to import ............................................................................102 .....■ .....2,150 Time for export ...........................................................................103 .....■ ..........36 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ............................................................................111 .....■ .....2,150

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................105 .....■ .........2.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................107 .....■ .........2.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

291 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................50 .....■ .........0.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................58 .....■ .......67.0 Paved roads..................................................................................47 .....■ .......67.4 Road congestion...........................................................................65 .....■ ..........48 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................80 .....■ .........4.2 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................32 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of roads ............................................................................94 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................68 .....■ .........3.7

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................60 .....■ .......15.3 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................86 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................76 .....■ .........2.5 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................106 .....■ .........2.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................79 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................41 .....■ .........5.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................96 .....■ .........4.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................24 .....■ .....114.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................57 .....■ .........2.8 Internet users ...............................................................................62 .....■ .......21.1 Telephone lines ............................................................................36 .....■ .......31.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................107 .....■ .........3.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................95 .....■ .........2.4 Undue influence ...........................................................................91 .....■ .........2.9 Government inefficiency ............................................................103 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................89 .....■ .........4.0 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................119 .....■ .........3.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................116 .....■ .........3.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................115 .....■ .........3.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................116 .....■ .........3.5 Capital controls...........................................................................113 .....■ .........3.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................93 .....■ .........3.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................72 .....■ .........4.5 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................88 .....■ .........5.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Saudi Arabia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

120

8

90

6

60

4

30

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................25.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................2,000.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................481.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........19,345.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................34 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

292

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................28.9 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................234,950.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................7,901.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................18 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................90,216.9 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................30,798.4 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................32

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2005 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................45.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........11.7; 5.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.6 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................1.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Japan Taiwan, China United States EU27 Others

Imports origin 26.8 23.6 17.5 7.1 25.1

EU27 United States China Japan Korea, Rep. Others

100

31.9 13.6 9.7 8.7 4.5 31.6

10.6

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Agricultural products

88.2

40 20

4.8 13.8

1.0

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

80.1

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................42

4.4

Market access ...................................................................................................40

4.4

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................40

4.4

Border administration.......................................................................................38

4.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................31 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................25 Transparency of border administration...........................................................51

4.5 5.4 3.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................47

3.7

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................55 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................52 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................53

3.9 3.8 3.4

Business environment ......................................................................................42

4.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................31 Physical security .................................................................................................68

4.7 4.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Saudi Arabia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................58 .....■ .........5.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................50 .....■ .........3.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................83 .....■ .......17.7 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................13 .....■ .........4.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................43 .....■ .........6.5 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................53 .....■ .......10.2 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................31 .....■ .........0.3 Specific tariffs...............................................................................67 .....■ .........1.4 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................48 .....■ ..........22 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................92 .....■ ..........26 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................42 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................77 .....■ .......14.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................39 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index ...............................................................35 .....■ .........7.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................45 .....■ .........2.7 Time for import.............................................................................46 .....■ ..........18 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................11 .....■ ........678 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................10 .....■ ........681

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................37 .....■ .........4.8 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................62 .....■ .........3.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

293 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................33 .....■ .........1.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................17 .....■ .......79.6 Paved roads..................................................................................76 .....■ .......29.9 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................42 .....■ .........5.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................55 .....■ .........2.8 Quality of roads ............................................................................34 .....■ .........4.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................40 .....■ .........4.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................18 .....■ .......47.4 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................52 .....■ .........2.9 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................50 .....■ .........2.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................43 .....■ .........3.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................39 .....■ .........3.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................61 .....■ .........4.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................41 .....■ .........5.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................23 .....■ .....114.7 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................59 .....■ .........2.5 Internet users ...............................................................................55 .....■ .......25.8 Telephone lines ............................................................................64 .....■ .......16.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................37 .....■ .........5.1 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................22 .....■ .........4.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................25 .....■ .........4.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................22 .....■ .........4.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................23 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................89 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................56 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................104 .....■ .........4.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................84 .....■ .........4.8 Capital controls.............................................................................81 .....■ .........4.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................39 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................60 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................103 .....■ .........4.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Senegal Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................12.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................196.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................13.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,066.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................95 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

294

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ........................................–12.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,670.7 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................824.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................99 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................4,452.1 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................931.1 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................95

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................57.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........30.0; 11.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.0 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Mali India Gambia, The Others

Imports origin 25.7 24.0 6.7 5.4 38.2

EU27 Nigeria China Thailand Others

100

46.6 8.4 5.7 5.3 33.9

■ Manufactures

40.4

80

32.9

■ Fuels and mining products

60 21.3

40 20

■ Agricultural products

30.6

36.2

29.0

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................83

3.6

Market access .................................................................................................109

3.4

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................109

3.4

Border administration.......................................................................................76

3.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................82 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................58 Transparency of border administration...........................................................93

3.0 4.7 2.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................81

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................72 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................72 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................89

3.5 3.3 2.3

Business environment ......................................................................................52

4.5

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................87 Physical security .................................................................................................30

3.6 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Senegal The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................90 .....■ .........9.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................91 .....■ .........9.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................54 .....■ .......11.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................94 .....■ .......99.5 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................9 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................20 .....■ .........6.8 Domestic tariff peaks .....................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs ...............................................................4 .....■ ............4 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................109 .....■ ............7 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................34 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................48 .....■ .......38.6

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................71 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index ...............................................................82 .....■ .........4.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................68 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import.............................................................................46 .....■ ..........18 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ............................................................................100 .....■ .....1,920 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................59 .....■ .....1,078

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................107 .....■ .........2.8 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................67 .....■ .........3.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

295 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................80 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................61 .....■ .......66.7 Paved roads..................................................................................77 .....■ .......29.3 Road congestion...........................................................................13 .....■ ............9 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................54 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................88 .....■ .........1.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................70 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................66 .....■ .........3.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................51 .....■ .......17.6 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................112 .....■ .........2.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................58 .....■ .........2.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................95 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................106 .....■ .........2.6 Postal service efficiency...............................................................66 .....■ .........4.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................44 .....■ .......31.2

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................18 .....■ .........5.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................98 .....■ .......29.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................83 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users ...............................................................................93 .....■ .........6.6 Telephone lines ............................................................................99 .....■ .........2.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................65 .....■ .........4.1 Ethics and corruption .................................................................101 .....■ .........2.3 Undue influence .........................................................................105 .....■ .........2.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................89 .....■ .........3.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................55 .....■ .........4.4 Openness to foreign participation ................................................57 .....■ .........5.0 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................27 .....■ .........5.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................49 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................59 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................88 .....■ .........4.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................33 .....■ .........5.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................45 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................27 .....■ .........6.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Singapore Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

500

25

400

20

300

15

200

10

100

5

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................4.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)..........................0.7 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................181.9 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........38,972.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................21 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

296

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................14.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................299,298.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................69,711.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................15 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................263,155.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................72,213.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................14

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................64.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................14 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........12.1; 0.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Malaysia EU27 Hong Kong SAR Indonesia China Others

Imports origin 12.9 10.8 10.5 9.8 9.7 46.3

Malaysia United States EU27 China Japan Others

100

13.1 12.4 12.4 12.1 8.2 41.8

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

71.5

60

75.9

■ Agricultural products

40 20 22.2

15.5

3.2

2.0

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................1

6.0

Market access .....................................................................................................2

5.6

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................2

5.6

Border administration.........................................................................................1

6.5

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................1 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................1 Transparency of border administration.............................................................4

6.4 6.5 6.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................3

5.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................12 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................1 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................11

5.1 6.0 5.8

Business environment ........................................................................................3

6.1

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................1 Physical security ...................................................................................................9

6.1 6.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Singapore The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................2 .....■ .........0.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................4 .....■ .........1.2 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................38 .....■ .......23.8 Complexity of tariffs .......................................................................4 .....■ .........6.9 Variance of tariffs ...........................................................................4 .....■ .........1.6 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................24 .....■ .........0.1 Specific tariffs...............................................................................39 .....■ .........0.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................24 .....■ ............7 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................2 .....■ ........100 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................13 .....■ .........4.9 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................78 .....■ .......13.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................1 .....■ .........6.5 Customs services index .................................................................8 .....■ .......11.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................3 .....■ .........3.9 Time for import...............................................................................1 .....■ ............3 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ................................................................................1 .....■ ........439 Time for export ...............................................................................1 .....■ ............5 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ................................................................................2 .....■ ........456

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................2 .....■ .........6.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................4 .....■ .........9.2

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

297 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................78 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................12 .....■ .......87.7 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................86 .....■ ........183 Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................1 .....■ .........6.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................10 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of roads ..............................................................................3 .....■ .........6.6 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................1 .....■ .........6.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................3 .....■ .......94.5 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................2 .....■ .........4.0 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................2 .....■ .........4.2 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................1 .....■ .........4.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................1 .....■ .........4.5 Postal service efficiency.................................................................7 .....■ .........6.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................41 .....■ .......35.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................12 .....■ .........6.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................8 .....■ .....133.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................22 .....■ .......20.2 Internet users ...............................................................................16 .....■ .......68.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................24 .....■ .......42.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................4 .....■ .........6.4 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................1 .....■ .........6.5 Undue influence .............................................................................9 .....■ .........5.8 Government inefficiency ................................................................1 .....■ .........6.1 Domestic competition ....................................................................1 .....■ .........5.7 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................1 .....■ .........6.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................4 .....■ .........5.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................3 .....■ .........6.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................2 .....■ .........6.6 Capital controls...............................................................................6 .....■ .........6.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................5 .....■ .........6.5 Business costs of crime and violence............................................7 .....■ .........6.4 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................67 .....■ .........5.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Slovak Republic Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

20

150

15

100

10

50

5

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................5.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................49.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................95.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........17,630.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................36 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.4

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

298

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–6.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................58,324.5 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................7,021.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................46 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................60,411.9 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................6,448.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................43

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................81.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Others

Imports origin 86.7 13.3

EU27 Russian Federation China Korea, Rep. Others

100

61.1 9.4 5.2 5.0 19.3

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

79.2

86.9

■ Agricultural products

40 20 7.5

13.8 6.4

4.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................46

4.3

Market access ...................................................................................................93

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................93

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................40

4.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................22 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................80 Transparency of border administration...........................................................44

5.2 4.3 4.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................33

4.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................41 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................28 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................37

4.1 4.6 4.3

Business environment ......................................................................................51

4.6

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................52 Physical security .................................................................................................47

4.0 5.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Slovak Republic The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................77 .....■ .......49.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................25 .....■ .........4.8 Customs services index ...............................................................16 .....■ .........9.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................54 .....■ .........2.6 Time for import.............................................................................77 .....■ ..........25 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................81 .....■ .....1,445 Time for export .............................................................................87 .....■ ..........25 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................87 .....■ .....1,445

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................53 .....■ .........4.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................41 .....■ .........5.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

299 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................41 .....■ .........0.9 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................29 .....■ .......87.3 Road congestion...........................................................................52 .....■ ..........32 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................99 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................29 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................74 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................51 .....■ .........4.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................38 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................39 .....■ .........3.0 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................53 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................59 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................36 .....■ .........5.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................11 .....■ .......47.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................35 .....■ .........5.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................27 .....■ .....112.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................37 .....■ .........8.8 Internet users ...............................................................................22 .....■ .......56.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................53 .....■ .......21.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................54 .....■ .........4.5 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................84 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................88 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................83 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition ..................................................................34 .....■ .........4.8 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................6 .....■ .........5.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................33 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................4 .....■ .........6.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................5 .....■ .........6.2 Capital controls.............................................................................18 .....■ .........5.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................90 .....■ .........3.4 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................38 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................6 .....■ .........6.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Slovenia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

8

150

6

100

4

50

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................2.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................20.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................54.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........27,148.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................30 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

300

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–5.9 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................30,137.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................5,642.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................56 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................31,624.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................4,186.3 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................56

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................93.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Croatia Others

Imports origin 70.7 8.0 21.3

EU27 Others

100

78.9 21.1

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

74.7 87.0

■ Agricultural products

40 20

15.3 7.0

0

Source: WTO

9.7

5.8

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................31

4.6

Market access ...................................................................................................82

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................82

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................26

5.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................12 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................59 Transparency of border administration...........................................................23

5.5 4.7 5.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................31

4.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................34 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................33 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................28

4.4 4.3 5.0

Business environment ......................................................................................35

4.9

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................44 Physical security .................................................................................................25

4.2 5.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Slovenia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................69 .....■ .......45.8 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................15 .....■ .........5.1 Customs services index ...............................................................13 .....■ .......10.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................40 .....■ .........2.8 Time for import.............................................................................59 .....■ ..........21 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................52 .....■ .....1,130 Time for export .............................................................................63 .....■ ..........20 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................58 .....■ .....1,075

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................22 .....■ .........5.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................23 .....■ .........6.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

301 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................37 .....■ .........1.0 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................81 .....■ .......60.1 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................43 .....■ ..........27 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................58 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................41 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................38 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................34 .....■ .........4.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................57 .....■ .......15.7 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................35 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................36 .....■ .........3.1 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................50 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................33 .....■ .........3.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................19 .....■ .........6.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................55 .....■ .........4.9 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................44 .....■ .......96.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................27 .....■ .......17.2 Internet users ...............................................................................28 .....■ .......53.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................22 .....■ .......42.8

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................47 .....■ .........4.7 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................38 .....■ .........3.7 Undue influence ...........................................................................49 .....■ .........3.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................45 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................56 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................81 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................62 .....■ .........4.7 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................99 .....■ .........4.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................103 .....■ .........4.3 Capital controls.............................................................................50 .....■ .........5.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................49 .....■ .........4.6 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................18 .....■ .........5.9 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................20 .....■ .........6.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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South Africa Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................48.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................1,219.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................277.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............5,693.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................59 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................3.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

302

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–7.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................69,784.1 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................13,241.7 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................37 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................88,449.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................16,208.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................35

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................61.1 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........19.1; 7.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............6.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................13.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................7.7

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Japan China Others

Imports origin 33.0 11.8 11.0 6.5 37.7

EU27 China United States Japan Saudi Arabia Others

100

33.7 10.7 7.7 6.6 4.5 36.8

■ Manufactures

80 54.6

■ Fuels and mining products

70.5

60

■ Agricultural products

40 36.6

20

21.9 8.0

0

Source: WTO

6.0

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................61

3.9

Market access ...................................................................................................92

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................92

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................54

4.1

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................38 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................94 Transparency of border administration...........................................................42

4.3 3.8 4.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................50

3.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................44 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................44 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................72

4.1 3.9 2.8

Business environment ......................................................................................76

4.1

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................35 Physical security ...............................................................................................105

4.6 3.7 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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South Africa The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................64 .....■ .........6.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................66 .....■ .........5.7 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................56 .....■ .......11.9 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................84 .....■ .......58.6 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................74 .....■ .........5.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................94 .....■ .......11.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................82 .....■ .........8.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................75 .....■ .........3.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................73 .....■ ........245 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................17 .....■ ..........77 Tariffs faced ................................................................................102 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................69 .....■ .......23.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................54 .....■ .........4.0 Customs services index ...............................................................31 .....■ .........8.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................27 .....■ .........3.2 Time for import.............................................................................95 .....■ ..........35 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................92 .....■ .....1,721 Time for export .............................................................................95 .....■ ..........30 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................87 .....■ .....1,445

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................47 .....■ .........4.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................43 .....■ .........4.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

303 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................79 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................21 .....■ .......78.1 Paved roads..................................................................................94 .....■ .......17.3 Road congestion...........................................................................27 .....■ ..........16 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................22 .....■ .........5.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................36 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of roads ............................................................................37 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................44 .....■ .........4.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................33 .....■ .......28.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................22 .....■ .........3.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................25 .....■ .........3.5 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................18 .....■ .........3.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................31 .....■ .........3.8 Postal service efficiency.............................................................103 .....■ .........3.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................65 .....■ .........6.3

