Geography 1

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education

0460/02

GEOGRAPHY Paper 2

May/June 2003 1 hour 45 minutes Additional Materials:

Answer Booklet/Paper Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer three questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

This document consists of 12 printed pages and an insert. SP (SC/KN) S39382/4 © CIE 2003

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2 1

(a) Fig. 1 was produced by the United Nations. It shows the actual growth in the world’s population by 1999. It also shows that the world’s population may grow in three possible ways by 2050 (estimates X, Y and Z). (i)

Describe fully what the graph shows about population growth.

[3]

(ii)

How and why do the two estimates for future population growth X and Y differ?

[2]

(iii)

Suggest why the future growth of the world’s population might be as shown by estimate Z. [2]

(b) With reference to examples you have studied, explain why (i)

(ii)

changes may occur in countries from time to time in A

the birth rate,

B

the death rate;

[7]

governments may be concerned by a rapid growth of population.

[5]

(c) Describe the main features of the population pyramid of a developing country shown in Fig. 2 and suggest reasons for these features. [6]

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3

6 billion (1999)

X

11 10 9 Y 8 Z 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Key up to 1999 high estimate (X) medium estimate (Y) low estimate (Z)

World population (billion)

11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

19 5 19 0 6 19 0 7 19 0 8 19 0 9 20 0 0 20 0 1 20 0 2 20 0 3 20 0 4 20 0 50

World population (billion)

Total world population (actual and estimated 1950–2050)

Years Fig. 1

80+ 80 – 84 75 – 79

Males

Females

70 – 74 65 – 69

65 years

60 – 64 55 – 59 50 – 54 45 – 49 40 – 44 35 – 39 30 – 34 25 – 29 20 – 24 15 years

15 – 19 10 – 14 5–9 0–4 8

6

4

2

0

0

2

4

6

8

Percentage Fig. 2

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4 2

(a) Fig. 3 (opposite) shows part of a large urban area in a developed country. With the help of information from Fig. 3 and other facts you may know, suggest reasons for each of (i), (ii) and (iii): (i)

the location of A

the large superstore/hypermarket labelled X,

[4]

B

the district shopping centre labelled Y,

[3]

(ii)

differences in the numbers and distribution of different types of shopping areas shown, [3]

(iii)

the different road pattern in area Z when compared with the road pattern in other residential areas further away from the CBD. [2]

(b) Choose two of the following types of urban land use (I–III); I

leisure centre or sports ground,

II

bus and railway stations,

III

offices.

Referring to a named town or city you know well, describe and explain the distribution of your chosen urban land uses. [4,4] (c) The area surrounding towns and cities is known as the rural-urban fringe. An example of this area is shown on Fig. 3. Why do many town and city authorities control the developments which may take place in the rural-urban fringe? [5]

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5

u r b a n fr i ng the rural e

X d

roa

ring r

oute

Y

N Key Selected important roads

AREA Z

Mainly residential land use

CBD

Boundary of built-up area Single shops Rows of local shops

0

1

2

Kilometres

District shopping centres Superstore/hypermarket

shopping areas

edge of CBD

Fig. 3

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6 3

(a) (i)

Explain how a river transports its load of large rocks and smaller materials.

[4]

(ii)

What changes in a river cause it to deposit some of the load it is carrying?

[4]

(b) Photograph A (opposite) shows the Victoria Falls on the River Zambezi in Africa. The location and area surrounding the Victoria Falls are shown on Fig. 4 (opposite). With the help of information from the photograph and map: (i)

describe the main features of the Zambezi River and its valley, including the waterfall, [6]

(ii)

suggest how the river and valley features shown have influenced the lives of people in the area. [5]

(c) Explain how the work of a river and rock structure influence the formation of a waterfall and its retreat upstream. [6]

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7

Photograph A

VICTORIA FALLS MA FAL IN LS

ZAMBIA

River Zambezi RAINB

OW F AL

LS

HOTEL

HOTEL

N HOTEL

HOTEL

POWER STATION

Direction of river flow

Built Up Area Hotel Power Lines Roads Gorge Railway 0

ZIMBABWE

River Zambezi metres 1000

Fig. 4

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8 (a) (i)

