Formulas Of Fluid Power
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CYLINDER PUSH AND PULL FORCES
CYLINDER PUSH AND PULL FORCES SQUARE HEAD “HIGH PRESSURE” CYLINDERS Working Pressure of Hydraulic Fluid P.S.I. BORE
AREA
ROD
SIZE
50
100
250
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
1-1/2
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
5/8 1
88 73 49
177 146 98
443 365 245
885 730 490
1,770 1,460 980
2,655 2,190 1,470
3.540 2,920 1,960
5,310 4,380 2,940
8,850 7,300 4,900
2
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
1 1-3/8
157 118 83
314 236 166
785 590 415
1,570 1,180 830
3,140 2,360 1,660
4,710 3,540 2,490
6,280 4,720 3,320
9,420 7,080 4,980
15,700 11,800 8,300
2-1/2
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
1 1-3/4
246 206 125
491 412 250
1,228 1,030 625
2,455 2,060 1,250
4,910 4,120 2,500
7,265 6,180 3,750
9,820 8,240 5,000
14,730 12,360 7,500
24,550 20,600 12,500
3-1/2
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
1-3/8 2
415 341 258
830 681 515
2,075 1,703 1,288
4,150 3,405 2,575
8,300 6,810 5,150
12,450 10,215 7,725
16,600 13,620 10,300
24,900 20,430 15,450
41,500 34,050 25,750
4
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
1-3/4 2-1/2
628 508 383
1,257 1,016 766
3,143 2,540 1,916
6,285 5,080 3,830
12,570 10,160 7,660
18,855 15,240 11,490
25,140 20,320 15,320
37,710 30,480 22,980
62,850 50,800 38,300
5
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
2 3-1/2
982 825 500
1,964 1,649 1,001
4,910 4,123 2,503
9,820 8,245 5,005
19,640 16,490 10,010
29,460 24,735 15,015
39,280 32,980 20,020
58,920 49,470 30,030
98,200 82,450 50,050
6
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
2-1/2 4
1,413 1,168 786
2,827 2,336 1,571
7,068 5,840 3,928
14,135 11,680 7,855
28,270 23,360 15,710
42,405 35,040 23,565
56,540 46,720 31,420
84,810 70,080 47,130
141,350 116,800 78,550
7
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
3 5
1,924 1,571 942
3,849 3,142 1,885
9,623 7,855 4,713
19,245 15,710 9,425
38,490 31,420 18,850
57,735 47,130 28,275
76,980 62,840 37,700
115,470 94,260 56,550
192,450 157,100 94,250
8
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
3-1/2 5-1/2
2,514 2,032 1,326
5,027 4,064 2,651
12,568 10,160 6,628
25,135 20,320 13,255
50,270 40,640 26,510
75,405 100,540 60,960 81,280 39,765 53,020
150,810 121,920 79,530
251,350 203,200 132,550
10
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
4-1/2 7
3,927 3,132 2,003
7,854 6,264 4,006
19,635 15,660 10,015
39,270 31,320 20,030
78,540 62,640 40,060
117,810 157,080 93,960 125,280 60,090 80,120
235,620 187,920 120,180
392,700 313,200 200,300
This table is a ready reference of forces available from either end from various cylinder and rod sizes at a range of pressures. For pressures intermediate between those shown, add force values from two or more pressures whose sum equals the given operating pressure.
Figures shown are inch pounds
RPM
Horse Power 7 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
63,025 31,512 21,009 15,756 12,605
126,050 63,025 42,017 31,512 25,210
189,076 94,538 63,025 47,269 37,815
252,100 126,050 84,036 63,025 50,420
315,125 157,563 105,042 78,781 63,025
378,150 189,075 126,050 94,538 75,630
441,175 220,588 147,058 110,294 88,236
504,200 252,100 168,067 126,050 100,840
567,225 283,613 189,075 141,806 113,445
630,250 315,125 210,083 157,563 126,050
945,375 472,688 315,125 236,344 189,076
15
105,042 630,250 420,167 315,125 252,100
131,302 787,813 525,208 393,906 315,125
6 7 8 9 10
10,506 9,004 7,878 7,003 6,303
21,009 18,007 15,756 14,006 12,605
31,513 27,011 23,634 21,010 18,908
42,017 36,016 31,512 28,011 25,210
52,521 45,018 39,391 35,014 31,512
63,025 54,021 47,269 42,017 37,815
73,529 63,025 55,147 49,019 44,118
84,033 72,029 63,025 56,022 50,420
94,538 81,032 70,903 63,025 56,723
105,040 90,036 78,780 70,030 63,025
157,563 135,054 118,172 105,042 94,538
210,083 180,071 157,563 140,056 126,050
262,604 225,089 196,953 175,069 157,563
20 25 30 40 50
3,151 2,521 2,101 1,576 1,261
6,303 5,042 4,202 3,151 2,521
9,454 7,563 6,303 4,727 3,782
12,605 10,084 8,403 6,303 5,042
15,756 12,605 10,504 7,878 6,303
18,908 15,126 12,605 9,454 7,563
22,059 17,647 14,705 11,029 8,824
25,210 20,168 16,807 12,605 10,084
28,316 22,689 18,908 14,181 11,345
31,512 25,210 21,009 15,756 12,605
47,269 37,815 31,513 23,634 18,908
63,025 50,420 42,017 31,513 25,210
78,781 63,025 52,521 39,391 31,513
60 70 75 80 90
1,050 900 840 788 700
2,101 1,801 1,681 1,576 1,400
3,151 2,701 2,521 2,363 2,101
4,202 3,601 3,361 3,151 2,801
5,252 4,502 4,202 3,939 3,501
6,303 5,402 5,042 4,727 4,202
7,353 6,303 5,882 5,515 4,902
8,403 7,203 6,723 6,303 5,602
9,454 8,103 7,563 7,090 6,303
10,504 9,004 8,403 7,878 7,003
15,756 13,506 12,605 11,817 10,504
21,009 18,007 16,806 15,756 14,006
26,260 22,509 21,008 19,695 17,507
100 150 200 250 300
630 420 315 252 210
1,261 840 630 504 420
1,891 1,261 945 756 630
2,521 1,681 1,261 1,008 840
3,151 2,101 1,575 1,260 1,050
3,782 2,251 1,891 1,531 1,261
4,412 2,941 2,206 1,765 1,471
5,042 3,361 2,521 2,017 1,681
5,672 3,781 2,836 2,269 1,891
6,303 4,202 3,151 2,521 2,101
9,453 6,303 4,727 3,782 3,151
12,605 8,403 6,303 5,042 4,202
15,758 10,504 7,878 6,303 5,252
350 400 450 500 550
180 158 141 126 115
360 315 280 252 229
540 473 420 378 344
720 630 560 504 458
900 788 700 630 573
1,080 945 840 756 688
1,261 1,104 980 882 802
1,441 1,261 1,120 1,008 917
1,621 1,418 1,261 1,134 1,031
1,801 1,576 1,401 1,261 1,146
2,701 2,364 2,101 1,891 1,719
3,601 3,151 2,801 2,521 2,292
4,502 3,939 3,501 3,151 2,865
600 650 700 750 800
105 97 90 84 79
210 194 180 168 158
315 291 270 252 236
420 388 360 336 315
525 485 450 420 393
630 582 540 504 473
735 679 630 588 551
840 776 720 672 630
945 873 810 756 709
1,050 970 900 840 788
1,576 1,454 1,351 1,261 1,182
2,101 1,939 1,801 1,681 1,576
2,626 2,424 2,251 2,101 1,970
850 900 950 1000 1100
74 70 66 63 57
148 140 133 126 115
222 210 199 189 172
297 280 265 252 229
371 350 332 315 286
445 420 398 378 344
519 490 464 441 401
593 560 531 504 458
667 630 597 567 516
741 700 663 630 573
1,112 1,050 995 945 860
1,483 1,400 1,327 1,261 1,146
1,854 1,751 1,659 1,576 1,432
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
53 48 45 42 39
105 97 90 84 79
158 145 135 126 118
210 194 180 168 158
263 242 225 210 197
315 291 270 252 236
368 339 315 294 276
420 388 360 336 315
473 436 405 378 355
525 485 450 420 394
788 727 675 630 591
1,050 970 900 840 788
1,313 1,212 1,125 1,050 985
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