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................30 .....■ .........5.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................53 .....■ .......87.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................75 .....■ .........0.8 Internet users ...............................................................................88 .....■ .........8.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................79 .....■ .........9.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................19 .....■ .........5.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................42 .....■ .........3.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................37 .....■ .........4.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................29 .....■ .........4.3 Domestic competition ..................................................................21 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................93 .....■ .........4.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................111 .....■ .........3.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................52 .....■ .........5.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................70 .....■ .........5.0 Capital controls...........................................................................100 .....■ .........3.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................97 .....■ .........3.1 Business costs of crime and violence........................................121 .....■ .........1.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................30 .....■ .........6.2

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Spain Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................44.6 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................505.4 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................1,611.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........35,331.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................23 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

304

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–9.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................253,389.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .....................................128,340.2 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................14 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................389,667.5 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................98,430.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................9

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009...........................83 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 70.0 4.0 26.0

EU27 China Others

100

60.0 6.5 33.5

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

69.9 75.6

60

■ Agricultural products

40 20

8.3

19.6

14.9

10.0

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................27

4.7

Market access ...................................................................................................75

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................75

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................28

5.1

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................26 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................41 Transparency of border administration...........................................................27

5.1 5.1 5.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................18

5.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................15 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................15 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................26

5.1 5.1 5.2

Business environment ......................................................................................38

4.8

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................40 Physical security .................................................................................................45

4.4 5.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Spain The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................61 .....■ .......42.8 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................38 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index ...............................................................15 .....■ .........9.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................30 .....■ .........3.2 Time for import.............................................................................18 .....■ ..........10 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................49 .....■ .....1,121 Time for export .............................................................................18 .....■ ............9 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................63 .....■ .....1,121

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................34 .....■ .........5.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................25 .....■ .........6.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

305 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................42 .....■ .........0.9 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................6 .....■ .......93.7 Paved roads..................................................................................19 .....■ .......99.0 Road congestion...........................................................................55 .....■ ..........35 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................31 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................19 .....■ .........4.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................28 .....■ .........5.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................29 .....■ .........5.0

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................11 .....■ .......67.7 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................23 .....■ .........3.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................24 .....■ .........3.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................22 .....■ .........3.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................29 .....■ .........3.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................35 .....■ .........5.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................52 .....■ .........5.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................33 .....■ .....109.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................26 .....■ .......18.2 Internet users ...............................................................................29 .....■ .......52.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................17 .....■ .......45.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................36 .....■ .........5.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................32 .....■ .........4.1 Undue influence ...........................................................................47 .....■ .........3.9 Government inefficiency ..............................................................48 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................43 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................54 .....■ .........5.1 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................35 .....■ .........5.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................57 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................69 .....■ .........5.1 Capital controls.............................................................................64 .....■ .........4.8

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................24 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................53 .....■ .........5.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................96 .....■ .........4.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Sri Lanka Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................19.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................65.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................39.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,971.8 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................85 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

306

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–9.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................7,740.1 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,691.2 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................76 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................11,300.1 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,568.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................75

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................57.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................6 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........30.3; 11.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............1.1 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................5.4 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 India Others

Imports origin 32.2 31.0 9.1 27.7

India EU27 Singapore Hong Kong SAR China Others

100

17.3 15.6 8.9 7.8 7.6 42.8

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

60.7 68.2

60

■ Agricultural products

40 2.1

25.6

20 26.5

13.4

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................78

3.7

Market access ...................................................................................................64

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................64

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................67

3.7

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................71 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................55 Transparency of border administration...........................................................75

3.3 4.8 3.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................69

3.3

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................38 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................81 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................84

4.3 3.2 2.4

Business environment ......................................................................................90

3.8

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................50 Physical security ...............................................................................................109

4.0 3.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Sri Lanka The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................78 .....■ .........8.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................73 .....■ .........6.6 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................108 .....■ .......28.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................31 .....■ .......20.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................59 .....■ .........6.2 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................103 .....■ .......15.2 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................41 .....■ .........0.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................69 .....■ .........1.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................65 .....■ ........114 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................104 .....■ ..........10 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................86 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................46 .....■ .......39.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................64 .....■ .........3.7 Customs services index ...............................................................68 .....■ .........5.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................78 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import.............................................................................54 .....■ ..........20 Documents for import ..................................................................30 .....■ ............6 Cost to import ..............................................................................33 .....■ ........895 Time for export .............................................................................70 .....■ ..........21 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................35 .....■ ........865

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................83 .....■ .........3.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................72 .....■ .........3.2

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

307 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................121 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................17 .....■ .......79.6 Paved roads..................................................................................36 .....■ .......81.0 Road congestion...........................................................................13 .....■ ............9 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................60 .....■ .........4.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................44 .....■ .........3.2 Quality of roads ............................................................................58 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................39 .....■ .........4.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................19 .....■ .......46.1 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................101 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................77 .....■ .........2.5 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................71 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................100 .....■ .........2.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................81 .....■ .........3.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................42 .....■ .........5.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................83 .....■ .......41.4 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................81 .....■ .........0.3 Internet users .............................................................................101 .....■ .........4.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................69 .....■ .......14.2

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................56 .....■ .........4.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................61 .....■ .........3.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................50 .....■ .........3.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................57 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................44 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................64 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................93 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................63 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................24 .....■ .........5.7 Capital controls.............................................................................79 .....■ .........4.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................83 .....■ .........3.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................84 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................120 .....■ .........3.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Sweden Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

25

80

20

60

15

40

10

20

5

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................9.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................450.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................484.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........52,789.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................8 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ................................–0.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

308

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................8.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................169,257.5 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................63,053.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................21 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................151,542.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................47,812.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................21

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................74.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Norway United States Others

Imports origin 60.8 9.4 7.6 22.2

EU27 Norway Others

100

71.7 8.5 19.7

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

75.0

60

82.2

■ Agricultural products

40 20 0

Source: WTO

15.7

9.4 7.8

9.1

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................5

5.4

Market access ...................................................................................................88

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................88

3.8

Border administration.........................................................................................2

6.4

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................2 Efficiency of import-export procedures ............................................................4 Transparency of border administration.............................................................1

6.4 6.2 6.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................4

5.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................6 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................11 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................2

5.3 5.3 6.2

Business environment ........................................................................................7

5.9

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................4 Physical security .................................................................................................13

5.8 6.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Sweden The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................73 .....■ .......46.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................2 .....■ .........6.0 Customs services index .................................................................2 .....■ .......11.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................5 .....■ .........3.9 Time for import...............................................................................6 .....■ ............6 Documents for import ....................................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to import ..............................................................................15 .....■ ........735 Time for export .............................................................................13 .....■ ............8 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................13 .....■ ........697

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................1 .....■ .........6.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................1 .....■ .........9.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

309 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ................................................................................7 .....■ .........4.5 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................51 .....■ .......68.9 Paved roads..................................................................................73 .....■ .......31.5 Road congestion...........................................................................19 .....■ ..........11 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................15 .....■ .........6.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................11 .....■ .........5.5 Quality of roads ............................................................................18 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................12 .....■ .........5.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................30 .....■ .......30.3 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................5 .....■ .........3.9 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................6 .....■ .........4.1 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................3 .....■ .........4.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................4 .....■ .........4.4 Postal service efficiency.................................................................5 .....■ .........6.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................3 .....■ .........6.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................26 .....■ .....113.7 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................2 .....■ .......36.0 Internet users .................................................................................4 .....■ .......80.0 Telephone lines ..............................................................................4 .....■ .......60.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................7 .....■ .........6.3 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................4 .....■ .........6.1 Undue influence .............................................................................3 .....■ .........6.2 Government inefficiency ................................................................7 .....■ .........5.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................12 .....■ .........5.2 Openness to foreign participation ..................................................7 .....■ .........5.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................50 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................6 .....■ .........6.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................8 .....■ .........6.1 Capital controls...............................................................................2 .....■ .........6.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................11 .....■ .........6.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................22 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................34 .....■ .........6.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Switzerland Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

120

10

100

8

80

6

60

4

40

2

20

0

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................7.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................41.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................492.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........67,384.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................4 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

-2 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

310

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................9.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................172,078.1 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................64,946.8 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................20 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................161,180.2 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................33,209.4 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................22

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................77.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................18 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............9.3; 7.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–1.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................31.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.4

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 62.0 9.7 28.3

EU27 United States Others

100

79.4 5.8 14.8

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

82.0 90.4

■ Agricultural products

40 20 5.9

0

Source: WTO

10.9 6.4

3.5

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index................................................................................3

5.4

Market access ...................................................................................................38

4.5

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................38

4.5

Border administration.......................................................................................10

5.8

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................9 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................26 Transparency of border administration.............................................................6

5.7 5.4 6.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ..............................................9

5.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................18 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................12 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................1

5.0 5.2 6.3

Business environment ........................................................................................6

6.0

Regulatory environment .......................................................................................5 Physical security ...................................................................................................6

5.8 6.2 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Switzerland The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................31 .....■ .........2.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................4 .....■ .........0.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................105 .....■ .......25.7 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................26 .....■ .......13.2 Complexity of tariffs ...................................................................120 .....■ .........2.1 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................117 .....■ .......42.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................79 .....■ .........8.1 Specific tariffs.............................................................................120 .....■ .......81.6 Number of distinct tariffs ...........................................................120 .....■ .....6,591 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................5 .....■ ..........91 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................55 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................63 .....■ .......26.6

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................19 .....■ .........5.0 Customs services index .................................................................8 .....■ .......11.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance......................................5 .....■ .........3.9 Time for import.............................................................................14 .....■ ............9 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................84 .....■ .....1,505 Time for export .............................................................................13 .....■ ............8 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................92 .....■ .....1,537

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ....................................6 .....■ .........6.3 Corruption Perceptions Index.........................................................5 .....■ .........9.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

311 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................46 .....■ .........0.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................88 .....■ .......56.2 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................69 .....■ ..........59 Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................6 .....■ .........6.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................1 .....■ .........6.8 Quality of roads ..............................................................................2 .....■ .........6.7 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................16 .....■ .........5.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................94 .....■ .........3.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................14 .....■ .........3.7 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................8 .....■ .........4.0 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................9 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination ...........................2 .....■ .........4.5 Postal service efficiency.................................................................1 .....■ .........6.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ..................................9 .....■ .......49.4

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................4 .....■ .........6.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................32 .....■ .....109.7 Broadband Internet subscribers .....................................................4 .....■ .......31.8 Internet users .................................................................................7 .....■ .......77.0 Telephone lines ..............................................................................1 .....■ .......65.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights................................................................................1 .....■ .........6.5 Ethics and corruption .....................................................................5 .....■ .........5.9 Undue influence .............................................................................6 .....■ .........5.9 Government inefficiency ................................................................5 .....■ .........5.2 Domestic competition ....................................................................9 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................10 .....■ .........5.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................17 .....■ .........5.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................30 .....■ .........5.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................21 .....■ .........5.7 Capital controls.............................................................................10 .....■ .........6.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................3 .....■ .........6.5 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................13 .....■ .........6.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................31 .....■ .........6.2

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Syria Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................20.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................185.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................54.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............2,756.6 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................79 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................5.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

312

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–4.0 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................11,545.7 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................3,562.9 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................70 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................14,655.1 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,963.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................69

WTO accession year .......................................Non-member and non-observer Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................54.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............—; n/a Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods)......................n/a Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent) ................................................n/a Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent) .........................................n/a

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Saudi Arabia Iraq Turkey Jordan Others

Imports origin 43.5 10.6 5.6 5.2 4.6 30.4

EU27 Russian Federation China Ukraine Saudi Arabia Others

100

25.4 9.8 8.0 5.8 5.7 45.2

80

■ Manufactures

32.0

■ Fuels and mining products

52.1

60 40

■ Agricultural products

41.5 30.2

20 19.5

15.8

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................108

3.3

Market access .................................................................................................121

2.3

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................121

2.3

Border administration.......................................................................................91

3.2

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................94 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................81 Transparency of border administration.........................................................107

2.6 4.2 2.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................88

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................74 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................96 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................83

3.4 3.0 2.4

Business environment ......................................................................................37

4.8

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................66 Physical security .................................................................................................19

3.8 5.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Syria The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................121 .....■ .......22.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................121 .....■ .......22.7 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................100 .....■ .......24.3 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs ....................................................................n/a ..................n/a Variance of tariffs.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Domestic tariff peaks ..................................................................n/a ..................n/a Specific tariffs..............................................................................n/a ..................n/a Number of distinct tariffs ............................................................n/a ..................n/a Share of duty-free imports .........................................................118 .....■ ............0 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................98 .....■ .........5.7 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................32 .....■ .......47.1

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................89 .....■ .........3.2 Customs services index ...............................................................87 .....■ .........3.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................94 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import.............................................................................59 .....■ ..........21 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ..............................................................................87 .....■ .....1,625 Time for export .............................................................................42 .....■ ..........15 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ..............................................................................69 .....■ .....1,190

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................98 .....■ .........3.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................107 .....■ .........2.1

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

313 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................101 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................56 .....■ .......67.5 Paved roads..................................................................................86 .....■ .......20.1 Road congestion.............................................................................9 .....■ ............7 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................82 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................47 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................60 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................87 .....■ .........3.2

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................63 .....■ .......12.7 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................115 .....■ .........2.0 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................118 .....■ .........1.8 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................109 .....■ .........2.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................102 .....■ .........2.7 Postal service efficiency...............................................................37 .....■ .........5.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................80 .....■ .........4.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................96 .....■ .......31.3 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................96 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users ...............................................................................68 .....■ .......17.4 Telephone lines ............................................................................61 .....■ .......17.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................39 .....■ .........5.0 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................59 .....■ .........3.1 Undue influence ...........................................................................64 .....■ .........3.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................69 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition ..................................................................68 .....■ .........4.2 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................115 .....■ .........3.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................102 .....■ .........4.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................116 .....■ .........3.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................99 .....■ .........4.4 Capital controls...........................................................................105 .....■ .........3.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................59 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of crime and violence............................................1 .....■ .........6.7 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................9 .....■ .........6.5

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Taiwan, China Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

160

4

120

3

80

2

40

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................22.7 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................36.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................392.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........17,040.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................38 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

314

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ............................................6.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................246,676.9 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................31,015.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................17 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................219,251.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................34,265.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................18

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2002 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009 .........................n/a Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................0 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............6.6; 6.3 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008..........–5.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................35.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................2.6

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination China Hong Kong SAR United States EU27 Japan Others

Imports origin 25.3 15.4 13.0 10.9 6.5 28.8

Japan China United States EU27 Korea, Rep. Others

100

20.9 12.8 12.2 9.1 6.9 38.1

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

65.2

60 89.3

■ Agricultural products

40 20

28.4 8.3

0

Source: WTO

1.9

Exports

4.9

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................25

4.7

Market access ...................................................................................................99

3.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................99

3.7

Border administration.......................................................................................27

5.1

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................23 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................27 Transparency of border administration...........................................................30

5.2 5.3 4.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................19

5.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................26 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................22 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................7

4.7 4.7 6.0

Business environment ......................................................................................30

5.0

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................34 Physical security .................................................................................................37

4.6 5.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Taiwan, China The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................56 .....■ .........5.4 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................56 .....■ .........4.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................93 .....■ .......21.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................36 .....■ .......23.0 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................71 .....■ .........5.2 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................105 .....■ .......16.7 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................78 .....■ .........7.9 Specific tariffs...............................................................................70 .....■ .........1.8 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................72 .....■ ........244 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................49 .....■ ..........66 Tariffs faced ................................................................................118 .....■ .........6.2 Margin of preference in target markets .....................................121 .....■ .........0.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................14 .....■ .........5.2 Customs services index ...............................................................25 .....■ .........8.9

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................25 .....■ .........3.3 Time for import.............................................................................25 .....■ ..........12 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................18 .....■ ........769 Time for export .............................................................................29 .....■ ..........13 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................26 .....■ ........757

