Gibbs, Vance 2

STATE BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY DETERMINATION USING ENERGY AUDITS

by VANCE SCOTT GIBBS

DR. ROBERT W. PETERS, COMMITTEE CHAIR DR. JASON KIRBY DR. VIRGINIA P. SISIOPIKU

A THESIS Submitted to the graduate faculty of The University of Alabama at Birmingham, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA 2009 STATE BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY DETERMINATOINS USING ENERGY AUDITS VANCE SCOTT GIBBS MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ABSTRACT Energy audits/assessments were performed on various buildings owned and operated by the State of Alabama in order to save money on energy, conserve natural resources and lower emissions from power plants in Alabama. This effort has identified wasteful operational practices and inefficient building materials and equipment in selected buildings. Energy data such as electric, natural gas, water, oil and/or other procurements and expenditures have been reviewed prior to performing on-site visits in order to save audit time at the facilities and to estimate a benchmark for the facilities for analysis/comparison. Survey forms were sent to various state agencies in an effort to identify the facilities warranting further study. Audits/assessments were conducted on state buildings, and at a minimum and where available, the following data and/or measurements have been collected: electric equipment; types of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems; lighting fixtures; insulation types and amounts; energy sources, such as electric, water, natural gas, and oil; building temperature, pressure, voltage, amperage and power measurements; and window types, doors and roofing materials. Once the audits/assessments were completed, recommendations for energy conservation were sent to the participating facilities.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the advice, guidance and, most of all, the patience of my advisor and chair of my committee, Dr. Robert W. Peters. Without his influence and

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persistence, this research work would not have been possible or completed. Further, I would like to thank Dr. Jason Kirby and Dr. Virginia P. Sisiopiku for participating on my committee and acknowledge them for their advice and guidance, which greatly enhanced this research. I would like to thank the members of the auditing team, Dr. Robert W. Peters, professor, Dr. Jeffery Perl, President of Chicago Chem Consultants Corporation, and Harshard Shetye, graduate assistant, for their patience and assistance in performing the auditing process. I would like to thank the Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs (ADECA) for the financial support, which made this research possible, and for giving me the opportunity to be part of the project. I would like to thank Mr. Bob White, Bryce Hospital, and Ms. Sandra Douglas, Department of Youth Services, for their patience and for giving access to their facilities during this process. I would also like to thank my wife for the support and love she has given me throughout this endeavor and my son for his patience while I have been working on this project.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES..............................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1

2

BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................5 2.1 Energy Conservation.....................................................................................5 2.2 Energy Studies..............................................................................................7

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ENERGY AUDITS/ASSESSMENTS...................................................................10 3.1 Methodology...............................................................................................10 3.2 Equipment...................................................................................................12 3.3 Objectives and Locations............................................................................17 3.4 Bryce Hospital Audit..................................................................................19 3.4.1 Facility Description.............................................................................19 3.4.2 Building Envelope...............................................................................29 3.4.3 HVAC..................................................................................................29 3.4.4 Lighting...............................................................................................33 3.4.5 Water Consumption.............................................................................35 3.4.6 Summary.............................................................................................37 3.5 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus Audit.......................38 3.5.1 Facility Description.............................................................................38 3.5.2 Building Envelope...............................................................................47 3.5.3 HVAC..................................................................................................48 3.5.4 Lighting...............................................................................................49 3.5.5 Summary.............................................................................................50

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................51

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4.1 Bryce Hospital........................................................................................51 4.2 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus............................54 4.3 Difference in Facilities...........................................................................56 5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................................................57

LIST OF REFERENCES...................................................................................................59 APPENDIX........................................................................................................................61 A

TECHNICAL FACILITY PROFILE........................................................61

B

OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – BRYCE HOSPITAL................................................................................................76

C

OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH SERVICES...........................................................................91

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LIST OF TABLES Table

Page

1 Types of Energy Audits..................................................................................................12 2 Lighting Evaluation – Bryce Hospital............................................................................35 3 Lighting Evaluation – Department of Youth Services....................................................50 4 Bryce Hospital – Summary.............................................................................................52 5 Department of Youth Services – Summary....................................................................55

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure

Page

1 Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions....................................................................................2 2 Energy Use by Sector........................................................................................................3 3 Pre-Audit Survey Form...................................................................................................11 4 Infrared Thermometer.....................................................................................................14 5 Lightmeter.......................................................................................................................15 6 Thermo-Anemometer......................................................................................................15 7 Digital Stroboscope.........................................................................................................16 8 Voltage and Current Meter.............................................................................................16 9 Flicker Checker...............................................................................................................17 10 Bryce Hospital, Tuscaloosa, Alabama..........................................................................18 11 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus...................................................18 12 Bryce Hospital – Power Usage.....................................................................................20 13 Bryce Hospital – Natural Gas Consumption.................................................................20 14 Power Plant...................................................................................................................21 15 Education Building.......................................................................................................22 16 Adolescent Building......................................................................................................22 17 Harper Center................................................................................................................23 18 New Admissions...........................................................................................................24 19 Building 32 East............................................................................................................24 20 Building 34 East............................................................................................................25

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21 Building 36 East............................................................................................................26 22 Chiller Building............................................................................................................26 23 1-North Building...........................................................................................................27 24 2-North Building...........................................................................................................28 25 Engineering Building....................................................................................................28 26 Bryce Campus – Central denotes steam is utilized from Power Plant..........................31 27 Supplemental Cooling – Bryce Hospital 34 East..........................................................32 28 Bryce Campus – Central denotes chilled water is utilized from Chiller Building.........................................................................................................................33 29 Leaking Pump – Bryce Hospital – Chiller Building.....................................................37 30 Department of Youth Services – Power Usage.............................................................39 31 Department of Youth Services – Natural Gas Usage....................................................39 32 Iroquois Building..........................................................................................................40 33 Gymnasium...................................................................................................................41 34 Junaluska Building........................................................................................................41 35 Administration Building...............................................................................................42 36 Chickasaw Building......................................................................................................42 37 Creek Building..............................................................................................................43 38 Recreation Building......................................................................................................44 39 Chapel...........................................................................................................................44 40 Sequoyah School...........................................................................................................45 41 Alabama Building.........................................................................................................46 42 Security Building..........................................................................................................46 43 Bryce Hospital Natural Gas Consumption....................................................................53

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADECA

Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs

ASHRAE

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers

BTU

British Thermal Unit

CAFE

Corporate Average Fuel Economy

DOE

Department of Energy

EMA

Emergency Management Agency

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

ESCO

Energy Service Contracting Organization

FT/MIN

feet per minute

HP

horse power

HVAC

Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

HID

High Intensity Discharge

KW

kilowatt

LED

Light Emitting Diode

MPG

Miles Per Gallon

RFP

Request For Proposal

RMS

Root-Mean-Square

S.E.E.R.

Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Energy conservation is a critical issue facing our nation today. Energy conservation, “energy efficiency,” and/or “energy management,” will be used interchangeably throughout this thesis. The United States (U.S.) is in an “energy crisis” mainly due to the excessive consumption of oil. It has been estimated that the world has 1000 billion barrels of oil remaining in its crust, not all of which is obtainable. The U.S. uses 30 billion barrels annually, which equates to approximately 25% of the world’s annual oil production, yet has only 4% of the world’s population and 3% of the world’s oil reserves [Ahmed, 2008]. These numbers show that energy sources are finite and that the enormous demand for energy in our wasteful society has diminished supplies. These supplies include natural resources that are used to produce the energy we consume daily. Some of these resources are fossil fuels, water, and wood. These resources are used to provide electricity for the operation of equipment and automobiles, heat or cool our facilities, and in industrial processes within our factories. Regardless of how the energy is used, our utility bills and our overall cost of doing business is increasing. Also, it should be noted that the consumption of energy does not come without a price. There is substantial harm being done to the environment each year. For example, with use of fossil fuels to produce energy, millions of tons of carbon dioxide as well as other emissions associated with the combustion process are dumped into the atmosphere. With the use of dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) in refrigeration systems, leaks from these systems release gas which destroy the earth’s ozone layer [Wulfinghoff, 2000]. This harm is

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directly related to the greenhouse effect, i.e., the presence of gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation. This effect has caused the earth’s atmospheric temperature to increase since the middle of the 20th century, and some say that this is causing sea levels to rise and weather patterns to change [Mongabay, 2009]. Figure 1 illustrates the increase in global carbon emissions since 1955, and Figure 2 illustrates the major sectors and the quantity of energy used in Alabama for which greenhouse gases are emitted [Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2009].

Figure 1: Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions [Department of Commerce, 2009]

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En ergy U se B y Sector 2007 (B illions of B TU )

504,413

405,457

Res idential Com m erc ial

280,570

Industrial Trans portation

941,586

Figure 2: Energy Use by Sector [EIA, 2009]

Further, the power sector alone in Alabama during 2007 emitted the following greenhouse gases: 87,344,975 metric tons of carbon dioxide, 448,869 metric tons of sulfur dioxide, and 120,877 metric tons of nitrogen oxide. It should be noted that Alabama ranks twenty third in population but fifteenth in the amount of carbon produced per resident, due to the state’s reliance on coal in the production of electricity [EIA, 2009]. As energy prices increase, Alabama facility managers and professionals interested in energy conservation need to investigate ways to save money on electricity, natural gas, fuel oil, water, etc. The first step to energy conservation within one’s facility involves performing energy audits [Ingnatyuk and Golubchenko, 1995]. Qualified individuals familiar with the facilities must perform the audits. Next, facility managers are tasked with reviewing the results of the audits and implementing their recommendations. Facility managers must understand all aspects of their building systems, as well as which improvements are 7

most beneficial and cost-effective. However, facility managers need to keep in mind that the audits themselves do not save money; rather it is the implementation of the recommendations of the audits along with proper operation and management of their facilities that will be the key. Also, the facility manager cannot be alone in his or her endeavor of being more energy efficient. Each organization will have to adopt, accept and embrace the idea of being energy efficient. In most cases, it will take an organizational change from the top down (i.e., upper management) to reach or even come close to maximum efficiency within a facility. It will be up to the managers in the organization to train and coach employees to reach the goals of the organization as they pertain to energy efficiency. However, no matter the size or type of organization, the common element of a successful energy management program is commitment [Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2009]. The research performed and described in this thesis addresses issues that are associated with energy efficiencies in the Alabama buildings for which audits were performed. However, the methods used for the audits can be used at any facility and should identify areas where money and energy can be saved.

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CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND 2.1 ENERGY CONSERVATION Energy conservation became prevalent in the early 1970s in the U.S. The first “energy crisis” of the modern era occurred when the Arab oil producing countries imposed an embargo due to U.S. policy in the Middle East. This action started the concept of energy conservation by creating the notion that the creation of energy sources (supply of energy) may not keep ahead of the use of energy (demand) [Wulfinghoff, 2000]. Since this time, energy conservation has improved in all sectors. One area of improvement involves energy conservation that is now tied to environmental protection. With this relationship, there have been numerous laws signed, major spending in research, and incentives for conservation activities. Some examples of these activities are listed below: –

In 1992, the EPA and the Department of Energy (DOE) created a joint program to save money and protect the environment called ENERGY STAR. ENERGY STAR began by offering a voluntary labeling program for computers and monitors and has grown to provide labeling for thousands of products and technical support for consumers. In 2008, the program saved consumers an estimated $19 billion [Energy Star, 2009].

–

On January 23, 2006, Federal laws went into effect that required all residential style air conditioning systems to be manufactured with a minimum seasonal

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energy efficiency rating (S.E.E.R.) of 13. It was estimated that the new standard would save approximately 4.2 quadrillion British Thermal Units (BTUs) of energy over the next 25 years. [Energy Star, 2009] –

On May 20, 2009, President Obama announced a new program that will raise the corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) for vehicles produced between 2012 and 2016 and limit carbon dioxide emissions. The new standard increased the miles per gallon (MPG) rating for cars from 27.5 to 39 and for light trucks from 23.1 to 30 [EPA, 2009].

Energy conservation is grouped into three large sectors, each are approximately the same size: 1) buildings, 2) factories and industrial plants, and 3) transportation (transportation will not be discussed further) [Wulfinghoff, 2000]. Each of the groups is divided into subgroups. Buildings are grouped into two categories, i.e., commercial or residential buildings. Factories and industrial plants are grouped into two categories, i.e., conservation methods that are common to most industrial facilities and efficiency improvements for specialized processes. The subgroup researched in this thesis is commercial buildings. However, it should be noted that 80 percent of the energy consumed in the building sector is consumed by residential buildings, due to the large number of them [Wulfinghoff, 2000]. Now as we embark into a new era where energy conservation means good business, eliminating waste, insuring operations are more efficient and productive, preventing pollution, and minimizing global warming, it should be obvious that facility managers and engineers have an ever-changing role and need to have a keen understanding of all aspects of their facility and its operations [Thurman, 2002].

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2.2 ENERGY STUDIES Harshard Shetye, graduate assistant, was a fellow member of the audit team. Shetye performed energy audits on 18 buildings at the Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus (11 buildings) and the Alabama State Capitol Complex (7 buildings). This research determined that there was a need for energy audits to be performed on state buildings but that the state lacked the proper funds for the work. Further, the research determined that there were areas in each of the facilities where energy efficiency could be improved. Some of these areas included replacing old heating and air conditioning systems with new Energy Star-rated systems, replacing incandescent exit signs with new light-emitting diode (LED) exit signs, and replacing old lighting with new efficient lighting systems. However, the two main differences in the facilities were their size and age, i.e., Chalkville Campus is 50 to 60 years old with an average of approximately 7000 square feet per building, and the Alabama State Capitol Complex is 20 to 30 years old with an average of 500,000 square feet per building. Further, it was noted that the older facility had the greatest potential for savings. [Shetye, 2006] Fort Taylor Hardin was reviewed by the University of Alabama at Birmingham audit team. The facility consisted of two buildings, i.e., the main building, which has approximately 250,000 square feet, and the mechanical building, which has approximately 500 square feet. The following list of energy conservation recommendations were compiled by the audit team: -

Replacement of standard incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescence bulbs;

-

Replacement of 300-watt bulbs with high intensity discharge (HID) bulbs;

-

Replacement of windows with double-panes and repair chalking;

-

Installation of insulation in roofing area;

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-

Replacement of aging T12 fluorescent fixtures/bulbs/ballasts; and

-

Replacement of exit lights should be changed to modern LED lighting

Fort Taylor Hardin would see real energy savings should these recommendations be implemented. In October 2008, the Emergency Management Agency (EMA) of Alabama, located in Clanton, issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) seeking a qualified Energy Service Company (ESCO) to enter into contract with to perform energy-related projects on a performance basis [Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs (ADECA), 2009]. Mr. Terry DeVaughn was the contact in the RFP and was contacted. Mr. DeVaughn informed me that the project was currently underway and that upon completion the energy project would save the EMA approximately 47% of their total energy costs. Mr. DeVaughn further stated that the EMA was very happy with the process and recommended that others use ESCOs for similar projects. Mr. DeVaughn would not provide any additional information concerning the project. The Jacksonville City School System in Jacksonville, Alabama, signed a performance contract with TAC Energy Solutions in September 2007 for facility upgrades to two schools for approximately $361,000. The contract provided an annual energy savings of $36,000 when the project was completed. The project consisted of replacing approximately 3,700 light fixtures and installing an energy management system at one of the schools. Further, the current energy management system at one school will be recommissioned, and both systems will be accessible over the web. The contract was entered into because the school system lacked the proper funds to finance the project and the project would have cost no more than the price of the utilities [TAC, 2009].