37 35 33 32 30
74 70 66 63 60
111 105 100 95 90
148 140 133 126 120
185 175 166 158 150
222 210 199 189 180
260 245 232 221 210
296 280 265 252 240
334 315 299 284 270
371 350 332 315 300
556 525 498 473 450
741 700 663 630 600
927 875 829 788 750
2200 2300 2400 2500 2750
29 27 26 25 23
57 55 53 50 46
86 82 79 76 69
115 110 105 101 92
143 137 131 126 115
172 164 158 151 138
201 192 184 176 160
229 219 210 202 183
258 247 236 227 206
286 274 263 252 229
430 411 394 378 344
573 548 525 504 458
716 685 657 630 573
3000 3250 3500 3750 4000
21 19 18 17 16
42 39 36 34 32
63 58 54 50 47
84 78 72 67 63
105 97 90 84 79
126 116 108 101 95
147 136 126 118 110
168 155 144 134 126
189 175 162 151 142
210 194 180 168 158
315 291 270 252 236
420 388 360 336 315
525 485 450 420 394
4250 4500 4750 5000 6000
15 14 13 13 11
30 28 27 25 21
44 42 40 38 32
59 56 53 50 42
74 70 66 63 53
89 84 80 76 63
104 98 93 88 74
119 112 106 101 84
133 126 119 113 95
148 140 133 126 105
222 210 199 189 158
297 280 265 252 210
371 350 332 315 263
7000 8000 9000 10000
9 8 7 6
18 16 14 13
27 24 21 19
36 32 28 25
45 39 35 32
54 47 42 38
63 55 49 44
72 63 56 50
81 71 63 57
90 79 70 63
135 118 105 95
180 158 140 126
225 197 175 158
FLUID MOTOR TORQUE
FLUID MOTOR TORQUE
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SPEEDS
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SPEEDS (Inches/Minute) PISTON ROD DIAMETER DIAMETER
1 1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
5
6
8
10
— 1/2 — 5/8 1 — 3/4 1 1-3/8 — 1 1-3/8 1-3/4 — 1 1-1/2 2 — 1-1/4 1-3/4 2 — 1-1/4 1-3/4 2 2-1/2 — 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 — 1-3/4 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 — 3-1/2 4 5 5-1/2 — 4-1/2 5 5-1/2 7
FLOW - GPM 1
298 392 130 158 235 73 85 97 139 47 56 67 92 32 36 43 58 24 27 32 35 18 20 22 24 30 12 13 14 16 18 22 8 9 10 11 12 15 4 5-1/2 6 7-1/2 8-1/2 3 3-1//2 4 4-1/2 5-1/2
This chart is based on the formula V=
2
596 784 260 316 470 146 170 184 278 94 112 134 184 64 72 86 116 48 54 64 70 36 40 44 48 60 24 26 28 32 36 44 16 18 20 22 24 30 8 11 12 15 17 6 7 8 9 11
3
894 1176 392 476 706 221 257 294 418 141 168 203 277 98 110 131 176 72 82 96 107 55 61 68 73 90 35 39 42 47 55 66 24 27 30 33 37 44 14 17 18 22 26 9 11 12 13 17
5
10
12
1490 1960 654 792 1176 368 428 490 697 235 280 339 463 163 184 218 294 120 137 160 178 92 102 113 122 150 58 64 70 78 92 111 41 45 50 54 62 73 23 28 30 38 43 15 18 20 21 29
1308 1584 2352 736 956 980 1394 470 560 678 926 326 368 436 588 240 274 320 356 184 204 226 244 300 116 128 140 156 184 222 82 90 100 108 124 146 46 56 60 76 86 30 36 40 42 58
883 1025 1175 1673 565 672 813 1110 392 440 523 705 288 330 384 428 220 244 273 294 362 141 155 168 188 220 266 98 107 118 130 148 176 55 68 73 90 104 35 44 47 50 69
231 x GPM EFF. CYL. AREA (Sq. Inches)
15
20
25
50
1120 1283 1465 2090 675 840 1015 1385 490 551 655 882 360 411 480 534 276 306 339 366 450 174 193 210 235 275 333 123 135 150 165 185 220 69 85 90 114 129 44 55 60 63 87
940 1120 1355 1850 653 735 872 1175 480 548 640 712 368 408 452 488 600 232 258 280 315 365 444 162 180 200 206 245 295 92 115 122 150 172 60 75 80 84 115
1175 1400 1695 2310 817 920 1090 1470 600 685 800 890 460 510 565 610 750 290 320 350 390 460 555 202 225 250 270 310 365 115 140 150 185 215 73 92 100 105 145
1200 1370 1600 1780 920 1020 1130 1220 1500 580 640 700 780 920 1110 404 450 500 540 620 730 230 280 300 375 430 146 184 200 210 290
75
870 960 1050 1170 1380 1665 606 675 750 810 930 1095 345 420 450 555 645 220 275 300 315 435
Required to Drive a Hydraulic Pump
GPM
1/2 1 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 100
100
.04 .07 .10 .14 .17 .21 .24 .28 .34 .41 .48 .55 .62 .69 .76 .83 .89 .96 1.03 1.10 1.17 1.24 1.30 1.37 1.72 2.06 2.40 2.75 3.09 3.43 3.78 4.12 4.46 4.81 5.15 5.49 6.18 6.86
200
.07 .14 .21 .28 .34 .41 .48 .55 .69 .82 .96 1.10 1.24 1.37 1.51 1.65 1.79 1.92 2.06 2.20 2.33 2.47 2.61 2.75 3.43 4.12 4.81 5.49 6.18 6.86 7.55 8.24 8.92 9.61 10.3 11.0 12.4 13.7
250
.09 .17 .26 .34 .43 .52 .60 .69 .86 1.03 1.20 1.37 1.55 1.62 1.89 2.06 2.23 2.40 2.57 2.75 2.92 3.09 3.26 3.43 4.29 5.15 6.01 6.86 7.72 8.58 9.44 10.3 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.7 15.4 17.2
This chart is based on the formula HP =
PUMP PRESSURE PSI 300 400 500 750
.10 .21 .31 .41 .52 .62 .72 .82 1.03 1.24 1.44 1.65 1.85 2.06 2.27 2.47 2.68 2.88 3.09 3.30 3.50 3.71 3.91 4.12 5.15 6.18 7.21 8.24 9.27 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.4 14.4 15.4 16.5 18.5 20.6
.14 .28 .41 .55 .69 .83 .96 1.10 1.32 1.65 1.92 2.20 2.47 2.75 3.02 3.30 3.57 3.84 4.12 4.39 4.68 4.94 5.22 5.49 6.86 8.24 9.61 11.0 12.4 13.7 15.1 16.5 17.8 19.2 20.6 22.0 24.7 27.5
.17 .34 .52 .69 .86 1.03 1.20 1.37 1.72 2.06 2.40 2.75 3.09 3.43 3.78 4.12 4.46 4.81 5.15 5.49 5.83 6.18 6.52 6.86 8.58 10.3 12.0 13.7 15.4 17.2 18.9 20.6 22.3 24.0 25.7 27.5 30.9 34.4
.26 .52 .77 1.03 1.29 1.54 1.80 2.06 2.57 3.09 3.60 4.12 4.63 5.15 5.66 6.18 6.69 7.21 7.72 8.24 8.75 9.27 9.78 10.3 12.9 15.4 18.0 20.6 23.2 25.7 28.3 30.9 33.5 36.0 38.6 41.2 46.3 51.5
1000
.34 .69 1.03 1.37 1.72 2.06 2.40 2.75 3.43 4.12 4.81 5.49 6.18 6.86 7.55 8.24 8.92 9.61 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.0 13.7 17.2 20.6 24.0 27.5 31.0 34.3 37.8 41.2 44.6 48.0 51.4 54.9 61.8 68.6
1250
1500
2000
.43 .86 1.29 1.72 2.15 2.57 3.00 3.43 4.29 5.15 6.01 6.86 7.72 8.58 9.44 10.3 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.7 14.6 15.4 16.3 17.2 21.5 25.7 30.0 34.3 38.6 42.9 47.2 51.5 55.8 60.1 64.3 68.6 77.2 85.8
.52 1.03 1.54 2.06 2.58 3.09 3.60 4.12 5.15 6.18 7.21 8.24 9.27 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.4 14.4 15.4 16.5 17.5 18.5 19.6 21.6 25.8 30.9 36.0 41.2 46.3 51.5 56.6 61.8 66.9 72.1 77.2 82.4 92.7 103.0
.69 1.37 2.06 2.75 3.43 4.12 4.81 5.49 6.86 8.24 9.61 11.0 12.4 13.8 15.1 16.5 17.8 19.2 20.6 22.0 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5 34.3 41.2 48.0 54.9 61.8 68.6 75.5 83.4 89.2 96.1 103.0 109.8 123.6 137.3
GPM x PSI 1714 x EFFICIENCY
For the purposes of this chart, pump efficiency was assumed to be 85%. As horsepower varies directly with flow or pressure, multiply proportionately to determine values not shown. For instance, at 4000 PSI multiply 2000 PSI values by 2.
ELECTRIC MOTOR HORSEPOWER
ELECTRIC MOTOR HORSEPOWER
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES 580
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES Dia.
Circum.
1/64 1/32 3/64
.04909 .09818 .14726
1/16 5/64 3/32 7/64
Area
Dia.
Circum.
Area
Dia.