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................25 .....■ .........5.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................31 .....■ .........5.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

315 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................47 .....■ .........0.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................14 .....■ .......84.3 Paved roads .................................................................................n/a ..................n/a Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................29 .....■ .........5.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure.....................................................9 .....■ .........5.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................20 .....■ .........5.6 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................17 .....■ .........5.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................14 .....■ .......62.6 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................16 .....■ .........3.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................23 .....■ .........3.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................24 .....■ .........3.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................14 .....■ .........4.2 Postal service efficiency...............................................................15 .....■ .........6.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................9 .....■ .........6.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................36 .....■ .....106.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................19 .....■ .......20.9 Internet users ...............................................................................19 .....■ .......64.4 Telephone lines ..............................................................................3 .....■ .......62.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................27 .....■ .........5.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................37 .....■ .........3.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................39 .....■ .........4.2 Government inefficiency ..............................................................28 .....■ .........4.3 Domestic competition ..................................................................19 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................65 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................95 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................56 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................57 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................70 .....■ .........4.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................36 .....■ .........5.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................31 .....■ .........5.6 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................51 .....■ .........5.8

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Tajikistan Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

250

15

200

12

150

9

100

6

50

3

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................6.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................142.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................5.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............795.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................106 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WDI; UNCTAD

316

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–8.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,468.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................116.5 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................109 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................2,455.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................589.9 Total imports (rank out of 121) ....................................................................108

WTO accession year............................................................................Observer Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................39.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 ..............—; 7.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2006 ............0.7 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2006.......................................7.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2006 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2006

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Norway Russian Federation Turkey United States Italy Others

Imports origin 15.1 14.2 13.4 7.0 5.8 44.5

Russian Federation China Kazakhstan Azerbaijan Iran, Islamic Rep. Others

100

25.5 20.6 10.6 8.8 8.7 25.7

80

■ Manufactures

11.3

■ Fuels and mining products

48.9

60

■ Agricultural products

59.3

40

35.8

20 14.4

10.4

0

Source: ITC

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................114

3.1

Market access .................................................................................................104

3.6

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................104

3.6

Border administration.....................................................................................118

2.4

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................104 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................119 Transparency of border administration...........................................................83

2.4 1.7 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................116

2.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................118 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................110 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................92

2.2 2.7 2.2

Business environment ......................................................................................70

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................80 Physical security .................................................................................................62

3.6 4.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Tajikistan The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................57 .....■ .........5.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................62 .....■ .........5.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................50 .....■ .......10.5 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................61 .....■ .........6.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................46 .....■ .........9.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................55 .....■ .........1.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................71 .....■ .........1.9 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................70 .....■ ........208 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................96 .....■ ..........19 Tariffs faced ................................................................................108 .....■ .........5.9 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................60 .....■ .......28.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................97 .....■ .........2.9 Customs services index ...............................................................91 .....■ .........3.6

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................117 .....■ .........1.9 Time for import...........................................................................119 .....■ ..........83 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ............................................................................119 .....■ .....4,550 Time for export ...........................................................................119 .....■ ..........82 Documents for export ................................................................108 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export ............................................................................119 .....■ .....3,150

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................68 .....■ .........3.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................111 .....■ .........2.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

317 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................77 .....■ .........0.4 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads .................................................................................n/a ..................n/a Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................102 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................40 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of roads ............................................................................93 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................120 .....■ .........1.6

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................115 .....■ .........2.0 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................115 .....■ .........1.9 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................120 .....■ .........1.7 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................120 .....■ .........2.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................78 .....■ .........4.0 GATS commitments in the transport sector ...............................n/a ..................n/a

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................109 .....■ .........3.8 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................92 .....■ .......34.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users ...............................................................................90 .....■ .........7.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................90 .....■ .........5.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................87 .....■ .........3.7 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................47 .....■ .........3.4 Undue influence ...........................................................................65 .....■ .........3.3 Government inefficiency ..............................................................75 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition ................................................................113 .....■ .........3.5 Openness to foreign participation ................................................96 .....■ .........4.4 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................51 .....■ .........4.9 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................102 .....■ .........4.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................100 .....■ .........4.4 Capital controls.............................................................................85 .....■ .........4.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................65 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................54 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................78 .....■ .........5.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Tanzania Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................41.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................947.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................20.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............521.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................111 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

318

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–9.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................2,226.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,674.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................94 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................5,281.4 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,423.8 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................90

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................53.5 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................4 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .......120.0; 12.7 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.4 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................3.4 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.5

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Switzerland EU27 South Africa China Kenya Others

Imports origin 20.5 19.7 9.5 7.3 5.8 37.2

EU27 UAE South Africa India China Others

100

17.7 13.2 10.1 8.7 7.0 43.4

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

55.4

21.2

60 13.1

■ Agricultural products

40 31.2

43.9

20

12.5

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................92

3.5

Market access ...................................................................................................41

4.3

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................41

4.3

Border administration.......................................................................................92

3.2

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................113 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................73 Transparency of border administration...........................................................90

2.2 4.3 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................119

2.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................115 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................121 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................104

2.4 2.4 1.9

Business environment ......................................................................................67

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................73 Physical security .................................................................................................61

3.7 4.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Tanzania The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................77 .....■ .........8.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................76 .....■ .........7.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................99 .....■ .......23.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................93 .....■ .......94.7 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................40 .....■ .........6.6 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................93 .....■ .......11.7 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................43 .....■ .........0.9 Specific tariffs...............................................................................46 .....■ .........0.2 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................44 .....■ ..........19 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................53 .....■ ..........61 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................5 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................39 .....■ .......42.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................113 .....■ .........2.7 Customs services index ...............................................................94 .....■ .........3.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................105 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import.............................................................................90 .....■ ..........31 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................82 .....■ .....1,475 Time for export .............................................................................82 .....■ ..........24 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................76 .....■ .....1,262

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................91 .....■ .........3.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................80 .....■ .........3.0

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

319 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................89 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................63 .....■ .......65.6 Paved roads................................................................................111 .....■ .........8.6 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................101 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................75 .....■ .........1.9 Quality of roads ............................................................................99 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................101 .....■ .........2.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................69 .....■ .......10.5 Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................114 .....■ .........2.1 Competence of the logistics industry ........................................113 .....■ .........1.9 Ability and ease of tracking ........................................................106 .....■ .........2.2 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................116 .....■ .........2.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................85 .....■ .........3.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................102 .....■ .........4.0 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................107 .....■ .......20.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ..................................................n/a ..................n/a Internet users .............................................................................111 .....■ .........1.0 Telephone lines ..........................................................................116 .....■ .........0.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................92 .....■ .........3.5 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................65 .....■ .........2.9 Undue influence ...........................................................................58 .....■ .........3.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................61 .....■ .........3.6 Domestic competition ..................................................................97 .....■ .........3.9 Openness to foreign participation ................................................72 .....■ .........4.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................109 .....■ .........4.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................61 .....■ .........5.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................35 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls.............................................................................78 .....■ .........4.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................60 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................77 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................55 .....■ .........5.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Thailand Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

8

150

6

100

4

50

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................64.3 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................513.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................273.2 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............4,115.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................69 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.6

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

320

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–0.1 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................152,097.7 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................30,124.2 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................27 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................139,965.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................38,172.7 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................26

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................47.4 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................7 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 .........28.1; 10.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2006 ............1.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2006.....................................38.7 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2006 .............................10.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Japan China Singapore Others

Imports origin 14.0 12.6 11.8 9.7 6.2 45.7

Japan China EU27 United States Malaysia Others

100

20.9 11.8 8.4 6.7 6.0 46.2

■ Manufactures

80 76.1

60

■ Fuels and mining products

64.7

■ Agricultural products

40 20

6.3

22.0

16.3

5.5

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................50

4.2

Market access ...................................................................................................98

3.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................98

3.7

Border administration.......................................................................................41

4.5

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................43 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................11 Transparency of border administration...........................................................67

4.2 5.8 3.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................40

4.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................33 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................27 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................59

4.4 4.6 3.2

Business environment ......................................................................................59

4.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................48 Physical security .................................................................................................64

4.1 4.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Thailand The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................69 .....■ .........7.6 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................75 .....■ .........6.7 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................111 .....■ .......29.4 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................40 .....■ .......26.9 Complexity of tariffs ...................................................................119 .....■ .........2.2 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................97 .....■ .......12.1 Domestic tariff peaks .................................................................119 .....■ .......14.3 Specific tariffs.............................................................................119 .....■ .......22.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................91 .....■ .....1,264 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................77 .....■ ..........36 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................17 .....■ .........5.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................67 .....■ .......24.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................48 .....■ .........4.1 Customs services index ...............................................................38 .....■ .........7.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................32 .....■ .........3.0 Time for import.............................................................................30 .....■ ..........13 Documents for import ....................................................................2 .....■ ............3 Cost to import ..............................................................................20 .....■ ........795 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ................................................................................7 .....■ ........625

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................72 .....■ .........3.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................62 .....■ .........3.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

321 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................74 .....■ .........0.5 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................37 .....■ .......72.9 Paved roads..................................................................................21 .....■ .......98.5 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................25 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................46 .....■ .........3.1 Quality of roads ............................................................................30 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................43 .....■ .........4.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................22 .....■ .......36.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................31 .....■ .........3.2 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................29 .....■ .........3.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................36 .....■ .........3.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................28 .....■ .........3.9 Postal service efficiency...............................................................46 .....■ .........5.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................17 .....■ .......41.2

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................56 .....■ .........4.9 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................14 .....■ .....123.8 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................69 .....■ .........1.4 Internet users ...............................................................................63 .....■ .......21.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................74 .....■ .......11.0

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................57 .....■ .........4.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................55 .....■ .........3.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................46 .....■ .........3.9 Government inefficiency ..............................................................40 .....■ .........3.9 Domestic competition ..................................................................47 .....■ .........4.5 Openness to foreign participation ................................................87 .....■ .........4.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................91 .....■ .........4.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................82 .....■ .........4.8 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................61 .....■ .........5.3 Capital controls.............................................................................94 .....■ .........3.9

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................61 .....■ .........4.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................44 .....■ .........5.2 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................95 .....■ .........4.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Tunisia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

15

120

12

90

9

60

6

30

3

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................10.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................163.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................40.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............3,907.2 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................72 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

322

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–4.5 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................15,028.8 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................4,757.1 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................66 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................18,980.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................2,662.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................64

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................58.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................6 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 .........57.9; 26.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2006........–11.7 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2006.....................................28.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2006 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Libya Others

Imports origin 79.3 4.6 16.1

EU27 Russian Federation Others

100

64.9 4.3 30.8

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

71.2

70.4

60

■ Agricultural products

40 20

17.7

0

Source: WTO

16.3 12.1

10.1

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................41

4.4

Market access ...................................................................................................70

3.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................70

3.9

Border administration.......................................................................................32

4.7

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................30 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................39 Transparency of border administration...........................................................37

4.5 5.2 4.3

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................59

3.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................39 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................74 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................67

4.2 3.2 2.9

Business environment ......................................................................................21

5.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................18 Physical security .................................................................................................22

5.0 5.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Tunisia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................119 .....■ .......16.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................119 .....■ .......15.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................119 .....■ .......56.1 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................25 .....■ .......12.6 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................66 .....■ .........5.7 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................114 .....■ .......26.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................70 .....■ .........5.8 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................39 .....■ ..........16 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................93 .....■ ..........24 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................44 .....■ .........5.4 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................21 .....■ .......53.8

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................36 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index ..............................................................n/a ..................n/a

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................39 .....■ .........2.8 Time for import.............................................................................67 .....■ ..........23 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ..............................................................................28 .....■ ........858 Time for export .............................................................................46 .....■ ..........17 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ..............................................................................21 .....■ ........733

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................35 .....■ .........5.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................50 .....■ .........4.4

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

323 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................48 .....■ .........0.8 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................76 .....■ .......61.6 Paved roads..................................................................................48 .....■ .......65.8 Road congestion...........................................................................66 .....■ ..........49 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................26 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................22 .....■ .........4.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................36 .....■ .........4.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................33 .....■ .........4.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................82 .....■ .........7.0 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................57 .....■ .........2.9 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................81 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................57 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................95 .....■ .........2.8 Postal service efficiency...............................................................29 .....■ .........5.9 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................32 .....■ .........5.4 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................64 .....■ .......75.9 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................72 .....■ .........1.1 Internet users ...............................................................................70 .....■ .......16.7 Telephone lines ............................................................................72 .....■ .......12.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................35 .....■ .........5.2 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................17 .....■ .........5.0 Undue influence ...........................................................................22 .....■ .........4.9 Government inefficiency ................................................................9 .....■ .........5.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................26 .....■ .........5.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................62 .....■ .........4.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................108 .....■ .........4.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................54 .....■ .........5.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................15 .....■ .........5.8 Capital controls.............................................................................74 .....■ .........4.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................22 .....■ .........5.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................26 .....■ .........5.7 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................49 .....■ .........5.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Turkey Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................75.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................783.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................729.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........10,471.7 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................46 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

324

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–5.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................107,271.7 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................28,253.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................33 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................170,062.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................14,160.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................24

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................71.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................15 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........28.3; 10.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007..........–6.8 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................52.6 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................3.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation Others

Imports origin 57.2 4.4 38.4

EU27 Russian Federation China United States Others

100

40.4 13.8 7.8 4.8 33.2

■ Manufactures

80 60

79.6

■ Fuels and mining products

62.7

■ Agricultural products

40 20 0

Source: WTO

22.7

10.0 9.4

5.9

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................48

4.2

Market access ...................................................................................................14

4.9

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................14

4.9

Border administration.......................................................................................56

4.1

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................72 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................46 Transparency of border administration...........................................................53

3.3 5.0 3.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................49

3.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................62 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................48 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................52

3.7 3.9 3.4

Business environment ......................................................................................75

4.2

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................65 Physical security .................................................................................................84

3.9 4.5 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Turkey The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................42 .....■ .........3.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................32 .....■ .........1.2 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................116 .....■ .......45.4 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................16 .....■ .........6.3 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................77 .....■ .........4.7 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................111 .....■ .......24.3 Domestic tariff peaks .................................................................115 .....■ .......12.2 Specific tariffs...............................................................................55 .....■ .........0.6 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................71 .....■ ........241 Share of duty-free imports .............................................................9 .....■ ..........85 Tariffs faced ................................................................................106 .....■ .........5.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................22 .....■ .......53.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................75 .....■ .........3.5 Customs services index ...............................................................64 .....■ .........5.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................33 .....■ .........3.0 Time for import.............................................................................35 .....■ ..........15 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................47 .....■ .....1,063 Time for export .............................................................................33 .....■ ..........14 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ..............................................................................45 .....■ ........940

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................64 .....■ .........4.0 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................46 .....■ .........4.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

325 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................70 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................34 .....■ .......73.5 Paved roads..................................................................................71 .....■ .......34.0 Road congestion...........................................................................35 .....■ ..........20 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................50 .....■ .........5.0 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................67 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of roads ............................................................................49 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................79 .....■ .........3.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................23 .....■ .......35.6 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................41 .....■ .........3.1 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................30 .....■ .........3.3 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................34 .....■ .........3.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................51 .....■ .........3.4 Postal service efficiency...............................................................51 .....■ .........5.1 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................44 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................58 .....■ .......82.8 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................45 .....■ .........6.1 Internet users ...............................................................................71 .....■ .......16.2 Telephone lines ............................................................................48 .....■ .......24.3

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................77 .....■ .........3.8 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................68 .....■ .........2.8 Undue influence ...........................................................................56 .....■ .........3.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................86 .....■ .........3.2 Domestic competition ..................................................................45 .....■ .........4.6 Openness to foreign participation ................................................38 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................80 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................39 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................44 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls.............................................................................22 .....■ .........5.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................73 .....■ .........4.0 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................58 .....■ .........4.8 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................105 .....■ .........4.6