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CHAPTER 3 ENERGY AUDITS/ASSESSMENTS 3.1 Methodology The approach taken for the energy audits performed was based on the Alabama Energy Performance Contracting Manual, which contains guidelines relevant for performing energy audits [ADECA, 2009]. From this manual, a four-fold approach was developed. This approach began with a survey or pre-audit request from state facilities where historical data related to energy usage was requested, e.g., type of facility, age of facility, size of facility, electric, water, oil and gas. An example of the pre-audit survey form that was sent to the State of Alabama facilities, including Bryce Hospital and the Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus, is provided in Figure 3. Second, “walk-through” audits were performed and data were gathered from each facility. Third, the data was organized and evaluated. The final report was prepared in the format suggested in the Alabama Energy Performance Contracting Manual and submitted to ADECA for their use [ADECA, 2009]. An example of a final report from the Bryce Hospital facility is provided in Appendix A. It should be noted that for the purpose of this thesis, “walk-through” audits are defined as a “type of audit that is least costly and identifies preliminary energy savings. A visual inspection of the facility is made to determine maintenance and operation energy saving opportunities plus collection of information to determine the need for a more

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ALABAMA STATE BUILDINGS ENERGY USAGE SURVEY SECTION I: FACILITY DATA

1.

State Agency_______________________________________________________________________________

2.

Name of Building___________________________________________________________________________

3.

Street Address of Building____________________________________________________________________

4.

City _________________________ Zip Code____________________________________________________

5.

Primary Use_______________________________________________________________________________

6.

Building Owner____________________________________________________________________________

7.

Building Manager___________________________________________________________________________ Phone:___________________________________

8.

Person completing survey_____________________________________________________________________ Phone:___________________________________

9.

Year constructed ___________________________________________________________________________

10.

Year of last major remodeling that would significantly effect building energy use:______________________________________

11.

Any major change planned to occur during the next two years that could significantly affect energy use ________________________________________________________________________________

12.

Please describe the typical hours of operation for your facility _______________________________________

13.

Give the total square footage of conditioned space _________________________________________________

14.

If the total areas, which are heated and cooled, differ in size, please describe their respective sizes _____________________________________________________________________________________

Section II: Energy Consumption Data Please summarize utility consumption and costs for a recent 12 month period. The cost data is most important. If only the utility cost data is available, please submit the cost data with out the usage data. 1.

Total electricity cost for a year ($):______________________________, Ending in the month of _________, year ____

2.

Total electricity usage for a year (kilowatt hours): _________________, Ending in the month of _________, year ____

3.

Natural gas cost for a year ($): ________________________________, Ending in the month of _________, year ____

4.

Natural gas usage for a year (therms or ccf): _____________________, Ending in the month of _________, year _____

5.

Propane cost for a year ($): __________________________________ , Ending in the month of _________, year _____

6.

Propane usage for a year (gallons):_____________________________, Ending in the month of _________, year _____

7.

Water cost for a year ($): ____________________________________, Ending in the month of _________, year _____

8.

Water usage for a year (gallons): ______________________________, Ending in the month of _________, year _____ Comments:

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Figure 3: Pre-Audit Survey Form detailed analysis” [Thurman, 2002]. Further, Table 1 describes the types of audits available for facilities, including the walk-through audit.

Table 1: Types of Energy Audits [Thurman, 2002] Type of Audit

Cost of Audit

Level of Detail

Walk-through

Least expensive

Visual inspection with some data collection

Mini-audit

More expensive

Maxi-audit

Most expensive

Visual inspection plus quantifies energy uses and losses to determine economics for changes All above plus it identifies and quantifies energy by use, i.e., lighting, HVAC, etc.

Energy Conservation Opportunities Identifies low hanging fruit and the need for additional studies Low hanging fruit plus it identifies additional areas where energy could be saved Uses computer simulation to maximize areas where energy can be saved

3.2 Equipment Performing energy audits requires that some measurements be taken during the audit. Tools are needed to take these measurements during audit visits. For example, one measurement that may be needed is the quantity of lighting provided in an area; therefore, the auditor must be able to measure the quantity of existing light in an area and then compare the measurement to industry standards. The auditor would use a lightmeter to take this measurement. There are other tools that could be used during an energy audit, and the following list contains some commonly used tools and their descriptions: Tape Measure 15

This is a basic measuring device used to check the dimensions of ceilings, walls, windows, and or distances between equipment. A standard 25-foot tape measure 1” wide and a 100-foot tape measure are generally sufficient for audit purposes. Lightmeter A lightmeter is a simple and useful tool, which measures illumination levels in areas being audited. A lightmeter that reads in footcandles is recommended to allow for direct analysis to recommended light levels. Small portable lightmeters that can fit in a pocket are most useful. Thermometers Several thermometers are generally needed to measure temperatures in work areas and/or temperatures of operating equipment. This is important in evaluating efficiencies of equipment and or identifying potential sources for heat recovery programs. There are numerous types of electronic thermometers, which include immersion probes, surface probes, and/or radiation shielded probes for measuring true air temperature. Voltmeter A voltmeter is used to determine the operating voltages on electrical equipment. It is especially useful when the name plate has worn off of a piece of equipment or is missing. The best voltmeter is a combined volt-ohm-amperage-meter, which uses a clamp-on feature to measure currents in conductors. For best accuracy where harmonics might be involved a true root-mean-square (RMS) meter should be used. A RMS meter provides the true measurement, not the peak measurement.

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Stroboscope A stroboscope is an instrument used to measure revolutions per minute (rpm) of equipment and to inspect moving parts by freezing, i.e., the parts appear to be stationary. It should be noted that there are numerous other pieces of equipment that can be used during energy audits; however, the number and type of pieces of equipment differ with the type of audit being performed. The following list contains the equipment and its respective specifications used for the walk-through audits performed in this thesis. Further, Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 located on pages 14, 15, 16, and 17 illustrate the actual equipment used: Oakton InfraPro 4 Thermometer [Oakton Instruments, 2004] Model No.: 35639-30 Range: -32 to 760°C Resolution: 0.1°C Repeatability: ± 1% of the reading or ± 1°C Response Time: 500 microseconds Emissitivity: 0.10 to 1.00 Distance-to-Target Ratio: 50:1 Operating Range: 0 to 50°C Power: 9-volt battery

Figure 4: Infrared Thermometer [Oakton Instruments, 2004]

Heavy Duty Foot Candle and Lux Meter [Extech (a), 2004] Model No.: 407026 Lux ranges: 2000, 20000, 500000 with 1 Lux resolution Accuracy enhanced by selection of lighting type Auto zero 17

Auto shut-off feature

Figure 5: Lightmeter [Extech (a), 2004]

Mini Thermo-Anemometer with Relative Humidity Indicator [Extech (b), 2004] Serial No.: 06632 Air velocity range: 100 to 500 ft/min Resolution: 20 ft/min Temperature range: -18.0 to 50.0°C

Figure 6: Thermo-Anemometer [Extech (b), 2004] 18

Economical Phase-Shifting Stroboscope [Shimpo, 2004] Serial No.: B05B378 Range: 40 to 12,500 ft/min Resolution: 0.1 to 1.0 ft/min Accuracy: ±0.02% Flash duration: 10 to 15 microseconds Flashtube life: 100 million flashes 115 VAC, 60 Hz

Figure 7: Digital Stroboscope [Shimpo, 2004]

Extech 400A DC/AC Power DMM [Extech (c), 2004] Model No.: 380940 Serial #: 04400098 True RMS AC voltage and current Power to 240 kw Accuracy: ±1.5% AC Line Separator: 3 prong plug

Figure 8: Voltage and Current Meter [Extech (c), 2004]

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Flicker Checker Checkered/Chopped = Flicker (install electronic ballast) Smooth = No Flicker (electronic ballast are installed)

Figure 9: Flicker Checker (Actual Picture)

3.3 Objectives and Locations The objective of the research project was to identify facilities owned and operated by the State of Alabama and to perform energy audits at selected buildings to determine areas where the facilities could conserve energy and save money. Twenty five buildings, out of the possible 430 (which have over 700 buildings), were audited in July 2005 as part of this research at the Bryce Hospital in Tuscaloosa, and the Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus in Birmingham. These facilities were selected due to the interest of the facility managers in saving money through energy conservation and their willingness to cooperate. Therefore, for the sites selected, the facility managers had contacted ADECA and requested that their facilities be audited. Figures 10 and 11 contain satellite photos that provide a visual layout of the two facilities.

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Figure 10: Bryce Hospital, Tuscaloosa, Alabama (Google Earth)

Figure 11: Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus (Google Earth)

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3.4 Bryce Hospital Audit 3.4.1 Facility Description Bryce Hospital is a facility located adjacent to the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. It is the state’s oldest and largest inpatient psychiatric facility. The hospital provides a variety of services to its patients in residential treatment and rehabilitation programs. These services include acute care, rehabilitation, Medicaid certified adolescent inpatient care, and extended care [Alabama Department of Mental Health, 2009]. All of these services are provided on a campus within approximately 20 buildings. These buildings vary in age and construction type. The Bryce Hospital Campus can be seen in Figure 10. Prior to the actual site visit discussed in Section 3.1, pre-audit surveys were received from the facility. The surveys were evaluated and it was determined that Bryce Hospital’s utility consumption for the previous 12-month period was as follows: used approximately 17,904,870 kilowatt hours of electricity, which cost $771,289; used approximately 83,615,000 cubic feet of natural gas, which cost $857,178; and $59,107 for water (details of the water bill were not provided). Figures 12 and 13 provide a detailed visual look at the consumption of electricity and gas at Bryce Hospital during FY2005.

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Ju ly Au gu Se st pt em be r

Ju ne

ay M

Ap ril

2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 O ct ob er No ve m De be r ce m be Ja r nu ar y Fe br ua ry M ar ch

Kwh

Bryce Hospital - Power Usage FY2005

Month

Figure 12: Bryce Hospital – Power Usage B ryce H ospital - N atural Gas C onsumption FY2005 12000 10000

MCF

8000 6000 4000 2000

Ju ly Au gu st Se pt em be r

Ju ne

ay M

Ap ri l

Oc to be r No ve mb er De ce mb er Ja nu ar y Fe br ua ry M ar ch

0

M onth

Figure 13: Bryce Hospital – Natural Gas Consumption

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Further, the following list contains the names, construction dates and descriptions of the 14 buildings audited on the campus of Bryce Hospital: Power “Boiler” Plant – Constructed in 1871 and 1927 The facility has approximately 11,272 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of concrete floors and concrete walls with brick veneer. The interior of the facility is unfinished and houses the central steam boiler. The roof is pitched and is covered with metal. There is one office that houses the controls for the boiler. Figure 14 on the following page contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 14: Power Plant [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Education Building – Constructed in 1991 The facility has approximately 22,190 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of concrete with cement block walls with brick veneer on the exterior. The fenestrations are double glazed. The interior is constructed of metal studs with sheet rock walls. The roof is pitched with metal roofing. The facility is used for office, classroom, and housing. Figure 15 contains a photograph of the building.

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Figure 15: Education Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Education Mechanical - Constructed in 1991 The facility has approximately 200 square feet and is part of the Education Building. Adolescent Building – Constructed in 1988 The facility has approximately 15,595 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of concrete with cement block walls with brick veneer on the exterior. The fenestrations are double glazed. The interior is constructed of metal studs with sheet rock walls. The roof is pitched with metal roofing. The facility is used for offices, classrooms, and housing. Figure 16 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 16: Adolescent Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

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Adolescent Mechanical – Constructed in 1988 The facility has approximately 200 square feet and is part of the Adolescent Building. Harper Center – Constructed in 1993 The facility has approximately 98,000 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of concrete with cement block walls with brick veneer on the exterior. The fenestrations are double glazed. The interior is constructed of metal studs with sheet rock walls. The roof is flat with a modified bitumen material. The facility is a geriatric home. Figure 17 on the following page contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 17: Harper Center [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] New Admissions – Constructed in 1993 The facility has approximately 104,000 square feet and is a two-story structure constructed of concrete with cement block walls and brick veneer on the exterior. The fenestrations are double glazed. The interior is constructed with metal studs with sheet rock walls. The roof has both flat and pitched sections that are covered with asphalt shingles and a modified bitumen material. Figure 18 contains a photograph of the building.

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Figure 18: New Admissions [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Building 32 East – Constructed in 1955 The facility has approximately 36,582 square feet and is a two-story structure constructed of concrete and concrete walls for the interior. The fenestrations are single paned. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility was remodeled in 1982 is now used for the office space and records storage. Figure 19 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 19: Building 32 East [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

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Building 34 East – Constructed in 1961 The facility has approximately 13,145 square feet and is single-story structure constructed of concrete floors with cement block and brick veneer on the exterior. The interior is constructed with metal studs and is sheet rock with single pane fenestrations. The roof is flat and covered with a modified bitumen material. The facility was remodeled in 1982 and is now vacant but is being heated and cooled. Figure 20 on the following page contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 20: Building 34 East [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Building 36 East – Constructed in 1965 The facility has approximately 43,040 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of concrete floors and concrete walls with brick veneer on the exterior. The interior has a plaster finish with single pane fenestrations. The roof is flat with a modified bitumen material. The facility was remodeled in 1997 and is currently being used for patient care, offices, laboratories, and the dental clinic. Figure 21 contains a photograph of the building.

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Figure 21: Building 36 East [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Chiller Building – Constructed in 1955 The facility has approximately 1500 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of concrete floors and cement block walls with brick veneer on the exterior. The facility is not occupied but houses the chillers for a portion of the campus. Figure 22 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 22: Chiller Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] 1-North – Constructed in 1988 The facility has approximately 68,782 square feet and is a three-story structure constructed of concrete floors with cement block and brick veneer on the exterior. The interior is constructed with metal studs and sheet rock walls with double glazed fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with a modified bitumen material. The facility is vacant due to an environmental issue, i.e., a leaking underground storage tank 29

which caused gasoline fumes to penetrate the elevator shaft, but it could be used for the housing and care of approximately three hundred patients since Bryce Hospital has cleaned up the environmental issue. Figure 23 on the following page contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 23: 1-North Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] 2-North – Constructed in 1988 The facility has approximately 68,782 square feet and is a three-story structure constructed of concrete floors with cement block and brick veneer on the exterior. The interior is constructed with metal studs and sheet rock walls with double glazed fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with a modified bitumen material. The facility is used for the housing and care of approximately three hundred patients. Figure 24 contains a photograph of the building.

30

Figure 24: 2-North Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Engineering Building – Constructed in 1880 The facility has approximately 3,800 square feet and is a two-story structure constructed of concrete with concrete walls with plaster interior walls. The fenestrations are single paned. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used for offices. Figure 25 contains a photograph of the building (located near the middle of the photograph).

Figure 25: Engineering Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Appendix B contains observations and impressions compiled by the audit team during and after the audit. 31

3.4.2 Building Envelope The building envelope is defined as the physical separation between the interior and exterior environments. There are five major physical components that make up the building envelope, the foundation, roof, walls, doors and the fenestrations or windows (including skylights). The performance of a facility’s building envelope is dependant on the connections and interactions between these main components [EPA, 2009]. Each building’s envelope and the materials used for construction are included in the list above with the building description. The visual portions of the building envelopes for the buildings audited were in fair condition. However, 32 East, 34 East, 36 East and the Engineering building all have single-pane windows. These facilities should realize savings of approximately 5% of the total heating and cooling costs for these buildings with the installation of storm windows or double-paned fenestrations and reducing air infiltration. Further, as an ongoing maintenance procedure, maintenance personnel should periodically check all doors and fenestrations for weather stripping to minimize outside air infiltration [EPA, 2004].