.00019 .00077 .00173
1 1/16 1/8 3/16
3.1416 3.3379 3.5343 3.7306
.7854 .8866 .9940 1.1075
5 1/8 1/4 3/8
15.708 16.101 16.493 16.886
19.635 20.629 21.648 22.691
12 1/4 1/2 3/4
37.699 38.485 39.270 40.055
113.10 117.86 122.72 127.68
24 1/4 1/2 3/4
75.398 76.184 76.969 77.764
452.39 461.86 471.44 481.11
.1965 .24544 .29452 .34361
.00307 .00479 .00690 .00940
1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16
3.9270 4.1233 4.3197 4.5160
1.2272 1.3530 1.4849 1.6230
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
17.279 17.671 18.064 18.457
23.758 24.850 25.967 27.109
13 1/4 1/2 3/4
40.841 41.626 42.412 43.197
132.73 137.89 143.14 148.49
25 1/4 1/2 3/4
78.540 79.325 80.111 80.896
490.87 500.74 510.71 520.77
1/8 9/64 5/32 11/64
.39270 .44179 .49087 .53996
.01227 .01553 .01917 .02320
1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16
4.7124 4.9087 5.1051 5.3014
1.7671 1.9175 2.0739 2.2365
6 1/8 1/4 3/8
18.850 19.242 19.635 20.028
28.274 29.465 30.680 31.919
14 1/4 1/2 3/4
43.982 44.768 45.553 46.338
153.94 159.48 165.13 170.87
26 1/4 1/2 3/4
81.681 82.467 83.252 84.038
530.93 541.19 551.55 562.00
3/16 13/64 7/32 15/64
.58905 .63814 .68722 .73631
.02761 .03241 .03758 .04314
3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16
5.4978 5.6941 5.8905 6.0868
2.4053 2.5802 2.7612 2.9483
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
20.420 20.813 21.206 21.598
33.183 34.472 35.785 37.122
15 1/4 1/2 3/4
47.124 47.909 48.695 49.480
176.71 182.65 188.69 194.83
27 1/4 1/2 3/4
84.823 85.608 86.394 87.179
572.56 583.21 593.96 604.81
1/4 17/64 9/32 19/64
.78540 .83449 .88357 .93266
.04909 .05542 .06213 .06922
2 1/16 1/8 3/16
6.2832 6.4795 6.6759 6.8722
3.1416 3.3410 3.5466 3.7583
7 1/8 1/4 3/8
21.991 22.384 22.776 23.169
38.485 39.871 41.282 42.718
16 1/4 1/2 3/4
50.265 51.051 51.836 52.622
201.06 207.39 213.82 220.35
28 1/4 1/2 3/4
87.965 88.750 89.535 90.321
615.75 626.80 637.94 649.18
5/16 21/64 11/32 23/64
.98175 1.03084 1.0799 1.1290
.07670 .08456 .09281 .10143
1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16
7.0686 7.2649 7.4613 7.6576
3.9761 4.2000 4.4301 4.6664
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
23.562 23.955 24.347 24.740
44.179 45.664 47.173 48.707
17 1/4 1/2 3/4
53.407 54.192 54.978 55.763
226.98 233.71 240.53 247.45
29 1/4 1/2 3/4
91.106 91.892 92.677 93.462
660.52 671.96 683.49 695.13
3/8 25/64 13/32 27/64
1.1781 1.2272 1.2763 1.3254
.11045 .11984 .12962 .13978
1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16
7.8540 8.0503 8.2467 8.4430
4.9087 5.1572 5.4119 5.6727
8 1/8 1/4 3/8
25.133 25.525 25.918 26.311
50.265 51.849 53.456 55.088
18 1/4 1/2 3/4
56.549 57.334 58.119 58.905
254.47 261.59 268.80 276.12
30 1/4 1/2 3/4
94.248 95.033 95.819 96.604
708.86 718.69 730.62 742.64
7/16 29/64 15/32 31/64
1.3744 1.4235 1.4726 1.5217
.15033 .16126 .17257 .18427
3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16
8.6394 8.8357 9.0321 9.2284
5.9396 6.2126 6.4918 6.7771
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
26.704 27.096 27.489 27.882
56.745 58.426 60.132 61.862
19 1/4 1/2 3/4
59.690 60.476 61.261 62.046
283.53 291.04 298.65 306.35
31 1/4 1/2 3/4
97.389 98.175 98.960 99.746
754.77 766.99 779.31 791.73
1/2 17/32 9/16 19/32
1.5708 1.6690 1.7671 1.8653
.19635 .22166 .24850 .27688
3 1/8 1/4 3/8
9.4248 9.8175 10.210 10.603
7.0686 7.6699 8.2958 8.9462
9 1/8 1/4 3/8
28.274 28.667 29.060 29.452
63.617 65.397 67.201 69.029
20 1/4 1/2 3/4
62.832 63.617 64.403 65.188
314.16 322.06 330.06 338.16
32 1/4 1/2 3/4
100.531 101.316 102.102 102.887
804.25 816.86 829.58 842.39
5/8 21/32 11/16 23/32
1.9635 2.0617 2.1598 2.2580
.30680 .33824 .37122 .40574
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
10.996 11.388 11.781 12.174
9.6211 10.321 11.045 11.793
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
29.845 30.238 30.631 31.023
70.882 72.760 74.662 76.589
21 1/4 1/2 3/4
65.973 66.759 67.544 68.330
346.36 354.66 363.05 371.54
33 1/4 1/2 3/4
103.673 104.458 105.243 106.029
855.30 868.31 881.41 894.62
3/4 25/32 13/16 27/32
2.3562 2.4544 2.5525 2.6507
.44179 .47937 .51849 .55914
4 1/8 1/4 3/8
12.566 12.959 13.352 13.744
12.566 13.364 14.186 15.033
10 1/4 1/2 3/4
31.416 32.201 32.987 33.772
78.540 82.516 86.590 90.763
22 1/4 1/2 3/4
69.115 69.900 70.686 71.471
380.13 388.82 397.61 406.49
34 1/4 1/2 3/4
106.814 107.600 108.385 109.170
907.92 921.32 934.82 948.42
7/8 29/32 15/16 31/32
2.7489 2.8471 2.9452 3.0434
.60132 .64504 .69029 .73708
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
14.137 14.530 14.923 15.315
15.904 16.800 17.721 18.665
11 1/4 1/2 3/4
34.558 35.343 36.128 36.914
95.033 99.402 103.87 108.43
23 1/4 1/2 3/4
72.257 73.042 73.827 74.613
415.48 424.56 433.74 443.01
35 1/4 1/2 3/4
109.956 962.11 110.741 975.91 111.527 989.80 112.312 1003.8
WORLDWIDE PHONE 1-727-796-1300 FAX 1-727-797-8849
Circum.
Area
SALES OFFICE HOURS 8 A.M. TO 8 P.M. EASTERN TIME www.herculeshydraulics.com
Dia.
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Dia.
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NORTH AMERICA PHONE 1-800-333-5617 FAX 1-800-759-6391
BASIC FORMULAS FORMULA FOR:
WORD FORMULA
LETTER FORMULA
FLUID PRESSURE In Pounds/Square Inch
PRESSURE
=
FORCE (pounds) UNIT AREA (Square Inches)
P
=
F A
FLUID FLOW RATE In Gallons/Minute
FLOW RATE
=
VOLUME (Gallons) UNIT TIME (Minutes)
Q
=
V T
FLUID POWER In Horsepower
HORSEPOWER
=
PRESSURE (PSI) X FLOW (GPM) 1714
HP =
or psi =
F A
PQ 1714
FLUID FORMULAS VELOCITY THROUGH PIPING In Feet/Second Velocity COMPRESSIBILITY OF OIL In Additional Required Oil To Reach Pressure
COMPRESSIBILITY OF A FLUID
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A FLUID
VALVE (CV) FLOW FACTOR
.3208 x FLOW RATE THROUGH I.D. (GPM) INTERNAL AREA (Square Inches)
V
=
.3208Q A
VA
=
PV * 250,000
VELOCITY
=
ADDITIONAL VOLUME
=
COMPRESSIBILITY
=
1 BULK MODULUS OF THE FLUID
C(ß) =
1 BM
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
=
WEIGHT OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF FLUID WEIGHT OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF WATER
SG =
W 62.4283
VALVE FACTOR (CV)
=
FLOW RATE (GPM) x SPECIFIC GRAVITY PRESSURE DROP (PSI)
CV
PRESSURE (PSI) x VOLUME OF OIL UNDER PRESSURE
250,000 (Approx.)
=
Q
* Approximately 1/2 % per 1000 psi
SG ∆P
VISCOSITY IN CENTISTOKES
For Viscosities of 32 to 100 Saybolt Universal Seconds: 194.4 CENTISTOKES = .2253 x SUS – SUS
VISCOSITY IN CENTISTOKES
For Viscosities of 100 to 240 Saybolt Universal Seconds: 134.6 CENTISTOKES = .2193 x SUS – SUS
134.6 CS = .2193 SUS – SUS
VISCOSITY IN CENTISTOKES
For Viscosities Greater Than 240 Saybolt Universal Seconds: SUS CENTISTOKES = 4.635
CS =
CS = .2253 SUS –
194.4 SUS
SUS 4.635
NOTE: Saybolt Universal Seconds is often abbreviated SSU.
PUMP FORMULAS PUMP OUTLET FLOW In Gallons/Minute
FLOW
=
RPM X PUMP DISPLACEMENT (Cu. In./Rev.) 231
PUMP INPUT POWER In Horsepower Required
HORSEPOWER INPUT
=
FLOW RATE OUTPUT (GPM) X PRESSURE (psi) 1714 X EFFICIENCY (Overall)
PUMP EFFICIENCY Overall in Percent
OVERALL EFFICIENCY
=
OVERALL EFFICIENCY
=
PUMP EFFICIENCY Overall in Percent
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY =
PUMP EFFICIENCY Mechanical in Percent
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY =
PUMP LIFE B10 BEARING LIFE
B10 HOURS OF BEARING LIFE
Q
HPIN =
OUTPUT HORSEPOWER X 100 INPUT HORSEPOWER
EffOV =
VOLUMETRIC Eff. X MECHANICAL Eff.
RATED SPEED (RPM)
X 100 RATED PRESSURE (PSI) 3
(
nd 231 QP GPM X psi or 1714 Eff 1714 Eff HPOUT X 100 HPIN
EffOV = EffVOL. X EffMECH.
ACTUAL FLOW RATE OUTPUT (GPM) X 100 THEORETICAL FLOW RATE OUTPUT (GPM) THEORETICAL TORQUE TO DRIVE ACTUAL TORQUE TO DRIVE
=
= RATED LIFE HOURS X NEW SPEED (RPM) X NEW PRESSURE (PSI)
)
EffVOL =
OACT. X 100 OTHEO.
EffMEC=
TTHEO. X 100 TACT.