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Uganda Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

5

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................31.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................241.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................14.5 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...............453.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.........................117 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................9.5

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

326

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–3.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................1,685.9 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................482.8 Total exports (rank out of 121).....................................................................103 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,493.4 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,158.5 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................98

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................53.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........73.4; 12.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................3.4 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.5

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 UAE Sudan Kenya Congo, Dem. Rep. Others

Imports origin 24.3 13.3 11.8 8.8 7.5 34.3

EU27 Kenya UAE India China Others

100

20.6 13.5 12.0 9.9 7.9 36.1

■ Manufactures

80 23.0

60

■ Fuels and mining products

63.4 4.5

■ Agricultural products

40 50.8

20.1

20

13.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

2009 Index..............................................................................85

Score (1–7 scale)

3.6

Market access .....................................................................................................9

5.1

Domestic and foreign market access................................................................9

5.1

Border administration.......................................................................................99

3.0

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................70 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................106 Transparency of border administration.........................................................108

3.4 2.9 2.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................98

2.6

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................87 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................89 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................118

3.1 3.1 1.6

Business environment ......................................................................................94

3.8

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................92 Physical security .................................................................................................93

3.5 4.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Uganda The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................102 .....■ .......12.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................88 .....■ .........9.0 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................109 .....■ .......28.5 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................2 .....■ .........0.1 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................38 .....■ .........6.6 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................90 .....■ .......11.7 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................43 .....■ .........0.9 Specific tariffs...............................................................................46 .....■ .........0.2 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................44 .....■ ..........19 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................57 .....■ ..........60 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................4 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................42 .....■ .......41.3

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Customs services index ...............................................................54 .....■ .........6.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................88 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import...........................................................................101 .....■ ..........37 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ............................................................................113 .....■ .....3,290 Time for export ...........................................................................105 .....■ ..........39 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ............................................................................118 .....■ .....3,090

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................112 .....■ .........2.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................94 .....■ .........2.6

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

327 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................111 .....■ .........0.1 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................81 .....■ .......23.0 Road congestion.............................................................................8 .....■ ............4 Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................109 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................97 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads ..........................................................................101 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................65 .....■ .........3.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................91 .....■ .........2.4 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................71 .....■ .........2.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................92 .....■ .........2.3 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................55 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................93 .....■ .........3.6 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................113 .....■ .........3.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................112 .....■ .......13.6 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................106 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................105 .....■ .........2.5 Telephone lines ..........................................................................114 .....■ .........0.5

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................100 .....■ .........3.3 Ethics and corruption .................................................................106 .....■ .........2.1 Undue influence ...........................................................................99 .....■ .........2.7 Government inefficiency ..............................................................72 .....■ .........3.4 Domestic competition ................................................................103 .....■ .........3.8 Openness to foreign participation ................................................11 .....■ .........5.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................13 .....■ .........5.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...................................................7 .....■ .........6.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ....................................................9 .....■ .........6.0 Capital controls.............................................................................52 .....■ .........5.1

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................82 .....■ .........3.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................92 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................109 .....■ .........4.4

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Ukraine Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

150

10

120

8

90

6

60

4

30

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................45.9 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................603.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................179.7 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............3,920.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................71 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................2.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

328

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–7.2 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................49,296.1 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .......................................13,651.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................47 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................60,618.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................11,055.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................41

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2008 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................67.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................14 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2006 .............5.8; 6.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2006 ............0.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................30.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.5

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Russian Federation Turkey Others

Imports origin 28.2 25.7 7.4 38.7

EU27 Russian Federation Turkmenistan China Others

100

36.7 27.8 7.8 5.5 22.3

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

61.6 73.6

60

■ Agricultural products

40 20

13.8

0

Source: WTO

30.0

11.4

7.6

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................71

3.8

Market access ...................................................................................................24

4.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................24

4.7

Border administration.......................................................................................95

3.1

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................110 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................91 Transparency of border administration...........................................................84

2.2 4.0 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................60

3.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................63 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................77 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................51

3.7 3.2 3.4

Business environment ......................................................................................85

3.9

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................107 Physical security .................................................................................................76

3.1 4.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Page 329

Ukraine The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................45 .....■ .........4.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................45 .....■ .........3.1 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................114 .....■ .......31.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................20 .....■ .........7.8 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................88 .....■ .........3.5 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................109 .....■ .......23.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................73 .....■ .........6.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................87 .....■ .........7.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................89 .....■ ........900 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................54 .....■ ..........61 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................54 .....■ .........5.5 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................18 .....■ .......55.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................99 .....■ .........2.9 Customs services index ...............................................................97 .....■ .........3.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................86 .....■ .........2.2 Time for import.............................................................................99 .....■ ..........36 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................63 .....■ .....1,250 Time for export .............................................................................98 .....■ ..........31 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................72 .....■ .....1,230

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................79 .....■ .........3.5 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................100 .....■ .........2.5

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

329 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................86 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................74 .....■ .......62.5 Paved roads..................................................................................22 .....■ .......97.4 Road congestion...........................................................................58 .....■ ..........36 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................95 .....■ .........3.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................30 .....■ .........4.0 Quality of roads ..........................................................................108 .....■ .........2.2 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................78 .....■ .........3.5

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................40 .....■ .......23.6 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................78 .....■ .........2.5 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................83 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................76 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................54 .....■ .........3.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................59 .....■ .........4.8 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................73 .....■ .........4.5 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................15 .....■ .....119.6 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................64 .....■ .........1.7 Internet users ...............................................................................60 .....■ .......21.6 Telephone lines ............................................................................43 .....■ .......27.8

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................108 .....■ .........3.1 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................90 .....■ .........2.5 Undue influence .........................................................................101 .....■ .........2.6 Government inefficiency ............................................................100 .....■ .........3.0 Domestic competition ................................................................108 .....■ .........3.7 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................113 .....■ .........3.9 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................97 .....■ .........4.2 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................111 .....■ .........3.7 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................109 .....■ .........4.0 Capital controls.............................................................................99 .....■ .........3.7

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................94 .....■ .........3.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................55 .....■ .........4.9 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................58 .....■ .........5.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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United Arab Emirates Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

250

12

200

9

150

6

100

3

50

0

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................4.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)........................83.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................260.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........54,606.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008.............................7 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................7.4

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

-3 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WDI; UNCTAD

330

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................15.8 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................180,897.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................7,408.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................25 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................132,494.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .......................................31,252.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................28

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1996 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................57.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 ...........14.7; 5.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................3.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Japan Taiwan, China Others

Imports origin 25.5 11.4 63.0

EU27 China India United States Japan Others

100

23.0 8.7 8.7 6.5 6.0 47.2

80

■ Manufactures

32.0

60

■ Fuels and mining products

79.3

■ Agricultural products

40 60.4

20 6.9 8.6

3.6

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................18

5.0

Market access ...................................................................................................65

4.0

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................65

4.0

Border administration.......................................................................................20

5.3

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................19 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................14 Transparency of border administration...........................................................26

5.2 5.8 5.1

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................24

4.9

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................13 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................30 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................27

5.1 4.6 5.0

Business environment ......................................................................................13

5.7

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................15 Physical security .................................................................................................10

5.3 6.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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United Arab Emirates The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................48 .....■ .........4.8 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................53 .....■ .........3.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................84 .....■ .......18.0 Non-tariff barriers.........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................37 .....■ .........6.6 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................54 .....■ .......10.2 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................37 .....■ .........0.5 Specific tariffs...............................................................................61 .....■ .........0.7 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................53 .....■ ..........23 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................64 .....■ ..........54 Tariffs faced ................................................................................111 .....■ .........6.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................76 .....■ .......15.0

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures......................................................6 .....■ .........5.6 Customs services index ...............................................................29 .....■ .........8.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................19 .....■ .........3.5 Time for import.............................................................................18 .....■ ..........10 Documents for import ..................................................................44 .....■ ............7 Cost to import ................................................................................5 .....■ ........587 Time for export .............................................................................23 .....■ ..........10 Documents for export ..................................................................24 .....■ ............5 Cost to export ................................................................................6 .....■ ........618

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................20 .....■ .........5.6 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................30 .....■ .........5.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

331 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................20 .....■ .........1.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................23 .....■ .......77.3 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .............................................4 .....■ .........6.6 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................63 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of roads ..............................................................................9 .....■ .........6.1 Quality of port infrastructure ..........................................................8 .....■ .........6.1

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................17 .....■ .......48.8 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................13 .....■ .........3.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................20 .....■ .........3.7 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................23 .....■ .........3.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................17 .....■ .........4.1 Postal service efficiency...............................................................20 .....■ .........6.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................13 .....■ .........5.9 Mobile telephone subscribers ........................................................1 .....■ .....176.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................38 .....■ .........8.7 Internet users ...............................................................................31 .....■ .......51.6 Telephone lines ............................................................................35 .....■ .......31.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................30 .....■ .........5.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................13 .....■ .........5.5 Undue influence ...........................................................................19 .....■ .........5.0 Government inefficiency ................................................................6 .....■ .........5.0 Domestic competition ..................................................................24 .....■ .........5.0 Openness to foreign participation ................................................19 .....■ .........5.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ............................................................1 .....■ .........6.1 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................72 .....■ .........5.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................43 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls.............................................................................13 .....■ .........6.0

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services ...........................................................7 .....■ .........6.3 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................12 .....■ .........6.1 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................45 .....■ .........5.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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United Kingdom Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................61.0 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................243.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .........................................2,674.1 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........43,785.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................19 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................0.7

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

332

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–1.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .......................................439,344.2 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .....................................277,647.3 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................5 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ........................................623,168.8 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .....................................197,188.3 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................4

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................72.7 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................27 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............5.4; 5.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.0 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................41.9 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................1.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 United States Others

Imports origin 57.5 14.7 27.8

EU27 United States China Norway Others

100

55.2 8.5 7.5 4.6 24.2

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

72.0

74.1

■ Agricultural products

40 20

13.0

14.8

0

Source: WTO

10.2

6.3

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................20

4.9

Market access ...................................................................................................79

3.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................79

3.8

Border administration.......................................................................................14

5.6

Efficiency of customs administration.................................................................7 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................21 Transparency of border administration...........................................................18

5.8 5.6 5.5

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................11

5.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................21 Availability and quality of transport services...................................................7 Availability and use of ICTs..................................................................................8

5.0 5.5 6.0

Business environment ......................................................................................39

4.8

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................19 Physical security .................................................................................................73

5.0 4.6 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Page 333

United Kingdom The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...................................................................................3 .....■ .........1.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ....................................5 .....■ .........0.5 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................14 .....■ .........9.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................65 .....■ .......44.6 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................92 .....■ .........3.1 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................58 .....■ .......10.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................87 .....■ .........9.8 Specific tariffs...............................................................................90 .....■ .......10.5 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................92 .....■ .....1,491 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................22 .....■ ..........68 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................60 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................84 .....■ .......10.4

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................34 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index .................................................................1 .....■ .......12.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................13 .....■ .........3.7 Time for import.............................................................................30 .....■ ..........13 Documents for import ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to import ..............................................................................74 .....■ .....1,350 Time for export .............................................................................29 .....■ ..........13 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................54 .....■ .....1,030

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................24 .....■ .........5.4 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................15 .....■ .........7.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

333 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................36 .....■ .........1.0 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Paved roads....................................................................................1 .....■ .....100.0 Road congestion...........................................................................79 .....■ ..........80 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................24 .....■ .........5.8 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................20 .....■ .........4.6 Quality of roads ............................................................................24 .....■ .........5.3 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................26 .....■ .........5.1

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................7 .....■ .......78.0 Ease and affordability of shipment.................................................6 .....■ .........3.9 Competence of the logistics industry ............................................7 .....■ .........4.0 Ability and ease of tracking ............................................................6 .....■ .........4.1 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................10 .....■ .........4.3 Postal service efficiency...............................................................43 .....■ .........5.3 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................20 .....■ .......36.5

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................19 .....■ .........5.6 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................17 .....■ .....118.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................12 .....■ .......25.7 Internet users ...............................................................................11 .....■ .......72.0 Telephone lines ..............................................................................8 .....■ .......55.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................22 .....■ .........5.4 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................23 .....■ .........4.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................17 .....■ .........5.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................36 .....■ .........4.1 Domestic competition ..................................................................15 .....■ .........5.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................12 .....■ .........5.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................16 .....■ .........5.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................16 .....■ .........6.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................14 .....■ .........5.9 Capital controls.............................................................................27 .....■ .........5.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................29 .....■ .........5.3 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................81 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................112 .....■ .........4.3

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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United States Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

4

60

3

40

2

20

1

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .........................................308.8 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)...................9,632.0 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 .......................................14,264.6 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........46,859.1 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................14 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................1.1

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

334

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–4.7 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ....................................1,162,479.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .....................................472,680.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).........................................................................1 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) .....................................2,020,403.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .....................................341,673.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ........................................................................1

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................85.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ................................................11 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .............3.5; 3.5 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............1.6 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.....................................21.6 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................7.4

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination Canada EU27 Mexico China Japan Others

Imports origin 21.4 21.3 11.7 5.6 5.4 34.6

EU27 China Canada Mexico Japan Others

100

18.0 16.9 15.7 10.6 7.4 31.4

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

69.8

78.2

■ Agricultural products

40 20 7.2 9.8

21.2

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

5.4

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................16

5.0

Market access ...................................................................................................49

4.2

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................49

4.2

Border administration.......................................................................................15

5.6

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................10 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................16 Transparency of border administration...........................................................21

5.7 5.7 5.4

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................10

5.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .........................................3 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................14 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................12

5.5 5.1 5.8

Business environment ......................................................................................36

4.9

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................23 Physical security .................................................................................................63

4.9 4.8 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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United States The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................30 .....■ .........1.7 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................33 .....■ .........1.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products ...........................................8 .....■ .........6.7 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................29 .....■ .......18.6 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................89 .....■ .........3.3 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................12 .....■ .........6.1 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................85 .....■ .........9.4 Specific tariffs...............................................................................89 .....■ .........9.6 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................90 .....■ .....1,126 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................20 .....■ ..........76 Tariffs faced ................................................................................114 .....■ .........6.0 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................65 .....■ .......25.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................37 .....■ .........4.5 Customs services index .................................................................2 .....■ .......11.8

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................19 .....■ .........3.5 Time for import...............................................................................2 .....■ ............5 Documents for import ..................................................................15 .....■ ............5 Cost to import ..............................................................................61 .....■ .....1,245 Time for export ...............................................................................4 .....■ ............6 Documents for export ....................................................................5 .....■ ............4 Cost to export ..............................................................................50 .....■ ........990

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................29 .....■ .........5.3 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................17 .....■ .........7.3

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

335 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................14 .....■ .........2.3 Transshipment connectivity index ..................................................5 .....■ .......94.1 Paved roads..................................................................................49 .....■ .......65.3 Road congestion...........................................................................48 .....■ ..........31 Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................11 .....■ .........6.3 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................16 .....■ .........5.2 Quality of roads ..............................................................................8 .....■ .........6.2 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................10 .....■ .........5.9

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index..................................................6 .....■ .......82.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................20 .....■ .........3.6 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................12 .....■ .........3.9 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................10 .....■ .........4.0 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................18 .....■ .........4.1 Postal service efficiency.................................................................6 .....■ .........6.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...................................................2 .....■ .........6.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................57 .....■ .......83.5 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................14 .....■ .......23.9 Internet users ...............................................................................10 .....■ .......72.5 Telephone lines ............................................................................10 .....■ .......53.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................20 .....■ .........5.7 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................28 .....■ .........4.3 Undue influence ...........................................................................30 .....■ .........4.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................33 .....■ .........4.2 Domestic competition ....................................................................8 .....■ .........5.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................32 .....■ .........5.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................44 .....■ .........5.0 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................44 .....■ .........5.5 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................47 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls.............................................................................36 .....■ .........5.4