3.4.3 HVAC The heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems for the buildings consist of horizontal draw-through units with fan powered boxes and steam reheat coils at each zone within the buildings and/or standard forced-air heating and air conditioning systems, which involve central air conditioning systems consisting of a condenser/compressor unit outside the buildings and an evaporator/coil unit, a furnace, and air distribution system inside the buildings [American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

32

(ASHRAE), 2001]. The following buildings use the power plant for steam generation for heating and reheating purposes: Education Building, Adolescent Building, New Admissions, 1-North, 2-North, and Harper Center. It was noted during the pre-audit meeting that, in the past, the steam supply for buildings located on the east side of the facility was limited when the outside temperature reached 32° F or below. The limited supply is due to the deterioration of the supply and condensate lines and the minimum size of the retrofitted burner of the main boiler, i.e., the boiler has a 300-hp burner for the 600-hp boiler. Therefore, in an effort to increase the supply of steam to the buildings located on the east side of the facility, five hot water boilers and one steam boiler, which produces steam for the Cafeteria were installed in 2002 for the following buildings: 32 East, 34 East and 36 East (the Cafeteria, 35 East and 33 East use package boilers but were not audited.). Figure 26 indicates the buildings that use steam provided by the central power plant. For cooling purposes, the supply of chilled water to the facilities is supplied by electrically driven chillers located adjacent to the buildings or connected to the central chillers located between Building 33 and Building 36. Also, several buildings utilize a standard forced-air heating and air conditioning system. The facilities audited utilizing the central chillers are as follows: Adolescent Building, Education Building, 32 East, 34 East, and 36 East. The following buildings utilize chillers, which are located outside adjacent to the building: Harper Center, 1-North, 2-North, and New Admissions. The Engineering Building utilizes a standard forced air heat pump with electric resistance

33

Figure 26: Bryce Campus – Central denotes steam is utilized from Power Plant [Google Earth]

heating as a backup. It should be noted that due to the condition of the duct work within 34 East, old, inefficient supplemental window units have been installed to maintain cooling in each room and in the main lobby, as shown in Figure 27. During the inspection, it was noted from the name plate of the boiler that its size was 600-hp or 20-million BTUs. However, as mentioned above, a previous retrofit/repair was performed, and a 300-hp burner was installed. Also, there was no condensate return flow due to the poor condition of the condensate return lines. Due to this condition, the boiler is required to heat 100% make-up water from a temperature ranging from 55°F to 70°F to produce steam and expensive chemicals have to be added.

34

Figure 27: Supplemental Cooling – Bryce Hospital 34 East

Therefore, the boiler is operating at maximum output power when it could be saving energy if a closed loop condensate return system was installed. Also, with the insufficient supply of steam for heating when the temperature is 32°F or below, the installation of the aforementioned package boilers were required to maintain a comfortable temperature in the facilities. The central power plant and the steam and condensate lines were in poor condition greatly reducing the efficiency of the power plant. Bryce Hospital should develop a plan using an ESCO if capital funds are not available to evaluate the system and provide recommendations for repairing and upgrading the system to be more energy efficient and save money. Further, decentralizing the steam plant should be investigated. The auditing team feels that this item will most likely provide a substantial immediate savings since Bryce Hospital paid approximately $857,178 to mainly produce steam from July 2004 until June 2005. Based on observations at the facility, the real efficiency of the system is probably no greater than 50%. With the current estimated efficiency, Bryce 35

Hospital would see a savings of approximately $321,000 annually in the gas bill should the system be upgraded to a system with a minimum efficiency rating of 80%. The annual savings above was calculated by multiplying the previous yearly gas rate by of 37.5%, which is the percentage that the actual efficiency would increase, i.e., ((80-50)/80) X 100. Figure 28 indicates whether the building is connected to the central chiller system.

Figure 28: Bryce Campus – Central denotes chilled water is utilized from Chiller Building 3.4.4 Lighting Lighting within each building was reviewed, and the quantity of lighting in various areas of the buildings was measured using a lightmeter and recorded in footcandles. A detailed list of lights per building is found in Appendix A. However, lighting in the following buildings was supplied by Lithonia magnetic mechanical ballast

36

with 40-watt bulbs with some incandescent light fixtures: 32 East, 34 East, Education Building, Adolescent Building, Engineering Building, 1-North, 2-North, Chiller Building, and the Harper Center. Further, with the information provided, all lights were evaluated, i.e., a light fixture with two 40-watt bulbs which is being utilized for approximately 12 hours per day for 30 days, consumes approximately 126 watts per month, while the retrofitted fixture with two 32-watt bulbs would consume approximately 101 watts per month. The list of lights for each building was entered into a spread sheet, and a retrofit wattage for the new bulb was selected. Then the current kilowatt hours per month were calculated and totaled annually for the existing and retrofitted light fixtures. The two figures were then multiplied by the cost of electricity and the difference between the two figures equals the annual savings. The savings were then divided into the total estimated cost of the retrofits to produce a simple payback estimate. A summary of the results is shown in Table 2 where it was estimated that by retrofitting existing T-12 fixtures for T-8 fixtures with electronic ballast and providing compact fluorescent bulbs for incandescent bulbs, Bryce Hospital would save approximately $40,240 per year. The total cost to retrofit all fixtures evaluated was calculated at $235,730. The simple payback period calculated with Bryce Hospital performing the retrofits in-house was calculated as 5.9 years, which is recommended. However, should staff not be available, the simple payback would most likely double or be approximately 12 years should the work be bid to an outside contractor.

37

Table 2: Lighting Evaluation – Bryce Hospital

Bryce Hospital Lighting Evaluation Summary Total Fixtures 4,286

Usage $/Kwh Per Day (Kwh) Per Month (Kwh) (30 Days) Per Year (Kwh)

Cost per Month (Kwh) Cost per Year (Kwh) Total Cost to Retrofits $235,730

$0.07

Existing 5,744 172,320 2,079,328

Future 4,215 126,450 1,538,475

$12,821 $154,702

$9,408 $114,463

Cost savings per year

$40,240

Simple Payback (years)

5.9

It is recommended that Bryce Hospital move forward with the retrofits and/or replacement of the lighting fixtures utilizing in-house staff. As indicated above, an energy savings would be realized.

3.4.5 Water Consumption Water savings can be realized within the facility; however, it should be noted that that the following information was provided by Bryce Hospital after the building audits. This information was not gathered during the normal walk-through audit at the other facilities. Bryce Hospital spent approximately $59,107 during the 12 months prior to the audit. Within the buildings audited, the following upgrades are recommended: - Toilets that are rated for more than 1.6 gallons per flush should be replaced - Urinals should have 0.5 gallons per flush valves installed - Showers should have 1.5 gallons per minute shower heads installed, and 38

- Aerators with a maximum flow of 1.0 gallons per minute should be installed on all faucets. Again, the building manager provided a total fixture count at a later date; therefore, the buildings audited have approximately 14 toilets, 11 urinals, 448 faucets and 43 showers that must be retrofitted or replaced. It was estimated that there would be a savings of 40% or $23,642 based on the average number of gallons that each retrofit saves, i.e., toilets pre-1994 rated at 3.5 gallons per flush and replacements should be rated at 1.6 gallons per flush minimum. Note that the full percentage would not be realized due to possible over flushing [South Florida Water District, 2009]. As seen in Figure 29, a leak developed in the chilled water system located within the Chiller Building. With the leak, make-up water and chemicals are must be placed into the system on a continual basis. It is recommended that the leak be repaired to save money on water and chemicals. Further, chemicals and water are being wasted due to the poor condition of the condensate return lines utilized by the central boiler system. Sufficient data was not gathered during the walk-through audit to determine the amount of savings that would be realized by repairing these two issues.

39

Figure 29: Leaking Pump – Bryce Hospital – Chiller Building

3.4.6 Summary The following list contains cost-saving measures identified by the audit team. The recommendations are listed in priority order with the highest potential for savings listed first: –

Decentralize boiler system due to poor condition of the boiler itself and the poor condition of steam and condensate return lines;

–

Upgrade magnetic ballast and T-12 fixtures with T-8 fixtures with electronic ballast and replace all incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs. Please note that this item could be phased in over several years by making a commitment to retrofit fixtures as bulbs go out instead of continuing to purchase T-12 bulbs and magnetic ballast. Further, the facility should commit to purchase only compact fluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs;

–

Upgrade all old plumbing fixtures with low-water-use fixtures. 40

–

Upgrade single-pane fenestrations with double-pane fenestrations;

–

Replace old window air conditioning units with units that have a minimum S.E.E.R. of 13;

As noted in the previous sections, Bryce Hospital will realize savings should the above recommendations be implemented. Further, it is recommended that Bryce Hospital enter into a contract with an ESCO if capital funds are not available for the above recommendations.

3.5 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus Audit 3.5.1 Facility Description The Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus is a youth detention center located in Jefferson County. The facility houses juvenile offenders that are incarcerated by the courts for their actions and are being rehabilitated through the use of institutional, educational, and community services. These services are offered in eighteen buildings located on campus. Of these eighteen buildings, eleven were audited as part of this project. It should be noted that the buildings vary in age and that the exact age of each building was not provided; however, most of the buildings were built in the 1950s or 1960s. Prior to the actual site visit discussed in Section 3.1, pre-audit surveys were received from the facility. The surveys were evaluated and it was determined that Bryce Hospital’s utility consumption for the previous 12 months was as follows: approximately 1,536,600 kilowatt hours of electricity, which cost $98,860; used approximately 10,396,000 cubic feet of natural gas, which cost $97,767; and $60,520 for water and sewage disposal (details of the water bill were not provided). Figures 30 and 31 provide a

41

detailed visual look at the consumption of electricity for the previous twelve months and natural gas for the winter months at the Department of Youth Services - Chalkville

Ju ne

ay M

Ap ril

M

180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0

ar ch

Department of Youth Services - Chalkville Power Usage July 2004 - June 2005

Ju ly Au gu st Se pt em be r O ct ob er No ve m be r De ce m be r Ja nu ar y Fe br ua ry

Kwh

Campus.

Month

Figure 30: Department of Youth Services – Power Usage Department of Youth Services - Chalkville Natural Gas Usage October 2004 - May 2005 14000 12000

CCF

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

Month

Figure 31: Department of Youth Services – Natural Gas Usage Further, the following list contains the names, construction dates, and descriptions of the fourteen buildings audited on the campus of the Department of Youth Services Chalkville: 42

Iroquois Building – Constructed in 1936 The facility has approximately 7,300 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of wood floors with wood stud walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with single glazed fenestrations. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used for housing. Figure 32 on the following page contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 32: Iroquois Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Gymnasium – Constructed in 1999 The facility has approximately 6,830 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed with concrete floors with cement block walls with brick veneer exterior. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used as a gym. Figure 33 contains a photograph of the building.

43

Figure 33: Gymnasium [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Junaluska Building – Constructed in 1936 The facility has approximately 6,300 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of wood floors with wood stud walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with single glazed fenestrations. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used for housing. Figure 34 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 34: Junaluska Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Administration Building – Constructed in 1937 The facility has approximately 7,168 square feet and is a two-story structure constructed of wood floors with wood stud walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with single glazed fenestrations. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used as office space. Figure 35 contains a photograph of the building.

44

Figure 35: Administration Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Chickasaw Building – Constructed in 1984 The facility has approximately 7,500 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of wood floors with wood stud walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with single glazed fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with built-up tar and gravel. The facility is used for housing. Figure 36 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 36: Chickasaw Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Creek Building – Constructed in 1984 The facility has approximately 4,864 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed with concrete floors with cement block walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is constructed with cement block walls with single glazed

45

fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with built up tar and gravel. The facility is used as the cafeteria. Figure 37 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 37: Creek Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Recreation Building – Constructed in 1943 The facility has approximately 4,218 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed with concrete floors with cement block walls with brick veneer exterior. The fenestrations are single paned. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used for office and recreation rooms. Figure 38 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 38: Recreation Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Chapel – Constructed in 1967

46

The facility has approximately 3,744 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of wood floors with wood stud walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with single glazed fenestrations. The roof is pitched and flat and is covered with asphalt shingles and rolled roofing. The facility is used as a chapel. Figure 39 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 39: Chapel [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009]

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Sequoyah School – Constructed in 1999 The facility has approximately 3,900 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of concrete floors with cement block walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is constructed with cement block walls with single glazed fenestrations. The roof is flat rolled roofing. The facility is used as a chapel. Figure 40 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 40: Sequoyah School [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Alabama Building – Constructed in 1934 The facility has approximately 6,100 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of wood floors with wood stud walls with native stone on the exterior. The interior is constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with single glazed fenestrations. The roof is pitched and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used for housing. Figure 41 contains a photograph of the building.

48

Figure 41: Alabama Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Security Building – Constructed in 1998 The facility has approximately 588 square feet and is a single-story structure constructed of concrete floors with wood stud walls vinyl siding on the exterior. The interior is constructed with wood studs and sheet rock walls with double glazed fenestrations. The roof is flat and is covered with asphalt shingles. The facility is used for an office. Figure 42 contains a photograph of the building.

Figure 42: Security Building [Microsoft Bing Maps 3D, 2009] Appendix B contains observations and impressions compiled by the audit team during and after the audit.

3.5.2 Building Envelope As previously defined in Section 3.4.2, the building envelope is the physical separation between the interior and exterior environments. There are five major physical components that make up the building envelope: the foundation, roof, walls, doors, and the fenestrations or windows (including skylights). The performance of a facility’s building envelope is dependant on the connections and interactions between these main

49

components [EPA, 2009]. Each building’s envelope and construction materials are included with the building description above. The envelopes for the buildings audited were in fair condition. However, the buildings, with the exception of the Security Building, have single-pane fenestrations. These facilities would realize savings of approximately 5% of total energy cost with the installation of storm windows or double-paned fenestrations [EPA, 2004]. Further, as an ongoing maintenance procedure, maintenance personnel should periodically check all doors and fenestrations for weather stripping to minimize outside air infiltration [EPA, 2004]. During the audit in the Administration Building and Iroquis Building attics, only 2 to 4 inches of insulation blown mineral wool was in place. The 2004 Alabama Building Energy Conservation Code requires R-30 insulation for this type of construction, and the Department of Energy recommends R-38 for this region of the country. This correlates to approximately 10 to 12 inches of additional blown fiberglass insulation, respectively. Not all attics were available during the audit; therefore, attic insulation should be inspected in each building and the appropriate amount of insulation installed as necessary.

3.5.3 HVAC The buildings at this facility are heated by gas-fired, forced-hot-air heating units. These units consist of a burner (small unit located at the front), a furnace (in which the air is heated), and a circulating fan (which distributes the air to the various rooms). Most of the units appeared to have been in use for many years, and their serviceability is now questionable.

50

The buildings are cooled by central air conditioning systems which consist of a condenser/compressor unit outside the buildings and an evaporator/coil unit and air distribution system inside the buildings. The air conditioning systems were in operation at the time of the audits. However, many of the units appear to be old and well beyond their serviceable life. However, the Sequoyah School is cooled by a chilled water system which was installed in 2000 and has air handling boxes in each room that receives chilled water from chillers located outside the building. Maintenance personnel indicated that they continually have problems with this system. It was also noted that one motor in the cooling tower was not operating and in need of repair at the time of the audit. It is recommended that an ESCO be contracted to evaluate the heating and cooling systems within the facility to propose a strategy for upgrading the systems to be more efficient and cost effective. However, based on the existing maximum S.E.E.R.s of 10 for the existing units, it is recommended that these units be replaced with heat pump units that have minimum S.E.E.R.s of 13. Units with this efficiency could produce an estimated savings of 30% [Energy Star, 2009]. Further, the air conditioning units would be replaced by heat pumps, saving on natural gas during the winter months. Should these savings be realized, the replacement project could produce an annual savings of $10,000. The simple payback period could not be calculated because the entire scope of the replacement project could not be determined during the walk-through audit.