B10
RPMR
= RATED HRS.X RPMN X
3
( ) PR PN
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
FLUID POWER FORMULAS ACTUATOR FORMULAS FORMULA FOR: CYLINDER AREA In Square Inches
WORD FORMULA AREA
LETTER FORMULA
=
π X RADIUS2 (Inches)
A
=
πr2
=
π 2 4 X DIAMETER (Inches )
A
=
πD2 2 4 or A = .785D
CYLINDER FORCE In Pounds, Push or Pull
FORCE
=
PRESSURE (psi) X NET AREA (Square Inches)
F
=
psi X A or F = PA
CYLINDER VELOCITY or SPEED In Feet/Second
VELOCITY
=
231 X FLOW RATE (GPM) 12 X 60 X NET AREA (Square Inches)
F
=
231Q .3208Q 720A or V = A
CYLINDER VOLUME CAPACITY In Gallons of Fluid
VELOCITY
=
π X RADIUS2 (Inches) X STROKE (Inches) 231
V
=
πr2 l 231
=
NET AREA (Square Inches) X STROKE (Inches) 231
V
=
Al Length of Stroke 231 l =
CYLINDER FLOW RATE In Gallons Per Minute
FLOW RATE
=
12 X 60 X VELOCITY (Feet/Sec.) X NET AREA (Square Inches) 231
Q
=
720vA 231 or Q = 3.117vA
FLUID MOTOR TORQUE In Inch Pounds
TORQUE
=
PRESSURE (psi) X F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. In./Rev.) 2π
T
=
psi d 2π or T =
=
HORSEPOWER X 63025 RPM
T
=
=
FLOW RATE (GPM) X PRESSURE (psi) X 36.77 RPM
T
=
FLUID MOTOR TORQUE/100 psi In Inch Pounds
TORQUE/100 psi =
F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. Inches/Revolution) .0628
T100psi =
d .0628
FLUID MOTOR SPEED In Revolutions/Minute
SPEED
=
231 X FLOW RATE (GPM) F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. Inches/Revolution)
n
=
231Q d
FLUID MOTOR POWER In Horsepower Output
HORSEPOWER
=
TORQUE OUTPUT (Inch Pounds) X RPM 63025
HP =
Tn 63025
Pd 2π
63025 HP n 36.77QP
n
or T =
36.77Qpsi
n
THERMAL FORMULAS RESERVOIR COOLING CAPACITY Based on Adequate Air Circulation
HEAT (BTU/HR)
=
2 X TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESERVOIR WALLS AND AIR (°F) X AREA OF RESERVOIR (Sq. Ft.)
BTU/HR
=
2.0 X ∆T X A
HEAT IN HYDRAULIC OIL (approx.) Due to System Inefficiency (SG=.89-.92)
HEAT (BTU/HR)
=
FLOW RATE (GPM) X 210 X TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (°F)
BTU/HR
=
Q X 210 X ∆T
HEAT (BTU/HR)
=
FLOW RATE (GPM) X 500 X TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (°F)
BTU/HR
=
Q X 500 X ∆T
HEAT IN FRESH WATER (approx.)
NOTE: One British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree. One Horsepower = 2545 BTU/HR.
ACCUMULATOR FORMULAS PRESSURE or VOLUME w/ Constant “T” (Temperature)
PRESSURE or TEMPERATURE w/ Constant “V” (Volume)
VOLUME or TEMPERATURE w/ Constant “P” (Pressure)
ORIGINAL PRESSURE X ORIGINAL VOLUME = FINAL PRESSURE X FINAL VOLUME
P1 V1
=
P2 V2 Isothermic
ORIGINAL PRESSURE X FINAL TEMPERATURE = FINAL PRESSURE X ORIGINAL TEMPERATURE
P1 T2
=
P2 T1 Isochoric
ORIGINAL VOLUME X FINAL TEMPERATURE = FINAL VOLUME X ORIGINAL TEMPERATURE
V1 T2
=
V2 T2 Isobaric
P1 V1
=
P2 V2
T2 T1
=
n
PRESSURE or VOLUME
ORIGINAL PRESSURE X ORIGINAL VOLUME = FINAL PRESSURE X FINAL VOLUME
w/ Temperature Change Due to Heat of Compression
FINAL TEMP. ORIG. TEMP.
=
ORIG. VOLUME (FINAL VOLUME)
n-1
=
FINAL PRESSURE (ORIG. PRESSURE )
n
n
n-1/n
n
n-1
(VV ) 1
n-1/n
=
2
(PP ) 2 1
NOTE: Where “P” = psia (ABSOLUTE) = psig (GAUGE PRESSURE) + 14.7 psi
VOLUME & CAPACITY EQUIVALENTS Water at Max. Density 39.2°F 4°C
Cu Inches Cu Feet Cu Yards Liters U.S. Gallons Imp. Gallons Lbs Water
Cubic Inches
Cubic Feet
1 1728 46,656 61.0234 231 277.274 27.6798
.0005787 1 27 .0353145 .133681 .160459 .0160184
Cubic Yards .00002143 .037037 1 .001308 .004951 .0059429 .0005929
Liters
U.S. Gallons
.016384 28.317 764.56 1 3.78543 4.54374 .453592
.004329 7.48052 201.974 .264170 1 1.20032 .119825
Imperial Gallons .0036065 6.23210 168.266 .220083 .833111 1 .0998281
Pounds of Water .0361275 62.4283 1685.56 2.20462 8.34545 10.0172 1
Kilograms of Water .0163872 28.3170 764.559 1 3.78543 4.54373 .453593
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS TO CONVERT Atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres Bar bar bar bar Barrels-Oil BT Units BTUs BTUs BTUs BTUs BTU/Min BTU/min BTU/min BTU/min Centimeters cm cm Cms Mercury cms mercury cms mercury cms mercury cms mercury Cms/Second cms/sec cms/sec cms/sec cms/sec cms/sec Cms/Sec/Sec Cubic Cms cu cms cu cms cu cms cu cms cu cms cu cms cu cms Cubic Feet cu ft cu ft cu ft cu ft cu ft cu ft
INTO cms of mercury ft. of water (at 4°C) in. of mercury (at 0°C) kgs/sq cm kgs/sq meter pounds/sq in. newtons/sq m atmospheres at (tech.) psi gals-oil kg-calories ft-lbs hp-hrs kgs-meters kw-hrs ft-lbs/sec hp kw watts inches meters mm atm ft water kgs/sq meter lbs/sq ft lbs/sq in ft/min ft/sec km/hr meters/min miles/hr miles/min ft/sec/sec cu ft cu in cu meters cu yds gals liters pints (liq) quarts (liq) cubic cms cu inches cu meters cu yds gals liters pints (liq)
MULTIPLY BY 76.0 33.90 29.92 1.0333 10,332 14.70 105 0.9869 1.0197 14.504 42 1.2520 777.9 3.927x10-4 107.5 2.928x10-4 12.96 0.02356 0.01757 17.57 0.3937 0.01 10 0.01316 0.4461 136.0 27.85 0.1934 1.969 0.03281 0.036 0.6 0.02237 3.728x10-4 0.03281 3.531x10-5 6.102x10-2 10-6 1.308x10-6 2.642x10-4 10-3 2.113x10-3 1.057x10-3 2.832x104 1728 0.02832 0.03704 7.48052 28.32 59.84
TO CONVERT cu ft Cu Ft/Min cu ft/min cu ft/min cu ft/min cu ft/min Cu Inches cu ins cu ins cu ins cu ins cu ins cu ins cu ins Cu Meters cu M cu M cu M cu M cu M cu M cu M Cu Yards cu yds cu yds cu yds cu yds Decimeters Degs (Angle) Degs (angle) Degs (angle) Degrees/Sec degs/sec degs/sec Feet ft ft ft Ft of Water ft of w ft of w ft of w ft of w Feet/Min ft/min ft/min ft/min ft/min Ft/Sec/Sec ft/sec/sec
INTO quarts (liq) cu cms/sec gals/sec liters/sec lbs water/min gals/min cc cu ft cu meters cu yds gals liters pints (liq) quarts (liq) cc cu ft cu ins cu yds gals liters pints (liq) quarts (liq) cu cms cu ft cu ins cu meters gals meters minutes radians secs radians/sec revs/min revs/sec cms ins meters yds atms ins mercury kgs/sq cm lbs/sq ft lbs/sq in cms/sec ft/sec kms/hr meters/min miles/hr cms/sec/sec Meters/sec/sec
MULTIPLY BY 29.92 472.0 0.1247 0.4720 62.43 448.831 16.39 5.787x10-4 1.639x10-5 2.143x10-5 4.329x10-3 1.639x10-2 0.03463 0.01732 104 35.31 61,023 1.308 264.2 103 2113 1057 7.646x105 27 46.656 0.7646 202.0 0.1 60 0.01745 3600 0.01745 0.1667 0.002778 30.48 12 0.3048 1/3 0.02950 0.8826 0.03048 62.32 0.4328 0.5080 0.01667 0.01829 0.3048 0.01136 30.48 0.3048
