Gis App 5
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Geologic mapping A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features. A geologic map shows the distribution, relationship, and composition of earth materials such as rocks and surficial deposits (landslides, sediments) and shows structural features of the earth (faults, folded strata)Use of Geologic Maps Geologic maps are usually superimposed over a topographic map with the addition of a color mask with letter symbols to represent the kind of geologic unit. The color mask denotes the exposure of the immediate bedrock, even if obscured by soil or other cover. Each area of color denotes a geologic unit or particular rock formation. However, in areas where the bedrock is overlain by a significantly thick unconsolidated burden of till, terrace deposits, loess deposits, or other important feature, these are shown instead. stratigraphic contour lines, fault lines, strike and dip symbols, are represented with various symbols as indicated by the map key. • •
•
• •
Geologic maps are used to interpret the structure, stratigraphy, mineralogy, paleontology, and the historical record of the Earth’s crust. Geologic maps are used to locate energy resources (such as petroleum, natural gas, coal, and geothermal resources). They are used to locate sources of groundwater and mineral deposits (such as gold, iron, copper, clay and construction aggregate). Geologic maps are also used to identify areas that may contain potential mineral hazards, such as mercury, asbestos, or radon. Geologic maps are used to identify potential geologic hazards such as landslides, earthquake fault zones, areas susceptible to liquifaction, historic flood zones, volcanoes and areas susceptible to tsunamis. Geologic maps are used by land-use planners to identify and determine which areas are suitable for agriculture and urban development. They are a fundamental resource for environmental and engineering applications. Geologic maps provide an enormous amount of information needed to understand the Earth and to understand the geology of other planets by comparison.
Geological and Mineral Prospecting in the Kuala Kelawang area using Remote Sensing and GIS Tecniques The objectives of this projects are; a. To establish a procedures of visual interpretation techniques in geology using satellite data. b. To generate a geological map, a geomorphological map, and a mineral prospecting map of Kuala Kelawang area in 1:100,000 scale. Method and materials a. Materials The study areas was chosen in the Kuala Kelawang, Negeri Sembilan. The study
area consisted of an area of about 30 Km2 x 20 Km2. The area comprises about 1200km2 primary forest, hi[m1]lly to mountainous country and the rock formation ranges from Lower Paleozoic to Quaternary with different type of rocks; metamorphic, sedimentary and igneous. Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) digital spectral data taken on 2/4/94 (path/row 127/58) were used in this study. The scene of Landsat digital data were selected because of their small percentage of cloud cover and of their suitable time interval. A topographic map sheet number 95 at scale 1:63,360 were used as based and reference map, respectively. This is to support the satellite imageries. These were also used to aid in ground truthing - visual analysis and interpretation. The MicroVax system. Meridian version 5.2 and IL WIS version 1.4 was used in this study. The MicroVax system was used for loading the satellite data from CCT tape which was supply by NRCT, Thailand. The Meridian software was applied in the geocoding process of satellite data, while the ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) was used especially for further digital analysis, processing and classification of satellite imagery. b. Methodology In order to improve the information form the imagery, both of digital processing and visual interpretation has been applied. The procedures followed in this study are shown as below (figure 1);
Figure 1: Methodology flow chart Result and Discussion In the primary forest covered area such as Kuala Kelawang areas, conclusion of geological stud and digital processing techniques can be combined with visual interpretation and GIS. Each technique of digital processing will give some separated information. Band Composite imagery with selected bands and difference color (357 and 457) and filtering techniques is useful to enhance the lithological unit and tectonic