3.5.4 Lighting Lighting within each building was reviewed and the quantity of lighting in various areas of the buildings was measured using a lightmeter and recorded in footcandles. A detailed list of lights per building is found in Appendix C. Lighting in the buildings was

51

supplied by Sylvania magnetic mechanical ballast with 40-watt bulbs and some incandescent light fixtures. The lights were evaluated as described in Section 3.4.4, with the only difference being that the average daily usage was 18 hours for these buildings. In Table 3, it is estimated that, by retrofitting existing T-12 fixtures for T-8 fixtures with electronic ballast and providing compact fluorescent bulbs for incandescent bulbs, the Department of Youth Services would save approximately $10,247 per year. The total cost to retrofit the fixtures evaluated was calculated at $15,455. The simple payback period calculated with the Department of Youth Services staff performing the retrofits was calculated as 1.5 years. The simple payback would most likely be double, or approximately 3 years, should the work be contracted. Further, it is recommended that the Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus move forward with the retrofits and/or replacement of the lighting fixtures utilizing in-house staff and make a commitment to purchase compact fluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs.

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Table 3: Lighting Evaluation – Department of Youth Services Department of Youth Services – Chalkville – Lighting Evaluation Summary Total Fixtures 281

Usage $/kWh Per Day (kWh) Per Month (kWh) (30 Days) Per Year (kWh)

Cost per Month (kWh) Cost per Year (kWh)

Existing 761 22,818 275,340

Future 377 11,310 137,602

$1,698 $20,485

$841 $10,238

Cost savings per year

$10,247

$0.07

Total Cost to Retrofits $15,455

Simple Payback (years)

1.5

3.5.5 Summary The following list contains cost-saving measures identified during the audit by the audit team. The recommendations are listed in priority order with the highest potential for savings listed first: –

Upgrade magnetic ballast and T-12 fixtures with T-8 fixtures with electronic ballast and replace all incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs;

–

Replace old air conditioning units with heat pump units that have minimum S.E.E.R.s of 13; and

–

Upgrade single-pane fenestrations with double-pane fenestrations.

As noted in the previous sections, the Department of Youth Services will realize savings should these recommendations be implemented. Further, it is recommended that the Department of Youth Services enter into a contract with a ESCO if capital funds are not available for these recommendations.

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CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Bryce Hospital The following list contains a summary of recommendations that were sent to ADECA by the auditing team and are listed with the recommendations with the highest potential for savings first: -

Develop a plan for addressing problems with the central power plant, including addressing issues with the steam supply and condensate return lines, as well as any other heating issues that arise. Savings to be realized with this recommendation could be up to $300,000 per year;

-

Replace existing light fixtures that utilize magnetic ballast and T12 fixtures with fixtures that utilize electronic ballast and T8 bulbs; and replace existing incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs. Savings to be realized with this recommendation could be up to $42,240 per year;

-

Upgrade 150 exit signs with LED light fixtures. Savings to be realized with this recommendation could be up to $10 per sign per year or approximately $1,500 per year;

-

Upgrade single-pane windows in buildings. Savings was not calculated’ since only four of the fourteen buildings had single-pane windows;

54

-

The facility manager should develop an energy conservation plan following Energy Star’s “Guidelines to Energy Management” [Energy Star, 2009];

-

The facility manager should develop and implement a facility wide recycling program at a minimum for paper, plastic, and aluminum cans; and

-

Evaluate central chillers and replace units with more efficient models at the time of replacement.

Bryce hospital has numerous opportunities to reduce its energy consumption and save money. Table 4 provides a summary of the recommendations and provides an estimated savings with a potential simple payback period.

Table 4: Bryce Hospital – Summary of Recommendations

Recommendation *HVAC upgrades Lighting upgrades LEDExit Signs Upgrade Windows Water Fixtures Total Annual Savings

Annual Utility Savings ($)

Cost of Project ($)

SPB (years)

$321,000

$1,300,000

4.0

$40,240

$235,730

5.9

$1,500

$7,500

5.0

** $23,642

**

**

**

**

$386,382

* Efficiency of boiler frommanufacturer is rated at 80%. With existing problems, e.g., no condensate return, operating efficiency is estimated to be 50%. Therefore, actual cost to produce steamincreases. Cost savings is estimated by mutilplying the yearly cost of natural gas by the reduction in efficiency (37.5%). ** Not examined

55

Since the audits were performed in July 2005, Bryce Hospital was contacted as a follow-up to the research. It should be noted that the research can be deemed a success due to the fact that Bryce Hospital did implement one of the recommendations and is saving money based on the recommendations received through this research. More specifically, in the summer of 2008, Bryce Hospital spent approximately $1.3 million dollars decentralizing their steam generation system as previously recommended. This project has saved Bryce Hospital approximately $300,000 in the first year. Figure 43 below provides a look at how the decentralizing project effected daily consumption of natural gas beginning on July 8, 2008, when the project was completed. On this date, natural gas consumption was cut by approximately 45% when compared to the daily consumption over the previous eight weeks. Bryce Hospital - Daily Natural Gas Consumption 2500

CCF

2000 1500 1000 500

7/31/2008

7/24/2008

7/17/2008

7/10/2008

7/3/2008

6/26/2008

6/19/2008

6/12/2008

6/5/2008

5/29/2008

5/22/2008

5/15/2008

5/8/2008

5/1/2008

0

Date

Figure 43: Bryce Hospital Natural Gas Consumption Through further discussions with Mr. Bob White, Director of Engineering at Bryce Hospital, it was learned that Bryce had advertised a RFP to evaluate ESCOs for other energy conservation projects but that all other projects had been placed on hold while negotiations with the University of Alabama to buy the existing hospital are

56

underway. White indicated that the property would most likely be sold and that the existing operations would be relocated. However, if negotiations failed, White indicated that the ESCO chosen through the RFP process would be hired for performance contracting.

4.2 Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus The following list contains a summary of recommendations that were sent to ADECA by the auditing team and are listed with the recommendations with the highest potential for savings first: -

Replace existing light fixtures that utilize magnetic ballast and T12 fixtures with fixtures that utilize electronic ballast and T8 bulbs, and replace existing incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs. Savings to be realized with this recommendation could be up to $10,247 per year;

-

Replace old air conditioning units with heat pump units that have minimum S.E.E.R.s of 13, which could provide a savings of up to $10,000 per year, an estimate based on savings of heating and cooling dollars;

-

Upgrade single-paned fenestrations to double-paned or add storm windows and replace any broken windows, i.e., School windows. Savings to be realized with this recommendation could be up to $9,800 per year;

-

The facility manager should develop an energy conservation plan following Energy Star’s “Guidelines to Energy Management” [Energy Star, 2009];

57

-

The facility manager should develop and implement a facility-wide recycling program at a minimum for paper, plastic, and aluminum cans;

-

Upgrade approximately forty exit signs with LED light fixtures. Savings to be realized with this recommendation are approximately $500 per year.

The Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus has numerous opportunities to reduce its energy consumption and save money. Table 5 is provided as a summary.

Table 5: Department of Youth Services – Summary of Recommendations

Recommendation

Annual Utility Savings ($)

Cost of Project ($)

SPB (years)

Lighting upgrades

$10,247

HVAC upgrades

$10,000

*

*

$9,800

*

*

Window Upgrade LED Exit Signs Total Annual Savings

$500

$15,455

$2,000

1.5

4.0

$30,547

* Not examined

As a follow-up to the research, each facility was contacted, because it had been four years since the audits were performed. The Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus indicated that they had not performed any energy-related projects based on this research.

4.3 Difference in Facilities 58

The two facilities are vastly different in terms of the amount of square feet that is heated and cooled. While both are old facilities, Bryce Hospital buildings average approximately 50,000 square feet, while Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus buildings average approximately 7,000 square feet. The construction types of the buildings are different: Bryce buildings are constructed of concrete and cement masonry products, while the Department of Youth Services – Chalkville Campus buildings are constructed of wood. However, even with these vast differences, numerous ways to save energy were identified at both facilities. It should be noted that Bryce Hospital has the greater potential to save energy due to its larger size and because it can upgrade its central power plant.

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CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This research has provided a look into the facilities owned and operated by the State of Alabama to determine if the facilities are operating efficiently. The research has shown that state facilities are not operating efficiently due to the age of the facilities, a lack of staffing, and a lack of other resources. The research has shown the need for change as it pertains to energy management within state-owned facilities. This change needs to begin with the state requiring all facilities to develop and keep an energy conservation plan updated prior to providing funding each year. This plan could be developed by utilizing the previous mentioned “Guidelines for Energy Management” or through ADECA. At least one energy management training seminar should be attended annually by all facility managers and chief financial officers. Further, the state should ban the purchase of incandescent bulbs for use in state-owned and operated facilities. Facility managers in the state should actively seek out ways to save energy. One way this can be done is to follow the direction of ADECA and utilize performance contracting. ADECA developed a manual titled the “Alabama Performance Energy Contracting Guide,” which can be accessed through their web page and provides direction for facilities to utilize performance contracting, especially now during our current economic downturn. The process begins with the facility issuing a RFP to hire an ESCO to assist them with energy conservation projects. Responses are received and reviewed and an ESCO is chosen. The ESCO performs investment-grade audits to develop energy conservation projects. The proposed projects are paid for from the

60

savings in utilities once the project has been completed. Further, the ESCO guarantees the savings in the contract, and ADECA is available for assistance during all steps of the process [ADECA, 2009].

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LIST OF REFERENCES Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs (ADECA) website (2009), available at http://www.adeca.alabama.gov/, accessed November 2009. Alabama Department of Mental Health website (2009), Available at http://www.mh.alabama.gov/MI/, Accessed September 2009. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning, 2001 “Energy Standard for buildings except Low-Rise Buildings,” Standard 90.1, 17-53. Ahmed, N. (2008), “Energy Crisis: What’s next for America?,” The Gramlinite, Posted July 2008. available at www.thegramblinite.com, accessed October 2009. Department of Commerce, National Climatic Data Center (2009), available at www.ncdc.noaa.gov, accessed in November 2009. Department of Energy (DOE), “Energy Savers: Tips on Saving Money and Energy at Home,” Booklet, 1-36, January 2006 Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2009, available at www.tonto.eia.doe.gov, 2009, accessed November 2009. Energy Star 2009, website, available at www.energystar.gov, accessed November 2009. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website (2009), available at: www.epa.gov, accessed in October 2009. EPA (2004), “Building Upgrade Manual,” Energy Star, 129-140, (Dec). Extech Instruments (a), 2004, “User’s Guide Heavy Duty meter Model 407026,” Extech 1-8, (Jan). Extech Instruments (b), 2004, “User’s Guide Mini Hygro Thermo-Anemometer Model 45158,” Extech, 1-4, (May). Extech Instruments (c), 2004, “User’s Guide Power Clamp Meter Model 380940,” Extech, 1-8, (May). Google Earth website 2009, available at www.earth.google.com/, accessed September 2009.

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Ingnatyuk, N. N., and V. P. Golubchenko, 1995. “Energy Audits Are a Necessary Step to Energy Conservation,” Teploenerg 6: 56-57. Microsoft Bing Maps 3D website 2009, available at www.bing.com/maps, accessed September 2009. Mongabay website 2009, available at www.mongabay.com, accessed August 2009. Oakton Instruments, 2004, “Operating Manual InfraPro 3 Non-Contact Thermometer,” Oakton, 1-18. Shetye, H, 2006. “Energy Audits of State Buildings in Alabama,” University of Alabama at Birmingham: 47-68. South Florida Water District website, available at www.sfwmd.gov, accessed August 2009. TAC website (2009), available at www.tac.com, accessed in November 2009. Thurman, Al. (2002). Plant Engineers and Managers Guide to Energy Conservation, 1-24, 57-68, 165-185. Turner, W. C. (2005). Energy Management Handbook: 5th Edition, 2-38, 359-367. Wulfinghoff, D. R. (2000). “The Modern History of Energy Conservation: An Overview for Information Professionals,” Electronic Green Journal, 13. Retrieved online. Available at: www.egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj13/wulfinghoffl.html

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APPENDIX A TECHNICAL FACILITY PROFILE

64

Appendix A TECHNICAL FACILITY PROFILE Instructions for preparation of the technical facility profile(s) by the building owner for inclusion in the Request for Proposals

INSTRUCTIONS FOR PREPARATION OF THE TECHNICAL FACILITY PROFILE(S) BY THE BUILDING OWNER FOR INCLUSION IN THE REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS

OVERVIEW The Energy Service Companies will need a description of your facilities to evaluate the opportunity for a successful energy performance contract. It is impractical to supply every technical detail available in the RFP. It is suggested that you be prepared to respond to requests for additional data from individual ESCOs. The RFP will contain a brief description of your facilities and a list of any energy retrofit projects you wish to be investigated and evaluated through this project. You should also be prepared to provide the data in Section VII upon request by individual ESCOs.

SECTION I: GENERAL FACILITY DATA Please use additional pages as required.

1. Name of Building − Adolescent 2. Address of Building − 200 University Blvd , Tuscaloosa , Al 35201 3. Primary Use − Patient care 4. Building Operator − Alabama Department of Mental Health Eric Johnson)

5. Building Engineer −Bob White

Phone: (205)-759-0324

6. Building Manager − David Bennett Phone : (205)-759-0750 7. Year constructed −1988 65

Phone: (334)-353-9487 (Mr.

8. Briefly describe any major changes to building operation or structure during the last four years which significantly affected annual building energy use. What was done? What were the effects on energy use? No major modifications to building have been made during last four years. 9. Describe any major change planned to occur during the next five years, which could significantly affect annual energy use. What change? Anticipated effects? Building should be modified to have a package boiler system installed. Lighting fixtures should be upgraded with new electrical ballasts and high efficiency lighting (e.g., compact fluorescent tubes).

SECTION II: OPERATING DATA 1. Please describe the typical hours of operation for your facility. Include the general summer and winter temperature setpoints for your facility, and if night setback is done, what your target temperature is. 24 hours/day; 7 days/week. 2. Please describe the manufacturer(s), age, type and condition of the HVAC control system(s) used in the building(s). Heating to building is supplied by the main steam plant. Building receives chilled water from the central chiller plant. Heating and cooling is accomplished through individual induced air units above the dropped-tile ceiling. Heating is accomplished through hot water coils in the induced fan coil units. Cooling is accomplished by the large air handling units in the mechanical room in the center of the building from chilled water from the central chiller plant. A listing of the HVAC-related equipment in this building is summarized below: •

26 power induction units: 6 units at 1/15 HP, 14 units at ⅛ HP, 2 units at ½ HP, and 4 units at ¼ HP •

Two chill water pumps at 5 HP each (1750 rpm)

•

Two hot water pumps at 2 HP each (1750 rom)

•

A condensate return unit

•

CRU-1, 1.5 HP (duplex)

•

Five hot water heaters: 4 have 1/20 HP motors, 1 has ⅛ HP motor

•

Five air handling units: AHU-1 (15 HP); AHU-2 (1.5 HP); AHU-3 (1.5 HP); AHU-4 (1.5 HP); AHU-5 (1.5 HP)

•

Two hot water converters

1. If you have an operating EMS controlling your building, please list the manufacturer, year installed and operating conditions. 66

Not applicable; pneumatic temperature controls.