TO CONVERT Ft-Pounds ft lbs ft lbs ft lbs ft lbs Ft-lbs/Min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/min Ft-Lbs/Sec ft-lbs/sec ft-lbs/sec ft-lbs/sec Gallons gals gals gals gals gals gals Gallons, Imp gallons, US Gals Water Gallons/Min gals/min gals/min Horse-Power hp hp hp hp hp hp Hp-Hours hp-hrs hp-hrs hp-hrs hp-hrs Inches Inches Ins Mercury ins mercury ins mercury ins mercury ins mercury Ins of Water ins of w ins of w ins of w
INTO BTUs hp-hrs kg-calories kg-meters kw-hrs BTUs/min ft-lbs/sec hp kg-calories/min kws BTUs/min hp kg-calories/min kws ccs cu ft cu ins cu meters liters pints (liq) quarts (liq) US gals imp gals lbs water cu ft/sec liters/sec cu ft/hr BTUs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/sec hp (metric) kg-calories/min kws watts BTUs ft-lbs kg-calories kg-meters kw-hrs cms mms atms ft water kgs/sq cm lbs/sq ft lbs/sq in atms ins mercury kgs/sq cm lbs/sq ft
MULTIPLY BY
TO CONVERT
1.286x10-3 5.050x10-7 3.241x10-4
ins of w Kilograms kgs kgs kgs Kgs/Sq Cm kgs/sq cm kgs/sq cm kgs/sq cm kgs/sq cm Kilometers kms kms kms Kms/Hr kms/hr kms/hr kms/hr kms/hr Kms/Hr/Sec kms/hr/sec kms/hr/sec Kilowatts kws kws kws kws kws Kilowatt-Hrs kw-hrs kw-hrs kw-hrs kw-hrs Liters liters liters liters liters liters Liters/Min Meters meters meters meters meters Meters/Min meters/min meters/min meters/min meters/min
0.1383 3.766x10-7 1.286x10-3 0.01667 3.03x10-5 3.241x10-4 2.260x10-5 7.717x10-2 1.818x10-3 1.945x10-2 1.356x10-3 3785 0.1337 231 3.785x10-3 3.785 8 4 1.20095 0.83267 8.3304 2.228x10-3 0.06308 8.0208 42.44 33,000 550 1.014 10.70 0.7457 745.7 2547 1.98x106 641.7 2.737x105 0.7457 2.540 25.4 0.03342 1.133 0.03453 70.73 0.4912 0.002458 0.07355 0.002540 5.202
INTO lbs/sq in dynes lbs tons (short) grams atms ft water ins mercury lbs/sq ft lbs/sq in cms ft meters miles cms/sec ft/min ft/sec meters/min miles/hr cms/sec/sec ft/sec/sec Meters/sec/sec BTUs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/sec hp kg-calories/min watts BTUs ft-lbs hp-hours kg-calories kg-meters ccs cu ft cu ins cu meters gals quarts (liq) gals/sec cms ft ins kms mms cms/sec ft/min ft/sec kms/hr miles/hr
MULTIPLY BY 0.03613 980,665 2.205 1.102x10-3 1000 0.9678 32.81 28.96 2048 14.22 105 3281 103 0.6214 27.78 54.68 0.9113 16.67 0.6214 27.78 0.9113 0.2778 56.92 4.425x104 737.6 1.341 14.34 103 3415 2.655x106 1.341 860.5 3.67x105 103 0.03531 61.02 10-2 0.2642 1.057 4.403x10-3 100 3.281 39.37 10-3 103 1.667 3.281 0.05468 0.06 0.03728
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS TO CONVERT Meters/Sec meters/sec meters/sec meters/sec meters/sec meters/sec Microns microns Miles/Hr miles/hr miles/hr miles/hr miles/hr Millimeters mms Minutes (Angle) Newton Ounces ozs Ozs (Fluid) ozs (fluid) Pounds lbs lbs lbs lbs Pounds/Inch Pounds/Foot Lbs of Water
INTO ft/min ft/sec kms/hr kms/min miles/hr miles/min meters in cms/sec ft/min ft/sec kms/hr meters/min cms ins radians kgs lbs gram cu in liters ozs kgs tons (short) newtons (N) gram newton-meters newton-mters cu ft
MULTIPLY BY 196.8 3.281 3.6 0.06 2.237 0.03728 10-6 39x10-6 44.70 88 1.467 1.609 26.82 0.1 0.03937 2.909x10-4 0.1020 0.0625 28.349527 1.805 0.02957 16 0.4536 0.0005 4.44 453.5924 0.1113 1.356 0.01605
TO CONVERT lbs of water lbs of water Lbs of Water/Min Pounds/Cu Ft Pounds/Cu In Pounds/Sq In lbs/sq in lbs/sq in lbs/sq in Radians Tons (Long) tons (long) tons (long) Tons (Short) tons (short) tons (short) tons (short) Watts watts watts watts watts watts Watt/Hours watt-hrs watt-hrs watt-hrs watt-hrs watt-hrs
INTO cu in gals cu ft/sec lbs/cu in lbs/cu ft atms ft water in mercury kgs/sq cm degrees kgs lbs tons (short) kgs kps tons (long) tons (metric) BTUs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/sec hp kg-calories/min kws BTUs ft-lbs hp-hrs kg-calories kg-meters kw-hrs
MULTIPLY BY 27.73 0.1204 2.679x10-4 5.787x10-4 1728 0.06804 2.311 2.036 0.07031 57.29578 1016 2240 1.12000 2000 907.18486 0.89287 0.90718 0.05692 44.26 0.7376 1.341x10-3 0.01434 10-3 3.415 2655 1.341x10-3 0.8605 367.1 10-3
Approximate Weights Approximate Weights of Materials Material Andesite stone Ashes Asphalt Asphaltum Basalt rock Brick, soft clay Brick, hard clay Brick, pressed Brick, paving Block, paving Bluestone Cement, natural Cement, Portland Cement, Portland, set Cement, Rosendale Cinders Clay, dry Clay, wet Clay & gravel, dry Coal, anthracite Coal, bituminous Coke Concrete, cinders Concrete, gravel Concrete, limestone Concrete, sandstone Concrete, trap rock Crushed stone Earth, dry, loose Earth, damp, loose Earth, damp, packed Earth & gravel, dry Earth & gravel, wet Earth & sand, dry
lbs. / cu. yd. 4,887 1,080 2,700 2,349 4,887 2,718 3,397 3,806 4,246 3,694 2,970 1,512 2,430 4,941 1,863 1,080 1,701 2,970 2,700 1,536 1,275 837 2,970 4,104 4,050 3,915 4,185 2,700 1,890 2,106 2,592 2,700 3,240 2,709
tons / cu. yd. 2.44 0.52 1.35 1.17 2.44 1.35 1.69 1.90 2.12 1.84 1.48 0.75 1.21 2.47 0.93 0.54 0.85 1.48 1.35 0.76 0.64 0.42 1.48 2.05 2.02 1.95 2.09 1.35 0.94 1.05 1.29 1.35 1.62 1.35
Material Earth & sand, wet Fire Brick Fire Clay Garbage Gravel, dry Gravel, out of water Granite Lime, quick, loose Lime, quick, shaken Limestone, solid Limestone, loose Marble, solid Marble, loose Mortar, set Mud, dry Mud, packed Mud, wet Pitch Plaster of Paris Powder, blasting Quartz Rubbish Sand, dry, loose Sand, wet Sandstone Slag, blank Slag, screenings Slag, machine Slag, sand Shale Slate Tar Tile Trap stone
lbs. / cu. yd. 3,240 3,915 3,510 1,150 2,970 1,620 4,536 1,431 1,485 4,536 2,592 4,455 2,592 2,781 2,430 3,105 2,916 1,863 2,646 1,682 4,374 199.8 2,619 3,186 4,023 1,890 2,700 2,592 1,485 4,374 4,725 1,674 2,970 5,849
tons / cu. td. 1.62 1.95 1.75 0.57 1.48 0.81 2.26 0.71 0.70 2.26 1.29 2.22 1.29 1.39 1.21 1.55 1.45 0.93 1.32 0.84 2.18 0.09 1.30 1.59 2.01 0.94 1.35 1.29 0.74 2.18 2.31 0.83 1.43 2.52
Steel & Aluminum Gauge, Thickness and Weight Gauge
Thickness (inches)
Weight (lbs./ft2)
Steel 3/8” 1/4” (approx. 3 Ga.) 3/16” (approx. 7 Ga.) 8 Ga. 9 Ga. 10 Ga. 11 Ga. 12 Ga. 13 Ga. 14 Ga.
