Geography B Exam Paper 2 Higher

General Certificate of Secondary Education Welsh Joint Education Committee and OCR (former Midland Examining Group) syllabus

GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS B (Avery Hill)

1987/2

PAPER 2 HIGHER TIER SPECIMEN PAPER FOR JUNE 2003

1 hour 30 minutes

Additional materials: OS Map Extract (1987/M) Scale: 1 : 50 000 Resource Sheet (1987/1/2/RS) Answer Paper

TIME

1 hour 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of the separate Answer Paper. This question paper is in three sections (Sections A, B and C). Each section contains two questions. Answer only one question from each section. Answer all parts of the question on your Answer Paper. Make sure each answer is clearly numbered. Begin each question on a new page of your Answer Paper. At the end of the examination complete the grid on your Answer Paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES You are strongly advised to read through each section carefully before answering a question. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Credit will be given for relevant use of sketch maps and diagrams. You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in answers.

This question paper consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page. SB (KN) 35574/3 © OCR 2003

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2 SECTION A CLIMATE, THE ENVIRONMENT AND PEOPLE Answer EITHER Question A1 OR Question A2. Question A1 (a) Study the weather map below. It shows a depression (low pressure weather system) over the east coast of North America in 1993. It also shows the locations of weather stations A and B.

West Virginia Virginia

964 North Carolina

USA

Y South Carolina

A

972

B 1

-8

0

98

X

Atlantic Ocean

Georgia

8

99

6

98

Florida

Gulf of Mexico

10

04

Weather map for 13th March 1993

0

km

250

Source: based on data provided by the United States Weather Service

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3 Weather map symbols PRECIPITATION WIND Symbol Precipitation Symbol Wind speed (knots)

CLOUD Symbol Cloud amount (oktas) 0 1 or less 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cloud cover

Warm front (i)

3-7 8-12 13-17

992 Isobars are drawn at intervals of 4 mb

4

Precipitation

1-2

18-22 For each additional half-feather add 5 knots Pressure

Station model

Temperature (°C)

Calm

Drizzle Rain and drizzle Rain Rain and snow Snow

Wind speed and direction

Cold front

Describe the location of: • the centre of low pressure; • the warm front; • the cold front.

[3]

(ii)

Describe four features of the weather at weather station A. Use the key to help.

[2]

(iii)

Give three ways in which the weather at weather station B is different from the weather you have described at weather station A. [3]

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4 (b) Study the diagram below. It shows a cross-section from X to Y through the depression.

Cold front Direction of weather system movement Warm front

Cold air Warm Air Weather Station B

Weather Station A X 0

Y

Km 500

250

Cold air

750

1000

Key Snow

Drizzle

Rain

Cloud

Use the diagram and map to: (i)

describe the location of weather station A and weather station B;

[2]

(ii)

explain the differences between the weather at station A and station B.

[4]

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5 (c) Look at the map below. It shows the route of the depression between 12th and 14th March 1993. 14th March a.m. Record low temperature in east USA and south of Canada 12 metre high waves at sea

Canada

Canada Lake Ontario

New York State 14th a.m. 963

New York

Lake Erie

Pennsylvania 13th March p.m. Heavy snow 1 metre deep Winds at 80 kph 13th p.m. 964

USA

Virginia

13th March p.m. High tides and freezing temperatures

13th a.m. 967

North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Atlantic Ocean

13th-15th March Giant waves at sea

13th a.m. 973

13th a.m. 973

N

0

km

Date and pressure (millibars) state boundaries international boundaries

250

a

rid

12th p.m. 989

Flo

Gulf of Mexico

Route of depression

13th March a.m. Thunderstorms and tornadoes

Position of low pressure centre on 12th March 1993 Source: based on continuous satellite images (NASA)

(i)

Describe the route of the centre of the depression between 12th and 14th March.

[1]

(ii)

Use evidence from the map to describe how the pressure at the centre of the depression changed between 12th and 14th March. [2]

(iii)

Explain how the extreme weather events labelled on the map could have affected people and environments. [5]

(d) CASE STUDY: A type of climate and its effects on people and the environment. (i)

Name and locate a type of climate you have studied.