SECTION III: PHYSICAL DATA 1. Give the total square footage of conditioned space. If the total areas which are heated and cooled differ in size, please describe their respective sizes. 15,595 ft2. 2. Briefly describe the predominant wall and roof construction. Also describe the type and condition of existing windows. Block exterior walls with brick veneer, hip roof with metal roofing, however, roof construction not inspected

SECTION IV: ENERGY AND/OR WATER CONSUMPTION DATA Please summarize utility consumption and costs over the last three years. If you are buying contract gas, give your monthly price history, if available, on a separate sheet for your cost of gas. Please attach copies of utility rate schedules which apply to your building. Data provided was for 1-2 years; natural gas, electrical usage, and water usage are each read off a common meter for the facility. Natural gas is purchased from Alagasco. Electricity is supplied by Alabama Power. Water is supplied by the City of Tuscaloosa. Utility bills are metered campus wide from one central meter making it impossible to identify utility usage and cost for each building on campus. Utility costs campus wide are summarized in Table 1 showing utility cost and natural gas usage (expressed in thousands of cubic feet) for the 21-month period of September 2003 through May 2005. A review of the data contained in Table 1, estimated on two separate years (June to May), reveals the following: •

• •

For the period of June 2004 – May 2005, the total cost for natural gas was $786,026.94, compared with an estimated cost of $708,868.53 over the previous year, an increase of $77,158.41 or a 9.8% increase in cost. For the period of June 2004 – May 2005, the quantity of natural gas consumed was 77,893 x 103 ft3, compared to an estimated 97,672.67 x 103 ft3 over the previous year, a reduction of 19,779.47 x 103 ft3 or an increase of 25.4%. This analysis indicates that the price of natural gas significantly increased during the latter year, despite reducing the amount of natural gas purchased for the facility by nearly 25.4%.

Electricity-drawing equipment at the boiler plant includes four pumps (two on fill tanks and two pumps on the boiler), the blower on the boiler system, a window air conditioning unit, and limited lighting. The electrical usage on these equipment is a small fraction of the overall electrical usage campus wide. Utility bills are metered campus wide from one central meter’ making it impossible to identify electrical usage for each building on campus. Data summarizing the electrical usage at Bryce are provided in Tables 2 and 3. The reductions in energy usage are thought to be due to closure of the buildings 1-North and the Kidd

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facility (Buildings 33, 34, 35, and the round dining room) in January 2005. Those buildings used window air conditioning units to cool the building. Additionally, the package boiler units which supply some of the heat on campus are shutdown during the summer months (during the past 2½ years). Thus, the reductions in energy usage ranging from 6% to 9% are ascribed primarily to consolidation of the patient accommodations in the various buildings.

SECTION V: ENERGY SYSTEMS DATA Please provide as much of the following information as is available. 1. Briefly describe the major type(s) of HVAC system(s) serving your building (e.g..; terminal reheat, multizone, variable air volume, etc.). Indicate the main fuels used to operate the heating and cooling systems. The cooling system uses electricity for the chillers and fans, and the central power plant use snatural gas as the primary fuel for producing steam for heat and electricity for the fans. 2. Estimate the percentage of total area lighted by fluorescent ballasts and bulbs, and incandescent bulbs. Estimate the approximate annual hours of operation for each type of lighting. If you have a significant amount of HID lighting, please describe it in similar terms. a. 48 nos. 2’ x 4’, 3-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser b. 33 nos. 2’ x 4’, 2-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser c. 2 nos. 2’ x 4’, 4-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser c1. Same as c except not damp location listed f1. 39 nos. 2’ x 4’, 4-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser a, b, c, c1, f1 have F40 WW/RS/WWII lamps. g. 24 nos. 2-lamp fluorescent strip fixtures: F30 , F40 , F72 WW/RS/WMII j.

17 nos. 4’, 2-lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser hinged and latched from either side. F40 WW/RS/WMII lamps

k. 4 nos. 2’ x 2’, 2-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser k2. 51 nos. 2’ x 2’, 2-lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser hinged and latched from either side. Both k and k2 have F40 CW/U/6/WMII. Table 4 summarizes the lighting fixtures contained in the Bryce Mental Health Hospital buildings; the majority of the lighting fixtures involve fluorescent lighting. 3. Briefly describe any laundry or food facility which you operate. N/A. 4. Briefly describe any major labs or medical equipment you operate. N/A. 5. Describe your domestic water heating, distribution, and control system(s). Water heater uses steam from the central power plant to produce hot water.

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6. Please describe any other energy consuming equipment or facilities which contribute significantly to your annual energy consumption (e.g., incinerator, pool, etc.). N/A.

SECTION VI: IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITIES 1. Briefly describe any serious equipment, operating, or comfort problems in your building(s). Identify any major mechanical, control, or electrical systems scheduled for replacement during the next five years. Chiller system at central chiller plant is more than 10 years old and will need to be replaced within the next few years; when system is replaced, an energy management system should be incorporated for its control. Reader should refer to the overall facility recommendations. 2. Briefly list any major energy conservation options identified by a previous analysis of your building. In 2004, York Corporation provided recommendations for replacing two 20-ton condensers on the Administration Building and two 20-ton package units that would serve other buildings on-site. Additionally, Johnson Controls performed an energy assessment on the Bryce facility in ~2003; recommendations from that assessment are summarized in Table 5.

3. Please describe any building improvements that you would like to investigate during this project. Management should look at lighting retrofits along with upgrades to the central chillers and power plant.

SECTION VII: ADDITIONAL SITE DATA PROVIDED UPON ESCO REQUEST (IF AVAILABLE) 1. Two sample utility bills (winter and summer) for each fuel type used in the last three years. Natural gas, water, and electricity costs were summarized above (all these are one central meter). 2. A more detailed schedule of major mechanical equipment including age, replacement history manufacturer, size, capacity, hours of operation, and areas served. Heating to building is supplied by the main steam plant. Building receives chilled water from the central chiller plant. Heating and cooling is accomplished through individual induced air units above the dropped-tile ceiling. Heating is accomplished through hot water coils in the induced fan coil units. Cooling is accomplished by the large air handling units in the mechanical room in the center of the building from chilled water from the central chiller plant.

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The chiller system at the central chiller plant is more than 10 years old and will need to be replaced within the next few years; when system is replaced, an energy management system should be incorporated for its control. 3. Copies of any previous technical analysis or recommendations of energy conservation opportunities that have been for your building. Previous energy assessments and recommendations have been provided to Bryce from Johnson Controls and York Corporation; copies of those reports are available from Bob White at Bryce. A summary of the energy conservation measures recommended by John Controls, Inc., is provided in Table 5 at the end of this building report. 4. Detailed documentation related to your energy management system. Not applicable; no real energy management system currently in place.

5. Current rate schedules for each type of fuel/energy used. Information on the natural gas usage and rates, electricity usage and rates, and water usage and rates are available from Bob White at Bryce from Alagasco, Alabama Power Company, and the Tuscaloosa Water Department. Table 1.

Summary of Natural Gas Cost and Usage at Bryce Mental Health Facility. Month/Year

May, 2005

April, 2005 March, 2005 February, 2005 January, 2005 December, 2004 November, 2004 October, 2004 September, 2004 August, 2004 July, 2004 June, 2004 May, 2004 April, 2004 March, 2004 February, 2004 January, 2004 December, 2003 November, 2003 October, 2003 September, 2003 Total over 21 months Average Cost/Month, ($) Average Cost/Year, ($)

Cost, ($)

Usage, (103 ft3)

58,511.82 69,876.13 88,726.65 84,916.22 94,066.44 106,102.84 92,569.15 53,597.14 34,668.50 30,803.43 25,470.67 46,717.95 47,765.42 54,485.66 62,713.75 69,085.46 74,873.40 67,859.97 52,343.94 37,128.86 65,394.94 1,317,678.34 62746.59 71,710.39

5,610.40 6,343.40 8,834.00 8,457.40 9,498.20 9,232.30 8,291.60 5,827.40 4,075.00 3,722.30 3,402.50 4,598.70 6,513.70 7,859.40 8,994.80 9,422.30 10,082.90 10,035.50 8,005.70 6,902.70 5,437.50 151,147.70 -----

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Average Usage/Month, (MM btu) Average Usage/Year, (MM btu)

Table 2.

July − September October − December January − March April − June

---

8,225.73

Average Kilowatt Usage 2003 2004 2005 2.478 2.349 --1.738 1.703 ----1.738 1.577 --2.094 1.967

Average Percent Reduction in Energy Usage over Previous Year.

Time Period July − September October − December January − March April − June

Table 4.

7,197.51

Average Kilowatt Usage of Electricity at Bryce Hospital

Time Period

Table 3.

---

Average Kilowatt Usage Reduction, (%) 2003 2004 2005 --5.206 ----2.014 ------9.264 ----6.065

Lighting Fixture Inventory in the Bryce Mental Hospital Buildings.

Number of Fixtures 131 48 170 41 121 251 157 11 74 11 15 11 70 70 30 209

Description Admissions Building Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 3 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 4 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts High-pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 50-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13 watts High pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 100-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 70-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40 watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 7-watts Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts

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13 5 119 24 122 32 48

33

2

6

39 24

17 4

51 24 33

4

16 194

42

Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts Fluorescent ceiling fixtures (LED),outlet box Surface rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts Adolescent Building 2' x 4'-3"; 3 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII; damp location noted.B73 2' x 4'-3"; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 2' x 4'-3"; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII; damp location noted. 2' x 4'-3"; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 2' x 4'; lamp recessed fluorescent fixture (flanged troffer) with prismatic acrylic diffuser; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII 2 lamp fluorescent fixture. High-gloss baked white enamel finish. Pressure lock lamp holders; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F30, F40, F72 WW/RS/WWII. 1' x 4' lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. Hinged and latched from either side; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 2' x 2', lamp recessed fluorescent fixture (flanged troffer) with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side. Lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. 2' x 2', lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. hinged and latched from either side; lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. 2 lamp incandescent surface drum with white opal glass diffuser, suitable for damp locations. Lamps: 2 60-watt bulbs. Universal mounted exit sign; exit sign shall be wall or ceiling mounted, single or double faced and directional arrows. Tamper proof screws. Lamps: Two 8W T5. 2' x 2'; 2-lamp recessed fluorescent security fixture, ⅛" high impact prismatic acrylic lens over ¼" clear polycarbonate and continuous hold down 14 gauge steel frame. Tamper proof screws. Lamp: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. Chiller Building 2' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures Education Center 2' x 4'; 3 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 2' x 4'; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.

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4

4

24

20

15

15 10 20 40 16

1

22 10 21 105 56 16 210 7 78 255 127 10

2' x 4'; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 1' x 4' lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. Totally enclosed extruded prismatic acrylic lens. Injection molded reinforcing acrylic end plate. Energy efficient ballast. Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WMII. 2 lamp fluorescent fixture. High-gloss baked white enamel finish. Pressure lock lamp holders. Energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F30, F40, F72 WW/RS/WMII. 1' x 4', 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser, hinged and latched from either side. Energy efficient ballast, suitable for damp location, return air housing. Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WMII. 2' x 2', 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser, hinged and latched from either side, return air housing. Lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. Recessed fluorescent downlight with fresnel lens, 120V ballast, high power factor ballast, 0.94 PF, suitable for damp locations. Lamp: F13 DTT/27K Recessed incandescent downlight with black microgroove baffle,120V ballast, lamp: 100 W A19. Low bay industrial luminaire; 120 V ballast; Lamp: 250 W metal halide. Low bay industrial luminaire with quartz restrike system; 120 V ballast. Lamp: 250 W metal halide Universal mounted exit sign; exit sign shall be wall or ceiling mounted, single or double faced and directional arrows. Tamper proof screws. Lamps: Two 8W T5. 2' x 2'; 2-lamp recessed fluorescent security fixture, ⅛" high impact prismatic acrylic lens over ¼" clear polycarbonate and continuous hold down 14 gauge steel frame. Tamper proof screws. Lamp: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. Engineering Office 1' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures 2' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures U6, 120 V fluorescent fixtures Harper Center Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 3 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 4 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 30-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts High pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 50-watts

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70 15 4 80 19 71 51 6 146 81 108 26 2 57 2 4 26 3 37 13

20 24 16 22 14 75 194 6 9 168 60

Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 120-V, 13watts Recessed high pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 100-watts Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts Pendant fluorescent fixture, 2- and 4-lamps/fixture, T8 lamps, 32-watts Lay-in rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts, damp location noted Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 1 lamp/fixture, 9-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 6'-6", outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, vertical slot, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts Surface fluorescent ceiling fixtures (LED), 2 lamps/fixture, 30-watts Surface rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Surface high pressure sodium fluorescent fixture (at canopy), 1 lamp/fixture, 70-watts Surface twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts Incandescent fixtures, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 60-watts Fluorescent fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts Ceiling fan with light kit and pendant, incandescent light, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts 2-North Building Recessed fluorescent downlight with dropped polycarbonate lens, 120 V; for damp locations Surface fluorescent strip with wire guard; 120 V Stem mounted fluorescent strip Wall mounted fluorescent, 4' long, 120 V, Daybrite No. A52405 Under cabinet fluorescent lens fixture, 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', flange, lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed 2' x 4' lay-in, furnished with American Louver No. 99-2448 silver paracube louver. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛' K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120 V; 3 socket wired separately.

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13 80 6 64 2 41 53 10 119 35 6 22 7 6 1 5 4 3

25 22 17 55 44 5

48

Wall mounted fluorescent, 3' long, 120 V, Daybrite No. A520W Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Wall mounted fluorescent 2'-long, 120 V; Daybrite No. A5220W. Surface mounted vapor tight fluorescent fixture, 4'-0", for wet location; 120 V; Daybrite No. WR41241 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, with two 1-lamp ballasts. 32-East Patient over bed light, 4' surface mounted fluorescent up and down lens fixture, with continuous light divider, 120-V, 35-watts Wall mounted high pressure sodium fixture with shock resistant glass refractor, wire guard, and photocell; 120-V; 70-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, recessed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 40-watts Surface mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; 120 V; 35-watts Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4' with wire guard, stem bottom of fixture, 9' above finished floor, 120-V, 35-watts Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, up and down lens with stainless steel finish, 120-V, 30-watts Surface mounted fluorescent fixture, 4'-0", with wraparound lens; 120 V; 40-watts Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, stainless steel finish, 120-V Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, with two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lamp fixture, 2' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, and two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35watts Surface mounted incandescent porcelain lamp holder with plastic guard, 120-V, 150-watts Surface mounted 4' fluorescent wraparound lens fixture, vandal proof, weatherproof, 120-V, 35-watts Exit light, ceiling mounted, furnished with luminaire, double face with arrows on signs, wired for two circuits, red letters, 120-V Exit light, ceiling mounted, furnished with luminaire, double face with arrows on signs, wired for two circuits, red letters, 120-V 34-East Patient over bed light, 4' surface mounted fluorescent up and down lens

75

fixture, with continuous light divider, 120-V, 35-watts Wall mounted high pressure sodium fixture with shock resistant glass refractor, wire guard, and photocell; 120-V; 70-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4' lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, two single-lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 40-watts Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; 120-V, 35watts Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; stem bottom of fixture 9' above finished floor, 120-V, 35-watts 36-East (Medical) Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Fluorescent fixtures, above mirror, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Fluorescent fixtures, above mirror, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Fluorescent fixtures, arch/headwall elevation, outlet box, 4 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Fluorescent fixtures, under cabinet, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 13-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 light/fixture, 175-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2 lights/fixture, regressed aluminum door, outlet box, 25-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 light/fixture, 4', 120-V, 25-watts Fluorescent fixtures, above door, outlet box, 1 light/fixture, 4', 25-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 120-V, 25-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 120-V, 8-watts Recessed ceiling flood light fixture, 1 light/fixture, 120-V, 150-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 1 light/fixture, 150-watts Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, 2 lights/fixture, outlet box, 25-watts Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 25-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Incandescent lamp, 3 lights/fixture, outlet box, 120-V, 100-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box

3 8 4 20 7 2 2

717 28 33 2 36 4 24 20 15 6 5 1 1 18 4 7 4 2 12 1 10 2 40 10

Table 5.

Energy Conservation Measures Recommended for Bryce Hospital by Johnson Controls, Inc.

Recommendati on No.

