From Pain to Sleep: Listening to Patient‐Reported Outcomes Pediatric Trends 2009
Pamela S. Hinds, PhD, RN, FAAN Director, Nursing Research Children’s National Medical Center Washington, D.C.
Objectives: • describe the role of nurses in generating clinical research questions as influenced by patient‐reports. • analyze the evolution of a research program centered around nurses’ responses to patient‐ reported outcomes
Amazing Collaborators • • • • • • •
Marilyn Hockenberry, PhD, RN, PNP,FAAN Heather Jones, MN Sue Zupanec, MN Ching‐Hon Pui, M.D. Mary Relling, PharmD Deo Kumar Srivastava, PhD Susan Clifton, RN
Amazing Collaborators • • • • • • •
Nancy K. West, BSN, CRA Michele Pritchard, PhD, PNP Kelly Vallance, M.D. Jami Gattuso, MSN Jia Yang, PhD Brett Loechelt, MD Jane Sande, MD
Patient‐Reported Outcomes • What are they? ‘a measurement of any aspect of patient’s health status that comes directly from the patient (i.e., without the interpretation of the patient’s responses by physician or others)’ – FDA, 2006
PROs: why such interest? • Provide clinically valuable information about the patient’s experience with treatment or disease‐related care • • • •
Symptoms Toxicities Burden Benefits
PROs: Why such Interest? • FDA Preference – Guidance for Industry: Patient‐Reported Outcome Measures, 2006 • NIH Involvement – Instrumentation Funding Opportunities • AHRQ Report – Lorenz, Lynn, Hughes et al., 2006
PROs in Pediatrics • Not always possible – Disease or treatment factors – Developmental status – Family culture
• Reasonable reliance upon proxy reports – Early involvement of proxies –not just at end of life
PROs at End of Life 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Ineligible
Patient
Parent
Staff
Record
Other
PROs Require • Respect for the child’s voice • Standardized ways to invite the child’s voice • Action on behalf of the child’s report
From Pain to Sleep: • Initial study in the pediatric intensive care unit to study instruments by patient‐reported pain • Compared scores and acceptability of instruments to children ages 4 and older • Faces Scale, Hester Poker Chips, VAS • Cultural aspects for parents • Child report: ‘you think pain is the worst… it’s not.’
Fatigue
Distinguishing Fatigue in its Age‐ Related forms • One of 10 monitored symptoms: Fatigue was rated as most prevalent and distressing • Two‐site Fatigue Scholars’ Program (Oncology Nursing Society) – Conceptual Definitions – Instruments
What is fatigue? • Cancer‐related fatigue (focus groups, individual interviews, concept analysis)‐ – In 7 to 12 year olds: a profound sense of being weak or tired, or of having difficulty with movement such as arms or legs too heavy to life and eyes to heavy to open. » Hinds, Hockenberry‐Eaton, Gilger et al., 1999
– In 13 to 18 year olds: a changing state of exhaustion that is a physical condition, at other times a mental state, and at other times a combination of physical, emotional and mental tiredness » Hinds, Hockenberry‐Eaton, Gilger et al.,1999
Method Differences with Adolescents • Individual Interviews: Code for Sadness • Focus groups: Code for Anger – implications for measurement and clinical assessment identified – Education sheets created
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS Environmental
Personal/Behavioral
• Lacking a schedule • Interruptions in a hospital environment
+
+
Cultural/Family/Other
+
Treatment-Related
+
FATIGUE _
Environmental
_
Personal/Behavioral
_
_
Cultural/Family/Other
• Protected rest time • Controlled or reduced interruptions • Being quiet
ALLEVIATING FACTORS
Treatment-Related
Measuring Fatigue and the Derivation of Screening Items • Instruments: – Fatigue Scale – Child (10‐item; 7 day and 24‐hour versions; cut score)
– Fatigue Scale – Adolescent (14‐item; 7 day and 24‐hour versions)
– Fatigue Scale – Parent (17‐item; 7 day and 24‐hour versions) – Fatigue Scale – Staff (9‐item; 7 day and 24‐hour versions) – Symptom Distress Scale – Patient (10‐item; ‘this day’)
Instrumentation Instrument
Internal Consistency
Construct Validity‐ Factor Analysis
Construct Validity ‐ Correlations
FS‐Child
0.84