Describe the main features of the climate of an area of tropical rain (evergreen) forest shown in Fig. 5 below. [4]

(ii)

With the aid of labels only, added to Fig. 6 (insert), describe the characteristics of tropical rain forest. [5]

(iii)

How are the characteristics of tropical rain forest you have described in (a)(ii) related to the climate features you have given in (a)(i)? [4]

Temperature (°C)

30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 300 Rainfall (mm)

4

J F M A M J J A S O N D Total rainfall 2413 mm

200 100

J F M A M J J A S O N D Fig. 5 (b) (i)

Study the extract from a newspaper account opposite (Fig. 7) which was written about deforestation in the tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin in Brazil in May 2001. Use this information together with other facts you may know, to suggest why the writer of the newspaper account refers to deforestation which has taken place in the Amazon rainforest region as

(ii)

A

‘an economic disaster’ and

[3]

B

‘an environmental disaster’.

[4]

Give your views, with reasons, on the need to conserve natural environments, such as the tropical rain forest of the Amazon Basin. [5]

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9

E

mpty fields, as far as the eye can see, line the highway for most of the 300 km from Belem, eastern Amazonia’s main city, to the timbercutting town of Paragominas. Once it was all forest, but since the 1970s most of the trees in a broad strip beside the road have been cut, not just to extract timber, but to clear pasture for cattle-raising, encouraged by government grants. Now, though, most of the fields lie empty and are becoming overgrown with scrub. Cattle are now seen infrequently. This deforestation, has been both an economic disaster and an environmental disaster. The usable timber would be ripped out of a stretch of forest and the rest would then be burned, because the land would often be worth more when cleared than it had been as untouched forest. When farming was actually tried, it was frequently found to be unprofitable. Fig. 7

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10 (a) Give reasons for the differences shown on Fig. 8 in the percentage employment in different sectors of the economy in the two groups of countries X and Y. [5] 0

100

10 20

%

80 30 70 40 60

50

of

60

80

50

X

40

Japan

70

d ye plo em ry rce ust r fo nd ou r y i l ab nda the co of in se

the l in abou ter tia r forc ry ind e em us plo try ye d

90

%

5

France

30

Y

USA

20

Nigeria

90

Indonesia

10

100 0

Tanzania

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 100

% of the labour force employed in primary industry Fig. 8 (b) Explain how at least four of the following factors have influenced a motor vehicle industry to become established at a named location you have studied: • • • • • •

labour, components and other raw materials, siting factors, capital, transport, markets.

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[10]

11 (c) Fig. 9 shows a diagram which may be used to describe a farming system. With reference to the ideas in the diagram and other facts you may know, describe a system of small-scale cash-crop farming. [10]

NATURAL INPUTS

SMALL-SCALE CASH CROP FARMING

HUMAN INPUTS

OUTPUTS

MARKETS

CAPITAL

Fig. 9

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12 6

(a) Study Fig. 10 which shows some of the changes in global energy use from 1990 to 2000. Global energy use, 1990-2000 annual average % change Wind power Solar energy Natural gas Oil Nuclear power Coal –5

0 +5

10 15 20

25

Fig. 10 Suggest reasons why from 1990 to 2000: (i)

the use of nuclear energy expanded by only a small amount,

[4]

(ii)

the use of coal declined,

[5]

(iii)

there was a considerable increase in the use made of wind power and solar energy. [4]

(b) As tourism increases in importance in areas of natural beauty, there is a need to protect the environment and the well being of local people. Eco-tourism is a term used when tourism is developed whilst at the same time the natural environment is carefully protected. For a named area of natural beauty which attracts tourists: (i)

explain why tourists are attracted to the area;

[4]

(ii)

explain how eco-tourism would bring benefits to the area;

[4]

(iii)

describe how eco-tourism may be developed.