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................17 .....■ .........5.9 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................74 .....■ .........4.4 Business costs of terrorism .......................................................114 .....■ .........4.0

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Uruguay Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 .............................................3.4 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................176.2 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................32.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........10,081.9 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................49 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................8.9

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

336

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–3.6 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................4,514.4 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,735.2 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................82 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................5,627.7 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................1,207.6 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................89

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................62.9 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........31.6; 10.6 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............5.3 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination EU27 Brazil United States Argentina Mexico Others

Imports origin 18.5 16.2 11.2 9.8 4.6 39.6

Brazil Argentina Venezuela EU27 China Others

100

23.2 22.1 11.4 10.4 9.7 23.3

■ Manufactures

29.7

80

5.0

■ Fuels and mining products

63.5

60

■ Agricultural products

40 63.7 22.9

20

11.2

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................51

4.2

Market access ...................................................................................................22

4.7

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................22

4.7

Border administration.......................................................................................53

4.1

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................68 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................87 Transparency of border administration...........................................................31

3.4 4.1 4.9

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................78

3.1

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................99 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................101 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................48

2.8 2.9 3.5

Business environment ......................................................................................40

4.8

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................38 Physical security .................................................................................................50

4.5 5.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Uruguay The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers.................................................................................63 .....■ .........6.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ..................................69 .....■ .........5.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................42 .....■ .........9.6 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................60 .....■ .......42.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................19 .....■ .........6.8 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................27 .....■ .........7.0 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................28 .....■ .........0.3 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................41 .....■ ..........17 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................52 .....■ ..........62 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................25 .....■ .........5.2 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................37 .....■ .......44.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................60 .....■ .........3.7 Customs services index ...............................................................64 .....■ .........5.5

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................76 .....■ .........2.3 Time for import.............................................................................63 .....■ ..........22 Documents for import ................................................................100 .....■ ..........10 Cost to import ..............................................................................72 .....■ .....1,330 Time for export .............................................................................58 .....■ ..........19 Documents for export ................................................................108 .....■ ..........10 Cost to export ..............................................................................61 .....■ .....1,100

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................38 .....■ .........4.7 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................20 .....■ .........6.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

337 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................63 .....■ .........0.6 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................54 .....■ .......68.4 Paved roads................................................................................107 .....■ .......10.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................106 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................95 .....■ .........1.5 Quality of roads ............................................................................44 .....■ .........4.1 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................45 .....■ .........4.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................41 .....■ .......22.9 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................93 .....■ .........2.4 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................77 .....■ .........2.5 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................72 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................73 .....■ .........3.0 Postal service efficiency...............................................................99 .....■ .........3.4 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................67 .....■ .........1.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................94 .....■ .........4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................49 .....■ .......90.0 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................47 .....■ .........4.9 Internet users ...............................................................................47 .....■ .......29.0 Telephone lines ............................................................................38 .....■ .......28.9

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................52 .....■ .........4.6 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................26 .....■ .........4.5 Undue influence ...........................................................................29 .....■ .........4.5 Government inefficiency ..............................................................63 .....■ .........3.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................81 .....■ .........4.1 Openness to foreign participation ................................................14 .....■ .........5.7 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................25 .....■ .........5.3 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................36 .....■ .........5.6 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................46 .....■ .........5.4 Capital controls...............................................................................4 .....■ .........6.2

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................80 .....■ .........3.8 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................64 .....■ .........4.7 Business costs of terrorism ...........................................................3 .....■ .........6.7

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Venezuela Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

80

9

60

6

40

3

20

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................28.1 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................912.1 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ............................................319.4 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ..........11,388.3 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................45 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................4.8

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

-3 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

338

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................12.3 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................69,165.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................1,552.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................43 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................46,096.6 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................7,243.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................48

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................52.8 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........36.5; 13.2 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............3.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................6.7 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.3

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination

Imports origin

United States 50.9 EU27 8.7 Netherlands Antilles 5.7 Others 34.6

United States EU27 Brazil Colombia China Others

100

24.2 10.5 8.0 7.9 5.4 43.9

6.4

■ Manufactures

80 60

■ Fuels and mining products

87.2

■ Agricultural products

92.1

40 20 2.1 10.7

0.3

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................119

2.8

Market access .................................................................................................105

3.5

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................105

3.5

Border administration.....................................................................................120

2.2

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................103 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................114 Transparency of border administration.........................................................120

2.5 2.1 2.2

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................83

3.0

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .......................................96 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................86 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................62

2.9 3.1 3.1

Business environment ....................................................................................121

2.6

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................121 Physical security ...............................................................................................120

2.1 3.1 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Venezuela The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................116 .....■ .......15.2 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................118 .....■ .......14.8 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................78 .....■ .......17.3 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................81 .....■ .......54.5 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................35 .....■ .........6.7 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................34 .....■ .........7.9 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................48 .....■ .........1.2 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................26 .....■ ............8 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................84 .....■ ..........32 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................23 .....■ .........5.1 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................59 .....■ .......28.5

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................120 .....■ .........2.0 Customs services index ...............................................................68 .....■ .........5.3

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................70 .....■ .........2.4 Time for import...........................................................................114 .....■ ..........71 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ............................................................................108 .....■ .....2,868 Time for export ...........................................................................113 .....■ ..........49 Documents for export ..................................................................83 .....■ ............8 Cost to export ............................................................................112 .....■ .....2,590

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................119 .....■ .........2.2 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................114 .....■ .........1.9

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

339 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................40 .....■ .........0.9 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................27 .....■ .......74.6 Paved roads..................................................................................72 .....■ .......33.6 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................98 .....■ .........3.5 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................99 .....■ .........1.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................76 .....■ .........3.0 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................114 .....■ .........2.4

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................44 .....■ .......20.5 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................67 .....■ .........2.7 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................68 .....■ .........2.6 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................75 .....■ .........2.5 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................72 .....■ .........3.0 Postal service efficiency.............................................................121 .....■ .........1.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................47 .....■ .......25.9

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................88 .....■ .........4.3 Mobile telephone subscribers ......................................................54 .....■ .......86.1 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................55 .....■ .........3.1 Internet users ...............................................................................64 .....■ .......20.7 Telephone lines ............................................................................60 .....■ .......18.4

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................121 .....■ .........2.2 Ethics and corruption .................................................................120 .....■ .........1.6 Undue influence .........................................................................120 .....■ .........1.6 Government inefficiency ............................................................121 .....■ .........1.7 Domestic competition ................................................................121 .....■ .........2.9 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................120 .....■ .........2.6 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................117 .....■ .........3.4 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................119 .....■ .........3.3 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................120 .....■ .........2.3 Capital controls...........................................................................120 .....■ .........1.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................121 .....■ .........1.9 Business costs of crime and violence........................................115 .....■ .........2.5 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................91 .....■ .........5.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Vietnam Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

200

12

150

9

100

6

50

3

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................88.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................329.3 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................89.8 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,040.4 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................98 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.2

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WTO; UNCTAD

340

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–9.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) .........................................48,576.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) .........................................6,030.0 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................50 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ..........................................62,678.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) .........................................6,924.0 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................42

WTO accession year ..................................................................................2007 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................49.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........11.4; 16.8 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ............7.5 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................4.2 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................3.0

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination United States EU27 Japan Australia China Others

Imports origin 19.7 17.9 13.2 9.3 8.1 31.8

China Singapore Taiwan, China Japan Korea, Rep. Others

100

16.5 14.0 10.7 10.5 8.7 39.6

■ Manufactures

80 53.4

60 40

■ Agricultural products

22.1

20

17.9

24.2

10.0

0

Source: WTO

■ Fuels and mining products

67.6

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................89

3.5

Market access .................................................................................................112

3.2

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................112

3.2

Border administration.......................................................................................85

3.3

Efficiency of customs administration.............................................................117 Efficiency of import-export procedures ..........................................................49 Transparency of border administration...........................................................99

2.2 4.9 2.8

Transport and communications infrastructure ............................................71

3.2

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................108 Availability and quality of transport services.................................................36 Availability and use of ICTs................................................................................66

2.6 4.2 3.0

Business environment ......................................................................................61

4.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................64 Physical security .................................................................................................54

3.9 4.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Vietnam The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................115 .....■ .......14.9 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................115 .....■ .......14.1 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................115 .....■ .......36.5 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................50 .....■ .......34.9 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................60 .....■ .........6.2 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................108 .....■ .......18.8 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................62 .....■ .........3.1 Specific tariffs.................................................................................1 .....■ .........0.0 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................41 .....■ ..........17 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................98 .....■ ..........17 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................37 .....■ .........5.3 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................80 .....■ .......12.7

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................83 .....■ .........3.3 Customs services index .............................................................112 .....■ .........2.0

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance....................................37 .....■ .........2.9 Time for import.............................................................................67 .....■ ..........23 Documents for import ..................................................................66 .....■ ............8 Cost to import ..............................................................................35 .....■ ........901 Time for export .............................................................................82 .....■ ..........24 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ..............................................................................22 .....■ ........734

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ................................102 .....■ .........2.9 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................91 .....■ .........2.7

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

341 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ............................................................................102 .....■ .........0.2 Transshipment connectivity index ................................................67 .....■ .......64.3 Paved roads..................................................................................79 .....■ .......25.1 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................84 .....■ .........3.9 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................64 .....■ .........2.4 Quality of roads ............................................................................92 .....■ .........2.6 Quality of port infrastructure ......................................................100 .....■ .........2.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index................................................47 .....■ .......18.7 Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................45 .....■ .........3.0 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................54 .....■ .........2.8 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................51 .....■ .........2.9 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................64 .....■ .........3.2 Postal service efficiency...............................................................49 .....■ .........5.2 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................10 .....■ .......49.4

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................49 .....■ .........5.1 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................101 .....■ .......27.2 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................67 .....■ .........1.5 Internet users ...............................................................................65 .....■ .......20.5 Telephone lines ............................................................................32 .....■ .......32.7

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................72 .....■ .........3.9 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................50 .....■ .........3.2 Undue influence ...........................................................................60 .....■ .........3.4 Government inefficiency ..............................................................68 .....■ .........3.5 Domestic competition ..................................................................58 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................68 .....■ .........4.8 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................54 .....■ .........4.8 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................96 .....■ .........4.4 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................32 .....■ .........5.5 Capital controls.............................................................................76 .....■ .........4.3

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................42 .....■ .........4.7 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................52 .....■ .........5.0 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................87 .....■ .........5.1

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Zambia Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank

World average trade

100

10

80

8

60

6

40

4

20

2

0

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................12.2 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................752.6 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ..............................................14.3 GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ............1,150.5 GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008...........................93 Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................6.0

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WDI; UNCTAD

342

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008 ..........................................–7.4 Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................4,618.6 Commercial services exports (US$ millions) ............................................278.6 Total exports (rank out of 121).......................................................................89 Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................3,971.1 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ............................................885.8 Total imports (rank out of 121) ......................................................................97

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................57.6 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................2 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .......106.4; 13.9 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2008 ............0.9 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008.......................................0.5 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2008 ...............................0.1

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination

Imports origin

100 12.5

Switzerland South Africa Thailand EU27 Congo, Dem. Rep. Others

41.8 12.0 5.9 5.5 5.3 29.5

South Africa EU27 UAE China India Others

47.4 16.8 6.4 5.9 4.1 19.4

■ Manufactures

80

■ Fuels and mining products

76.1

60

■ Agricultural products

78.2

40 20

17.1 8.6

5.6

Exports

Imports

0

Source: WTO

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index..............................................................................80

3.6

Market access ...................................................................................................19

4.8

Domestic and foreign market access..............................................................19

4.8

Border administration.....................................................................................102

3.0

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................57 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................112 Transparency of border administration...........................................................89

3.7 2.2 3.0

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................111

2.5

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................111 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................100 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................110

2.5 3.0 1.9

Business environment ......................................................................................62

4.4

Regulatory environment .....................................................................................57 Physical security .................................................................................................59

3.9 4.9 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Zambia The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................112 .....■ .......14.1 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................111 .....■ .......13.3 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .........................................86 .....■ .......19.2 Non-tariff barriers .........................................................................18 .....■ .........6.6 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................54 .....■ .........6.3 Variance of tariffs .........................................................................48 .....■ .........9.4 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................25 .....■ .........0.2 Specific tariffs...............................................................................72 .....■ .........2.1 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................66 .....■ ........127 Share of duty-free imports ...........................................................55 .....■ ..........61 Tariffs faced ....................................................................................6 .....■ .........4.8 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................44 .....■ .......39.6

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures....................................................88 .....■ .........3.2 Customs services index ...............................................................45 .....■ .........7.2

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................103 .....■ .........2.1 Time for import...........................................................................113 .....■ ..........64 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ............................................................................114 .....■ .....3,335 Time for export ...........................................................................115 .....■ ..........53 Documents for export ..................................................................42 .....■ ............6 Cost to export ............................................................................113 .....■ .....2,664

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................86 .....■ .........3.3 Corruption Perceptions Index.......................................................87 .....■ .........2.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

343 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................59 .....■ .........0.7 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................83 .....■ .......22.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure ...........................................89 .....■ .........3.7 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................87 .....■ .........1.7 Quality of roads ............................................................................97 .....■ .........2.5 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................64 .....■ .........3.8

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment...............................................93 .....■ .........2.4 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................79 .....■ .........2.4 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................59 .....■ .........2.8 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .......................110 .....■ .........2.5 Postal service efficiency...............................................................90 .....■ .........3.7 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption .................................................93 .....■ .........4.2 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................104 .....■ .......22.1 Broadband Internet subscribers .................................................100 .....■ .........0.0 Internet users .............................................................................100 .....■ .........4.2 Telephone lines ..........................................................................108 .....■ .........0.8

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights..............................................................................59 .....■ .........4.3 Ethics and corruption ...................................................................86 .....■ .........2.6 Undue influence ...........................................................................82 .....■ .........3.0 Government inefficiency ..............................................................49 .....■ .........3.8 Domestic competition ..................................................................59 .....■ .........4.3 Openness to foreign participation ................................................23 .....■ .........5.5 Ease of hiring foreign labor ..........................................................77 .....■ .........4.5 Prevalence of foreign ownership .................................................13 .....■ .........6.0 Business impact of rules on FDI ..................................................19 .....■ .........5.8 Capital controls.............................................................................24 .....■ .........5.6

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .........................................................68 .....■ .........4.1 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................82 .....■ .........4.3 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................29 .....■ .........6.2

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Zimbabwe Key indicators

Trade and FDI inflows, percent of GDP (1995–2007) Country trade

World average trade

160

8

120

6

80

4

40

2

FDI inflows

Population (millions), 2008 ...........................................13.5 Surface area (1,000 square kilometers)......................390.8 GDP (US$ billions), 2008 ................................................n/a GDP (current prices, US$) per capita, 2008 ...................n/a GDP per capita (rank out of 121), 2008 ..........................n/a Real GDP growth (percent), 2008 ..................................n/a

Trade

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

Source: IMF; United Nations Population Fund; World Bank 0

0 1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

2007

Source: IMF; WDI; UNCTAD

344

Main trade data

Trade policy data

Current account balance (share of GDP), 2008............................................n/a Merchandise exports, f.o.b. (US$ millions) ...........................................2,300.0 Commercial services exports (US$ millions)................................................n/a Total exports (rank out of 121) .....................................................................n/a Merchandise imports, c.i.f. (US$ millions) ............................................2,550.0 Commercial services imports (US$ millions) ...............................................n/a Total imports (rank out of 121) .....................................................................n/a

WTO accession year ..................................................................................1995 Multilateral agreements index score (range 0–100), 2009........................55.3 Regional trade agreements notified to WTO ..................................................3 Simple tariff average: MFN; Applied tariffs (all goods), 2007 .........91.6; 20.0 Applied tariff escalation (% diff. raw to finished, all goods), 2007 ..........13.2 Domestic agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007.......................................6.8 Domestic non-agricultural tariff peaks (percent), 2007 ...............................5.9

Source: WTO; IMF

Source: WTO; ITC; World Bank

Main trading partners, 2007

Exports and imports by sector, 2007

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Share of total volume of merchandise trade (percent)

Exports destination South Africa EU27 Mozambique Botswana Switzerland Others

Imports origin 37.4 16.5 13.0 6.1 4.0 23.0

South Africa Botswana EU27 China Mozambique Others

100

42.8 11.4 8.3 5.7 4.8 27.0

■ Manufactures

31.5

80

■ Fuels and mining products

54.1

60 36.6

40

■ Agricultural products

15.8

20

31.2

29.1

0

Source: WTO

Exports

Imports

Source: WTO

Enabling Trade Index

Rank (out of 121)

Score (1–7 scale)

2009 Index............................................................................118

2.9

Market access .................................................................................................101

3.7

Domestic and foreign market access............................................................101

3.7

Border administration.....................................................................................117

2.4

Efficiency of customs administration...............................................................90 Efficiency of import-export procedures ........................................................115 Transparency of border administration.........................................................111

2.7 2.0 2.6

Transport and communications infrastructure ..........................................114

2.4

Availability and quality of transport infrastructure .....................................106 Availability and quality of transport services...............................................109 Availability and use of ICTs..............................................................................113

2.6 2.7 1.8

Business environment ....................................................................................116

3.2

Regulatory environment ...................................................................................120 Physical security .................................................................................................94

2.3 4.0 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, and for a list of multiple best-performer economies for each indicator in the ETI in detail on the right-hand page, please refer to “How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles.”