(ii)

Describe the main features of the climate type.

(iii)

Explain how it affects or has affected people and the environment.

[8] Total mark 30

End of Question A1

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6 Answer EITHER Question A1 OR Question A2. Question A2 The distribution of major world ecosystems (biomes)

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Location of Pitea (Sweden) Key:

Source: World Vegetation map (Internet)

Arctic tundra and mountains Coniferous forest

Deciduous forest and scrub Grassland

Tropical rain forest Desert

(a) Study the world map above. It shows the distribution of major ecosystems (biomes). Describe the distribution of coniferous forest.

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[2]

7 (b) Study the climate graph and information below. It is for the town of Pitea which is in Sweden. Pitea is located on the world map opposite.

Precipitation (mm)

Temperature (°C)

A climate graph for Pitea in Sweden 15

15

10

10

5

5

0

0

-5

-5

100

Total precipitation = 600 millimetres

50

100 50

J F M A M J

J A S O N D

Growing season temperatures above 6°C Coniferous trees grow well around Pitea. They have thin needles and a thick bark. They use cones for spreading seeds and have long roots. Their tall, thin shape is also an advantage. (i)

Describe how the temperature changes through the year at Pitea.

[2]

(ii)

Explain how temperature changes affect the growing season near Pitea.

[2]

(iii)

Give two reasons to explain how coniferous trees have adapted to grow in this type of climate. [4]

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;;;; ;;;; ;;; ;;;; ;;; ;;; ;;; ;;;; ;; ; ;; ;;; ;; ; ;; 8

(c) Study the map below. It shows the distribution of acid rain over Scandinavia. Acid rain is measured using the pH scale.

Acid rain over Scandinavia (numbers show the pH)

N

0

200

5.0

400km

4.8

4.7

Pitea

4.5

Finland

4.2

Sweden

Norway

4.5

Pr w eva in d ilin g

4.0

4.4

4.5

4.8

Denmark

4.2

United Kingdom

4.5

Scandinavia = Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark Key:

Net importers of acid rain Net exporters of acid rain

(i)

Why is acid rain an issue of international concern?

[1]

(ii)

Scandinavia is a ‘net importer’ of acid rain. What is meant by this?

[1]

(iii)

Study the map above and the diagram below. Explain how the United Kingdom (UK) may cause acid rain in Scandinavia. [4] How the United Kingdom causes acid rain in Scandinavia

Prevailing wind Acid rain

Sulphur and nitrogen emissions

Lake North Sea

UNITED KINGDOM

SCANDINAVIA

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9 (d) Study the diagram below. It shows a food web for the ecosystem near Pitea. A food web for the area around Pitea Secondary and tertiary consumers Primary consumers Producers

Lynx

Arctic fox

Snowy owl

Arctic wolf

Woodpecker

Arctic hare

Lemming

Reindeer

Crossbill

Insects

Moss, lichen & grasses

Coniferous trees

Shrubs

Decomposers

(i)

What is meant by the term ‘a sustainable ecosystem’?

[2]

(ii)

Suggest how acid rain may be making this ecosystem near Pitea unsustainable.

[4]

(e) CASE STUDY: The sustainable management of an ecosystem. (i)

Name and locate an ecosystem you have studied.

(ii)

Describe how the ecosystem has been managed for sustainability.

(iii)

Explain how successful this management has been.

[8] Total mark 30

End of Question A2

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10 SECTION B WATER, LANDFORMS AND PEOPLE Answer EITHER Question B3 OR Question B4. Question B3 (a) Study the diagram below. It shows part of a drainage basin.

;;;; ;;;; ;;;;;;;; Cloud

Condensation

Transpiration

Precipitation

Evaporation

Infiltration Soil

Ground water flow

River channel

Throughflow

Rocks

(i)

Name two stores and two flows from the diagram.

[2]

(ii)

Explain how the cutting down of the trees may affect the water cycle.

[3]

(b) Study the map on the separate Resource Sheet. It shows an area of China which flooded in 1997. (i)

Describe the locations of the areas that were flooded.

[2]

(ii)

Suggest two reasons for the flooding. Use evidence from the map to help.