[4]

Copyright Acknowledgements: Fig. 1. Photograph A. Fig. 4. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 10.

Hazel Barrett. Six Million and Counting. Published by the Geographical Association. © D Barton. © Photo Safari (Pvt.) Ltd. © The Economist. © The Economist. © The Economist.

Cambridge International Examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

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Model Answers and Examiner’s Notes Paper 2 May/June 2003 Q1 (a)(i) The graph shows a steep rise in population from I950 to I999 (9). In that time population almost trebled (9). The graph shows three different estimates

for growth from I999 to 2050. The high estimate X suggests that growth will continue at the pre−I999 rate with population about doubling again to I0.7 billion (9). [3] Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • medium estimate Y shows an increase at a slightly reduced rate and an uneven slowing down to 9 billion • low estimate Z shows a decrease in rate from 1999 to 2025 and then levelling out at about 7 billion. Note: The question is about ‘growth’ which requires some description of trends. To quote only the 2050 statistics does not effectively answer the question. (ii) How: X continues to grow rapidly while Y shows a reduction in growth (9).

Why: For X, the birth rate will be high compared to death rate. While Y may suffer from either an increased death rate or a declining birth rate (9). [2] (iii) The future growth of world population might be shown by estimate Z if the birth rate continues to be above death rate (9) but then the birth declines to become almost the same as death rate or even slightly lower (9) (b)(i) A:

changes may occur in the birth rate as birth control/contraceptive measures are more widely practised (9). Abortion and sterilisation may become more common (9). An increase in education, particularly for girls, will create awareness of some of the problems posed by large families (9). The emancipation of women may lead to careers and the realisation that smaller number of children can be better looked after with an increased standard of living (9).

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • Government action like China’s one child policy, reinforced by incentives such as bonuses in salary and fines for those who have more than one child. • Conversely a rise in birth rate may occur in countries anxious to maintain their world positions like Singapore where ‘Stop at two’ has been replaced by ‘Three or more’ to encourage larger families.

[2]

B:

A fall in the death rate may occur through improved medical facilities such as more doctors, hospitals and vaccinations (9). More and better quality food may lead to improved diets and less malnutrition (9). Improved services such as clean water, piped water supply, better sanitation will reduce death rate (9)

[7]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • increased spending on older people to provide more care • increased awareness of the need to look after the body and take regular exercise • conversely, in some countries death rates may rise through outbreaks of disease such as AIDS, through wars and natural disasters such as earthquakes, severe floods. Note: Answers must deal with explanations of ‘change’ and not existing birth rate may be high or death rate low. (ii) Governments may be concerned about rapid population growth as this may lead to overpopulation (9) resulting in lower living standards and greater demand on resources (9). Further, high levels of unemployment may be experienced (9) leading to poverty (9) and civil unrest. Infrastructure may decline with inadequate maintenance of roads, rail and other forms of transport (9).

[5]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • services will come under pressure with shortages in housing, water supply, sanitation, health facilities, education • soil may be over-used leading to food shortages, malnutrition and starvation • squatter settlements may develop. (c) The main features of the population pyramid are that is has a broad base (9), a large percentage of people below I5 years of age (9) a narrow top or small number of people over 65 (9). An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • The 5 – 9 age group is larger than 0 – 4. • The reason for these features are a high birth rate (9) and a low life expectancy /high death rate (9). The high birth rate may be caused by lack of contraception, tradition and a desire for family labour (9).

[6]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • High death rate due to poor medical facilities, poor hygiene and inadequate food supply. Note: A balance is required between description and reasons with 2 marks out of 6 reserved for each. Q2 (a)(i) A

B

The superstore labelled X is located in a large open area which provides space for car parking and future expansion (9). It is near a junction on the other ring road for ease of access (9). An influencing factor may be that land is cheaper in the rural−urban fringe (9) and close [4] proximity to residential areas ensures a ready market (9). District shopping centre Y is located at a road junction for easy access (9), in the middle of a large residential area which provides a market (9) and away from the CBD in an area where land prices would be [3] lower (9).