Lack of energy Can’t function Altered mood
0.35/FS‐Parent 0.16/FS‐Staff 0.45/ Depression
FS‐Adolescent 0.95
Lack of energy Can’t function Altered mood Can’t engage
0.76/FS‐Parent 0.27/FS‐Staff 0.87/ Depression
FS‐Parent
Lack of energy Can’t function Altered Sleep Altered Mood
0.43/Staff
0.88
Instrumentation • Child and Adolescent versions distinguished between those experiencing anemia and those who were not. • Gender differences: females reporting more symptoms of fatigue and higher intensity • Age: adolescents reported more symptoms of fatigue and higher intensity than did children
Clinical Screen Item: • ‘Tired’ Item from the SDS: Please put a circle around the number that most closely measures how tired you are feeling today. Could not feel more tired 5
4 3 2 1
(score of 3 or higher invites a full fatigue assessment)
I am not tired at all
Clinical Screen Item • NCCN Guidelines
Research Instruments to Measure Cancer‐related Fatigue in Children and Adolescents
•
Child Fatigue Scale (7‐to 12‐year olds) – Hockenberry et al., 2003
•
Adolescent Fatigue Scale (13‐to18‐ year olds) – Hinds et al., 2007
•
The Revised Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (7‐to 12‐year olds) – Collins et al., 2002
•
The Pediatric FACT Scale – Lai et al., 2007
•
The Symptom Distress Scale (8‐ to 18‐ year olds) – Hinds, et al., 2000; Hinds et al., 2002
•
PedsQL Fatigue Scale (8 to 12; 13 to 18 year olds) – Varni et al., 2004
Incidence of Fatigue in Children and Adolescents with Cancer “nearly universal” • Distressing levels reported at: – time of diagnosis (fatigue at diagnosis is predictive of fatigue during treatment) – Collins et al., 2002; Hinds et al., 1999
– During treatment (significantly increased during reinduction for ALL and during hospitalizations) – Hockenberry et al., 2003; Hinds et al., 1990; Hinds et al, 2007
– Up to 23 years following treatment (most distressing) – Crom et al., 200x; Meeske et al., 2005
– During the last 30 days of life – Wolfe et al., 2000
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
Environmental
Personal/Behavioral
• Lacking a schedule • Interruptions in a hospital environment
+
+
Cultural/Family/Other
+
Treatment-Related
+
FATIGUE _
Environmental
_
_
Personal/Behavioral
_
Cultural/Family/Other
• Protected rest time • Controlled or reduced interruptions • Being quiet
ALLEVIATING FACTORS
Treatment-Related
Actigraph • Sleep Parameters – Sleep duration – Sleep efficiency – Nocturnal awakenings – Actual sleep minutes – Total daily sleep minutes – Total daily nap minutes – Total nocturnal sleep minutes – Sleep latency – Wake after sleep onset
http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/rbo/lowres/rbon104l.jpg
Benefits of Actigraphy • Small and innocuous • Able to attach to wrist or ankle for prolonged periods of time- able to assess motion and thus sleep patterns overtime • Provides continuous activity data with little interference or limitations imposed on the subject • Can be used in the home environment • Does not require ongoing monitoring by professionals • Cost effective
American Academy of Sleep Medicine Recommendations
• Actigraphy has proven useful for delineating sleep patterns and documenting treatment response in normal children, as well as in special populations Morgenthaler et al(2007)
The first Intervention • Enhanced Activity in Hospitalized Children with Cancer • 2‐site, randomized pilot study • 27 patients with a solid tumor or AML diagnosis admitted for chemotherapy • Peddling twice daily for 20 minutes • Intervention successfully delivered 85.4% of scheduled times
The first Intervention • Trend towards the activity arm having better quality sleep (more efficient) (F=4.17, p=0.053) • Children experiencing 19 or more nocturnal awakenings were significantly more fatigued the next day • Children with higher nocturnal awakenings had longer sleep duration (F=6.35, p=0.0007)
Dexamethasone (DEX), Sleep and Fatigue • Examining treatment influences on fatigue and sleep in children with ALL • Study purpose: – To assess the relationship between systemic exposure to DEX and sleep quality and fatigue in patients with ALL during continuation
