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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI METHODS OF BUSINESS RESEARCH REPORT ON THE TOPIC OF SLUMS OF KARACHI Submitted to: Mr. AKTAR AHSAN Submitted by: 3) MR. M. Faisal Panawala (MEN-2200649) 4) MR. Muhammad Ashar Jameel (MEN-2200344) Submission Date: 23rd APRIL, 2007 Page - 2 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI TABLE OF CONTENTS S/ NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE NO. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTERNATION SCENARIO HIGHLIGHTS OF UN REPORT REVISITING KARACHI’S HERITAGE POPULATION GROWTH CHART OF KARACHI GENERAL PATTERN OF POPULATION MODERN KARACHI SLUMS IN THE WAY OF KARACHI KARACHI’S PROGRESS ADULT MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI DETERMINANTS OF CHILD MORTALITY IN KARACHI DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO IN SINDH ROLE OF NGO’S IN SOCIAL SECTOR 04 05 06 07 08 10 12 12 13 08. 09. 10. 14 11. 16 12. 17 18 21 13. 14. Page - 3 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI 23rd April, 2007 Mr. Akhtar Ahsan Hamdard Institute of Management Sciences Hamdard University City Campus Karachi. Subject: LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Dear Sir, With all due respect we are thankful to you for giving us a worth-while opportunity to have the new experience which is not only fruitful in our present but also will help us in future because of its practical nature and application. Enclosed find herewith a term report for Business Research Methodology. This report is prepared on Slums of Karachi. In order to make this report reliable, authentic and near to the facts, we tried our level best to get as much information from concerned people as we can. Report is submitted for your kind perusal please. Page 1

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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies 1. Mr. Faisal Panawala 2. Mr. Muhammad Ashar Jameel ____________________ ____________________ Page - 4 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI PREFACE To fulfill the requirement of our report we four students combined together were asked to make a group and prepare a research report on slums of Karachi. We chose the area of Nazimabad, layri, Akhtar Colony, Khoprapar etc to conduct our research. During preparation of this report, all the members of the group completely cooperated with each other. Each of us tried our best to incorporate and implement all the aspects taught to us in the course. Now, the decision about the authentication and standard of the report is in the hands of our respected teacher Mr. Aktar Ahsan and we hope that our report will receive a favorable consideration at our teacher’s hands. Page - 5 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of All we are grateful to Almighty Allah, for his blessings that enabled us to understand and undertake the opportunity for completing this report with the right approach and sense of direction. We wish to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Akhtar Ahsan the respected teacher for giving us an opportunity to work on a practical approach project and giving us the guidance to complete the same. We would also like to thank all the friends, colleagues and concerned persons who helped us in the preparation of this report. Special thanks go to all of our team members who contributed in the formation of this report in order to make it they tried their level best and each member collected as much information as they can. Page - 6 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI International Scenario At least one billion people live in slums, with the highest percentage of them found in Asia, Africa and Latin America, according to a new report by the United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-HABITAT). The UN report The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003 was published on World Habitat Day, 6 October 2003. At a press briefing, Anna K. Tibaijuka, UN-HABITAT executive director, told City Mayors that at least 40 per cent of settlements in the world were classified as slums. The UN General Secretary Kofi Annan said that slums represented the worst of urban poverty and inequality. Yet the world had the resources, know-how and power to reach the target established in the Millennium Declaration. He appealed to the world: “It is my hope that this report, and the best practices it identifies, will enable all actors involved to overcome the apathy and lack of political will that have been a barrier to progress, and move ahead with greater determination and knowledge in our common effort to help the world’s slum dwellers to attain lives of dignity, prosperity and peace.” Key findings in the report show that Asia has about 550 million people living in slums, followed by Africa with 187 million, and Latin America and the Caribbean Page 2