Facility Improvement

Description

1

Lighting

Lighting savings can be achieved with the

76

Retrofits

installation of new lighting technologies such as electronic ballast, LED lamps, reflectors, and better lighting computer-aided design. 2 Water Replacing older fixtures (toilets, urinals, faucet Conservation aerators) with new low flow technology. This will reduce water consumption, energy consumption, and maintenance. 3 Boiler Project Option 1: The existing boilers at this facility have surpassed their expected service life and the existing boiler in operation has been modified with a smaller burner. Johnson Controls could investigate the installation of new boilers in a new boiler house location. The study would include the addition of a boiler combustion management system and the replacement of an underground steam pipe that is failing. Option 2: Install new steam or hot water boilers to serve one or more buildings depending on the location of the building and existing piping. This would increase the number of boilers on campus to be serviced and require new water heaters (gas or electric). Option 3 would be a combination of some facilities being served steam from the steam plant and some facilities having individual boilers installed. This would include new water heaters (gas or electric). 4 Chiller Project Johnson Controls, Inc., proposed to install two new chillers of adequate capacity at each building (TRU 1-N) and BRU 2-N). 5 Building The current outside controls associated with the Automation campus are stand-alone systems in each building or simple thermostat controls which can not manage energy usage in this campus. Upgrading the campus to a single EMS platform will expand the control and management of the campus mechanical systems. 6 Chemical Johnson Controls, Inc., can evaluate many Water Treat- technologies to determine the best method for ment Alterna- treating the water on the condenser water side of tives the cooling plant and the treatment of the steam boilers. A combination of new technologies can promote better efficiency of the chiller and boiler operation by removing scale, reducing the amount of harmful chemicals used in the system, and reducing the amount of water reinjection. Other Facility Improvement Measures 7 Steam Trap Further study would be required to survey each Replacement steam trap and formulate the energy savings in replacing the steam trap with a properly selected steam trap or an alternate condensate return system.

77

8

Roofing Upgrades

Further study would be required to investigate the best replacement/upgrade of existing roofs on campus that may be nearing the end of their useful life. New reflective coating technology would prevent leaks that are caused by expansion and retraction of the current roofing structure.

78

APPENDIX B OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – BRYCE HOSPITAL

79

APPENDIX B OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – BRYCE HOSPITAL Site Visit July 5th and July 6, 2005 Real Opportunities for Energy Conservation Measures • •

• • • •

• • • •

Water leaks ○ Roof shingle repairs 2 years ago are now beginning to leak again ○ Water main Old 600 HP boiler ○ Leaking steam pipes ○ No condensate return ○ $90K/month gas ○ Leaking roof impacted electrical disconnects ○ Need at least 30 psig steam lines or lines filled with condensate ○ Reduced pressure from 60 to ~33 psig saved $20K/month (achievable only during summer months) ○ Prior owner/prison, but bought from junkyard for $2K ○ Bryce-outstanding preventative maintenance ○ Water softener + boiler preheater + chemical treatment ○ Passed stringent annual insurance inspection – prolonged tube life ○ Blowdown water environmental permit review ○ If “too cold,” must shut heating to west side to adequately heat east side bldgs. ○ Delta P 33 psig  20 psig at Harper ○ Boiler plant has four boilers, but only one operational Central chiller serves education, adolescents, and Kidd Bldgs. ○ Seimens has chillers and controls contract Maintains 5-year plan with annual updates Package Systems Chillers/Hot Water ESCO ○ Southern Company ○ Johnson Control ○ Proposals Admissions Building piping too small for hot water ○ ESCO wants 100 HP steam boiler ○ Bryant does not favor this Bryce favors moving 300 HP boiler (20-year-old excellent condition system) from MR to MI Put the Kidd package boilers into patient care buildings Package boilers need modification 80

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

○ won’t arc in high humidity conditions ○ Boiler flame eye may fog up Main administration building planned to be maintained Review all old lighting Review demand charges Insulate roof ducts Review window air condition use (Kidd) Municipal solid waste ○ Waste-to-energy Boiler disposition Insulation Ventilation in the five target buildings ○ Check temperature in mixing boxes ○ Hot water heat exchanger MR 300 HP boiler moved to MI Leaking underground storage tank in project ○ Fumes detected in elevator shaft in 1N ○ Storage tank near gas pump; buried line Life safety code (JCS) ○ Vocational rehab Five buildings targeted for continued use ○ Tend to be newer buildings Replaced failed window AC with heat pumps New Admissions Bldg. was leaking; attempted landmark status – did not achieve landmark status – roof is in very bad condition Bryce is considering decentralized boiler systems ○ Split east from west ○ East on packaged boilers/west on main boiler Vandals – get security cameras Typical remodeling included lighting, plumbing, and dropped ceilings $1M asbestos abatement central boiler plant (abandon in place and encapsulate) Overhead line leak due to dielectric union contraction. Difficult to tell whether leak due to roofing vs. unions. When hot, doesn’t leak; when cold, leaks. Over torquing suspected, new high torque gaskets on order.

Institutional Impediments to Energy Conservation Measures • •

Montgomery takes 6 months to approve Some requests “lost”

Recent/Ongoing and Approved Activities • •

2 heating/cooling package systems from Partlow to Admin Bldg. Data needed for programming purposes in Montgomery ○ Direct fund by ADECA or other state agency ○ ESCO performance based contracting 81

Requested Materials and Information • • • •

All electric, gas, and water usage/cost data MSW usage/cost data Recycling opportunities Red bag (medical) waste

Planned Focus for Moving Forward • •

• •

Focus on five buildings to be kept active: education, adolescents, 2N, Harper, and Admissions Review steam distribution system ○ Consider isolating bad section (e.g., plug lines) ○ Use 300 HP from MR to service planned active west area where new underground distribution lines have been installed. ○ Move package system from planned decommissioned buildings to active east side buildings ○ Add small steam and hot water generators as needed Consider use of economizer to recovery boiler stack energy Review Bryce 8 facility improvements/ESCO proposals

Building Inspection Notes and Observations General • Some have reheats in areas such as conference rooms ○ 48oF air is heated to 72oF ± 2oF • Need temperature indicators in all buildings • No boiler stack heat recovery in any unit. Boiler Plant • Plant had four boilers, only one was operational • 600 HP York Shipley boiler, built in 1982 ○ 300 HP burner installed • Bryce has changed operating pressure from 60 psig to 30 psig achievable only during summer months • Water usage data collected for 23 period: ~750 gallons used equating to ~270,000 btu/hr • Leaking underground steam lines; some areas have had new piping systems installed (east side), whereas piping system on west side has not been replaced (and has known leakage). – Suggest having boiler specialist conduct leak tests to verify. • Data collected on various temperature measurements on boiler + relative humidity • Building contains asbestos 82

•

Building blowdown may require pretreatment and/or discharge permit; currently discharging to storm drain

Education Bldg. Mechanical Room: • Chiller pumps from Lincoln Electric • Hot water supplied from central steam plant; steam produced by hot water generator @ 112oC; condensate pipe @ 98oC Main building: • Ballast of magnetic type • Data collected on foot candles, temperature, relative humidity, CO2, air flow (see Table 1) • Two sections (adult and adolescent) – data collected on both sections • Gymnasium used high intensity discharge sodium lamps – data collected on light intensity (see Table 2 on lighting inventory) Adolescents Bldg. Main Mechanical Room (Hot Water Tank Room): • Data collected on temperatures, relative humidity, and foot candles (see Table 1) Main building: • Light covers, smoke detectors, etc. covered with Plexiglas to prevent vandalism • Data collected on temperatures, relative humidity, and foot candles (see Table 1) Harper Center • Computer management control center New Admissions • Computer management control center Bldg. 32 (Alice Kidd) • Window A/C to back up weak uninsulated roof ducts • Window units in admin as well Bldg. 34 East: • PK Gasified boiler 700K btu/hr • Adco boiler of Birmingham installed • 5 such units throughout Bryce • $1.3M covered the 5 PK boilers, 1 house with 2 boilers; + 1 100-HP boiler Boiler by round cafeteria: • Columbia 100 (50?) HP boiler operates @ 25-150 psi, produces 2.1M btu/hr; usually operate @ 25 psi Inside Bldg. 34 East (patient area): • Observed heat vs. chiller mixing air handler • 12 patient A/C window units @ 12K btu/hr each; 6 office A/C window units @ 5K btu/hr each; 2 main foyer & nursing station A/C window units @ 24K btu/hr each – contained heat strips 20 A/C units total for building; A/C in every room. 83

• • •

Double thermopane windows in foyer. Although this bldg. was vacant, lights and air handling were operating. Ballast spot checked and are of magnetic type.

Bldg.36 (Medical Bldg) • Lights were T8’s • New ballast (electronic) by flicker test • Data collected in bldg regarding temperature, humidity, foot candles, CO2, and air vent velocity (see data table) – See Table 1 Chiller Bldg adjacent to Bldg. 36 (Medical Bldg.) • 3 chillers in bldg; can operate two at a time. • Chiller 1 was pulling 160 amps • Forced draft cooling tower; ~5oC temperature difference • Leaking compressor cooling water recirculation pumps • Chiller No.1: York Millenium Water Chilling System, Model No. YSCBCBS1CGC (2 pass system) • Data collected regarding ∆ T, pump rpm (see Table 1) 1-N •

Thermostats on return air

Table 1. Data Obtained from Preliminary Energy Audits of Bryce Mental Hospital Buildings. Room Boiler Plant: Boiler room

Description

Temperature

Relative Humidity, (%)

Wall Cold water line Boiler wall Boiler flange

28.7oC 26.8oC

67

Flange near bottom View port Stack near top Steam pipe - with insulation

39.2oC 160oC 145oC (by steam outlet) 89.3oC 125oC 42.3oC 112oC

84

Lighting, (foot candles)

Other

Steam gauge

37oC

120oC Education Building – Main Building: Foyer 74.3oF (23.5oC) Hallway Adult Classroom

Vent Hallway Vent

Classroom Adolesce nt Classroom (Room 141)

Vent Classroom

38

64oF (vent) (17.8oC) o 72 F (22.2oC) 66.5oF (19.2oC)

25 – 26

35 43

72.3oF (purple wall) ~22.4oC 74.5oF (white wall) ~23.6oC 23.2oC 22.9oC

47

Vent Room

18.0oC 26.0oC

46

85

Air velocity: 110 ft/min Air velocity: 391 ft/min (vent)

25; 50 under bank of lights; 75 with 2½ banks of lights

Duct Return 23.7oC Inlet 23.4oC Wall 21.7oC Education Building – Mechanical Building (outside main building): Mechanical Chiller ∆ T: 3oC Room Steam line: 112oC Condensate 98oC line: Adolescents Building: Entrance 23.8oC 11 – 12 area (two-bulb fixtures) Hallway 46

Reception room

Mechanical ballasts used

Light covers and smoke detectors are covered with plexiglas

Hallway

22.5oC

42 (with no diffuser)

Adolescents Building (main mechanical room): Hot water Room 60 tank room Large tank 33.7oC Condenser 40.0oC tank Hot water return Steam line 35.7oC Steam return 37.8oC Duct 39.7oC (uninsulated) Low 32.2oC Pressure line 115.3oC (uninsulated) Building 36 East (Medical) Outside Building Office 59 – 61 (vent) 78.3oF

Hallway

59

(25.7oC) 78.4oF (25.8oC)

Foyer

58

93 140 (under double light) 115 (under single light) 35 (by wall)

Chiller Building (next to Building 36 East): Chiller room 29.3oC

Air velocity: 2.6 knots Air Velocity: 1.0 knots Air Velocity: 1.8 knots

1775 rpm (on nameplate) 1783.4 rpm (measured)

Outlet from chiller 21.1oC 21.7oC 86

Cooling tower

Inlet: 25.1oC Outlet: 20.6oC In tower: 20.1oC Outside T: 21.8oC

Engineerin g Building: Conference room Air Vent

18.6oC

14 (with win-dows only)

Xerox machine

87

Mechanical ballasts used Energy Star: 11 amps start-up 0.8 amps run-ning 2.5 – 9.5 amps with energy savings on

Table 2.

Lighting Fixture Inventory in the Bryce Mental Hospital Buildings.

Number of Fixtures 131 48 170 41 121 251 157 11 74 11 15 11 70 70 30 209 13 5 119 24 122 32 48 33 2 6

Description Admissions Building Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 3 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 4 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40watts High-pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 50-watts Recessed 2 tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts High-pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 100-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2- land 4-amps/fixture, 70-watts Recessed twin-tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts Twin-tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40watts Recessed twin-tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 7-watts Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 26watts Recessed twin-tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40watts Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts Fluorescent ceiling fixtures (LED), outlet box Surface rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 3 lamps/fixture, 40watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts Adolescent Building 2' x 4'-3"; 3 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII; damp location noted.B73 2' x 4'-3"; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy-efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 2' x 4'-3"; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII; damp location noted. 2' x 4'-3"; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII.

88

39 24 17 4 51 24 33 4

16 194 42 4 4 24 20

15 15 10 20 40 16

2' x 4'; lamp recessed fluorescent fixture (flanged troffer) with prismatic acrylic diffuser; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII 2 lamp fluorescent fixture. High-gloss baked white enamel finish. Pressure lock lamp holders; energy efficient ballast; lamps: F30, F40, F72 WW/RS/WWII. 1' x 4' lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. Hinged and latched from either side; lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 2' x 2', lamp recessed fluorescent fixture (flanged troffer) with prismatic acrylic diffuser; hinged and latched from either side. Lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. 2' x 2', lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. hinged and latched from either side; lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. 2 lamp incandescent surface drum with white opal glass diffuser, suitable for damp locations. Lamps: 2 60-watt bulbs. Universal mounted exit sign; exit sign shall be wall or ceiling mounted, single or double faced and directional arrows. Tamper proof screws. Lamps: Two 8W T5. 2' x 2'; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent security fixture, ⅛" high impact prismatic acrylic lens over ¼" clear polycarbonate and continuous hold down 14 gauge steel frame. Tamper proof screws. Lamp: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. Chiller Building 2' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures Education Center 2' x 4'; 3 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 2' x 4'; 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 2' x 4'; 4 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser and return air housing; hinged and latched from either side; energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WWII. 1' x 4' lamp fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser. Totally enclosed extruded prismatic acrylic lens. Injection molded reinforcing acrylic end plate. Energy efficient ballast. Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WMII. 2 lamp fluorescent fixture. High gloss baked white enamel finish. Pressure lock lamp holders. Energy efficient ballast; Lamps: F30, F40, F72 WW/RS/WMII. 1' x 4', 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser, hinged and latched from either side. Energy efficient ballast, suitable for damp location, return air housing. Lamps: F40 WW/RS/WMII. 2' x 2', 2 lamp recessed fluorescent fixture with prismatic acrylic diffuser, hinged and latched from either side, return air housing. Lamps: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. Recessed fluorescent downlight with fresnel lens, 120V ballast, high power factor ballast, 0.94 PF, suitable for damp locations. Lamp: F13 DTT/27K Recessed incandescent downlight with black microgroove baffle,120V ballast, lamp: 100 W A19. Low bay industrial luminaire; 120 V ballast; Lamp: 250 W metal halide. Low bay industrial luminaire with quartz restrike system; 120 V ballast. Lamp: 250 W metal halide Universal mounted exit sign; exit sign shall be wall or ceiling mounted, single or double faced and directional arrows. Tamper proof screws. Lamps:

89

1

22 10 21 105 56 16 210 7 78 255 12 7 10 70 15 4 80 19 71 51 6 146 81 108 26 2 57 2 4 26