0.375 0.250 0.188 0.164 0.149 0.134 0.120 0.105 0.090 0.075
15.320 10.200 7.650 6.875 6.250 5.625 5.000 4.375 3.750 3.125
0.375 0.250 0.188 0.156
5.18 3.53 2.65 2.25
Aluminum 3/8” 1/4” 3/16” 5/32”
COMMODITIES & MATERIALS
COMMODITIES & MATERIALS
METRIC/INCH CONVERSION TABLE
METRIC/INCH CONVERSION TABLE FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND MILLIMETERS Inches Fractions Decimals — — — 1/64 — — 1/32 — 3/64 — 1/16 5/64 — 3/32 — 7/64 — 1/8 — 9/64 5/32 — 11/64 — 3/16 — 13/64 — 7/32 15/64 — 1/4 — 17/64 — 9/32 — 19/64 5/16 — 21/64 — 11/32 — 23/64 — 3/8 25/64 — 13/32 — 27/64 — 7/16 29/64 15/32 — 31/64 — 1/2
.0004 .004 .01 .0156 .0197 .0295 .03125 .0394 .0469 .059 .062 .0781 .0787 .094 .0984 .109 .1181 .125 .1378 .141 .156 .1575 .172 .177 .1875 .1969 .203 .2165 .219 .234 .2362 .250 .2559 .2656 .2756 .281 .2953 .297 .312 .315 .328 .335 .344 .3543 .359 .374 .375 .391 .3937 .406 .413 .422 .4331 .438 .453 .469 .4724 .484 .492 .500
Millimeters .01 .10 .25 .397 .50 .75 .794 1.0 1.191 1.5 1.588 1.984 2.0 2.381 2.5 2.778 3.0 3.175 3.5 3.572 3.969 4.0 4.366 4.5 4.763 5.0 5.159 5.5 5.556 5.953 6.0 6.350 6.5 6.747 7.0 7.144 7.5 7.541 7.938 8.0 8.334 8.5 8.731 9.0 9.128 9.5 9.525 9.922 10.0 10.319 10.5 10.716 11.0 11.113 11.509 11.906 12.0 12.303 12.5 12.700
Inches Fractions Decimals — 33/64 17/32 35/64 — 9/16 — 37/64 — 19/32 39/64 5/8 — 41/64 — 21/32 — 43/64 11/16 45/64 — 23/32 — 47/64 — 3/4 49/64 25/32 — 51/64 13/16 — 53/64 27/32 55/64 — 7/8 57/64 — 29/32 59/64 15/16 — 61/64 31/32 — 63/64 1 — 1-1/32 1-1/16 — 1-3/32 — 1-1/8 — 1-5/32 — 1-3/16 1-7/32
.5118 .5156 .531 .547 .5512 .563 .571 .578 .5906 .594 .609 .625 .6299 .6406 .6496 .658 .6693 .672 .6875 .703 .7087 .719 .7283 .734 .7480 .750 .7656 .781 ..7874 .797 .8125 .8268 .828 .844 .859 .8661 .875 .8906 .9055 .9062 .922 .9375 .9449 .953 .969 .9843 .9844 1.000 1.0236 1.0312 1.062 1.063 1.094 1.1024 1.125 1.1417 1.156 1.1811 1.1875 1.219
Millimeters 13.0 13.097 13.494 13.891 14.0 14.288 14.5 14.684 15.0 15.081 15.478 15.875 16.0 16.272 16.5 16.669 17.0 17.066 17.463 17.859 18.0 18.256 18.5 18.653 19.0 19.050 19.447 19.844 20.0 20.241 20.638 21.0 21.034 21.431 21.828 22.0 22.225 22.622 23.0 23.019 23.416 23.813 24.0 24.209 24.606 25.0 25.003 25.400 26.0 26.194 26.988 27.0 27.781 28.0 28.575 29.0 29.369 30.0 30.163 30.956
Inches Fractions Decimals — 1-1/4 — 1-9/32 — 1-5/16 — 1-11/32 1-3/8 — 1-13/32 — 1-7/16 — 1-15/32 — 1-1/2 1-17/32 — 1-9/16 — 1-19/32 — 1-5/8 — 1-21/32 1-11/16 — 1-23/32 — 1-3/4 — 1-25/32 — 1-13/16 1-27/32 — 1-7/8 — 1-29/32 — 1-15/16 — 1-31/32 2 — 2-1/32 — 2-1/6 — 2-3/32 2-1/8 — 2-5/32 — 2-3/16 — 2-7/32 — 2-1/4
1.2205 1.250 1.2598 1.281 1.2992 1.312 1.3386 1.344 1.375 1.3779 1.406 1.4173 1.438 1.4567 1.469 1.4961 1.500 1.531 1.5354 1.562 1.5748 1.594 1.6142 1.625 1.6535 1.6562 1.6875 1.6929 1.719 1.7323 1.750 1.7717 1.781 1.8110 1.8125 1.844 1.8504 1.875 1.8898 1.9062 1.9291 1.9375 1.9685 1.969 2.000 2.0079 2.03125 2.0472 2.062 2.0866 2.094 2.125 2.126 2.156 2.165 2.1875 2.2047 2.219 2.244 2.250
Millimeters 31.0 31.750 32.0 32.544 33.0 33.338 34.0 34.131 34.925 35.0 35.719 36.0 36.513 37.0 37.306 38.0 38.100 38.894 39.0 39.688 40.0 40.481 41.0 41.275 42.0 42.069 42.863 43.0 43.656 44.0 44.450 45.0 45.244 46.0 46.038 46.831 47.0 47.625 48.0 48.419 49.0 49.213 50.0 50.006 50.800 51.0 51.594 52.0 52.388 53.0 53.181 53.975 54.0 54.769 55.0 55.563 56.0 56.356 57.0 57.150
FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND MILLIMETERS
Inches Fractions Decimals 2-9/32 — 2-5/16 — 2-11/32 — 2-3/8 — 2-13/32 2-7/16 — 2-15/32 — 2-1/2 — 2-17/32 — 2-9/16 2-19/32 — 2-5/8 — 2-21/32 — 2-11/16 — 2-23/32 2-3/4 — 2-25/32 — 2-13/16 — 2-27/32 — 2-7/8 2-29/32 — 2-15/16 — 2-31/32 — 3 3-1/32 — 3-1/16 — 3-3/32 — 3-1/8 — 3-5/32 3-3/16 — 3-7/32 — 3-1/4 — 3-9/32 —
2.281 2.2835 2.312 2.3228 2.344 2.3622 2.375 2.4016 2.406 2.438 2.4409 2.469 2.4803 2.500 2.5197 2.531 2.559 2.562 2.594 2.5984 2.625 2.638 2.656 2.6772 2.6875 2.7165 2.719 2.750 2.7559 2.781 2.7953 2.8125 2.8346 2.844 2.8740 2.875 2.9062 2.9134 2.9375 2.9527 2.969 2.9921 3.000 3.0312 3.0315 3.062 3.0709 3.094 3.1102 3.125 3.1496 3.156 3.1875 3.1890 3.219 3.2283 3.250 3.2677 3.281 3.3071
Millimeters 57.944 58.0 58.738 59.0 59.531 60.0 60.325 61.0 61.119 61.913 62.0 62.706 63.0 63.500 64.0 64.294 65.0 65.088 65.881 66.0 66.675 67.0 67.469 68.0 68.263 69.0 69.056 69.850 70.0 70.6439 71.0 71.4376 72.0 72.2314 73.0 73.025 73.819 74.0 74.613 75.0 75.406 76.0 76.200 76.994 77.0 77.788 78.0 78.581 79.0 79.581 80.0 80.169 80.963 81.0 81.756 82.0 82.550 83.0 83.344 84.0
Inches Fractions Decimals
Millimeters
3-5/16 3-11/32 — 3-3/8 — 3-13/32 — 3-7/16 — 3-15/32 3-1/2 — 3-17/32 — 3-9/16 — 3-19/32 — 3-5/8 3-21/32 — 3-11/16 — 3-23/32 — 3-3/4 — 3-25/32 3-13/16 — 3-27/32 — 3-7/8 — 3-29/32 — 3-15/16 3-31/32 — 4 4-1/16 4-1/8 — 4-3/16 4-1/4 4-5/16 — 4-3/8 4-7/16 4-1/2 — 4-9/16 4-5/8 4-11/16 — 4-3/4 4-13/16 4-7/8 — 4-15/16
84.1377 84.9314 85.0 85.725 86.0 86.519 87.0 87.313 88.0 88.108 88.900 89.0 89.694 90.0 90.4877 91.0 91.281 92.0 92.075 92.869 93.0 93.663 94.0 94.456 95.0 95.250 96.0 96.044 96.838 97.0 97.631 98.0 98.425 99.0 99.219 100.0 100.013 100.806 101.0 101.600 103.188 104.775 105.0 106.363 107.950 109.538 110.0 111.125 112.713 114.300 115.0 115.888 117.475 119.063 120.0 120.650 122.238 123.825 125.0 125.413
3.312 3.344 3.3464 3.375 3.3858 3.406 3.4252 3.438 3.4648 3.469 3.500 3.5039 3.531 3.5433 3.562 3.5827 3.594 3.622 3.625 3.656 3.6614 3.6875 3.7008 3.719 3.7401 3.750 3.7795 3.781 3.8125 3.8189 3.844 3.8583 3.875 3.8976 3.9062 3.9370 3.9375 3.969 3.9764 4.000 4.062 4.125 4.1338 4.1875 4.250 4.312 4.3307 4.375 4.438 4.500 4.5275 4.562 4.625 4.6875 4.7244 4.750 4.8125 4.875 4.9212 4.9375
Inches Fractions Decimals 5 — 5-1/4 5-1/2 — 5-3/4 — 6 6-1/4 — 6-1/2 — 6-3/4 7 — — 7-1/2 — 8 — 8-1/2 — 9 — — 9-1/2 — 10 — — 11 — — — 12 13 — 14 15 — 16 17 — 18 19 — 20
5.000 5.1181 5.250 5.500 5.5118 5.750 5.9055 6.000 6.250 6.2992 6.500 6.6929 6.750 7.000 7.0866 7.4803 7.500 7.8740 8.000 8.2677 8.500 8.6614 9.000 9.0551 9.4488 9.500 9.8425 10.000 10.2362 10.6299 11.000 11.0236 11.4173 11.8110 12.000 13.000 13.7795 14.000 15.000 15.7480 16.000 17.000 17.7165 18.000 19.000 19.6850 20.000
Millimeters 127.000 130.0 133.350 139.700 140.0 146.050 150.0 152.400 158.750 160.0 165.100 170.0 171.450 177.800 180.0 190.0 190.500 200.0 203.200 210.0 215.900 220.0 228.600 230.0 240.0 241.300 250.0 254.001 260.0 270.0 279.401 280.0 290.0 300.0 304.801 330.201 350.0 355.601 381.001 400.0 406.401 431.801 450.0 457.201 482.601 500.0 508.001
METRIC/INCH CONVERSION TABLE
METRIC/INCH CONVERSION TABLE
CYLINDER PUSH AND PULL FORCES SQUARE HEAD “HIGH PRESSURE” CYLINDERS Working Pressure of Hydraulic Fluid P.S.I. BORE
AREA
ROD
SIZE
50
100
250
500
1000
1500
2000
3000
5000
1-1/2
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
5/8 1
88 73 49
177 146 98
443 365 245
885 730 490
1,770 1,460 980
2,655 2,190 1,470
3.540 2,920 1,960
5,310 4,380 2,940
8,850 7,300 4,900
2
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
1 1-3/8
157 118 83
314 236 166
785 590 415
1,570 1,180 830
3,140 2,360 1,660
4,710 3,540 2,490
6,280 4,720 3,320
9,420 7,080 4,980
15,700 11,800 8,300
2-1/2
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
1 1-3/4
246 206 125
491 412 250
1,228 1,030 625
2,455 2,060 1,250
4,910 4,120 2,500
7,265 6,180 3,750
9,820 8,240 5,000
14,730 12,360 7,500
24,550 20,600 12,500
3-1/2
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
1-3/8 2
415 341 258
830 681 515
2,075 1,703 1,288
4,150 3,405 2,575
8,300 6,810 5,150
12,450 10,215 7,725
16,600 13,620 10,300
24,900 20,430 15,450
41,500 34,050 25,750
4
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
1-3/4 2-1/2
628 508 383
1,257 1,016 766
3,143 2,540 1,916
6,285 5,080 3,830
12,570 10,160 7,660
18,855 15,240 11,490
25,140 20,320 15,320
37,710 30,480 22,980
62,850 50,800 38,300
5
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
2 3-1/2
982 825 500
1,964 1,649 1,001
4,910 4,123 2,503
9,820 8,245 5,005
19,640 16,490 10,010
29,460 24,735 15,015
39,280 32,980 20,020
58,920 49,470 30,030
98,200 82,450 50,050
6
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
2-1/2 4
1,413 1,168 786
2,827 2,336 1,571
7,068 5,840 3,928
14,135 11,680 7,855
28,270 23,360 15,710
42,405 35,040 23,565
56,540 46,720 31,420
84,810 70,080 47,130
141,350 116,800 78,550
7
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
3 5
1,924 1,571 942
3,849 3,142 1,885
9,623 7,855 4,713
19,245 15,710 9,425
38,490 31,420 18,850
57,735 47,130 28,275
76,980 62,840 37,700
115,470 94,260 56,550
192,450 157,100 94,250
8
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
3-1/2 5-1/2
2,514 2,032 1,326
5,027 4,064 2,651
12,568 10,160 6,628
25,135 20,320 13,255
50,270 40,640 26,510
75,405 100,540 60,960 81,280 39,765 53,020
150,810 121,920 79,530
251,350 203,200 132,550
10
PUSH PULL PULL
— STD 2:1
4-1/2 7
3,927 3,132 2,003
7,854 6,264 4,006
19,635 15,660 10,015
39,270 31,320 20,030
78,540 62,640 40,060
117,810 157,080 93,960 125,280 60,090 80,120
235,620 187,920 120,180
392,700 313,200 200,300
This table is a ready reference of forces available from either end from various cylinder and rod sizes at a range of pressures. For pressures intermediate between those shown, add force values from two or more pressures whose sum equals the given operating pressure.