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Zimbabwe The Enabling Trade Index in detail INDICATOR

■ Competitive Advantage ■ Competitive Disadvantage RANK/121

SCORE

BEST PERFORMER

SCORE

1st pillar: Domestic and foreign market access

1.04 1.05 1.06

Tariff barriers...............................................................................107 .....■ .......13.0 Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products ................................107 .....■ .......11.9 Tariff barriers for agricultural products .......................................107 .....■ .......27.7 Non-tariff barriers ...........................................................................7 .....■ .........1.2 Complexity of tariffs .....................................................................81 .....■ .........4.2 Variance of tariffs .......................................................................115 .....■ .......33.9 Domestic tariff peaks ...................................................................71 .....■ .........6.1 Specific tariffs...............................................................................82 .....■ .........6.4 Number of distinct tariffs .............................................................79 .....■ ........398 Share of duty-free imports .........................................................106 .....■ ............9 Tariffs faced ..................................................................................89 .....■ .........5.6 Margin of preference in target markets .......................................28 .....■ .......49.9

2.01 2.02

Burden of customs procedures..................................................114 .....■ .........2.6 Customs services index ...............................................................73 .....■ .........4.9

3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07

Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance..................................116 .....■ .........1.9 Time for import...........................................................................116 .....■ ..........73 Documents for import ..................................................................85 .....■ ............9 Cost to import ............................................................................118 .....■ .....3,999 Time for export ...........................................................................115 .....■ ..........53 Documents for export ..................................................................67 .....■ ............7 Cost to export ............................................................................114 .....■ .....2,678

4.01 4.02

Irregular payments in exports and imports ..................................95 .....■ .........3.1 Corruption Perceptions Index.....................................................118 .....■ .........1.8

1.01

1.02 1.03

Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Chad ...................................................0.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................7.0 Hong Kong SAR .................................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Multiple economies ..........................0.0 Hong Kong SAR ....................................1 Hong Kong SAR ................................100 Chile ...................................................3.8 Nepal ................................................94.6

2.1: Country/Economy Profiles

Part 2

2nd pillar: Efficiency of customs administration Singapore ...........................................6.5 United Kingdom ...............................12.0

3rd pillar: Efficiency of import-export procedures Netherlands ........................................4.0 Singapore ..............................................3 France ...................................................2 Singapore ..........................................439 Multiple economies .............................5 France ...................................................2 Malaysia ............................................450

4th pillar: Transparency of border administration Sweden ..............................................6.6 Multiple economies ..........................9.3

345 5th pillar: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08

Airport density ..............................................................................92 .....■ .........0.3 Transshipment connectivity index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Paved roads..................................................................................89 .....■ .......19.0 Road congestion..........................................................................n/a ..................n/a Quality of air transport infrastructure .........................................107 .....■ .........3.4 Quality of railroad infrastructure...................................................54 .....■ .........2.9 Quality of roads ............................................................................68 .....■ .........3.3 Quality of port infrastructure ........................................................50 .....■ .........4.3

6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07

Liner Shipping Connectivity Index ...............................................n/a ..................n/a Ease and affordability of shipment.............................................103 .....■ .........2.3 Competence of the logistics industry ..........................................98 .....■ .........2.2 Ability and ease of tracking ..........................................................66 .....■ .........2.6 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination .........................88 .....■ .........2.9 Postal service efficiency.............................................................118 .....■ .........2.5 GATS commitments in the transport sector ................................68 .....■ .........0.0

7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05

Firm-level technology absorption ...............................................110 .....■ .........3.7 Mobile telephone subscribers ....................................................116 .....■ .........9.2 Broadband Internet subscribers ...................................................87 .....■ .........0.1 Internet users ...............................................................................86 .....■ .......10.1 Telephone lines ............................................................................97 .....■ .........2.6

8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06

Property rights............................................................................119 .....■ .........2.4 Ethics and corruption .................................................................117 .....■ .........1.8 Undue influence .........................................................................116 .....■ .........2.0 Government inefficiency ............................................................117 .....■ .........2.4 Domestic competition ................................................................119 .....■ .........3.1 Openness to foreign participation ..............................................121 .....■ .........2.3 Ease of hiring foreign labor ........................................................121 .....■ .........2.6 Prevalence of foreign ownership ...............................................121 .....■ .........3.2 Business impact of rules on FDI ................................................121 .....■ .........2.1 Capital controls...........................................................................121 .....■ .........1.5

9.01 9.02 9.03

Reliability of police services .......................................................118 .....■ .........2.2 Business costs of crime and violence..........................................91 .....■ .........3.9 Business costs of terrorism .........................................................44 .....■ .........5.9

Norway .............................................10.6 United Kingdom .............................100.0 Multiple economies ......................100.0 Bangladesh............................................1 Singapore ...........................................6.9 Switzerland.........................................6.8 France ................................................6.7 Singapore ...........................................6.8

6th pillar: Availability and quality of transport services China ..............................................137.4 Netherlands ........................................4.1 Netherlands ........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.3 Singapore ...........................................4.5 Switzerland.........................................6.9 Moldova ...........................................60.6

7th pillar: Availability and use of ICTs Japan ..................................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .....................176.5 Denmark...........................................36.0 Norway .............................................85.0 Switzerland.......................................65.9

8th pillar: Regulatory environment Switzerland.........................................6.5 Singapore ...........................................6.5 Denmark.............................................6.3 Singapore ...........................................6.1 Singapore ...........................................5.7 Singapore ...........................................6.3 United Arab Emirates .........................6.1 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.7 Ireland ................................................6.7 Hong Kong SAR .................................6.6

9th pillar: Physical security Finland ................................................6.7 Syria ...................................................6.7 Finland ................................................6.8

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Technical Notes and Sources

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Technical Notes and Sources

The data in this Report represent the best available estimates from various national authorities, international agencies, and private sources at the time the Report was prepared. It is possible that some data will have been revised or updated by the sources after publication.The following notes provide sources for all the indicators listed in the Country/Economy Profiles.Throughout the Country/Economy Profiles in this publication, “n/a” denotes that the value is not available, or that the available data are unreasonably outdated or do not come from a reliable source. For each indicator, the title appears on the first line, preceded by its number to allow for quick reference.The numbering is the same as the one used in Appendix A of Chapter 1.1. Below is a description of each indicator or, in the case of Executive Opinion Survey data, the full question and associated answers. If necessary, additional information is provided underneath.

1.02 Non-tariff barriers Index of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) | 2008 or most recent year available This index is constructed as the average of two NTB-related variables. The variables included are the percentage of trade affected by non-tariff measures (NTMs) and the average number of notifications for products affected by NTMs, for products with imports larger than 0. Politically motivated NTBs, such as embargos, have been excluded. Source: International Trade Centre; authors’ calculations

1.03 Complexity of tariffs Complexity of tariffs | 2008 or most recent year available This variable is calculated as the average of the variance of tariffs, domestic tariff peaks, specific tariffs, and number of distinct tariffs.

Variance of tariffs Dispersion of tariffs | 2008 or most recent year available This variable reflects the dispersion of the rates of duty. Source: International Trade Centre

Domestic tariff peaks

Pillar 1: Domestic and foreign market access 1.01 Tariff barriers Trade-weighted average tariff rate | 2008 or most recent year available This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world. The trade pattern of the importing country’s reference group (2007 data) is used as a weighting. Source: International Trade Centre

Tariff barriers for non-agricultural products Trade-weighted average tariff rate for non-agricultural products | 2008 or most recent year available This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world for non-agricultural products. The trade pattern of the importing country’s reference group (2007 data) is used as a weighting.

Share of tariff lines with domestic peaks (percentage) | 2008 or most recent year available This indicator reflects the total share of tariff lines in the country’s most favored nation (MFN) tariff schedule for which the value is 3 times above the simple average tariff. The score is expressed as a percentage of total tariff lines. Source: International Trade Centre

Specific tariffs Specific tariffs | 2008 or most recent year available This indicator reflects the number of Harmonized Schedule (HS) tariff lines with at least one specific tariff as a percentage share of the total number of HS tariff lines. Source: International Trade Centre

Number of distinct tariffs Number of distinct tariffs for all sectors | 2008 or most recent year available This indicator reflects the number of distinct tariff rates applied by a country on imports.

Source: International Trade Centre Source: International Trade Centre

Tariff barriers for agricultural products Trade-weighted average tariff rate for agricultural products | 2008 or most recent year available This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that a country applies to the rest of the world for agricultural products. The trade pattern of the importing country’s reference group (2007 data) is used as a weighting.

1.04 Share of duty-free imports Duty-free imports as a share of total imports | 2007, 2008 Share of trade, excluding petroleum, that is imported free of tariff duties, taking into account most-favored nation tariffs and preferential agreements. Tariff data are from 2008 or most recent year available and imports data are from 2007. Source: International Trade Centre

Source: International Trade Centre

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1.05 Tariffs faced

3.02 Time for import

Tariffs faced weighted by reference group | 2008 This indicator is calculated as the average of the applied tariff rates, including preferential rates that the rest of the world applies to each country. Source: International Trade Centre

1.06 Margin of preference in target markets Index of margin of preference in target markets | 2008 or most recent year available This indicator is constructed as the trade-weighted average difference between the most favored nation (MFN) tariff and the most advantageous preferential duty. It is calculated as the simple average of the absolute preference margin and the preference margin as share of MFN tariff rates. Source: International Trade Centre

Pillar 2: Efficiency of customs administration 2.01 Burden of customs procedures Customs procedures (formalities regulating the entry and exit of merchandise) in your country are (1 = extremely slow and cumbersome, 7 = rapid and efficient) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

2.02 Customs services index

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Extent of services provided by customs authorities and related agencies | 2008 This variable is based on 15 “GEA customs barriers” survey questions capturing different aspects of the services offered by customs and related agencies. The services included are the following: clearance of shipments via electronic data interchange; separation of physical release of goods from the fiscal control; full-time (24 hours / 7 days a week) automated processing; customs working hours adapted to commercial needs; fee for services in normal service hours; inspection and release of goods arriving by air by the operator’s facility; automated risk assessment as primary basis for physical examination of shipments; multiple inspections (inspections by agencies other than customs), and the promptness of those inspections; exemptions from full customs formalities for shipments of minimal value; exemptions from duties and taxes for shipments of minimal value; clearance of shipments by a third party; appeal of customs decisions to a higher level or an independent tribunal; and use of reference prices or arbitrary uplifts to invoice values. The maximum score an economy can obtain is 12.5.

Number of days required to import | 2008 The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it is initiated and runs until it is completed. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed in parallel are measured as simultaneous. The waiting time between procedures—for example, during unloading of the cargo—is included in the measure. Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009

3.03 Documents for import Number of documents required to import | 2008 This variable takes into account all documents required to import goods. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents include bank documents, customs declaration and clearance documents, port filing documents, import licenses, and other official documents exchanged between the concerned parties. Documents filed simultaneously are considered different documents but with the same time frame for completion. Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009

3.04 Cost to import Total official cost associated with importing, excluding tariffs and trade taxes | 2008 This variable measures the fees levied on a 20-foot container in US dollars. All the fees associated with completing the procedures to export or import the goods are included. These include costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and technical control, terminal handling charges, and inland transport. The cost measure does not include tariffs or trade taxes. Only official costs are recorded. Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009

3.05 Time for export Number of days required to export | 2008 The time calculation for a procedure starts from the moment it is initiated and runs until it is completed. If a procedure can be accelerated for an additional cost, the fastest legal procedure is chosen. It is assumed that neither the exporter nor the importer wastes time and that each commits to completing each remaining procedure without delay. Procedures that can be completed in parallel are measured as simultaneous. The waiting time between procedures—for example, during unloading of the cargo—is included in the measure. Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009

Source: Global Express Association

3.06 Documents for export

Pillar 3: Efficiency of import-export procedures 3.01 Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance Effectiveness and efficiency of clearance process by customs and border control agencies (1 = very low, 5 = very high) | 2007 This variable assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of the clearance process by customs and other border control agencies in the eight major trading partners of each country. Respondents to the LPI survey were asked to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of clearance in the country in which they work, based on their experience in international logistics, on a 1-to-5 scale compared with generally accepted industry standards or practices. Source: The World Bank, Logistics Perception Index 2007

Number of documents required to export | 2008 This variable takes into account all documents required to export the goods are recorded. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents include bank documents, customs declaration and clearance documents, port filing documents, import licenses and other official documents exchanged between the concerned parties. Documents filed simultaneously are considered different documents but with the same time frame for completion. Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009

3.07 Cost to export Total official cost associated with exporting | 2008 This variable measures the fees levied on a 20-foot container in U.S. dollars. All the fees associated with completing the procedures to export or import the goods are included. These include costs for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and technical control, terminal handling charges, and inland transport. The cost measure does not include tariffs or trade taxes. Only official costs are recorded. Source: The World Bank, Doing Business 2009

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Pillar 4: Transparency of border administration

5.04

Road congestion Motor vehicles per kilometer of road | 2005

4.01 Irregular payments in exports and imports In your country, how frequently would you estimate that firms make undocumented extra payments or bribes connected with import and export permits (1 = common, 7 = never occurs) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2008

5.05 Quality of air transport infrastructure Passenger air transport in your country is (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = extensive and efficient by international standards)

Technical Notes and Sources

Part 2

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

4.02 Corruption Perceptions Index A country or territory’s degree of public corruption | 2008 The Corruption Perceptions Index score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts, and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt). Source: Transparency International

5.06 Quality of railroad infrastructure Railroads in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = extensive and efficient by international standards) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

5.07 Quality of roads

Pillar 5: Availability and quality of transport infrastructure

Roads in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = extensive and efficient by international standards) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

5.01 Airport density Number of airports per million population | 2007 Number of airports with at least one scheduled flight in 2007 per million population. Source: International Air Transport Association, SRS Analyser

5.02 Transshipment connectivity index Type of transshipment connections available to shippers from each country/economy on bilateral routes | 2007 This index aims at reflecting the geographical aspects of the liner services supply and is based on the type of liner shipping service connections available to shippers from each country/economy on bilateral routes ranging from a first- to a fourth-order connection. In the absence of a direct liner service between two countries, the cargo will have to be transshipped in a port of a third or even fourth country in order to reach the destination country. A first-order connection is a connection without transshipment, a second-order connection is a connection with one transshipment, and so on. First-order connections have the most positive impact on cargo movement. Therefore, the type of connections per country has been weighted as follows: first-order connections are multiplied by 1.0, secondorder connections by 0.5, third-order connections by 0.33, and fourth-order connections by 0.25. The score is the sum of the four connection types. The indicator reflects the ship deployment in August 2008. The data were indexed by the maximum value in 2008. Source: UNCTAD, Transport Section, Trade Logistics Branch