Two 8W T5. 2' x 2'; 2-lamp recessed fluorescent security fixture, ⅛" high impact prismatic acrylic lens over ¼" clear polycarbonate and continuous hold down 14 gauge steel frame. Tamper proof screws. Lamp: F40 CW/U/6/WMII. Engineering Office 1' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures 2' x 4', 120 V fluorescent fixtures U6, 120 V fluorescent fixtures Harper Center Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 2 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 3 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 4 lamps/fixture, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 40-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 30-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 26-watts High pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 50-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 120-V, 13-watts Recessed high pressure sodium fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 100-watts Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts Pendant fluorescent fixture, 2- and 4-lamps/fixture, T8 lamps, 32-watts Lay-in rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts, damp location noted Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, lay-in, 1 lamp/fixture, 9watts Recessed twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lamps/fixture, 40watts Recessed rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150watts Rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixture, 6'-6", outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts Rapid-start fluorescent fixtures (under overhead cabinets), outlet box, vertical slot, 1 lamp/fixture, 30-watts Surface fluorescent ceiling fixtures (LED), 2 lamps/fixture, 30-watts Surface rapid-start fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lamps/fixture, 40-watts Surface high pressure sodium fluorescent fixture (at canopy), 1 lamp/fixture, 70-watts Surface twin tube fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 13-watts

90

3 37 13 20 24 16 22 14 75 194 6 9 168 60 13 80 6 64 2 41 53 10 119 35 6 22 7 6 1 5 4 3

Incandescent fixtures, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 60-watts Fluorescent fixture, 1 lamp/fixture, 150-watts Ceiling fan with light kit and pendant, incandescent light, outlet box, 2 lamps/fixture, 100-watts 2-North Building Recessed fluorescent downlight with dropped polycarbonate lens, 120 V; for damp locations Surface fluorescent strip with wire guard; 120 V Stem mounted fluorescent strip Wall mounted fluorescent, 4' long, 120 V, Daybrite No. A52405 Under cabinet fluorescent lens fixture, 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', flange, lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed 2' x 4' lay-in, furnished with American Louver No. 99-2448 silver paracube louver. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛' K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120 V; 3 socket wired separately. Wall mounted fluorescent, 3' long, 120 V, Daybrite No. A520W Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, flush steel door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens; 120 V. Wall mounted fluorescent 2'-long, 120 V; Daybrite No. A5220W. Surface mounted vapor tight fluorescent fixture, 4'-0", for wet location; 120 V; Daybrite No. WR41241 Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, with two 1-lamp ballasts. 32-East Patient over bed light, 4' surface mounted fluorescent up and down lens fixture, with continuous light divider, 120-V, 35-watts Wall mounted high pressure sodium fixture with shock resistant glass refractor, wire guard, and photocell; 120-V; 70-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, recessed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, two single-lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 40-watts Surface mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; 120 V; 35-watts Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4' with wire guard, stem bottom of fixture, 9' above finished floor, 120-V, 35-watts Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, up and down lens with stainless steel finish, 120-V, 30-watts Surface mounted fluorescent fixture, 4'-0", with wraparound lens; 120 V; 40-watts Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, under cabinet, stainless steel finish, 120-V Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 1' x 4', flange regressed aluminum

91

25 22 17 55 44 5 48 3 8 4 20 7 2 2 717 28 33 2 36 4 24 20 15 6 5 1 1 18 4 7 4 2

door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, with two single lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lamp fixture, 2' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', flange regressed aluminum door, with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, and two single lamp ballasts, 120V, 35-watts Surface mounted incandescent porcelain lamp holder with plastic guard, 120-V, 150-watts Surface mounted 4' fluorescent wraparound lens fixture, vandal proof, weather-proof, 120-V, 35-watts Exit light, ceiling mounted, furnished with luminaire, double face with arrows on signs, wired for two circuits, red letters, 120-V Exit light, ceiling mounted, furnished with luminaire, double face with arrows on signs, wired for two circuits, red letters, 120-V 34-East Patient over bed light, 4' surface mounted fluorescent up and down lens fixture, with continuous light divider, 120-V, 35-watts Wall mounted high pressure sodium fixture with shock resistant glass refractor, wire guard, and photocell; 120-V; 70-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 4' lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛", K-12 clear acrylic lens, two single-lamp ballasts, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 35-watts Recessed static fluorescent lens fixture, 2' x 2', lay-in, regressed aluminum door with ⅛" K-12 clear acrylic lens, 120-V, 40-watts Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; 120-V, 35-watts Stem mounted fluorescent strip fixture, 4'-0", with wire guard; stem bottom of fixture 9' above finished floor, 120-V, 35-watts 36-East (Medical) Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Fluorescent fixtures, above mirror, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32watts Fluorescent fixtures, above mirror, outlet box, 3 lights/fixture, 4', 32watts Fluorescent fixtures, arch/headwall elevation, outlet box, 4 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Fluorescent fixtures, under cabinet, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 32watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 13-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 light/fixture, 175-watts Recessed fluorescent lens fixture, 2 lights/fixture, regressed aluminum door, outlet box, 25-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 1 light/fixture, 4', 120-V, 25-watts Fluorescent fixtures, above door, outlet box, 1 light/fixture, 4', 25-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 120-V, 25-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 120-V, 8-watts Recessed ceiling flood light fixture, 1 light/fixture, 120-V, 150-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixtures, 1 light/fixture, 150-watts Wall mounted fluorescent fixture, 2 lights/fixture, outlet box, 25-watts

92

12 1 10 2 40 10

Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 25-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture Fluorescent ceiling fixtures, outlet box, 2 lights/fixture, 4', 32-watts Incandescent lamp, 3 lights/fixture, outlet box, 120-V, 100-watts Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box Recessed fluorescent ceiling fixture, outlet box

93

APPENDIX C OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH SERVICES

94

APPENDIX C OBSERVATIONS AND IMPRESSIONS – DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH SERVICES Site Visit – July 26, 2005 Contacts: Met with Sandra Douglas and Mike Burr at the Chalkville campus. Mike’s contact information: phone: 680-8586; fax: 680-8587 Concerns identified by Mike Burr for Chalkville campus: • Gymnasium currently has no air conditioning. • Cooling tower on school – inefficient and prone to operational problems. • Logistics of retrofits if approved. • Aging equipment throughout facility. • Walk-in freezer in Creek Bldg. – have had problems with the compressor. • Lexan windows are for security; are they energy efficient or is there an alternative? • Wide array of equipment (different types of hot water heaters, heating systems, A/C systems, etc.). Mike and Sandra identified need to have additional maintenance staff trained in HVAC system operations. General Information about Site: • • • • • • •

• • • • •

18 different buildings at site; floor plans were provided for each building. 3 shifts of rotating staff Number of employees at site: ~120 Number of female students: ~85 Capacity ~125 students. Site shut down for 2 weeks at Christmas time and 1 week around July 4 (students still reside on campus). Mike identified that a dormitory building (cottages) could be vacated for renovation activities by moving students to another building during the renovation; renovation of the dining facility would require greater coordination and scheduling. All bulbs are fluorescent bulbs unless otherwise noted. Facilities are a mixture of gas and electric powered heating. Kitchen units are undersized for their capacity. During inclement weather, students are either taken by van to the dining hall, or if severe weather conditions, the food can be brought to them in their residence halls Windows are single-paned throughout facility; predominant windowing in student facilities is of Lexan (1/4-inch) – mandatory to prevent potential breakage by

95

• • • •

residents (students). Alabama Bldg. uses glass windows. School also has glass windows; several windows noted to have severe spider cracks on them. Cooling tower (behind school library) was installed ~2000. It has three blowers; fan has torn apart, valve was replaced. The breaker has blown several fuses. School is used all year long. Interested in what it would cost to aid condition the gymnasium No real recycling program, although Mike Burr promotes on a limited basis

Buildings Visited on Energy Audits with the Alabama Department of Youth Services (Chalkville campus) Campus Buildings 1. Iroquois Bldg. 2. Gymnasium 3. Junaluska Bldg. 4. Administration Bldg. 5. Chickasaw Bldg. 6. Creek Bldg. (dining hall) 7. Recreation 8. Chapel 9. Sequoyah School 10. Alabama Bldg. 11. Security Bldg. Iroquois Bldg. Observations: • Three air conditioners on roof (same type) are 5-6 years old; one closest to front of bldg. had compressor problems – not cooling well; Model No. 48TJF004311QA, RLA – 18 • Outside data gathered: ○ Outside temperature ~91.7oF ○ CO2 ~ 303 ppm ○ Bldg employs old T12 fluorescent bulbs; could replace 40 watt bulbs with 34 watt bulbs. ○ HVAC not working in front portion of bldg. • Cosmology/Hair dressing room (used 4 days/week) ○ 3 fluorescent lights (2 2-bulb; 1 4-bulb); 40W each ○ Mechanical ballasts on light fixtures ○ 3 hair dryer machines ○ 2 cutting stations with light bars (4 incandescent lights) ○ 1 site specific/use hot water heater (40-gallon capacity) ○ Electric fan with louvers ○ Room Data: ➢ Light intensity: 74.9 fc 17.1 fc (under 4 bulb) 35.3 fc (under no bulbs) 96

21.6 fc (under no bulbs) 286 ppm

•

•

•

•

•

➢ CO2: ➢ 92.2oF ➢ Relative humidity: 46% Laundry (Utility) Room ○ 2 sets of washer / dryer combos ○ Heavy duty dryer : Whirlpool – Model No. GCEM2900JQ0; Serial No. MK3601105 ○ Washer: Whirlpool – Model No. GCAM2701JQ0; Serial No. CK3001029 ○ Washer : GE Select 7 cycle heavy duty, extra large capacity ○ Dryer: Hotpoint – Model No. NUL33E81W; Serial No. 20714269W ○ 1 light fixture (2 fluorescent bulbs; casing broken) ○ All exit signs are old – need to be replaced ○ Room Data: ➢ CO2: 739 ppm ➢ 92oF ➢ Relative humidity: 51% ➢ 74.9 fc (under 2 bulbs) Front Hallway ○ Old exit signs ○ 3 light fixtures with 2 bulbs/fixture ○ Room Data: ➢ 28.3 fc (under 2 bulbs) ➢ 21.6 fc (under no bulbs) Classroom No.1 ○ Each fluorescent light was controlled by a separate switch ○ 4 light fixtures with 2 bulbs/fixture = 8 bulbs ○ Contains a refrigerator and microwave oven ○ Room Data: ➢ CO2: 400 ppm o ➢ 91.6 F ➢ 29.6oC (wall temperature) ➢ 32oC air vent No.1 ➢ 33.4oC air vent No.2 ➢ 41.0 fc (no bulbs) ➢ 41.5 fc (all bulbs on) Classroom 2 (Training Room) ○ 4 bulbs per fixture * 2 fixtures ○ Light bulbs: rapid start 34-watt fluorescent bulbs (F40/DX/ss – 34 watt) ○ Room Data: ➢ CO2: 317 ppm ➢ 90.1oF ➢ 36 fc (lights off) ➢ 53 fc (lights on) Dining Room ○ 19 incandescent bulbs along wall ○ 15 fluorescent bulbs 97

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•

• • •

• •

•

○ 16 100-watt incandescent bulbs in 4X4 array (by fireplace) ○ Room Data: ➢ 64 fc (all lights on) ➢ ventilation: most vents were non operational ➢ 25.7oC on return air; 20.8oC on best vent ➢ Relative humidity: 47% ➢ air conditioner: 250 fpm Two Offices (4 fluorescent bulbs each) Main Office (8 bulbs total; 2 bulbs are incandescent) ○ Room Data: ➢ 25.7oC (return air) ➢ 20.8oC (air vent) ➢ 250 fpm Bedroom (2 double fixtures with 2 bulbs each 100 watt) ○ Room Data: ➢ 16 fc ➢ vent in bedroom 18.7oC ➢ relative humidity: 47% ➢ 250 fpm Bedroom (1 fixture with 1 incandescent bulb:100 watt) ○ 13 fc Other Rooms ○ 4 incandescent bulbs Bathroom (at right rear of building) ○ Renovated in 2004 ○ Old mechanical ballasts ○ 6 2-bulb fixtures (fluorescent) ○ Room Data: ➢ 71, 40, 75, 86 fc ➢ CO2: 370 ➢ 84.9oF Bathroom No. 2 ○ 4 fixtures with 2 bulbs each Main Bedroom Hallway (Common Area) ○ 8 fixtures with 4 bulbs (fluorescent) ○ 9 incandescent 100 watt bulbs, 2 burned out (concave mirrors to focus light) ○ 2 halogen lights up time-out areas ○ Hallway Data: ➢ 43, 11, 39 fc under incandescent lights Additional Notes: ○ Attic Area: looked at through opening, but did not enter – ~2 to 3 inches of blown fiberglass insulation present. ○ All ventilation is passive (ridge vents and gable vents) ○ Old boiler that has not been used since 1991, at least ○ 2 additional on-site water heaters located in basement 98

Gymnasium (built in 2000) • • • • • • •

No air conditioning 16 light fixtures: sodium 5 overhead heaters 2 large fans with 2 louvers on the opposite side R19 insulation below roofing Large open A-frame truss roof Room Data: ➢ CO2: 208-230 ppm o ➢ 89.2 F ➢ Relative humidity: 60% ➢ 250 fpm ➢ 15, 15, 13, 14 fc

Junaluska Bldg. • •

•

•

•

• •

Old mechanical ballasts and exit signs Hallway ○ 4 compact U-tube fluorescent bulbs ○ Room Data: ➢ 16, 12 fc ➢ CO2: 680 ppm o ➢ 89.2 F Dining room/storage ○ 9 light fixtures with 2 U-tube fluorescent bulbs ○ Electric steam table when food needs to be brought to students during inclement weather ○ Old electric stove ○ Freezer and refrigerator ○ Room Data: ➢ 56 fc Kitchen ○ 4 light fixtures (40-watts each) ○ Room Data: ➢ Relative humidity: 70% School Room ○ 4 bulbs (40-watts each) ○ Room Data: ➢ Relative humidity: 43% Counselor Room ○ 4 bulbs Recreation/classroom area ○ 6 fixtures with 2 u-tube fluorescent bulbs 99

•

•

•

○ 2 ceiling fans ○ Room Data: ➢ 24 fc Mechanical room ○ Hot water heater (replaced recently): 100 gallon; 1150 BTU hr Rudd hot water heater (natural gas heated) ○ 5 furnaces/air handlers; 1990-1983 ➢ 100,000 btu ➢ 190,000 btu ➢ 84,000 btu ➢ 65,000 btu ➢ 54,000 btu ○ Room Data: ➢ hot water = 46.1oC ➢ cold water = 35.4oC ➢ Blended water = 37.4oC ➢ Exhaust lines air = 29-32oC ➢ CO2: 418 ppm ➢ 88.4oF ➢ 35 fc ➢ Relative humidity: 60% ○ 2 – 2 fluorescent bulbs 42 inches long Bedrooms (14) ○ 1 incandescent bulb/room ○ 1 light bulb ○ Room Data: ➢ Relative humidity: 40% Reception/Foyer (Common Area) ○ 2 ceiling fans ○ 12 2 U-tubes per fixture ○ 12 2 bulb incandescent fixtures

Administration Bldg. 1st Floor: • Orientation room ○ Old mechanical ballasts ○ 8 bulbs (40-watts each) ○ Room Data: ➢ 45 fc ➢ CO2: 545 ppm ➢ 88.8 F ➢ Relative humidity: 39% ➢ 26.5oC (wall) ➢ 16oC (air vent) • Hallway ○ 8 light bulbs 10 0