Figures shown are inch pounds
RPM
Horse Power 7 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
63,025 31,512 21,009 15,756 12,605
126,050 63,025 42,017 31,512 25,210
189,076 94,538 63,025 47,269 37,815
252,100 126,050 84,036 63,025 50,420
315,125 157,563 105,042 78,781 63,025
378,150 189,075 126,050 94,538 75,630
441,175 220,588 147,058 110,294 88,236
504,200 252,100 168,067 126,050 100,840
567,225 283,613 189,075 141,806 113,445
630,250 315,125 210,083 157,563 126,050
945,375 472,688 315,125 236,344 189,076
15
105,042 630,250 420,167 315,125 252,100
131,302 787,813 525,208 393,906 315,125
6 7 8 9 10
10,506 9,004 7,878 7,003 6,303
21,009 18,007 15,756 14,006 12,605
31,513 27,011 23,634 21,010 18,908
42,017 36,016 31,512 28,011 25,210
52,521 45,018 39,391 35,014 31,512
63,025 54,021 47,269 42,017 37,815
73,529 63,025 55,147 49,019 44,118
84,033 72,029 63,025 56,022 50,420
94,538 81,032 70,903 63,025 56,723
105,040 90,036 78,780 70,030 63,025
157,563 135,054 118,172 105,042 94,538
210,083 180,071 157,563 140,056 126,050
262,604 225,089 196,953 175,069 157,563
20 25 30 40 50
3,151 2,521 2,101 1,576 1,261
6,303 5,042 4,202 3,151 2,521
9,454 7,563 6,303 4,727 3,782
12,605 10,084 8,403 6,303 5,042
15,756 12,605 10,504 7,878 6,303
18,908 15,126 12,605 9,454 7,563
22,059 17,647 14,705 11,029 8,824
25,210 20,168 16,807 12,605 10,084
28,316 22,689 18,908 14,181 11,345
31,512 25,210 21,009 15,756 12,605
47,269 37,815 31,513 23,634 18,908
63,025 50,420 42,017 31,513 25,210
78,781 63,025 52,521 39,391 31,513
60 70 75 80 90
1,050 900 840 788 700
2,101 1,801 1,681 1,576 1,400
3,151 2,701 2,521 2,363 2,101
4,202 3,601 3,361 3,151 2,801
5,252 4,502 4,202 3,939 3,501
6,303 5,402 5,042 4,727 4,202
7,353 6,303 5,882 5,515 4,902
8,403 7,203 6,723 6,303 5,602
9,454 8,103 7,563 7,090 6,303
10,504 9,004 8,403 7,878 7,003
15,756 13,506 12,605 11,817 10,504
21,009 18,007 16,806 15,756 14,006
26,260 22,509 21,008 19,695 17,507
100 150 200 250 300
630 420 315 252 210
1,261 840 630 504 420
1,891 1,261 945 756 630
2,521 1,681 1,261 1,008 840
3,151 2,101 1,575 1,260 1,050
3,782 2,251 1,891 1,531 1,261
4,412 2,941 2,206 1,765 1,471
5,042 3,361 2,521 2,017 1,681
5,672 3,781 2,836 2,269 1,891
6,303 4,202 3,151 2,521 2,101
9,453 6,303 4,727 3,782 3,151
12,605 8,403 6,303 5,042 4,202
15,758 10,504 7,878 6,303 5,252
350 400 450 500 550
180 158 141 126 115
360 315 280 252 229
540 473 420 378 344
720 630 560 504 458
900 788 700 630 573
1,080 945 840 756 688
1,261 1,104 980 882 802
1,441 1,261 1,120 1,008 917
1,621 1,418 1,261 1,134 1,031
1,801 1,576 1,401 1,261 1,146
2,701 2,364 2,101 1,891 1,719
3,601 3,151 2,801 2,521 2,292
4,502 3,939 3,501 3,151 2,865
600 650 700 750 800
105 97 90 84 79
210 194 180 168 158
315 291 270 252 236
420 388 360 336 315
525 485 450 420 393
630 582 540 504 473
735 679 630 588 551
840 776 720 672 630
945 873 810 756 709
1,050 970 900 840 788
1,576 1,454 1,351 1,261 1,182
2,101 1,939 1,801 1,681 1,576
2,626 2,424 2,251 2,101 1,970
850 900 950 1000 1100
74 70 66 63 57
148 140 133 126 115
222 210 199 189 172
297 280 265 252 229
371 350 332 315 286
445 420 398 378 344
519 490 464 441 401
593 560 531 504 458
667 630 597 567 516
741 700 663 630 573
1,112 1,050 995 945 860
1,483 1,400 1,327 1,261 1,146
1,854 1,751 1,659 1,576 1,432
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600
53 48 45 42 39
105 97 90 84 79
158 145 135 126 118
210 194 180 168 158
263 242 225 210 197
315 291 270 252 236
368 339 315 294 276
420 388 360 336 315
473 436 405 378 355
525 485 450 420 394
788 727 675 630 591
1,050 970 900 840 788
1,313 1,212 1,125 1,050 985
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
37 35 33 32 30
74 70 66 63 60
111 105 100 95 90
148 140 133 126 120
185 175 166 158 150
222 210 199 189 180
260 245 232 221 210
296 280 265 252 240
334 315 299 284 270
371 350 332 315 300
556 525 498 473 450
741 700 663 630 600
927 875 829 788 750
2200 2300 2400 2500 2750
29 27 26 25 23
57 55 53 50 46
86 82 79 76 69
115 110 105 101 92
143 137 131 126 115
172 164 158 151 138
201 192 184 176 160
229 219 210 202 183
258 247 236 227 206
286 274 263 252 229
430 411 394 378 344
573 548 525 504 458
716 685 657 630 573
3000 3250 3500 3750 4000
21 19 18 17 16
42 39 36 34 32
63 58 54 50 47
84 78 72 67 63
105 97 90 84 79
126 116 108 101 95
147 136 126 118 110
168 155 144 134 126
189 175 162 151 142
210 194 180 168 158
315 291 270 252 236
420 388 360 336 315
525 485 450 420 394
4250 4500 4750 5000 6000
15 14 13 13 11
30 28 27 25 21
44 42 40 38 32
59 56 53 50 42
74 70 66 63 53
89 84 80 76 63
104 98 93 88 74
119 112 106 101 84
133 126 119 113 95
148 140 133 126 105
222 210 199 189 158
297 280 265 252 210
371 350 332 315 263
7000 8000 9000 10000
9 8 7 6
18 16 14 13
27 24 21 19
36 32 28 25
45 39 35 32
54 47 42 38
63 55 49 44
72 63 56 50
81 71 63 57
90 79 70 63
135 118 105 95
180 158 140 126
225 197 175 158
FLUID MOTOR TORQUE
FLUID MOTOR TORQUE
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SPEEDS
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SPEEDS (Inches/Minute) PISTON ROD DIAMETER DIAMETER
1 1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
5
6
8
10
— 1/2 — 5/8 1 — 3/4 1 1-3/8 — 1 1-3/8 1-3/4 — 1 1-1/2 2 — 1-1/4 1-3/4 2 — 1-1/4 1-3/4 2 2-1/2 — 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 — 1-3/4 2-1/2 3 3-1/2 4 — 3-1/2 4 5 5-1/2 — 4-1/2 5 5-1/2 7
FLOW - GPM 1
298 392 130 158 235 73 85 97 139 47 56 67 92 32 36 43 58 24 27 32 35 18 20 22 24 30 12 13 14 16 18 22 8 9 10 11 12 15 4 5-1/2 6 7-1/2 8-1/2 3 3-1//2 4 4-1/2 5-1/2
This chart is based on the formula V=
2
596 784 260 316 470 146 170 184 278 94 112 134 184 64 72 86 116 48 54 64 70 36 40 44 48 60 24 26 28 32 36 44 16 18 20 22 24 30 8 11 12 15 17 6 7 8 9 11
3
894 1176 392 476 706 221 257 294 418 141 168 203 277 98 110 131 176 72 82 96 107 55 61 68 73 90 35 39 42 47 55 66 24 27 30 33 37 44 14 17 18 22 26 9 11 12 13 17
5
10
12
1490 1960 654 792 1176 368 428 490 697 235 280 339 463 163 184 218 294 120 137 160 178 92 102 113 122 150 58 64 70 78 92 111 41 45 50 54 62 73 23 28 30 38 43 15 18 20 21 29