5.03 Paved roads Paved roads as percentage of total roads | 2005 Paved roads are those surfaced with crushed stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binder or bituminized agents, with concrete, or with cobblestones. This indicator shows paved roads as a percentage of all the country/economy’s roads, measured in length. Source: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2008

5.08 Quality of port infrastructure Port facilities and inland waterways in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = extensive and efficient by international standards). For landlocked countries, this measures the ease of access to port facilities and inland waterways (1 = impossible, 7 = easy) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

Pillar 6: Availability and quality of transport services 6.01 Liner Shipping Connectivity Index Quantity of services provided by liner companies | 2008 The Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) is an indicator of liner shipping connectivity, based on indicators of service supply per country. The index is comprised of a list of quantitative indicators for service parameters available in each country. The variables included in this index are: number of ships, liner companies, liner services, TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units) capacity, and maximum ship size. Source: UNCTAD, Transport Section, Trade Logistics Branch

6.02 Ease and affordability of shipment Ease and affordability of arranging international shipments (1 = very low, 5 = very high) | 2007 This variable assesses the ease and affordability associated with arranging international shipments. Respondents to the LPI survey were asked to evaluate the ease and affordability associated with arranging international shipments to or from eight countries (major trading partners) with which they conduct business. Performance was evaluated using a 5-point scale (1 for the lowest score, 5 for the highest), based on their experience in international logistics and in accordance with generally accepted industry standards or practices. Source: The World Bank, Logistics Perception Index 2007

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6.03 Competence of the logistics industry Competence of the logistics industry (e.g., transport operators, customs brokers) (1 = very low, 5 = very high) | 2007 This variable evaluates the competence of the local logistics industry. Respondents to the LPI survey were asked to evaluate the competence of the local logistics industry in the eight countries (major trading partners) with which they conduct business. Performance was evaluated using a 5-point scale (1 for the lowest score, 5 for the highest), based on their experience in international logistics and in accordance with generally accepted industry standards or practices. Source: The World Bank, Logistics Perception Index 2007

6.04 Ability and ease of tracking Ability to track and trace international shipments (1 = very low, 5 = very high) | 2007 This variable assesses the ability to track and trace international shipments (consignments). Respondents to the LPI survey were asked to evaluate the ability to track and trace international shipments (consignments) when shipping to or from eight countries (major trading partners) with which they conduct business. Performance was evaluated using a 5-point scale (1 for the lowest score, 5 for the highest), based on their experience in international logistics and in accordance with generally accepted industry standards or practices. Source: The World Bank, Logistics Perception Index 2007

6.05 Timeliness of shipments in reaching destination

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Frequency of shipments reaching the consignee within the scheduled delivery (1 = very low, 5 = very high) | 2007 This variable assesses how often shipments reach the consignee within the scheduled delivery time. Respondents to the LPI survey were asked to evaluate the timeliness of shipments in reaching destination when arranging shipments to eight countries (major trading partners) with which they conduct business. Performance was evaluated using a 5-point scale (1 for the lowest score, 5 for the highest), based on their experience in international logistics and in accordance with generally accepted industry standards or practices.

Pillar 7: Availability and use of ICTs 7.01 Firm-level technology absorption Companies in your country are (1 = not able to absorb new technology; 7 = aggressive in absorbing new technology) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

7.02 Mobile telephone subscribers Mobile telephone subscribers per 100 population | 2007 The term subscribers refers to users of mobile telephones subscribing to an automatic public switched telephone network using cellular technology. This can include analogue and digital cellular systems but should not include noncellular systems. Subscribers to fixed wireless, public mobile data services, or radio paging services are not included. Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2009

7.03 Broadband Internet subscribers Total broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population | 2007 The International Telecommunication Union considers broadband to be any dedicated connection to the Internet of 256 kilobits per second (kb/s) or faster, in both directions. Broadband subscribers refers to the sum of DSL, cable modem, and other broadband (for example, fiber optic, fixed wireless, apartment LANs, satellite connections) subscribers. Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2009

7.04 Internet users Internet users per 100 population | 2007 Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network. Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2009

Source: The World Bank, Logistics Perception Index 2007

7.05 Telephone lines 6.06 Postal service efficiency Do you trust your country’s postal system sufficiently to have a friend mail a small package worth US$100 to you? (1 = no, not at all; 7 = yes, I trust the system entirely) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

Main telephone lines per 100 population | 2007 A main telephone line is a telephone line connecting the subscriber’s terminal equipment to the public switched telephone network and that has a dedicated port in the telephone exchange equipment. Source: International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication Indicators 2009

6.07 GATS commitments in the transport sector Index of commitments for General Agreement on Trade in Services in the transport sector | 2009 The indicator measures the extent of commitments for traderelated services in the transportation sector under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). It covers the following sectors: air transport services, maritime transport services (only for non-landlocked countries), rail transport services, road transport services, and services auxiliary to all modes of transport. Passenger transport has been excluded across all sectors. Only subsectors where commitments to opening up completely have been taken into account and the results have been weighted by 2007 global trade data. Source: International Trade Centre and authors’ calculations

Pillar 8: Regulatory environment 8.01 Property rights Composite indicator capturing the protection of property rights from the Global Competitiveness Index 2008–2009. The indicator is the average of two variables: Property rights: Property rights in your country, including over financial assets, are (1 = poorly defined and not protected by law, 7 = clearly defined and well protected by law) and Intellectual property protection: Intellectual property protection and anti-counterfeiting measures in your country are (1 = weak and not enforced, 7 = strong and enforced). This composite variable corresponds to indicator 1.A.1 from the GCI. Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009

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8.02 Ethics and corruption Composite indicator capturing ethics and corruption from the Global Competitiveness Index 2008–2009 The indicator is the average of two variables: Diversion of public funds: In your country, diversion of public funds to companies, individuals, or groups due to corruption (1 = is common, 7 = never occurs) and Public trust of politicians: Public trust in the financial honesty of politicians in your country is (1 = very low, 7 = very high). This composite variable corresponds to indicator 1.A.2 from the GCI. Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009

8.03 Undue influence Composite indicator capturing undue influence from the Global Competitiveness Index 2008–2009 The indicator is the average of two variables: Judicial independence: Is the judiciary in your country independent from political influences of members of government, citizens, or firms? (1 = no—heavily influenced, 7 = yes—entirely independent) and Favoritism in decisions of government officials: When deciding upon policies and contracts, government officials in your country (1 = usually favor well-connected firms and individuals, 7 = are neutral). This composite variable corresponds to indicator 1.A.3 from the GCI. Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009

Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009

8.06 Openness to foreign participation This variable is calculated as the average of four variables: Ease of hiring foreign labor, Prevalence of foreign ownership, Business impact of rules on FDI, and Capital controls.

Technical Notes and Sources

Part 2

Ease of hiring foreign labor Labor regulation in your country (1 = prevents your company from employing foreign labor, 7 = does not prevent your company from employing foreign labor) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

Prevalence of foreign ownership Foreign ownership of companies in your country is (1 = rare and limited, 7 = prevalent and encouraged) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

Business impact of rules on FDI In your country, rules governing foreign direct investment (1 = discourage foreign direct investment, 7 = encourage foreign direct investment)

8.04 Government inefficiency Composite indicator capturing the government’s inefficiency from the Global Competitiveness Index 2008–2009 The indicator is the average of four variables:Wastefulness of government spending: The composition of public spending in your country (1 = is wasteful, 7 = efficiently provides necessary goods and services not provided by the market); Burden of government regulation: Complying with administrative requirements (permits, regulations, reporting) issued by the government in your country is (1 = burdensome, 7 = not burdensome); Efficiency of legal framework: The legal framework in your country for private businesses to settle disputes and challenge the legality of government actions and/or regulations is (1 = inefficient and subject to manipulation, 7 = efficient and follows a clear, neutral process) and Transparency of government policymaking: Are firms in your country usually informed clearly by the government of changes in policies and regulations affecting your industry? (1 = never informed; 7 = always informed). This composite variable corresponds to indicator 1.A.4 from the GCI. Source: World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009

8.05 Domestic competition Composite indicator capturing the government’s inefficiency from the Global Competitiveness Index 2008–2009 The indicator is the average of eight variables:Intensity of local competition: Competition in the local market is (1 = limited in most industries, 7 = intense in most industries); Extent of market dominance: Corporate activity in your country is (1 = dominated by a few business groups, 7 = spread among many firms); Effectiveness of anti-monopoly policy: Anti-monopoly policy in your country is (1 = lax and not effective at promoting competition, 7 = effective and promotes competition); Extent and effect of taxation: The level of taxes in your country (1 = significantly limits the incentives to work or invest, 7 = has little impact on the incentives to work or invest); Total tax rate defined as a combination of profit tax (% of profits), labor tax and contribution (% of profits), and other taxes (% of profits); Number of procedures required to start a business; Time required to start a business defined as number of days required to start a business; and Agricultural policy costs: Agricultural policy in your country (1 = is excessively burdensome for the economy, 7 = balances the interests of taxpayers, consumers, and producers). This composite variable corresponds to indicator 6.A.1 from the GCI.

Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

Capital controls The inflow and outflow of capital into and from your country is (1 = highly restricted by law, 7 = not restricted by law) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

Pillar 9: Physical security 9.01 Reliability of police services Police services in your country (1 = cannot be relied upon to enforce law and order, 7 = can be relied upon to enforce law and order) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

9.02 Business costs of crime and violence The incidence of common crime and violence in your country (1 = imposes significant costs on businesses, 7 = does not impose significant costs on businesses) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

9.03 Business costs of terrorism The threat of terrorism in your country (1 = imposes significant costs on businesses, 7 = does not impose significant costs to businesses) Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2007, 2008

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About the Authors

Part 2

About the Authors

Fouad Alame Fouad Alame is Tender Manager Europe for Agility, based in Basel, Switzerland, where he is responsible for providing leading regional and global companies with advanced logistics and supply chain solutions. During his career with Agility, he has held several positions in Business Development and Marketing in the Middle East and Europe. Mr Alame is a Doctorate of Business Administration candidate at Strathclyde University, UK. His doctoral research investigates the impact of structure and culture on services innovation and the strategies that companies should pursue to initiate innovation to create and reshape needs and markets. He holds an MBA in Strategy and International Business from Bradford School of Management, UK, and a Master in Marketing and a Bachelor in Business Administration from Saint Joseph University, Lebanon. Jean-François Arvis Jean-François Arvis is a Senior Transport Economist with the International Trade Department at the World Bank, where he is in charge of the knowledge activities in the area of trade logistics. Prior to joining the Bank, he worked in various positions with the French Ministry of Economy and Industry (regulation, trade, finance, and development aid). He is a graduate from the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, and holds Doctorate degrees in Physics. Marc Auboin Marc Auboin is a Counsellor in the Economic Research and Statistics Division of the World Trade Organization (WTO), in charge of trade and finance issues including WTO-IMF-WB relations, WTO activities on trade finance, and the WTO Working Group on Trade, Debt and Finance. He is a member of the WTO Task Force on the Finance Crisis and Trade. Previously he held several positions at the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was DeputySecretary General of the Monetary Committee of the European Union, and worked for the French Treasury. Dr Auboin holds a PhD in Economics from Sciences-Po, Paris, and was a Research Fellow at the London School of Economics and Yale University. He lectures at the World Trade Institute in Switzerland and at CERDI in France, and has published pieces of research on trade and finance issues in the IMF’s World Economic Outlook, the WTO’s Discussion and Working Paper Series, the Vox Internet-based platform, and various economic journals.

Carolin Averbeck Carolin Averbeck has been working as a Market Analyst in the Market Analysis and Research section of the International Trade Centre (ITC) since late 2006. Her focus is on market access and non-tariff measures in particular. Prior to joining the ITC, she contributed to UNCTAD’s research and analysis in the area of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for development. Formerly, she worked in the private sector, including Cap Gemini. Ms Averbeck holds a Master of Arts in International and Development Economics and a German Diploma in Computer Science. Sean Doherty Sean Doherty is Associate Director and Head of the Logistics and Transport industry community in the World Economic Forum. He previously managed both the Mining and Metals Industry Programme and the Chemicals Industry Programme in the Forum. Immediately prior to joining the Forum, he was an independent consultant on strategic marketing for TNT Express. His main professional background is as a consultant for Booz & Co. and for IBM Business Dynamics. He began his career with short stints as a trainee engineer at BAE Systems Regional Aircraft and at the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Mr Doherty received a Master of Aeronautical Engineering from Imperial College, a Master of Structural Molecular Biology from the University of London, and an MBA from the Collège des Ingénieurs. Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz is Director and Senior Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum, where she researches and writes on issues of national competitiveness, in particular related to the Arab world. She is lead author or editor of a number of regional and topical reports and papers. Earlier on, she oversaw the economic modeling for some of the Forum’s scenario projects and was charged with developing the economics section of the program for the World Economic Forum’s Annual Meeting in Davos. Before joining the Global Competitive-ness Network, Dr Drzeniek Hanouz worked for several years with the International Trade Centre in Geneva, where she was in charge of relations with Central and Eastern European countries. In this capacity, she advised governments and developed and implemented programs to strengthen the international competitiveness of businesses in the region. Dr Drzeniek Hanouz received a Diploma in Economics from the University of Münster and holds a PhD in International Economics from the University of Bochum, both in Germany.

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Thierry Geiger Thierry Geiger is an Economist with the Global Competitiveness Network and a Global Leadership Fellow at the World Economic Forum. His responsibilities include the construction and computation of a range of indexes, as well as data analysis for various projects and studies. His main areas of expertise are econometrics and international trade. Mr Geiger holds a BA in Economics from the University of Geneva with a specialization in monetary and financial economics, and an MA in Economics from the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver. Prior to joining the Forum, he worked for the World Trade Organization and Caterpillar Inc. During his studies, he was a Member of the Board of Junior Entreprise Genève. He is also Co-Founder of Procab Studio S.A., an IT company based in Geneva. Qin He Qin He is Project Manager of the Global Enabling Trade Report at the World Economic Forum. Immediately prior to joining the Forum, Ms He completed a rotational executive management training program at the North American headquarters of CSAV. In this capacity, she worked closely with senior executives and led in projects to help implement “customer centric” strategies with the aim of increasing operational efficiency, improving customer service quality, and driving up revenue. Prior to CSAV, Ms He has worked as a marketing researcher at Net2Phone and also managed custom research at Clickin Research. Ms He holds an MBA from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Sloan School of Management and a Master in Advertising from the University of Texas at Austin. She graduated from Tsinghua University with Bachelor degrees in English and Economics. Robert Z. Lawrence Robert Z. Lawrence is the Albert L. Williams Professor of Trade and Investment at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and a Nonresident Senior Fellow with the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He was appointed by President Clinton to serve as a member of his Council of Economic Advisers in 1999. He held the New Century Chair as a Nonresident Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution and founded and edited the Brookings Trade Forum. Lawrence has been a Senior Fellow in the Economic Studies Program at Brookings (1983–91), a professorial lecturer at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (1978–81), and an instructor at Yale University (1975). He has served as a consultant to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the World Bank, the OECD, and UNCTAD. He is the author of more than 100 papers and articles on topics in the field of international economics, particularly on global integration, trade in the Middle East, and the impact of trade on the labor market. He is also the author or coauthor of several books, including Blue Collar Blues: Is Trade to Blame for Rising US Income Equality? (2008), US-Middle East Trade Agreements: A Circle of Opportunity (2006), Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation (2006), Anchoring Reform with a US-Egypt Free Trade Agreement (2005), Has Globalization Gone Far Enough? The Costs of Fragmented Markets (2004), Crimes and Punishment? Retaliation under the WTO (2003), and Globaphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade (1998).