[4]

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11 (c) Study the flood hydrograph below. It shows rainfall and river flow at Harbin City which is located on the map. River discharge in cubic metres per second (cumecs)

40

Peak 2

Peak 1

30

Level above which river will flood

20

10

0 Rainfall in millimetres 100

Peak 1

80

Peak 2

60 40 20 0 11th

13th

15th

17th

19th

21th

23th

25th

27th

Rainfall and river flow at Harbin City, July 1997 (i)

Describe the pattern of river discharge shown by the graph.

[3]

(ii)

Suggest reasons for the time lag between the peaks of rainfall and river discharge.

[4]

(d) Suggest two measures that people or organisations might take to protect property when given a flood warning. Explain your choices. [4] (e) CASE STUDY: A water shortage and its effects on people and places. (i)

Name a place which has been affected by a water shortage.

(ii)

Describe how the water shortage caused problems for people and the environment.

(iii)

Explain what is being done or could be done to prevent a water shortage in future. [8] Total mark 30 End of Question B3 1987/2 Spec03

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12 Answer EITHER Question B3 OR Question B4. Question B4 (a) Study the Ordnance Survey (OS) Map Extract provided. It shows part of the Yorkshire coast. (i)

Give a six figure grid reference for point D.

[1]

(ii)

Use evidence from the map to describe what might happen to material eroded at point D. [2]

(b) Photograph A on the Resource Sheet shows point D on the map. (i)

Describe the appearance of the coast shown in the photograph.

[2]

(ii)

Suggest and explain the processes that may be affecting this coast.

[3]

(iii)

Give two ways in which the changes to the cliff may affect the owners of the house in the photograph. Explain your choices. [4]

(c) Study the OS map between point S and point T and study Photograph B on the Resource Sheet. They show a part of the coast at Hornsea which has been protected by the local council. Describe and explain how the coast has been protected in this area. Use both map and photograph evidence. [4] (d) Only some areas of this coast have been protected by the local council from erosion. Suggest reasons for this decision. You may use map evidence to help. [6] (e) CASE STUDY: A landform created by a river and its use by people. (i)

Name and locate a landform created by a river.

(ii)

Describe how it was formed. Use maps and diagrams if you wish.

(iii)

Explain how it has been used by people.

[8] Total mark 30

End of Question B4

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13 SECTION C PEOPLE, WORK AND DEVELOPMENT Answer EITHER Question C5 OR Question C6. Question C5 (a) The line D-D on the world map below divides the world into MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) and LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries). A table of indicators comparing France (an MEDC) and Senegal (an LEDC) is also shown.

More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) France Tropic of Cancer

Senegal Equator

Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)

Tropic of Capricorn

D D Children per woman

Life expectancy Gross National (years) Product per head (Dollars)

Percentage of population with access to safe water

France

1.9

77

22,260

96

Senegal

6.2

50

780

47

(i)

Describe two ways in which LEDCs are different from MEDCs.

[2]

(ii)

Give a reason for each of the differences you have described.

[4]

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14 (b) Study the map below. It shows life expectancy in part of Africa. Life expectancy in North Africa (1996) Tunisia

Morocco Algeria

Western Sahara

23 °N 1 2

N

Libya

20°N Niger

Eritrea

Chad Guinea

Ivory Coast

Sierra Leone

Equator

Burkina Faso

Liberia

Benin

Gambia

Djibouti

10°N Nigeria

Ghana Togo

Sudan

Ethiopia

ma lia

Mali

Guinea Bissau

23 12°N

Kenya

Equator

Central African Republic Cameroon

Zaire

So

Senegal

0°

Tropic of Cancer

Mauritania

20°N

10°N

Egypt

Uganda

0°

Key 66 years or more

0

61-65 years

km 500 1000 1500

56-60 years 51-55 years 50 years or less (i)

Name a country with a life expectancy of: • 50 years or less; • more than 65 years.

[2]

(ii)

Describe the distribution of countries with a life expectancy of 55 years or less.