(ii) The area has more local shops and single shops as these deal mainly with convenience goods (9) and have a small sphere of influence (9). There are

fewer district shopping centres as these had a larger sphere of influence/threshold to offset competition (9)

[3]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • There are many single shops in the older residential areas where population density may be high. (iii) The reason for the different road pattern in Area Z is that it is older than the other residential areas (9) and it has a grid−iron pattern/rectangular layout (9). Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • pattern may result from spontaneous growth and lack of planning. Conversely: • roads in the newer residential area result from town planning and planned development. (b) The town to be used is Bracknell, an old established and recently expanded town to the west of London in the M4 corridor (9).

I Description:

The combined leisure/sports centre is located on the outskirts of the town on the main A322 road (9).

[2]

Explanation:

The centre serves six local residential neighbourhoods, the A322 provides access to other residential areas in Bracknell (9) as well as to other neighbouring towns, [4] such as Bagshot, Ascot and Wokingham (9)

II Description:

Both bus and railway stations are located on the fringe of the CBD (9). They are within walking distance of each other.

Explanation:

Provision of access to the CBD and town centre (9). Ease of interchange of modes of transport (9) and adjacent to the main shopping centre located in the CBD [4] (9).

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: Offices are located in the CBD and also in the III Description: high-tech industrial estates on the western and south western side of the town. Explanation: The CBD is the centre of banking, insurance commence and legal activities. The industrial estates are centres of high-tech industries which require large number of administrative/office staff. Note: Precision is required for the descriptive elements of the question. II is concerned with bus and railway ‘stations’ and not ‘networks’. (c) Town and city authorities control development in the rural-urban fringe to prevent urban sprawl (9), to maintain green belt areas for recreational purposes (9) and to prevent the joining together of neighbouring towns/cities into conurbations (9). These controls also help to protect agricultural land and local wildlife (9). In developing areas, they may also prevent the growth of squatter settlements (9). An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • green belt area provides space for leisure activities and recreation for people living in densely populated areas. Q3 (a)(i) A river carries its load by:

− pebbles and boulders rolled along the river bed (9) − gravel and coarse sand lifted and also dropped to bounce along in a series of jumps (9) suspension − small particles such as clay and salt are carried in the water traction saltation

[5]

solution

without touching the bed (9) − dissolved minerals are carried in the water (9).

(ii) Changes which cause a river to deposit some of its load are loss of energy and decrease in velocity (9). Loss of energy is caused by changes in volume caused by seasonal changes in rainfall (9), shallowing of the channel through braiding (9) or at the inner/convex bank of a meander. Decrease in velocity is caused by a reduction in gradient (9).

[4]

[4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • by river entering a lake/sea • by obstruction in the channel where a river gains more load than it can carry. (b)(i) The main features of the River Zambesi and its valley are: shallow water above the waterfall (9), braiding/islands above the waterfall (9), resistant rock/cap rock in the waterfall (9), gorge/steep−sided valley/cliffs below the waterfall (9), meanders within the gorge (9), deposited rock fragments at side of gorge (9).

[6]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • rapids/turbulent flow below waterfall • gullies below waterfall. Note: No credit is given for stating ‘waterfall’ as a feature as this is given in the question Information is derived from both photography and map, ‘learned by rote’ list of general river features is not acceptable. (ii) The river and valley features have influenced the lives of the people living in

the area by encouraging the development of tourism which provides employment in hotels and leisure (9). The falls have contributed to the growth of the settlement of Victoria Falls (9). The falls are a source of hydro−electric power (9). The falls have caused an interruption in river transport (9) and presented problems for both road and rail transport necessitating the building of [5] bridges (9). Note: Water for irrigation, drinking and domestic use not acceptable. (c) A waterfall is caused by a resistant cap rock overlying is eroded by undercutting (9) and splash back/eddying (9). The undercutting leaves the cap rock unsupported (9). This continuation process will cause the waterfall d t (9

softer rock (9) which in the plunge pool (9) leading to collapse to retreat leaving a

gorge downstream (9).