features. Principal Components is also useful for delineate lineament (PC1) and lithological unit (PC3, PC4). With difference data from digital process, the visual interpretation brought out more detail information compare to the result from one kind of image. The correlation matrix between bands of Landsat TM (especially bands 4, 5, 7) was also used to minimize the differents of digital counts in each band which related to the same physical units. In the digital processing methods, most of the spectral images have shown their own distinctive feature of geological structure in the study area. For example of B1/B3 displayed more detail of alluvial formation along the rive system. Whereas image of B3/B7, the different between granite Telemong and Paleozoic Sandstone can be delineated into contour line based on the processing of different band and band ratio the DN value of rock types have been identified as shown in Table 1. In the study area, except the basin area, the raw data or even after stretching process, the imagery has show most of the hilly and mountain area was fully covered by tropical forest. Spectral characteristic of rock has been identified by vegetable reflectance using filtering technique, and a number of lineament has been enhanced. Result of filtering technique shows mainly five generation of lineament which has been distinguished using edge enhancement, Laplacian filter, Suvillivar filter, and Bernsteia filter (3x3) with different direction). Table 1: DN value of rock types in different images G5mf G5C G(1,2,3,4) P2
C
S-D Q
W
B1
255 64
64
67
72
67
69
90
70
B2
133 24
23
26
32
27
29
70
41
B3
250 26
24
22
38
26
48
67
50
B4
153 85
98
93
83
90
82
110 14
B5
243 50
76
53
53
12
79
96
15
B7
131 8
14
9
23
20
27
50
3
B1/B2 1.92 2.67
2.78 2.35
2.25 2.48 2.40 1.29 1.71
B1/ B3 1.02 2.46
2.46 2.78
1.89 2.58 1.44 1.34 1.40
B1/ B7 1.95 8.00
4.57 6.78
3.13 3.35 2.56 1.80 2.30
B2/ B3 0.53 0.92
0.95 1.18
0.84 1.03 0.60 1.04 0.80
B2/ B4 0.87 0.24
0.23 0.28
0.38 0.30 0.35 0.64 2.93
B2/ B5 0.55 0.48
0.30 0.49
0.60 0.38 0.37 0.73 2.73
B2/ B7 1.02 3.00
1.64 2.89
1.39 1.35 1.07 1.80 13.7
B3/ B4 1.63 0.31
0.24 0.24
0.46 0.36 1.14 0.61 3.57
B3/ B5 1.03 0.52
0.32 0.41
0.72 0.36 0.60 0.70 33
B3/ B7 1.90 3.25
1.17 2.40
1.65 1.30 1.78 2.20 4.67
B5/ B1 0.95 0.78
1.18 0.87
0.74 1.07 1.14 1.07 0.21
B5/ B2 1.83 2.08
3.30 201
1.65 2.67 2.72 1.37 0.36
B5/ B3 0.97 1.12
3.16 2.41
1.39 2.77 1.65 1.43 0.30
B5/ B7 1.85 6.25
5.42 0.57
2.30 3.60 1.44 1.92 5.00
B4/ B5 0.63 1.70
1.29 1.75
1.57 1.25 1.04 1.14 0.93
B4/ B7 1.17 10.63 7.00 10.33
3.60 4.50 3.04 2.20 4.67
B4/ B1 0.60 1.33
1.53 1.52
1.15 1.34 1.19 1.22 0.20
B7/ B3 0.52 0.3
0.58 0.41
0.60 0.77 0.56 0.75 006
B7/ B4 0.86 0.09
0.14 0.10
0.28 0.22 0.33 0.45 0.21
B7/ B5 0.54 0.16
0.18 0.17
2.30 3.60 2.90 0.52 0.20
B1/ B5 1.05 1.28
0.84 1.15
1.36 0.93 0.87 0.94 4.67
The main direction of lineament are Northeast-Southeast, North-South, NortheastSouthwest and East-West. The Northwest-Southeast is the earlier than NortheastSouthwest direction. High frequency filtering is used because it is a suitable technique for differentiate the boundary of several coarse and medium grained Granitic Zones, which also concerning the different of crystallization of biotite, muscovite, amphybolite, and tourmaline; especially in Bentong Granite distribution. Circular structure has been clearly delineated in the edge enhancement imageries and in the contrast enhancement image. Small circular structures with diameter ranging from 1-2 km are closely related to the mineral concentration position in the Semenyih Granitoid (G4) and Broga Granite (G2) (Shu, 1989). In the principal component analysis part, the eigen vector is changed due to the spectral of rock types in different wavelength on the image of PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4. Through this method, the rock type can be recognized although it still have some difficulty, except the quaternary formation type. While, the techniques of visual interpretation based on photographic element and geotechnical element can strongly support to establishment of interpretation keys to lithological units (Table 2), for tectonic features (fault, fold and lineament) and also for geomorphological units. The integrated assessment method has been used to generate a mineral prospecting zones. As a guidance, the parameters, such as condition of mineral foundation (rock type, structure, landform), geochemical mechanism of each kind of ore (especially heavy mineral), and dynamic condition for the mineral were used in both remote sensing and GIS analysis.
Conclusion By using the satellite data together with ancillary data and remote sensing and GIS techniques; four map has been generated ; the geological map, the geomorphological map, and the mineral prospecting map of Kuala Kelawang, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan in 1:100, 000 scale (Figure 2 and 3). Based on the primarily finding, several suitable techniques for geological study using remote sensing and GIS technique has been identify and propose; 1. RI = (b7-b2)/b7+b2) together with image maps calculation formula; (B7-B5) + 100 is the suitable rock index for enhance some lithological units. 2. The best band ratio for geological study are; 7/3, 5/4, 4/7, and 5/2. 3. The composites of bands; 523, 754, 753, 457, 4/5+5/6+6/7, 5/4+7/4+3/7, and B4+B7 is the most useful of band composites in RGB for geological applications. 4. In the principle components processing; only PC1 (with 75% of eigen value) gave the best result for general aspect of geology while PC2 and PC3 (with 25% of eigen value ) only can enhance some geological features. 5. The low pass filtering (including smoothing techniques) can remove a noise and enhance the lithological units, but for non linear-high filter are not so useful for lithological distinguish but can enhance some geomorphological unit such as valley fill, river delta, etc.