• •

•

•

•

• • • • •

•

○ Room Data: ➢ 40.1 fc under light ➢ 21.7 fc away from source ➢ CO2: 575 ppm o ➢ 88.3 F Kitchen ○ 1 incandescent bulb Bathroom ○ 2 fluorescent bulbs ○ Room Data: ➢ 18.5 fc ➢ 16.3oC in vent ➢ 19.8oC on wall Office ○ 4 fixtures of 2 fluorescent bulbs (48 inches) ○ Copier, Dell computer and fax were Energy Star rated ○ Room Data: ➢ 15.7oC in vent ➢ overhead vents need cleaning, lots of dust ➢ 26.1oC on wall ➢ 14.1oC in vent No.2 ➢ 83.6oF ➢ Relative humidity:54% ➢ CO2: 449 ppm Offices (left-side middle) ○ 4 bulbs/office ○ Employees informed us there was only one thermostat and that they are constantly uncomfortable (hot or cold). Office ○ 6 bulbs ○ Room Data: ➢ 600 fpm Mail Room ○ 2 bulbs Bathroom ○ 1 incandescent bulb Office left front center ○ 8 bulbs Hall/foyer ○ 2 incandescent bulbs Office – right side ○ 8 bulbs ○ Room Data: ➢ 14.1oC – vent ➢ 21.6oC – wall Bathroom ○ 1 incandescent bulb 10 1

•

Office – right side center ○ 4 bulbs • Stairwell ○ 4 2ft fluorescent bulb fixtures ○ Stairwell Data ➢ 21.2 fc on lower landing ➢ 31.9 fc on top landing ➢ CO2: 970 ppm o ➢ 83.3 F 2nd Floor: • Upstairs hallway ○ 4 20-watt bulbs ○ Hallway Data: ➢ 21.4 fc ➢ 19.4oC in vent ➢ 24.9oC on wall • Upstairs office ○ 4 60-watt fluorescent bulbs 96 inches long (F96/T12/cw/ew) ○ 2 15-watt incandescent bulbs above fireplace ○ Room Data: ➢ CO2: 368 ppm ➢ 83.3oF • Clothes stock room (attic area) ○ 4-6 inches blown fiberglass insulation ○ Ventilation is very poor (all passive) ○ Room Data: ➢ Storage way: 95 fc under light ➢ 88.4 fc under second light ➢ 10.3 fc under incandescent light ➢ CO2: 373 ppm ➢ 84.0oF • 3 Goodman air conditioning units outside building: ○ 2 Goodman – RLA 14.1 (2001) ○ 1 Goodman – RLA 28.2 ○ Insulation on Freon line is in poor condition Chickasaw Bldg. •

Lounge and foyer (front common area) ○ 26 2-bulbs ○ Room Data: ➢ 73.6 fc with all lights on ➢ 1 incandescent bulb in each bedroom: 4.8 fc ➢ Relative humidity: 50% ➢ 15.4oC (air vent) ➢ 23.7oC (wall) 10 2

•

•

•

•

•

○ Exit signs use 2 15-watt bulbs Dining room ○ 8 fixtures with 2 U-tube fluorescent bulbs ○ 4 light fixtures in the pit area 2 U-tube fluorescent bulbs ○ Room Data: ➢ CO2: 267 ppm ➢ 84.5oF Service Kitchen ○ 4 fixtures with 2 4-ft tubes (40 watts each) per fixture ○ Room Data: ➢ CO2: 265 ppm ➢ 84.2oF Linen cabinet ○ Room Data: ➢ 28.1 fc ➢ CO2: 450 ppm ➢ 81.8oF Building has 3 air conditioning units and 1 heater. ○ Air conditioning units: ➢ 2 Goodman (2001) – RLA 12.8 and 15.4; 140,000 btu/hr and unavailable ➢ 1 Carrier (2003) – RLA 16; 90,000 btu/hr ○ Heating system (hot water heater): ➢ Rheem (purchased October 1995) – 91 gallons This building recycles aluminum cans.

Note this building is equipped with a sprinkler system (only building on site) for fire safety. Creek Bldg. (Dining Hall) •

•

•

Dining Hall ○ 24 bulbs (40 watts each) ○ Roof leaks (minor) ○ Room Data: ➢ 26.6 fc ➢ CO2: 338 ppm ➢ 86.7oF ➢ 19.4oC (air vent) ➢ 24.6oC (wall) ➢ Relative humidity: 47% Chiller ○ Chiller Data: ➢ 8.8oC on wall ➢ 6.3oC on vents ➢ 42oF on gauges outside Freezer 10 3

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○ 2 incandescent bulbs ○ Freezer Data: ➢ -6.6oC on fan ➢ -1.1oC on wall Kitchen ○ 17 light fixtures (4 incandescent bulbs each, 40 watts each) ○ 2 ovens, 4 stoves ○ Kitchen Data: ➢ CO2: 292 ppm ➢ 80.1oF ➢ Relative humidity: 88% ○ used garland burners/ ovens ○ Frymaster ○ Hobart ovens ○ Exhaust vents were very unclean Dry Storage ○ 16 lights (40-watts each) ○ Storage Room Data: ➢ CO2: 448 ppm ➢ 80.3oF ➢ 24.3oC on wall ➢ Relative humidity: 70% ➢ 800 fps air velocity Dishwasher ○ During wash operation 152oF ○ Rated at 150-160oF ○ Rinse cycle 160oF set at 140-150oF ○ Cycle was 50 sec ○ 40 sec on wash and 10 sec on rinse ○ could wash up to 9 dinner trays per cycle

Recreation •

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•

Recreation Office ○ 4 lights (96-inches long) ○ Room Data: ➢ Relative humidity: 47% Group room ○ Old mechanical ballasts ○ 2 fixtures; 1 with 2 fluorescent bulbs 4-ft long ○ Room Data: ➢ 17.5 fc ➢ 15.6oC in vent ➢ 23.7oC on wall ➢ CO2: 505 ppm ➢ 84.4oF Office 10 4

• •

• •

○ 2 lights (40 watts each) ○ Room Data: ➢ Relative humidity: 50% Hallway ○ Filters on return air need replacement (dirty)several holes in ceiling Recreation Area ○ 8 light fixtures with 2 4-ft long fluorescent bulbs ○ Room Data: ➢ 11.8oC in air vent ➢ 20.8oC on wall ➢ CO2: 420 ppm ➢ 80.7oF Attic area ○ Contains 2-3 inches of blown fiberglass insulation (per Mr. Burr) 2 air conditioning units; Goodman – RLA 15.4 (1996)

Chapel • • •

• • •

20 incandescent fixtures above pulpit built in 1967 main congregation area , ○ 10 overhead fixtures with 4 bulbs per fixture ○ 52 incandescent bulbs total ○ water leaks around rear stained glass window ○ Chapel Data: ➢ 1.9 fc with lights on ➢ CO2: 354 ppm ➢ 82.8oF ➢ 25.6oC (return air) ➢ 25.2oC (wall) ➢ 19.2oC (air vent) Restroom ○ 1 incandescent bulb Hallway ○ 2 incandescent bulbs Mechanical Room ○ 3 air conditioners: RLA 15.4, Model No. CK60-36

Sequoyah School • • •

Class room ○ 9 fixtures 4 bulbs 48-inches long fluorescent Hallway ○ Old magnetic ballasts Restroom ○ 2* 4 tubes per fixture ( 6 bulbs on, fluorescent) ○ Room Data: 10 5

• • •

• • • •

➢ 4 tube: 69.1 fc ➢ 2 tube: 35 fc ➢ CO2: 730 ppm Chillers handle the whole building Separate air handler for each classroom Library ○ New electrical ballasts ○ 18 fixtures ( 4 fluorescent bulbs per fixture) ○ 92 bulbs total ○ Room Data: ➢ 120 fc Cooling tower outside (middle blower not working) Compact U-tubes used in hallway Attic area has ~16 inches of insulation (R19) Air handlers: Carrier, Model No. 50HQA0425

Alabama Bldg. • • •

•

•

Used for “orientation” only, not a regular dorm 4 air handlers Hallway ○ 2 4-tube fixtures ○ Room Data: ➢ 38.9, 67.1 fc under lights ➢ 15.2, 22.7oC in air vents ➢ 22.5oC on wall Bedrooms ○ 1 incandescent 100-watt bulb ○ Room Data: ➢ 44 fc Time-out room ○ 3 fluorescent x 2 lights (40-watts each) + 4 incandescent bulbs ○ 1 floodlight outside time-out room ○ Clinic window air leak – fluorescent x 2 lights (40-watts each) ○ Room Data: ➢ Relative humidity: 46%

Security Bldg. • • • •

Flat roof; leaks 4 light fixtures with 2 fluorescent bulbs per fixture Old mechanical ballasts Room Data: ➢ 49.2 fc under lights ➢ large hole (2*2 ft) in ceiling ➢ CO2: 642 ppm ➢ 86.1oF 10 6

➢ ➢ ➢ ➢

Relative humidity: 38% 26.8oC on wall 10.8oC in air conditioner vent (wall unit, 12000 btu per hour) 600 fpm air velocity

10 7

Additional Information: •

Data collected during the preliminary energy audits at the facility are summarized in Table 1.

Room

Descriptio n

Iroquois Building: Outside of building

Hair Styling Room

Temperatur Relative e Humidity , (%)

Lighting, (foot candles)

91.7oF (33.2oC)

92.2oF (33.4oC)

Other

1840 lumens (under 4 bulbs) 380 lumens in non-lit area

Three 3.5ton Carrier air conditioning units on roof Use T12 fluorescent bulbs; use hot water heater in room

233 lumens in other non-lit area Laundry Room

92.0oF (33.3oC)

Main Part of Building

Classroom No.1

91.6oF (33.1oC) 32.0oC in air vent

10 8

1 light fixture with 2 fluorescent bulbs Building uses old exit signs with fluorescent bulbs Each light fixture is separately controlled

33.4oC in other air vent 29.6oC on wall Classroom Training No.2 room

90.1oF in room (32.3oC)

36 (with lights off)

53 (with lights on) Dining Area

Bedrooms

25.7oC (return air)

20.8oC (in air vent) 18.7oC in air vent

10 9

Uses 4 bulbs/ fixture (Sylvania F40 DXSS) rapid start, 34 W bulbs); 2 fixtures Has 15 wall fluorescent bulbs; has 16 100-watt bulbs in fire place area; Air velocity: 250 ft/min in vent; Most air vents did not appear to work Use 2 double light fixtures; Use 4 bulbs total of 100-watts each; Air velocity in vent: 250 ft/min

84.9oF (29.4oC)

Bathroom

71 – 86

Main Hallway

Renovated in 2004, has 6 double fluorescent light fixtures; other bathroom had 4 fixtures 8 fixture with 4 bulbs/fixture; had 9 incandescen t 100-watt bulbs (2 were burned out) – have mirrors to focus light; have old boiler in basement (not used since at least 1991).

Gymnasium: Inside gymnasiu m

28.3oC (on wall)

16 light fixtures; 5 heaters; 2 large fans; 2 louvers on opposite wall;

30.1oC (on louvers)

11 0

89.2oF on other wall (31.8oC)

R19 insulation on roof

Junaluska Building: Main building

Hallway

Uses mechanical ballasts and old fluorescent exit signs 89.2oF (31.8oC)

Uses 4 short fluorescent bulbs in hall-way fixtures; also three double Utube fluorescent bulbs Has 6 light fixtures with 2 U-tube bulbs/ fixture; have steam table when need to have food from dining hall brought in (due to bad weather)

88.4oF (31.3oC)

Hot water heater has 91-gallon capacity (1150 btu/hr);

Dining Room

Administration Building: Mechanic Room al Room

46.1oC

11 1

Hot water heater Cooler water

35.4oC

Blended water (sent to building)

37.4oC

five air conditioning units were installed between 1983 and 1990; Has two 2-bulb fluorescent fixtures (42inch length)

Exhaust lines sent to building

29 – 32oC Orientatio n Room

88.8oF (31.6oC)

45

Hallway

88.3oF (31.3oC)

21.7 40.1 (directly under lights)

Bathroom

19.8oC on wall

18.5

Uses mechanical ballasts

16.3oC in air vent Office

Office equipment included Xerox machine, Dell computer, fax machine

26.1oC (wall)

54

14.1oC (vent)

11 2

Uses 4 fluorescent bulbs/fixture (~4-ft long); overhead air vents need cleaning (lots of dust)

All were Energy Star Stairwells

83.6oF (room) (28.7oC) 83.3oF (28.5oC)

21.2

Uses 4 double-bulb fluorescent light fixtures; Very stuffy in stairwells

31.9 (on up-stairs landing) Upstairs Hallway

19.4oC in room; 24.9oC on wall

Upstairs Office

83.3oF (28.5oC)

Clothes Stockroom

84.0oF (28.9oC)

95; 88.4 directly under lights

11 3

Uses four 96-inch fluores-cent bulbs (60watts); two 15-watt incandescen t bulbs above fireplace Has 4-6 inches of blown fiberglass insulation in

10.3 under incandesce nt bulbs

Chickasaw Building: 14 rooms This for students building is equipped with a sprinkler system (the only building on campus)

attic area; Very stuffy in attic area

Has 3 furnace units (2 140,000-btu and 1 90,000-btu unit) purchased in 2003; recaption area has 2 ceiling fans Has 12 double Utube fluorescent bulbs and 10 double incandescen t bulb fixtures

Hallway

Lounge/foye r

73.6 (with lights on)

11 4

Exit signs use two 15watt incandescen t bulbs

Bedroom

4.8

Has one incandescen t light/room

Dining Room

84.5oF (29.2oC)

8 light fixtures with 2 U-tube fluorescent lights/fixtur e; 4 light fixtures in pit area

Service Kitchen

84.2oF (29.0oC)

Four light fixtures with two 4-ft tubes/ fixture

Linen Cabinet

81.8oF (27.7oC)

Creek Building: Dining Room Chiller Room

28.1

86.7oF (30.4oC) 8.8oC (wall) 6.3oC (fans) 42oF (gauge) = 5.6oC

Freezer

-6.6oC (fan) 1.1oC (wall)

11 5

Kitchen

Kitchen has Garland oven/ burners, Frymaster, Hobart ovens

80.1oF (26.7oC)

Exhaust vents are very dusty and need to be cleaned

Storage area for canned goods

80.3oF (26.8oC)

Dishwashi ng area

152oF (wash)

24.3oC (wall) Wash cycle operates in 150-160oF range; rinse cycle operates in 140-150oF range

(66.7oC) Recreation Building: Group room/ lounge

15.1oC (vent)

17.5

23.7oC (wall) 84.4oF (room) (29.1oC)

11 6

Two light fixtures, one with two 4ft fluorescent bulbs, and one with four 4-ft fluorescent bulbs (only 2 bulbs in fix-ture)

Hallway

Filters in return air vent need replacement; very dirty.

There are holes in the ceiling tiles. 11.8oC (vent)

Recreatio nal area

Eight light fixtures with two 4-foot fluorescent bulbs

20.8oC (wall) 80.7oF (room) (27.1oC) Chapel: Chapel (built in 1967)

Main room

82.8oF (28.2oC)

1.9 (with overhead lights on)

25.6oC

20 light fixtures over chancel area; 10 overhead light fixture in chapel with 4 light bulbs each;

Leaks around rear stained glass windows

11 7

Return air

25.2oC

Wall

19.2oC

Air vent Sequoyah School: Classrooms Chiller handles whole building with air handling boxes

Nine light fixtures with 4 x 4 arrays

Restroom

Library

120

Alabama Building: Used for Vent orientation; not used as regular dormitory Wall Restroom

15.2 – 22.7oC

Four fluorescent tubes/fixture ; one with 4 tubes, and 1 with 2 work-ing tubes. Uses new electronic ballasts; 18 light fixtures with 4 fluorescent bulbs/fixture

38.9; 67.1 under lights

Uses two 4tube light fixtures

50.9 under lights

Has one light fixture with 4 fluorescent lamps

22.5oC 84.1oF (28.9oC)

11 8

Bedrooms

Security Building: Main office area

Has one 100-watt incandescent bulb

26.8oC (wall)

49.2 (under lights)

Has a flat roof that leaks; large hole in ceiling.

10.8oC (air conditioner)

Four light fixtures with 2 fluorescent bulbs/fixture ;

86.1oF (room)

Mechanical ballasts

(30.1oC)

11 9