[2]

(iii)

Suggest two reasons to explain why some countries in this part of Africa have a higher life expectancy than others. [4]

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15 (c) Look at the information in the table below. It shows the population structure and the employment structure for Senegal and for France. Population structure in Senegal an LEDC

Population structure in France an MEDC Age group 70+ 61-70 51-60 41-50 31-40 21-30 11-20

;; ;;; ;; ;;;; ;; ;;; 0-10

0

5% 10% 15% 20%

Male (43%)

10% 5%

Female (57%)

Male (47%)

;; ;; ;; 15% 5%

80%

(i)

5% 10%

Female (53%)

Employment structure in France

Employment structure in Senegal

Primary industry

0%

;; ;;

20% 15% 10% 5%

Secondary industry

8%

20%

72%

Tertiary industry

Compare the two countries under the following headings: • population structure;

• employment structure. (ii)

[4]

Suggest how trade and aid from MEDCs could help Senegal develop its economy and improve the quality of life of its people. You may use evidence from the table to help. [4]

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16 (d) CASE STUDY: A country or region outside the United Kingdom (UK) where changing employment opportunities are affecting people and the area. Choose a country or region outside the UK where employment opportunities are changing. (i)

Name the country or region.

(ii)

Describe how employment opportunities are changing.

(iii)

Explain how these changes are affecting people and the area.

[8] Total mark 30

End of Question C5

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17 Answer EITHER Question C5 OR Question C6. Question C6 (a) Study the graphs below. They show how employment structures have changed in South Korea, an LEDC (Less Economically Developed Country) and the United Kingdom, an MEDC (More Economically Developed Country). Employment structure in the United Kingdom 1950-1996 70 60

y Ter tiar

Percentage

50

Secondary

40 30 20

Primary

10 0 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Year Employment structure in South Korea 1950-1996 70 60 Pr i

Percentage

50 40

ma ry

Ter tiary

30

ry nda o c Se

20 10 0 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Year (i)

Describe the trend in secondary employment in the UK between 1950 and 1996.

[1]

(ii)

Compare the changes in employment structure in South Korea with the UK between 1950 and 1996. [3] [Turn over 1987/2 Spec03

18 (b) Samsung is a multi-national company based in South Korea. The map below shows the distribution of Samsung factories and offices across the world. Where Samsung factories and offices are located

North America

More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) Europe Asia

South Korea

Tropic of Cancer Africa Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Key Factories Offices

South America

Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)

Australasia

Samsung is a multi-national company. It is one of the world's leading companies in manufacturing electronic goods.

(i)

What is ‘a multi-national company’?

(ii)

Compare the global distribution of Samsung factories with the Samsung offices.

[1]

[4]

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19 (c) Look at the two maps below. Map 1: Links to European countries from Teesside ports

Map 2: The Samsung site in North East England Sunderland

United Kingdom

Sweden

North Sea

Durham

Teesside A1(M)

Hartlepool

C.I.S.

A19

Samsung Wynyard Park

Germany

Republic of Ireland

A689

Billingham France

Stockton -on-Tees

Hungary Italy

Middlesbrough

✈

Darlington A1(M)

s

r ve

e Te

A19

Ri

Spain

0

European Union members 1996

5

10 km

Main distribution centres/towns

15

20

✈

Samsung will employ over 3000 local people here by 2001 Key: Motorway/roads Settlement with a university International airport Settlement

Acknowledgement: Tees Valley Development Company

(i)

Use Map 1 to help suggest two reasons why Samsung have located a factory in the UK. [2]

(ii)

Use Map 2 to suggest advantages for Samsung of locating the factory at Wynyard Park in north-east England. [3]

(d) Study Photograph C on the Resource Sheet. It shows the Samsung factory at Wynyard Park. (i)

Suggest disadvantages that the building of this factory may have on the environment. [2]

(ii)

Suggest advantages and disadvantages that the building of this factory may have on the local economy and people. [6]

(e) CASE STUDY: The effect of the location of a primary or tertiary economic activity on people and the environment. (i)

Name and locate a primary or tertiary economic activity you have studied.

(ii)

Describe the location of the economic activity. (Use maps or diagrams if you wish).

(iii)

Explain how this location has affected people and the environment.

[8] Total marks 30

End of Question C6

1987/2 Spec03

20 BLANK PAGE

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