•
• •
Geologic maps are used to interpret the structure, stratigraphy, mineralogy, paleontology, and the historical record of the Earth’s crust. Geologic maps are used to locate energy resources (such as petroleum, natural gas, coal, and geothermal resources). They are used to locate sources of groundwater and mineral deposits (such as gold, iron, copper, clay and construction aggregate). Geologic maps are also used to identify areas that may contain potential mineral hazards, such as mercury, asbestos, or radon. Geologic maps are used to identify potential geologic hazards such as landslides, earthquake fault zones, areas susceptible to liquifaction, historic flood zones, volcanoes and areas susceptible to tsunamis. Geologic maps are used by land-use planners to identify and determine which areas are suitable for agriculture and urban development. They are a fundamental resource for environmental and engineering applications. Geologic maps provide an enormous amount of information needed to understand the Earth and to understand the geology of other planets by comparison.
Geological and Mineral Prospecting in the Kuala Kelawang area using Remote Sensing and GIS Tecniques The objectives of this projects are; a. To establish a procedures of visual interpretation techniques in geology using satellite data. b. To generate a geological map, a geomorphological map, and a mineral prospecting map of Kuala Kelawang area in 1:100,000 scale. Method and materials a. Materials The study areas was chosen in the Kuala Kelawang, Negeri Sembilan. The study
area consisted of an area of about 30 Km2 x 20 Km2. The area comprises about 1200km2 primary forest, hi[m1]lly to mountainous country and the rock formation ranges from Lower Paleozoic to Quaternary with different type of rocks; metamorphic, sedimentary and igneous. Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) digital spectral data taken on 2/4/94 (path/row 127/58) were used in this study. The scene of Landsat digital data were selected because of their small percentage of cloud cover and of their suitable time interval. A topographic map sheet number 95 at scale 1:63,360 were used as based and reference map, respectively. This is to support the satellite imageries. These were also used to aid in ground truthing - visual analysis and interpretation. The MicroVax system. Meridian version 5.2 and IL WIS version 1.4 was used in this study. The MicroVax system was used for loading the satellite data from CCT tape which was supply by NRCT, Thailand. The Meridian software was applied in the geocoding process of satellite data, while the ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) was used especially for further digital analysis, processing and classification of satellite imagery. b. Methodology In order to improve the information form the imagery, both of digital processing and visual interpretation has been applied. The procedures followed in this study are shown as below (figure 1);
Figure 1: Methodology flow chart Result and Discussion In the primary forest covered area such as Kuala Kelawang areas, conclusion of geological stud and digital processing techniques can be combined with visual interpretation and GIS. Each technique of digital processing will give some separated information. Band Composite imagery with selected bands and difference color (357 and 457) and filtering techniques is useful to enhance the lithological unit and tectonic
features. Principal Components is also useful for delineate lineament (PC1) and lithological unit (PC3, PC4). With difference data from digital process, the visual interpretation brought out more detail information compare to the result from one kind of image. The correlation matrix between bands of Landsat TM (especially bands 4, 5, 7) was also used to minimize the differents of digital counts in each band which related to the same physical units. In the digital processing methods, most of the spectral images have shown their own distinctive feature of geological structure in the study area. For example of B1/B3 displayed more detail of alluvial formation along the rive system. Whereas image of B3/B7, the different between granite Telemong and Paleozoic Sandstone can be delineated into contour line based on the processing of different band and band ratio the DN value of rock types have been identified as shown in Table 1. In the study area, except the basin area, the raw data or even after stretching process, the imagery has show most of the hilly and mountain area was fully covered by tropical forest. Spectral characteristic of rock has been identified by vegetable reflectance using filtering technique, and a number of lineament has been enhanced. Result of filtering technique shows mainly five generation of lineament which has been distinguished using edge enhancement, Laplacian filter, Suvillivar filter, and Bernsteia filter (3x3) with different direction). Table 1: DN value of rock types in different images G5mf G5C G(1,2,3,4) P2