DEX, Sleep and Fatigue • Two hypotheses: – 1. DEX contributes to changes in sleep efficiency, actual sleep minutes, sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, total daily sleep minutes, and daily nap minutes and to increased fatigue – 2. patient age, sex and ALL risk category influence the extent of change in sleep and fatigue observed during DEX treatment
Study Design 10 Continuous Days: 1 2
No DEX
3
4
•Sleep Diary •Fatigue Scale (parent and patient)
5
6
DEX
Blood Samples Pre-DEX, 1,2,4,8 h
Actigraph worn
7
8
9
•Sleep Diary •Fatigue Scale (parent and patient)
10
Actigraph Readings 1 2 Consecutive Days
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1200
1800
0000
0600
Time (hours)
DEX Study Findings • DEX does alter sleep parameters – Increases sleep duration, total daily sleep minutes, total nap minutes – Diary reports: restless sleep, increased nap times, increased tiredness and loss of energy
• DEX Increases Fatigue – PATIENT REPORT—Day 5 on dex: significant increases in fatigue in 7‐12 year olds and 13‐18 year olds – PARENT REPORT—significant increases in fatigue during the on dex period
1200
• Age: teens were in bed less time on DEX and had slept fewer minutes • Risk group: significantly associated with sleep efficiency, actual sleep minutes and nocturnal awakenings, but not with fatigue (patient or parent report) – St Jude Standard risk received highest dose DEX (significantly lower sleep efficiency)
• Gender : males had more nocturnal awakenings (and lower sleep efficiency); females napped more
Fatigue in Children with Cancer (2 separate studies and populations)
• Hospitalized • Home, pre dex • Home, on dex
Fatigue score 23 (9-43) Fatigue score 7.5-11.9 Fatigue score 13-21
• Highest fatigue score possible is 70 • On dexamethasone, fatigue scores are similar to the scores of hospitalized patients
Fatigue in Adolescents with Cancer (2 separate studies and populations)
• Hospitalized • Home, pre dex • Home, on dex
Fatigue score 32 Fatigue score 23-29 Fatigue score 32-33
• On dexamethasone, fatigue is the same as when hospitalized • Adolescents report higher fatigue scores than do children
Daily Parent Report Diary • 15 item parent report scale • Reports parents perceptions of child’s sleep and nap patterns during the previous 24 hours • Additional items relate to naps, tiredness, consumption of selected food items and perceived energy levels • Items strongly correlated with actigraph findings (r=0.89;p=0.001) (Sadeh, 1994) • Completed 4 times during 10 day study period
Descriptive Statistics for differences (Diary‐Actigraph) by day 2 and 5 ON vs OFF DEX N
Sleep Onset Differences (Diary-Actigraph)
Morning Wake Differences (Diary-Actigraph)
Mean
Std
Median
Min
Max
t
Prt
W1-D2
74
-44.03
94.48
-24.50
-555.00
111.0
-4.01
<.01
W1-D5
77
-34.83
78.31
-22.00
-277.00
138.00
-3.90
<.01
W2-D2
76
-32.93
91.03
-22.50
-440.00
148.00
-3.15
<.01
W2-D5
73
-13.58
102.62
-7.00
-340.00
324.00
-1.13
0.26
W1-D2
74
35.62
81.49
7.50
-101.00
401.00
3.76
<.01
W1-D5
77
26.66
69.09
15.00
-221.00
221.00
3.39
<.01
W2-D2
76
18.66
86.04
15.50
-408.00
239.00
1.89
0.06
W2-D5
73
19.77
83.98
21.00
-247.00
251.00
2.01
0.049
Consistent sleep onset and wake time
Consistency of wake time by gender, weekday vs weekend, and DEX vs. No Dex
•Girls did not have significant differences in wake time consistency weekday versus weekend •Boys had more consistent wake time on weekdays compared to weekends •Boys had more consistent wake times compared to girls •Dexamethasone (week 2) did not significantly alter wake time consistency
Association of fatigue with consistent wake time • Multiple regression analysis: younger boys with more consistent wake times had lower fatigue scores • May suggest that consistent morning wake times for the younger child on ALL maintenance therapy can help to minimize fatigue
Potential Biological Mechanisms of Sleep Disturbance and of Fatigue • What are the potential biological mechanisms? – Steroids? – PK, PGN
– Albumin? – Cytokines? – Neuroanatomy or Neurophysiology? – Neurochemicals?