Gerard McLinden Gerard Mclinden is a Senior Trade Facilitation Specialist in the World Bank’s International Trade Department. He is responsible for the design, development, implementation, and supervision of a range of customs, trade facilitation, and border management initiatives and projects. He also contributes to the Department’s learning and knowledge program and is responsible for the Bank’s WTO trade facilitation support program. Prior to joining the World Bank in 2003, he worked in the World Customs Organization (WCO) where he was responsible for a number of customs reform and modernization programs as well as a range of good governance, capacity building, and technical assistance initiatives. He has over 20 years of experience in customs administration, including senior appointments in a variety of disciplines. During his customs career, he served as the Project Director for a number of Customs reform and modernization projects in the Asia/Pacific region and as the Senior Australian Customs Representative for the Asian region, based in Tokyo, Japan. He holds a Bachelor in Economics and Political Science from the Australian National University, an Advanced Diploma in Quality Management, and a Master in Management. He has worked in over 60 countries and has undertaken trade facilitation assignments on behalf of a range of national and international organizations. Kunio Mikuriya Before taking up his position as Secretary General of the World Customs Organization (WCO) in 2009, Kunio Mikuriya spent seven years as the Organization’s Deputy Secretary General. In this position, he led efforts to coordinate the work of the WCO with other international organizations and the private sector. Prior to joining the WCO, Mr Mikuriya worked for Japan’s Ministry of Finance for 25 years. During his career with the Ministry, he occupied a number of senior posts that gave him broad experience in customs, trade development, and budget and financial policies. Among other things, Mr Mikuriya spent time as a Counsellor at the Japanese Mission to the World Trade Organization in Geneva. This experience enabled him to acquire an excellent knowledge of trade-related issues. He has a BA in Law from Tokyo University. Mondher Mimouni Mondher Mimouni has worked as Senior Market Analyst in the Market Analysis and Research section of the International Trade Centre since 1999. As part of his work on international trade, he has built the Web-based application Market Access Map and developed the Trade Performance Index for assessing and monitoring the export performance and competitiveness of countries. Mr Mimouni has also contributed to a variety of joint market access analysis projects of the ITC, UNCTAD, and the WTO, including World Tariff Profile; MDG indicators; and the multi-agency initiative on the collection, classification, and analysis of Non-Tariff Measures. Mr Mimouni holds an M.Phil. equivalent in Development Economics from the Economic University of Montpellier, and an MS in Agricultural Policy and Development Administration from the International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM-Montpellier).

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John Moavenzadeh John Moavenzadeh is Senior Director and Head of Sustainable Mobility and Strategy at the World Economic Forum. He leads the team within the Forum’s Centre for Global Industries focused on the automotive, logistics & transportation, and aviation, travel & tourism industries. Prior to joining the Forum, Mr Moavenzadeh was a product design engineer with Ford Motor Company, an associate with Booz Allen Hamilton’s transportation practice, and executive director of the MIT International Motor Vehicle Program, a global research consortium focused on the automotive industry. He has spoken, lectured, and published on sustainable mobility and the global automotive industry for the US National Academies and several universities. Mr Moavenzadeh holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, an MS in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan, and an MPP from Harvard University. Michael Moosberger Originally from New Zealand, Mr Moosberger undertook postgraduate study in International Relations at the University of Cambridge before joining the International Air Transport Association (IATA) in Geneva, where he is Manager of Economic Research Services. Alongside managing production and distribution of the ongoing aviation economic analysis from the Chief Economist’s office, Mr Moosberger is involved in specific research projects supporting the aviation environment and government affairs activity of IATA. Monica Alina Mustra Monica Alina Mustra is a Trade Facilitation and Logistics Specialist in the World Bank’s International Trade Department. Mrs Mustra joined the World Bank in 2004 and has worked on a number of the Bank’s trade and transport-related projects and learning products, including organization of policy dialogues, workshops, seminars, and distance learning courses. Most recently she co-authored the report on the Logistics Performance Indicators (LPI) project—a global initiative of the World Bank Trade Logistics Group (www.worldbank.org/lpi) launched in November 2007. She is currently acting as the Coordinator for the Global Facilitation Partnership for Transportation and Trade (GFP) (www.gfptt.org). Prior to joining the World Bank, she worked for the Harvard Center for International Development (CID), the European Commission, and the Romanian Ministry of Finance. She holds a Master in Mathematics and Information Technology from University of Craiova, Romania, a 1-year Certificate in International Tax Policy and Administration from Harvard Law School, and a 2-year Master in Public Administration from John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Lauri Ojala Dr Lauri Ojala is a tenured Full Professor of Logistics at the Turku School of Economics, Finland. His research interests include international logistics and transport markets. Since the mid 1990s, he has also worked as an expert for several international agencies (the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Commission, and the Nordic Investment Bank) in development projects in, for example, the Baltic States, Albania, Moldova, South Caucasus, and Central Asia. In 2006–07, he was in charge of two EU part-funded logistics projects in the Baltic Sea Region with a combined volume of over 4 million euros; DaGoB deals with transport of Dangerous

Goods (www.dagob.info) and LogOn Baltic deals with logistics and ICT competence (www.logonbaltic.info). Dr Ojala is an initiator and co-author of the Logistics Performance Index (www.worldbank.org/lpi), which was launched by the World Bank in November 2007.

About the Authors

Part 2

Sam Sidiqi Sam Sidiqi is Director of Strategy for Agility, based in Basel, Switzerland, where he is responsible for strategy development and execution for Europe. At Agility, Mr Sidiqi has held a variety of roles in both strategy and mergers and acquisitions in Europe, North America, and the Middle East and has been active with the World Economic Forum since 2006. Mr Sidiqi previously worked for Bain as an Associate Consultant. He received Palmer’s Scholar honors while obtaining his MBA in Strategic Management from Wharton and an MA in International Studies from the Lauder Institute, both of the University of Pennsylvania. He was a Fulbright Fellow in Egypt and obtained degrees in Economics and Political Science from MIT. John P. Simpson John Simpson is Director General of the Global Express Association (GEA), which represents the interests of its members (DHL, FedEx, TNT, and UPS) in removing market access barriers and improving border efficiency. He has held this position since October 2003. Previously, he was President of the American Association of Exporters and Importers (2000–03); prior to that, he was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Regulatory, Tariff, and Trade Enforcement at the US Treasury Department (1986–2000), with responsibility for, inter alia, US Customs; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms; and the Office of Foreign Assets Control. Olga Skorobogatova Olga Skorobogatova is a Market Analyst with the International Trade Centre. Her responsibilities include the collection and analysis of trade and market access data, as well as the creation, update, and implementation of related Web-based applications from the user perspective. Ms Skorobogatova holds an MSc in International Strategy and Economics from the University of St Andrews in the UK and a DEA in International Relations from the Graduate School of International Studies in Geneva. Steve Smith Steve Smith is Director, IATA e-freight. Following service in the Royal Navy, he joined British Airways World Cargo in 1996, as the Head of Revenue Optimisation in Cargo Revenue Management. This was followed by a three-year period in the change management programme at BA World Cargo, specifically focused on the implementation of BA’s New World Cargo Centre. In 2001, he became head of Planning and Development within the London Heathrow cargo operation, after which he was appointed General Manager for the cargo business in Africa responsible for Sales and Customer Service. Mr Smith joined IATA in April 2006, as Director of Cargo Standards and Safety in Montreal, before being appointed Director of IATA e-freight in May 2007, based in Geneva.

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Eva Trujillo Herrera Eva Trujillo Herrera is a Research Analyst with the Global Competitiveness Network at the World Economic Forum. Her responsibilities include the computation of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies. Her main areas of expertise are Global Politics and International Trade. Ms Trujillo Herrera holds an MA in Applied Economics from Northern Illinois University, in the United States. Prior joining the Forum, she worked as a consultant for the International Trade Center (ITC / WTO / UNCTAD) in Geneva, Switzerland. During her studies she was an intern at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), also based in Geneva, in the Creative Industries Program.

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The World Economic Forum would like to thank the following organizations for their invaluable support of this Report.

Acknowledgments

Part 2

Agility is one of the world’s leading providers of integrated logistics to businesses and governments. It is a publicly traded company with $6.8 billion in annual revenue and more than 34,000 employees in over 550 offices and 120 countries. Agility brings efficiency to supply chains in some of the globe’s most challenging environments, offering unmatched personal service, a global footprint, and customized capabilities in developed and emerging economies alike. Agility has three business divisions: Agility Global Integrated Logistics (GIL) is headquartered in Switzerland and provides supply chain solutions to commercial customers large and small. Agility Defense & Government Services (DGS), based in Washington, offers logistics services to governments, relief agencies and international institutions worldwide. Agility Infrastructure group companies primarily focus on opportunities in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia, providing infrastructure support in the areas of industrial real estate, customs optimization, and airline services. For more information visit our website: www.agilitylogistics.com

Deutsche Post DHL is the world’s leading mail and logistics services group. The Deutsche Post and DHL corporate brands offer a one-of-a-kind portfolio of logistics (DHL) and communications (Deutsche Post) services. The Group provides its customers with both easy-to-use standardized products as well as innovative and tailored solutions ranging from dialog marketing to industrial supply chains. Over 500,000 employees in more than 220 countries and territories form a global network focused on service, quality and sustainability. With programs in the areas of climate protection, disaster relief and education, the Group is committed to social responsibility. In 2008, Deutsche Post DHL revenues exceeded €54 billion. The postal service for Germany. The logistics company for the world.

DP World is one of the largest marine terminal operators in the world, with 49 terminals and 12 new developments across 31 countries. Its dedicated, experienced and professional team of nearly 30,000 people serves customers in some of the most dynamic economies in the world. In 2008, DP World handled more than 46.8 million TEU (twenty-foot equivalent container units). With a pipeline of expansion and development projects in key growth markets, including India, China and the Middle East, capacity is expected to rise to around 95 million TEU over the next ten years.

FedEx Corp. (NYSE: FDX) provides customers and businesses worldwide with a broad portfolio of transportation, e-commerce and business services. With annual revenues of $38 billion, the company offers integrated business applications through operating companies competing collectively and managed collaboratively, under the respected FedEx brand. Consistently ranked among the world’s most admired and trusted employers, FedEx inspires its more than 290,000 team members to remain “absolutely, positively” focused on safety, the highest ethical and professional standards and the needs of their customers and communities. For more information, visit news.fedex.com.

GeoPost consolidates the Express service subsidiaries of Groupe La Poste, one of the world’s largest operators in the transportation and services sector and a Fortune 500 company with a history dating back more than 700 years. GeoPost is a major force in Express throughout Europe as demonstrated by its top ranking DPD road transport network. GeoPost operates in over 230 countries on behalf of over 300,000 customers worldwide and is no.1 in France and no.2 at European level on the express parcel market with a consolidated turnover figure of 3.292 billion euros in 2008. GeoPost Intercontinental is the global expansion vehicle of the GeoPost group.

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The Global Express Association represents international express delivery companies that serve over 220 countries, carrying over 30 million packages each day, all of them guaranteed to be delivered within specified time frames. Express delivery operators provide integrated, door-todoor services, including not only transportation systems in which the location and progress of packages is constantly tracked but also cross-border clearance and collection of payments from customers. Express delivery operators make it possible for businesses of any size to compete effectively in the modern global marketplace, serving their customers across a continent or around the world. Although the efficient transportation links provided by express delivery companies can benefit a national economy of any nature, they are critical to knowledge-based economies, those engaged in production of high-value goods, and those comprising primarily small and medium size enterprises. More information about GEA and its members is available at www.global-express.org or from [email protected].

The International Air Transport Association (IATA), founded in April 1945, is the prime vehicle for inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure, and economical air services. Today IATA represents 250 airlines comprising 94 percent of international scheduled air traffic.

The International Trade Centre (ITC) is the joint technical cooperation agency of the United Nations and the WTO. ITC enables small business export success in developing countries by providing, with partners, sustainable and inclusive trade development solutions to the private sector, trade support institutions and policy makers.

358 The Stena Sphere consists of the three parent companies, Stena AB (publ), Stena Sessan AB and Stena Metall AB and their subsidiaries. The Stena Spere generated total revenues of SEK 55,787 million in 2008. Income before tax amounted to SEK 2,231 million. Business idea is to use our knowledge about trade, ships, service, industry, and finance to make money in the business areas shipping, ferry lines, offshore drilling, real estate, recycling and finance and to look after our clients in such a way that we contribute to their development as well as the development of society.

TNT provides businesses and consumers worldwide with an extensive range of services for their mail and express delivery needs. Headquartered in the Netherlands, TNT offers efficient network infrastructures in Europe and Asia and is expanding operations worldwide to maximise its network performance. TNT serves more than 200 countries and employs more than 163,000 people. Over 2008, TNT reported €11.1 billion in revenues and an operating income of €982 million. TNT is officially quoted on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. TNT recognises its social responsibility and has formed partnerships with the United Nations World Food Programme and the United Nations Environment Programme to fight hunger and pollution in the world. Our efforts are being recognised: in 2008, TNT again reached the highest score of all companies included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and in the Carbon Disclosure Project in the carbon intensive sector.

A transport and logistics company, wholly-owned by the South African government. It has around 48,000 employees and assets in excess of ZAR 100 billion. It is investing over ZAR 80 billion during the next five years on revitalizing and extending its infrastructure by widening and deepening ports, building a new pipeline, buying hundreds of new locomotives and addressing a maintenance backlog, especially at its rail freight division. Its operating divisions are Freight Rail, National Ports Authority, Port Terminals, Pipelines and Rail Engineering.

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UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world trade and economy, particularly focusing on sustainable development.

Acknowledgments

Part 2

The organization carries out three key functions: It is a forum for intergovernmental deliberations and consensus building. It undertakes research, policy analysis and data collection. It provides technical assistance tailored towards developing countries, in particular the least developed countries and of economies in transition. The UNCTAD secretariat works together with member Governments and donors and interacts with organizations of the United Nations system, other intergovernmental and governmental institutions, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, research institutes and universities worldwide.

UPS is the world’s largest package delivery company and a global leader in supply chain and freight services, offering an extensive range of options for synchronising the movement of goods, information and funds. Headquartered in Atlanta, USA, UPS serves more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. UPS’s stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (UPS) and the company can be found on the Web at www.UPS.com.

The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. We are not a bank in the common sense. We are made up of two unique development institutions owned by 185 member countries—the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). Each institution plays a different but supportive role in our mission of global poverty reduction and the improvement of living standards. The IBRD focuses on middle income and creditworthy poor countries, while IDA focuses on the poorest countries in the world. Together we provide low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants to developing countries for education, health, infrastructure, communications and many other purposes.

The World Customs Organization (WCO), with its 174 Members across the globe responsible for processing approximately 98% of world trade, is the only global intergovernmental organization uniquely focused on customs matters. Recognized as the voice of the international customs community, the WCO is particularly noted for its competence in areas covering the development of global standards, the simplification and harmonization of customs procedures, the security of the trade supply chain, the facilitation of world trade, customs enforcement and compliance programmes, coordinated border management, the international Harmonized System goods nomenclature, customs valuation, origin, and sustainable customs capacity building initiatives. For more information visit www.wcoomd.org or send an email to [email protected].

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

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International trade has long been viewed as an essential element of national prosperity

The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009 The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009

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The Global Enabling Trade Report 2009

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ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7

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ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7 ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7 ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7 ISBN-13: 978-92-95044-22-7

Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Robert Z. Lawrence, Harvard University Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum Margareta Drzeniek World Economic Forum Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, World Economic Forum Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz,Hanouz, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum John Moavenzadeh, World Economic Forum