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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies with 128 million. While slums have largely disappeared in developed countries, the report still found that there were approximately 54 million urban dwellers in high-income countries living in slum-like conditions. The UN findings also revealed that sub-Saharan Africa had the highest rate of slumdwellers with 72 per cent of the urban population living in slums, followed by South Central Asia with 59 per cent, east Asia with 36 per cent, western Asia with 33 per cent, and Latin America and the Caribbean with 32 per cent. Although the concentration of Page - 7 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI slum dwellers is highest in African cities, in numbers alone, Asia accounts for some 60 per cent of the world’s urban slum residents. The report stresses the urgent need to do much more to improve the lives of slum-dwellers. Some highlights from the UN report • Some 923,986,000 people, or 31.6 per cent of the world’s total urban population, live in slums; some 43 per cent of the urban population of all developing regions combined live in slums; some 78.2 per cent of the urban population in the least developed countries live in slums; some six per cent of the urban population in developed regions live in slum-like conditions. • The total number of slum-dwellers in the world increased by about 36 per cent during the 1990s and in the next 30 years, the global number of slum-dwellers will increase to about two billion if no concerted action to address the challenge of slums is taken. • More than 41 per cent of Kolkata’s (Calcutta) slum households have lived in slums for more than 30 years. • In most African cities between 40 per cent and 70 per cent of the population lives in slums or squatter settlements. Many African cities will be doubling their population within two decades. In a city like Nairobi, 60 per cent of the population lives in slums which occupy about five per cent of the land. • While most slum-dwellers depend on the informal sector for their livelihoods, slum populations in many parts of the world (for example in Pune, Pakistan and Ibadan, Page - 8 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI Nigeria) quite often include university lecturers, university students, government civil servants and formal private sector employees. • About one out of every four countries in the developing world has laws that contain clauses that impede women owning land and taking mortgages in their own names. • All slum households in Bangkok have a color television. Among the report's findings: • Expectations of better access to education are unmet for most slum-dwellers; a 2003 study found that one in five children in the Nairobi slum of Kibera had no access to primary schools • Poor sanitation, described as a "silent tsunami", means illness and death are rife; in one part of Harare, 1,300 people share one communal toilet with just six squatting holes • In Cape Town's slums, children under the age of five are five times more likely to die than those living in the city's high-income districts Page 3

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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies • Young adults living in slums are more likely to have a child, be married or head a household than their counterparts living in non-slum areas Page - 9 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI REVISITING KARACHI'S HERITAGE Due to its legacy as an important colonial port city, Karachi is scattered with innumerable examples of beautiful Victorian and colonial architecture. However, a lot of it is in a state of disrepair and is threatened with decay and destruction due to unchecked commercialism and misuse. These pages attempt to bring the classical heritage of Karachi to light and discuss the threats presently faced by it. COLONIAL PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE THE CHURCHES OF KARACHI SADDAR AREA HERITAGE MC LEOD ROAD HERITAGE Page - 10 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI CLIFTON AREA HERITAGE OTHER MID CITY HERITAGE BUNDER ROAD HERITAGE CENTRAL CITY and BURNES ROAD HERITAGE KEAMARI/PORTSIDE HERITAGE Page - 11 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI KARACHI POPULATION GROWTH CHART Year Population Increase/ Decrease Over Last Census / Survey 135,108 701,780 906,377 1,562,702 1,831,238 4,540,422 No. of Years in Between 10 10 10 11 9 17 Per cent Increase/ Decrease 44.90 161.00 79.70 76.50 50.80 86.29 Average Annual Growth Rate 3.70 11.50 6.05 5.00 4.96 3.52 1941 1951 1961 1972 1981 1998 435,887 1,137,667 2,044,044 3,606,746 5,437,984 9,802,134 Source: Government of Pakistan Census Reports. GENERAL FEATURES Page 4