Potential Biological Mechanisms of Sleep Disturbance and of Fatigue • Steroids contribute to altered sleep disturbances and fatigue – How? • Pharmacokinetics – Exposure to dexamethasone (AUC) increases with age and is higher in standard care ALL risk compared to low risk groups – Wake after sleep onset increases as AUC increases – A decrease in time to attain threshold of 100 nM is significantly associated with increased sleep efficiency – No PK association with fatigue – No association with clearance and sleep or fatigue
Potential Biological Mechanisms of Sleep Disturbance and of Fatigue • Steroids contribute to altered sleep disturbances and fatigue – How? • Pharmacogenomics: SNP genotype and sleep and fatigue – AHSG/C>G exon 7 (sleep efficiency) – CYP11B2/K1733R (sleep duration) – IL6/IL6_C‐634‐G (sleep duration)
Potential Biological Mechanisms of Sleep Disturbance and of Fatigue • Albumin and dexamethasone – Low albumin likely leads to higher and longer exposure to dexamethasone – Relationship between albumin and fatigue established in adults (direct relationship not mediated by a steroid) • Wang et al., 2002, JCO
– albumin and dexamethasone associated during reinduction • Yang, et al., 2008, JCO
– No relationship between albumin and dexamethasone PK during continuation
Can we improve sleep and fatigue in children with cancer? • • • • • •
Increase daytime physical activity Modify the hospital sleep environment Use relaxation interventions Administer pharmacologic interventions Consider complimentary therapies Implement Educational interventions: ‐ preparing families for likely and fatigue changes ‐ share with families sleep hygiene principles and hours of sleep needed for their child
Sleep Hygiene Principles • consistent bed times and wake times • making sure that your child receives enough sleep every day to feel alert and well rested • naps based on developmental age and stage • limiting caffeine before bedtime • child's bedroom at a comfortable temperature • Child not going to bed hungry • child's bed and bedroom are inviting and comfortable • a regular bedtime ritual to help child prepare for nighttime sleep
New Protocol: BTSLEP • Sleep hygiene intervention (protected sleep time) • Assessing fatigue, sleep quality, cytokine activity and polymorphisms, and neurotransmitters
We are doing a study! We are asking you to be a part of the study. Why are we doing a study?
To learn how children sleep when they are in the hospital. To learn how tired children get when they are in the hospital. To learn about children’s moods when they are in the hospital.
What will happen to me in this study?
You will have to wear the Actigraph all the time you are in the hospital. The Actigraph looks like a watch. It is a little computer. It will tell us how well you sleep.
You will answer questions one time a day. We will ask you about your sleep and how you feel.
You will choose special things to do before you go to bed. These are things to help you sleep. We will visit you and help you.
You will choose some soothing sounds to listen to at night.
You will choose your “lights out” and “lights on” time
You will let us draw a little bit of extra blood for special tests. This would be with morning labs.
What will we do?
The staff will try hard to go in and out of your room less at night. They will come in if you want them to.
We will put up an extra window cover to keep light out of your room when you are sleeping.
From Pain to Sleep: PROs • Asking and then Listening to our patients • Having a standardized way of asking • Acting on patients’ reports
Reference List Carskadon MA. Patterns of sleep and sleepiness in adolescents. Pediatrician. 1990;17:5‐12. Cleeland CS, Bennett GJ, Dantzer R et al. Are the symptoms of cancer and cancer treatment due to a shared biologic mechanism? A cytokine‐ immunologic model of cancer symptoms. Cancer 2003;97:2919‐2925. Hinds PS, Hockenberry‐Eaton M, Gilger E et al. Comparing patient, parent, and staff descriptions of fatigue in pediatric oncology patients. Cancer Nurs. 1999;22:277‐288. Hinds PS, Schum L, Srivastava DK. Is clinical relevance sometimes lost in summative scores? West J.Nurs.Res. 2002;24:345‐353. Hinds P, Scholes S, Gattuso J, Riggins M, Heffner B. Adaptation to illness in adolescents with cancer. J.Pediatr.Oncol.Nurs. 1990;7:64‐65. Hinds PS, Hockenberry MJ, Gattuso JS et al. Dexamethasone alters sleep and fatigue in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 2007;110:2321‐2330. Hart CN, Palermo TM, Rosen CL. Health‐related quality of life among children presenting to a pediatric sleep disorders clinic. Behav.Sleep Med. 2005;3:4‐17. K Kurzrock R. Cytokine deregulation in hematological malignancies: clinical and biological implications. Clin.Cancer Res. 1997;3:2581‐2584.