C
S-D Q
W
B1
255 64
64
67
72
67
69
90
70
B2
133 24
23
26
32
27
29
70
41
B3
250 26
24
22
38
26
48
67
50
B4
153 85
98
93
83
90
82
110 14
B5
243 50
76
53
53
12
79
96
15
B7
131 8
14
9
23
20
27
50
3
B1/B2 1.92 2.67
2.78 2.35
2.25 2.48 2.40 1.29 1.71
B1/ B3 1.02 2.46
2.46 2.78
1.89 2.58 1.44 1.34 1.40
B1/ B7 1.95 8.00
4.57 6.78
3.13 3.35 2.56 1.80 2.30
B2/ B3 0.53 0.92
0.95 1.18
0.84 1.03 0.60 1.04 0.80
B2/ B4 0.87 0.24
0.23 0.28
0.38 0.30 0.35 0.64 2.93
B2/ B5 0.55 0.48
0.30 0.49
0.60 0.38 0.37 0.73 2.73
B2/ B7 1.02 3.00
1.64 2.89
1.39 1.35 1.07 1.80 13.7
B3/ B4 1.63 0.31
0.24 0.24
0.46 0.36 1.14 0.61 3.57
B3/ B5 1.03 0.52
0.32 0.41
0.72 0.36 0.60 0.70 33
B3/ B7 1.90 3.25
1.17 2.40
1.65 1.30 1.78 2.20 4.67
B5/ B1 0.95 0.78
1.18 0.87
0.74 1.07 1.14 1.07 0.21
B5/ B2 1.83 2.08
3.30 201
1.65 2.67 2.72 1.37 0.36
B5/ B3 0.97 1.12
3.16 2.41
1.39 2.77 1.65 1.43 0.30
B5/ B7 1.85 6.25
5.42 0.57
2.30 3.60 1.44 1.92 5.00
B4/ B5 0.63 1.70
1.29 1.75
1.57 1.25 1.04 1.14 0.93
B4/ B7 1.17 10.63 7.00 10.33
3.60 4.50 3.04 2.20 4.67
B4/ B1 0.60 1.33
1.53 1.52
1.15 1.34 1.19 1.22 0.20
B7/ B3 0.52 0.3
0.58 0.41
0.60 0.77 0.56 0.75 006
B7/ B4 0.86 0.09
0.14 0.10
0.28 0.22 0.33 0.45 0.21
B7/ B5 0.54 0.16
0.18 0.17
2.30 3.60 2.90 0.52 0.20
B1/ B5 1.05 1.28
0.84 1.15
1.36 0.93 0.87 0.94 4.67
The main direction of lineament are Northeast-Southeast, North-South, NortheastSouthwest and East-West. The Northwest-Southeast is the earlier than NortheastSouthwest direction. High frequency filtering is used because it is a suitable technique for differentiate the boundary of several coarse and medium grained Granitic Zones, which also concerning the different of crystallization of biotite, muscovite, amphybolite, and tourmaline; especially in Bentong Granite distribution. Circular structure has been clearly delineated in the edge enhancement imageries and in the contrast enhancement image. Small circular structures with diameter ranging from 1-2 km are closely related to the mineral concentration position in the Semenyih Granitoid (G4) and Broga Granite (G2) (Shu, 1989). In the principal component analysis part, the eigen vector is changed due to the spectral of rock types in different wavelength on the image of PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4. Through this method, the rock type can be recognized although it still have some difficulty, except the quaternary formation type. While, the techniques of visual interpretation based on photographic element and geotechnical element can strongly support to establishment of interpretation keys to lithological units (Table 2), for tectonic features (fault, fold and lineament) and also for geomorphological units. The integrated assessment method has been used to generate a mineral prospecting zones. As a guidance, the parameters, such as condition of mineral foundation (rock type, structure, landform), geochemical mechanism of each kind of ore (especially heavy mineral), and dynamic condition for the mineral were used in both remote sensing and GIS analysis.
Conclusion By using the satellite data together with ancillary data and remote sensing and GIS techniques; four map has been generated ; the geological map, the geomorphological map, and the mineral prospecting map of Kuala Kelawang, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan in 1:100, 000 scale (Figure 2 and 3). Based on the primarily finding, several suitable techniques for geological study using remote sensing and GIS technique has been identify and propose; 1. RI = (b7-b2)/b7+b2) together with image maps calculation formula; (B7-B5) + 100 is the suitable rock index for enhance some lithological units. 2. The best band ratio for geological study are; 7/3, 5/4, 4/7, and 5/2. 3. The composites of bands; 523, 754, 753, 457, 4/5+5/6+6/7, 5/4+7/4+3/7, and B4+B7 is the most useful of band composites in RGB for geological applications. 4. In the principle components processing; only PC1 (with 75% of eigen value) gave the best result for general aspect of geology while PC2 and PC3 (with 25% of eigen value ) only can enhance some geological features. 5. The low pass filtering (including smoothing techniques) can remove a noise and enhance the lithological units, but for non linear-high filter are not so useful for lithological distinguish but can enhance some geomorphological unit such as valley fill, river delta, etc.