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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies Name Area Population Density Average house hold size Literacy rate Nos of town ; Nos of diagnostic centre Nos of treatment centers Average public transport fare Average time travel Karachi 3527sq.km 2795 per sq km 7 60% 18 55 111 Rs.10 one way 45 minutes one way by public transport. Large no of migrants who have flocked to Karachi in search of opportunities Source: Ismat Ara Khusheed Deputy Director,PTP Sindh Page - 12 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI The 1998 census results have yet to be tabulated and as such an age-sex pyramid cannot be constructed. However, if one projects the 1981 census results by using the 1972-81 trends, then one can safely say that about 50 per cent of Karachi’s population is below 19 years old. What this means in social, economic, cultural and political terms, has yet to be understood and catered to. It is also important to note that the census results have not been accepted by the Karachi political parties which include the MQM, the Sindhi nationalist leaders, the PPP, the ANP and the religious parties. There is a consensus that Karachi’s population is over 12 million. The Markazi Jamiat Ulema Pakistan (MJUP) has also pointed out that there are over 10 million national identity card holders and their minor dependants in Karachi. The MJUP claim has not been verified or rejected by the government. MODERN KARACHI While the inner and historic core city of Karachi has dilapidated and decayed beyond recognition, losing its former glory and splendor, Karachi overall as a port city, has turned out to be a fine city with great economic prospects. Presently Karachi is a bustling port city of about 14 million people and is the financial and industrial center of Pakistan's economy. The city has very modern port facilities that handle the bulk of the trade of Pakistan and the landlocked Central Asian countries. This city of ample sunshine and cool sea breezes is also the melting pot of Pakistan where people from all provinces come to make a living. There was a brief period where violence dominated the life of Karachi, but like any other great city, this transition period has taken a back seat to opening new horizons and new prospects for this everexpanding, ever-evolving city. Page - 13 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI SLUMS IN THE WAY OF KARACHI PROGRESS Karachi is Pakistan's biggest city and greatest hope, with aspirations of becoming the next Shanghai. But in the way of its rapid progress stands Asia's largest slum. Slums sits in the heart of the financial capital, but plans to transform it are being met with fierce opposition. Every inch of the slum is occupied. Rows of corrugated iron shacks are packed with the belongings of the hundreds of families who live here. Young children play with stray dogs among the filth and rubbish. There is little sign of clean drinking water and the sanitation facilities are appalling - up to 80 people are forced to share one toilet. Slums of Karachi like Layri, Akhter Colony, Korangi & others bears all the hallmarks of Pakistan's most crippling problems. Sixty-year-old Razman has been living in the slum for 10 years. He invites our group members into his tiny home. There is a small stove in one corner and a tired old fan, if we stretch our arms out we could touch both walls of the room that is home to the five members of his family, including two small children. "We want change and for conditions to improve for the people who live here. There is nowhere for my grandchildren to play but I cannot afford to move from here," he says. "My vision would be that it would be transformed into one of the better suburbs of Karachi - it will be forgotten as any kind of slum - there will be state of Page 5

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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies the art modern amenities and a lot of happy people living”, Karachi Government But many of the residents have other ideas. They refuse to be transformed by international companies who have little or no idea of their community and what it needs. Page - 14 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI Their neighborhood may be plagued by a crippling infrastructure but at the heart of Karachi is a bustling business district that generates up to $39m a year. The tiny alleys that lead through the maze that is Asia's biggest slum are packed with small workshops. Here tanners thrash the hide of freshly cut leather and paint the square strips to be sewn into handbags. It's the kind of business that keeps half of the residents like Aslam Khan in employment. "I would not be able to afford the cost of hiring a room outside Layri. If the plans of demolishing Layri of Expressway project goes ahead, we will lose so much business," he says. Many are suspicious that the motivation to demolish Layri is purely about money. The slum is a prime location for the financial capital, which makes the land its worth to be weighted in gold. Syed Ali grew up in Karachi's slums and now represents the slum dwellers in their fight against the government's plans. "Selling this land to the global market and giving it over for commercial use how will that improve our lives? Ninety per cent of the people here want a stake in their future and a say in how it is transformed. It has to work from the bottom up - not top down. They have tried to tackle Layri before and never been successful," he says. Visitors to the slum are struck by the uniqueness of Layri - most describe it as being like a city in itself, with a community of people living and working together which many wish to preserve. In return for building tenement houses to shelter the former residents, the chosen developer will win the right to build on the rest of the land. The plans could be used as a blueprint to tackle poverty in the rest of Pakistan's slums. But the planners and the government face a fierce battle. Close to where the slum sits is the main railway track Page - 15 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI bringing trains from across Pakistan to its wealthiest city - and the slum dwellers threaten to bring it to a grinding halt Syed Ali says if the plans are given the go-ahead "all we have to do is simply step out of our homes". He explains: "We will completely block the railways. A hundred thousand of us will squat there and bring the whole city and the whole of Pakistan to a stop." ADULT MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI OBJECTIVE: Cause-specific death rates are rarely available to guide health interventions for adults in South Asia. We report mortality patterns among Karachi's urban poor. METHODS: We conducted verbal autopsies for adult deaths under active surveillance during 1990-1993 in five urban slums of Karachi. Two physicians (Dr. M. Amin Panawala & Dr. Irshad Ali) assigned underlying cause of death by consensus. Analysis included cause- and category-specific rates, 45Q15s and comparison with 1991 Japanese national statistics. RESULTS: • • • • • • All 345 adult deaths (15-59 years) in the 5 slums (total population 415,389) were included. Male mortality exceeded female (4.4 vs 3.3/1000, p = .02). Noncommunicable diseases claimed 59% of deaths, communicable and reproductive 27% and injuries, 15%. The leading identified death rates (/100,000) among women were: circulatory disorders (66), maternal causes (33), tuberculosis (30), and burns (23). Among men they were: circulatory disorders (124) tuberculosis (30) and road traffic accidents (30). Overall Karachi adult mortality was 3.7 times Japanese rate. Compared to Japan, adults in Karachi had one to two orders of magnitude excess mortality due to maternal causes, tuberculosis and burns. Page 6