Kurzrock R. The role of cytokines in cancer‐related fatigue. Cancer 2001;92:1684‐1688. Lee BN, Dantzer R, Langley KE et al. A cytokine‐based neuroimmunologic mechanism of cancer‐related symptoms. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2004;11:279‐292. Meeske KA, Siegel SE, Globe DR, Mack WJ, Bernstein L. Prevalence and correlates of fatigue in long‐term survivors of childhood leukemia. J.Clin.Oncol. 2005;23:5501‐5510. Mindell, J. A. and Owens, J. A. Lee BN, Dantzer R, Langley KE et al. A cytokine‐based neuroimmunologic mechanism of cancer‐related symptoms. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2004;11:279‐292. Vardy J, Chiew KS, Galica J, Pond GR, Tannock IF. Side effects associated with the use of dexamethasone for prophylaxis of delayed emesis after moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Br.J.Cancer 2006;94:1011‐1015. Wood LJ, Nail LM, Gilster A, Winters KA, Elsea CR. Cancer chemotherapy‐related symptoms: evidence to suggest a role for proinflammatory cytokines. Oncol.Nurs.Forum 2006;33:535‐542.
References II Belluco C, Olivieri F, Bonafe M et al. ‐174 G>C polymorphism of interleukin 6 gene promoter affects interleukin 6 serum level in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. 2003;9:2173‐2176. Fayad L, Cabanillas F, Talpaz M, McLaughlin P, Kurzrock R. High serum interleukin‐6 levels correlate with a shorter failure‐free survival in indolent lymphoma. Leuk.Lymphoma 1998;30:563‐571. Hong S, Mills PJ, Loredo JS, Adler KA, Dimsdale JE. The association between interleukin‐6, sleep, and demographic characteristics. Brain Behav.Immun. 2005;19:165‐172. Rich T, Innominato PF, Boerner J et al. Elevated serum cytokines correlated with altered behavior, serum cortisol rhythm, and dampened 24‐hour rest‐activity patterns in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. 2005;11:1757‐1764. Schiller JH, Storer BE, Witt PL et al. Biological and clinical effects of intravenous tumor necrosis factor‐alpha administered three times weekly. Cancer Res. 1991;51:1651‐1658. Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Lin HM et al. IL‐6 and its circadian secretion in humans. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005;12:131‐140. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Bixler EO et al. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:2119‐2126. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Lin HM et al. Marked decrease in sleepiness in patients with sleep apnea by etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor‐alpha antagonist. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:4409‐4413.
References Kurzrock R. The role of cytokines in cancer‐related fatigue. Cancer 2001;92:1684‐1688. Fayad L, Cabanillas F, Talpaz M, McLaughlin P, Kurzrock R. High serum interleukin‐6 levels correlate with a shorter failure‐free survival in indolent lymphoma. Leuk.Lymphoma 1998;30:563‐571. Rich T, Innominato PF, Boerner J et al. Elevated serum cytokines correlated with altered behavior, serum cortisol rhythm, and dampened 24‐hour rest‐activity patterns in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. 2005;11:1757‐1764. Belluco C, Olivieri F, Bonafe M et al. ‐174 G>C polymorphism of interleukin 6 gene promoter affects interleukin 6 serum level in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin.Cancer Res. 2003;9:2173‐2176. Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Lin HM et al. IL‐6 and its circadian secretion in humans. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005;12:131‐140. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Bixler EO et al. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:2119‐2126. Hong S, Mills PJ, Loredo JS, Adler KA, Dimsdale JE. The association between interleukin‐6, sleep, and demographic characteristics. Brain Behav.Immun. 2005;19:165‐172. Vgontzas AN, Zoumakis E, Lin HM et al. Marked decrease in sleepiness in patients with sleep apnea by etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor‐alpha antagonist. J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 2004;89:4409‐4413. Schiller JH, Storer BE, Witt PL et al. Biological and clinical effects of intravenous tumor necrosis factor‐alpha administered three times weekly. Cancer Res. 1991;51:1651‐1658.