[6]

Note: The question can be answered by an annotated diagram but no credit is given for diagrams which are not labelled. Where a diagram is used to supplement text, marks will only be awarded on the diagram for additional information not included in the text. Q4 (a)(i) The main features of the climate of tropical rain forest shown in the graph

are: − temperatures are high all year around (20oC − 30oC) (9). − the annual range of temperature is low (6oC) (9).

[4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • the highest temperature is in April (29oC) • the annual rainfall total is large (2413 mm) (9) • there is no dry season (9). An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • lowest rainfall occurs in the months of February, May and September (about 180 mm). Note: Features shown on the graph are required. Vague terms such as ‘hot and wet’ are not acceptable. Statements are acceptable without figures being quoted. (ii)

[5]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • Crowns interlock • Epiphytes on branches/trucks • Tall trees • First storey 15- 20m • Smooth bark Little undergrowth • Trees close together • Evergreen • Ferns and low-growing shrubs • Broad leaves • Drip tips. (iii) Features of the tropical rain forest are related to climate in the following ways. Trees are tall as they compete for some light (9). The forest has

little undergrowth because of lack of sunlight penetrating through to the forest floor (9). Growth is prolific because of high temperature and abundant rainfall (9). Vegetation is evergreen as climate lacks seasonal variations (9).

[4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • leaves have drip tips, waxy coating to shed water easily. • roots are shallow because high rainfall makes much water available in the top layers of soil. Note: Soil conditions are irrelevant to this question. (b)(i) A:

Deforestation of the Amazon Basin rain forest was an ‘economic disaster’ as usable timber has been removed and burned (9). When farming was attempted it was found to be unprofitable (9). Many fields [3] created by clearance lie empty and are overgrown with scrub (9).

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • cattle rearing has declined. B:

It is an ‘environmental disaster’ because removal of the trees reduces interception, increasing run−off and river flooding (9). The nutrient cycle is broken with much reduced leaf fall and decay (9). Soil leaching is caused by the heavy rainfall (9). The soil becomes vulnerable to erosion with roots no longer binding the soil together (9).

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • habitats are lost so animals die and many become extinct • forest burning contributes to global warming.

[4]

Note: The newspaper extract may be complemented by other facts about forest depletion. (ii)

Views about the need to conserve natural environment include: loss of environment may cause loss of plant and animal species (9), trees may be lost which could be the source of valuable drugs (9), areas become vulnerable to soil erosion, flooding and disruption of ecosystems (9), tourism potential is reduced (9), loss of natural vegetation may upset the O2/CO2 balance [5] contributing to global warming (9). An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • areas of desertification may extend. Note: Views are not restricted to rain forest areas, any natural environment may be used.

Q5 (a) In the X countries agriculture is more mechanised, in Y more manual labour is required (9). In X, manufacturing industry developed in the I9th and 20th century and is well established, in Y the development is recent (9). In X,

higher levels of education give a more skilled workforce, in Y much labour remains unskilled (9). The X countries are more developed with a greater demand for service, while Y countries are less developed with a lower demand (9). In the X countries, more capital in available for investment whereas in [5] Y less capital is available (9). (b) The establishment of a motor vehicle industry at Keihin (9) (Tokyo −

Yokohama) Japan has been influenced by: Labour: The availability of a well educated, hard working labour force (9) with skilled and semi−skilled workers (9) available for assembly line production. Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • labour is available from the conurbation • high levels of automation used.

Components and raw materials:

Iron ore and coking coal is imported and processed at steel plants located on tidal sites in sheltered natural harbours (9). Components are manufactured in the Keihin area and supplied to manufacturers on the ‘just−in−time’ basis (9).

Siting:

Areas of reclaimed land are used with their advantages of flat land for assembly line production (9) and space for storage and expansion (9).