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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies Page - 16 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI • Circulatory disorders and tuberculosis accounted for 47% of excess male mortality; these plus maternal causes and burns accounted for 55% of excess female mortality. CONCLUSION: These mortality levels and patterns compel interventions and research for poor urban adults beyond maternal health. Women's health would equally benefit from tuberculosis control or burn prevention. Men need safer travel. Both need improved cardiovascular health. DETERMINANTS OF CHILD MORTALITY IN SLUMS OF KARACHI Pakistan has an infant mortality rate (IMR) of 90.5/1000 live births, and the country's child mortality level of 117.5 is worse than in other South Asian countries. Rapid population growth combined with rural-to-urban migration has led to the creation of urban slums in which morbidity levels are usually higher than in rural populations. A study was conducted in January 1993 in 6 slums of Karachi where the Aga Khan University has operated primary health care programs since 1985. Researchers recorded the deaths of 347 children under age 5 years old due to diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI) during 1989-93. 235 mothers of these children were interviewed. The following are discussed as risk factors for under-5 child mortality: • • • • • • the use of traditional healers poor nutritional status incomplete or no immunization the quick change of healers inappropriate child care arrangements, and mother’s literacy short birth interval, bottle feeding, and nuclear family structure Maternal autonomy, appropriate health-seeking behavior, and child-rearing processes identified in the study point to the need for intervention strategies which go beyond the usual primary health care initiatives and involve communities in developing social support systems for mothers. Page - 17 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI The role of family health-seeking behavior in under-five-year child mortality was explored through the combined approach of examining health-seeking behavior regarding treatment generally, and in specific in relation to illness before death. A population-based case control study was carried out during the period 1993–1994 using 222 deaths from diarrhea and acute respiratory illness (ARI) in children under five years of age in six slums of Karachi as cases, and 419 controls matched on age, disease (diarrhea and ARI) and slum. Factors significantly associated (p<0·05) with child mortality in the multivariate analysis were: mothers changing healers quickly, using a traditional healer or an unqualified doctor and mothers to whom doctors did not explain the treatment, even when maternal education was controlled for. Seeking effective medical services is highly influential on whether the child survives or succumbs to ARI or diarrhea. As mothers are the first providers of care, an attempt should be made to try and improve their skills through health education so that they can use simple and effective treatments for minor illnesses. They should also be taught to recognize potentially life-threatening conditions, to seek care early and to persist with treatment. DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO IN SINDH A recently released report of the World Bank “Securing Sindh’s Future: The Prospects and Challenges Ahead” has revealed startling facts about state of the governance and socio-economic wellbeing of Sindh, particularly in rural areas. The whole document is littered with hard evidences of depressing facts of development in the province, which has been an all time major contributor of the national economy. Both at provincial and federal level overall governance of Sindh seems to be the single largest factor of socioeconomic degradation of Sindh. This is tragic that a province which has been contributing enormously in the economic health of country is suffering from negative growth in almost every development indicator, even worst than that at the time of independence. Page 7

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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies Sindh had 40% higher per capita income than Punjab and nearly 55% higher than the rest of country. It gradually started declining in early 70s and touched to only 36% higher in1991-92 and further fell to barely 16% by 2004-05. This downslide of incomes has Page - 18 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI resulted in growth of poverty. During the last decade per capita income rise in Punjab and NWFP was recorded as 1.6 and 2.3 percent, whereas Sindh registered only 0.9 percent increase. It is worth mentioning here that a sizable number of people from these two provinces are settled in Sindh. This impact has also been experienced at household level. According to the World Bank estimates 81% of households in Sindh did not experience any improvement in their economic situation as compared to the previous year, as against 72% in the rest of country. While discussing the socio-economic indictors of Sindh a major factor of Karachi always jacks up the figures. For example poverty in Sindh goes underestimated due to indicators of Karachi where a sizable number of people from other provinces reside and are much well of than the local population. For example Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2001 (HIES) shows 36.7% poverty in Sindh. If figures of Karachi are excluded the number touches to an alarming height of 48.4%. Likewise urban centers of Sindh other than Karachi have similar poor indicators as the rest of rural Sindh. Hence socioeconomic indicators are much better in Karachi if compared with the rest of Sindh. This shows skewed development in favor of urban base. In the long run this disparity will bring negative implications for Karachi itself since this development gape will invariably push people to migrate from rural areas to Karachi only to aggravate its nearly crippled infrastructure and services. Urban slums haphazard growth is already at its worst. Though all this should not lessen the concern for urban poverty yet it indicates towards the vivid rural urban gape in the economy. The World Bank report also recognizes the fact that both gender and geographical based disparities are a major area of concern. Considering the both dimensions, the following facts are quite reflective. • • • For every 100 boys being immunized in urban Sindh, only 70 girls get immunized in rural Sindh 87% of babies are full immunized in urban Sindh as against only 62% in rural Sindh For every 100 boys enrolled in primary schools of urban Sindh, only 43 girls are enrolled in rural areas of Sindh. Page - 19 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI In 2001-02 for the first time in history, the percentage of households below poverty line in Sindh surpassed the rest of country. This has a direct bearing on other social indicators. Taking literacy for example, during ten years from 1995-96 to 2004-5 literacy rate increased by 61% in NWFP and 35% in Punjab, whereas the increase in literacy rate of Sindh was only 24% i.e. 57% and 11% less than the two provinces. During the same period the net enrollment in primary level increased by 34% in NWFP and 29% in Punjab, whereas Sindh registered dismally low only 6% increase in the net primary enrollment. This unfortunate situation is a result of bad policies and bad management of resources. Public fund utilization in Sindh remained very low. According to the data of the Finance department of Sindh, during last seven years nine out of 10 sectors underutilized their allocated funds ROLE OF NGO’S IN SOCIAL SECTOR The NGOs can be involved at planning and implementation levels, which is still lacking for which, the governments in the region carries greater responsibility. However, it seems, the issue of donor dependence has been exaggerated in media as the research on indigenous philanthropy conducted by the Pakistan Centre of Philanthropy (PCP) in 1998 did not verify the impression of donor dependence for the sector. The research revealed that in Pakistan individuals gave estimated Rs70 billion in cash and goods while, foreign aid for 1997-98 made up for Rs6 billion in grants. Comparing indigenous grants to foreign grants, Pakistanis gave 30 billion in money alone, more than 5 times of foreign aid. Although the Page 8

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15083150-Slums-of-Karachi-Business-Research-Methodologies figures for indigenous philanthropy in other countries of South Asia is not available but the magnitude of this will not be much different in the other countries of the region because of the faith-based social structure across the region. The road map for working of the two sectors together can be touching the following factors: 1. Choosing right projects: There is no shortage of potential projects for working together. The key is to choose the right project; one that meets the criteria set out earlier, and has real commitment from the two sectors to make it a success. 2. Committing the best: Ideally in fact, every project needs commitments from the Page - 20 HAMDARD INTITIUT OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY – REPORT ON SLUMS OF KARACHI sectors involved. High-level local political commitment is particularly important. For example, the progress achieved by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh owes much to the fact that it had a high-profile commitment shown by the Grameen Trust. 3. Identifying local support: This is extremely important to the success of a project. The local NGOs have great potentials in leading on the ground by advising on local priorities, contributing contacts, and offering a link to government and the local NGOs. The collaboration with the NGOs have proved particularly fruitful for the people of rural Malir, Karachi, Pakistan when Darsano Channo Union Council, Malir, and HANDS; an intermediary NGO, built partnership to run the Jamkando Hospital. 4. Small packages: Small or medium-sized projects need to be packaged to attract investor interest. Larger projects have their own dynamism. Smaller ones have disproportionately higher transaction costs and political risks. 5. A balance between process and result: There are no short cuts to a government-NGO partnership project. The public sector administration culture, being procedure/process driven and the NGOs' voluntary culture, being missionary zeal driven, are fundamentally different. Therefore, the culture and working style of the two sectors should be reconciled in the greater benefits of masses. 6. Mutual trust: The government and NGOs have little experience of working together except they have the reference of regulators and regulated. Partnership having the basis of shared ownership, as well as responsibility makes a project successful. Page - 21 -

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