Capital:

Capital is available from well−established, profitable companies (9) and from financial centres in Tokyo and Yokohama (9).

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • from government subsidies.

Transport:

Manufacturing sites are linked by motorways and fast rail services (9).

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • Coastal location facilitates import of raw materials and export of finished products by sea. An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: Markets: A large home market is provided by conurbations such as Keihin, Hanshin and Kita Kyushu. The Japanese population has high purchasing power. Overseas markets are established in USA, most European Countries, Singapore, Australia.

Note: The location used must be specific and factors related to that location. Vague, general statements unrelated to the specific site are not acceptable.

(c) A small−scale, cash−crop farming system is the production of market garden vegetables and orchids in Singapore (9).

Natural Inputs: A well distributed rainfall and high temperatures throughout the year (9). There are no seasonal variations of climate. Soils are alluvial (9). Human Inputs:

Specialised and skilled labour (9). Mechanisation in the form of motorised fillers, (9) automatic sprinklers, robotic sprayers, greenhouses and fertilizers dissolved in water (9). Pesticides are used to reduce crop loss (9).

[10]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • Computers to control temperature, water supply and fertilizer application. • Soil-less composts for hydroponics.

Output: Markets:

Vegetables such as Chinese cabbage and spinach (9), long beans, cucumbers, lettuce and orchids (9). Urban areas of Singapore including Singapore City which have a high demand for fresh vegetables, fruit and flowers (9).

[10]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: Capital: Profits from the outputs are put back into the system in the form of additional mechanisation, training of staff, computerisation, improved seeds and the extension of high-tech farming. Q6 (a)(i) Nuclear energy expanded by only a small amount from I990 to 2000 because the cost of building and running power stations is high (9). The stations also take a long time to build (9). The disposal of nuclear waste is a problem (9). There is much public concern over radioactivity and safety following disasters (9). [4] Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • competition from renewable forms of energy • large expense of dismantling outdated stations • political pressures such as anti-nuclear campaigns. (ii) The use of coal has declined as accessible reserves are running out (9). There is strong competition from oil and natural gas (9). There is also competition from alternative sources of energy (9). Costs of production are increasing (9) and there is environmental pollution associated with extraction and use (9).

[5]

An alternative answer that would have earned marks includes: • coal is associated with greenhouse gas production. (iii) Wind power and solar energy have increased in use because they are renewable (9), they are non pollutant (9), technological improvements have made them more efficient (9) and running cost are much lower (9).

[4]

Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • some countries may not have access to fossil fuels and wish to become self-reliant in energy • wind farms can be constructed in a relatively short period of time • both forms of energy can provide power for small, localised areas • many countries may wish to reduce costly oil inputs. (b)(i) Eco-tourism is being developed in Peninsular Malaysia in National Parks such

as Taman Negara and in off−shore islands such as Pulan Langkawi and Pulan Tioman (9). The attractions are protected areas of rain forest, plants and wildlife (9), sandy beaches with clear water (9) which contain coral reefs, sea turtles, giant clams and fish (9).

[4]

Note: A specific area must be identified and the information must be related to that area. (ii) Eco−tourism helps to preserve the natural attractions of the area, landscapes are protected from development and wildlife is not disturbed (9). It also

helps to prevent over development of holiday complexes, hotels and roads/airports serving them (9). It reduces the loss of natural habitats and helps to preserve rare animal/plants from extinction (9). It reduces all forms pollution in the area such as littering, refuse disposal and aircraft noise [4] (9). (iii) Eco−tourism may be developed by publicity which stimulates understanding and awareness of the fragility of the natural environment (9), by exercising planning controls over proposed developments (9), by developing carefully

organised towns with specialised guides and rangers which have a limited number of tourists (9). It may also be developed by encouraging activities which are compatible with nature such as trekking, bird watching and river rafting (9). Alternative answers that would have earned marks include: • by establishing national parks • by establishing forest reserves. Note: Parts (ii) and (iii) of this question are not restricted to the area identified in (b)(i) and may be answered in a general manner.

[4]