1308 1584 2352 736 956 980 1394 470 560 678 926 326 368 436 588 240 274 320 356 184 204 226 244 300 116 128 140 156 184 222 82 90 100 108 124 146 46 56 60 76 86 30 36 40 42 58
883 1025 1175 1673 565 672 813 1110 392 440 523 705 288 330 384 428 220 244 273 294 362 141 155 168 188 220 266 98 107 118 130 148 176 55 68 73 90 104 35 44 47 50 69
231 x GPM EFF. CYL. AREA (Sq. Inches)
15
20
25
50
1120 1283 1465 2090 675 840 1015 1385 490 551 655 882 360 411 480 534 276 306 339 366 450 174 193 210 235 275 333 123 135 150 165 185 220 69 85 90 114 129 44 55 60 63 87
940 1120 1355 1850 653 735 872 1175 480 548 640 712 368 408 452 488 600 232 258 280 315 365 444 162 180 200 206 245 295 92 115 122 150 172 60 75 80 84 115
1175 1400 1695 2310 817 920 1090 1470 600 685 800 890 460 510 565 610 750 290 320 350 390 460 555 202 225 250 270 310 365 115 140 150 185 215 73 92 100 105 145
1200 1370 1600 1780 920 1020 1130 1220 1500 580 640 700 780 920 1110 404 450 500 540 620 730 230 280 300 375 430 146 184 200 210 290
75
870 960 1050 1170 1380 1665 606 675 750 810 930 1095 345 420 450 555 645 220 275 300 315 435
Required to Drive a Hydraulic Pump
GPM
1/2 1 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 100
100
.04 .07 .10 .14 .17 .21 .24 .28 .34 .41 .48 .55 .62 .69 .76 .83 .89 .96 1.03 1.10 1.17 1.24 1.30 1.37 1.72 2.06 2.40 2.75 3.09 3.43 3.78 4.12 4.46 4.81 5.15 5.49 6.18 6.86
200
.07 .14 .21 .28 .34 .41 .48 .55 .69 .82 .96 1.10 1.24 1.37 1.51 1.65 1.79 1.92 2.06 2.20 2.33 2.47 2.61 2.75 3.43 4.12 4.81 5.49 6.18 6.86 7.55 8.24 8.92 9.61 10.3 11.0 12.4 13.7
250
.09 .17 .26 .34 .43 .52 .60 .69 .86 1.03 1.20 1.37 1.55 1.62 1.89 2.06 2.23 2.40 2.57 2.75 2.92 3.09 3.26 3.43 4.29 5.15 6.01 6.86 7.72 8.58 9.44 10.3 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.7 15.4 17.2
This chart is based on the formula HP =
PUMP PRESSURE PSI 300 400 500 750
.10 .21 .31 .41 .52 .62 .72 .82 1.03 1.24 1.44 1.65 1.85 2.06 2.27 2.47 2.68 2.88 3.09 3.30 3.50 3.71 3.91 4.12 5.15 6.18 7.21 8.24 9.27 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.4 14.4 15.4 16.5 18.5 20.6
.14 .28 .41 .55 .69 .83 .96 1.10 1.32 1.65 1.92 2.20 2.47 2.75 3.02 3.30 3.57 3.84 4.12 4.39 4.68 4.94 5.22 5.49 6.86 8.24 9.61 11.0 12.4 13.7 15.1 16.5 17.8 19.2 20.6 22.0 24.7 27.5
.17 .34 .52 .69 .86 1.03 1.20 1.37 1.72 2.06 2.40 2.75 3.09 3.43 3.78 4.12 4.46 4.81 5.15 5.49 5.83 6.18 6.52 6.86 8.58 10.3 12.0 13.7 15.4 17.2 18.9 20.6 22.3 24.0 25.7 27.5 30.9 34.4
.26 .52 .77 1.03 1.29 1.54 1.80 2.06 2.57 3.09 3.60 4.12 4.63 5.15 5.66 6.18 6.69 7.21 7.72 8.24 8.75 9.27 9.78 10.3 12.9 15.4 18.0 20.6 23.2 25.7 28.3 30.9 33.5 36.0 38.6 41.2 46.3 51.5
1000
.34 .69 1.03 1.37 1.72 2.06 2.40 2.75 3.43 4.12 4.81 5.49 6.18 6.86 7.55 8.24 8.92 9.61 10.3 11.0 11.7 12.4 13.0 13.7 17.2 20.6 24.0 27.5 31.0 34.3 37.8 41.2 44.6 48.0 51.4 54.9 61.8 68.6
1250
1500
2000
.43 .86 1.29 1.72 2.15 2.57 3.00 3.43 4.29 5.15 6.01 6.86 7.72 8.58 9.44 10.3 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.7 14.6 15.4 16.3 17.2 21.5 25.7 30.0 34.3 38.6 42.9 47.2 51.5 55.8 60.1 64.3 68.6 77.2 85.8
.52 1.03 1.54 2.06 2.58 3.09 3.60 4.12 5.15 6.18 7.21 8.24 9.27 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.4 14.4 15.4 16.5 17.5 18.5 19.6 21.6 25.8 30.9 36.0 41.2 46.3 51.5 56.6 61.8 66.9 72.1 77.2 82.4 92.7 103.0
.69 1.37 2.06 2.75 3.43 4.12 4.81 5.49 6.86 8.24 9.61 11.0 12.4 13.8 15.1 16.5 17.8 19.2 20.6 22.0 23.3 24.7 26.1 27.5 34.3 41.2 48.0 54.9 61.8 68.6 75.5 83.4 89.2 96.1 103.0 109.8 123.6 137.3
GPM x PSI 1714 x EFFICIENCY
For the purposes of this chart, pump efficiency was assumed to be 85%. As horsepower varies directly with flow or pressure, multiply proportionately to determine values not shown. For instance, at 4000 PSI multiply 2000 PSI values by 2.
ELECTRIC MOTOR HORSEPOWER
ELECTRIC MOTOR HORSEPOWER
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES 580
AREAS AND CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES Dia.
Circum.
1/64 1/32 3/64
.04909 .09818 .14726
1/16 5/64 3/32 7/64
Area
Dia.
Circum.
Area
Dia.
.00019 .00077 .00173
1 1/16 1/8 3/16
3.1416 3.3379 3.5343 3.7306
.7854 .8866 .9940 1.1075
5 1/8 1/4 3/8
15.708 16.101 16.493 16.886
19.635 20.629 21.648 22.691
12 1/4 1/2 3/4
37.699 38.485 39.270 40.055
113.10 117.86 122.72 127.68
24 1/4 1/2 3/4
75.398 76.184 76.969 77.764
452.39 461.86 471.44 481.11
.1965 .24544 .29452 .34361
.00307 .00479 .00690 .00940
1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16
3.9270 4.1233 4.3197 4.5160
1.2272 1.3530 1.4849 1.6230
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
17.279 17.671 18.064 18.457
23.758 24.850 25.967 27.109
13 1/4 1/2 3/4
40.841 41.626 42.412 43.197
132.73 137.89 143.14 148.49
25 1/4 1/2 3/4
78.540 79.325 80.111 80.896
490.87 500.74 510.71 520.77
1/8 9/64 5/32 11/64
.39270 .44179 .49087 .53996
.01227 .01553 .01917 .02320
1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16
4.7124 4.9087 5.1051 5.3014
1.7671 1.9175 2.0739 2.2365
6 1/8 1/4 3/8
18.850 19.242 19.635 20.028
28.274 29.465 30.680 31.919
14 1/4 1/2 3/4
43.982 44.768 45.553 46.338
153.94 159.48 165.13 170.87
26 1/4 1/2 3/4
81.681 82.467 83.252 84.038
530.93 541.19 551.55 562.00
3/16 13/64 7/32 15/64
.58905 .63814 .68722 .73631
.02761 .03241 .03758 .04314
3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16
5.4978 5.6941 5.8905 6.0868
2.4053 2.5802 2.7612 2.9483
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
20.420 20.813 21.206 21.598
33.183 34.472 35.785 37.122
15 1/4 1/2 3/4
47.124 47.909 48.695 49.480
176.71 182.65 188.69 194.83
27 1/4 1/2 3/4
84.823 85.608 86.394 87.179
572.56 583.21 593.96 604.81
1/4 17/64 9/32 19/64
.78540 .83449 .88357 .93266
.04909 .05542 .06213 .06922
2 1/16 1/8 3/16
6.2832 6.4795 6.6759 6.8722
3.1416 3.3410 3.5466 3.7583
7 1/8 1/4 3/8
21.991 22.384 22.776 23.169
38.485 39.871 41.282 42.718
16 1/4 1/2 3/4
50.265 51.051 51.836 52.622
201.06 207.39 213.82 220.35
28 1/4 1/2 3/4
87.965 88.750 89.535 90.321
615.75 626.80 637.94 649.18
5/16 21/64 11/32 23/64
.98175 1.03084 1.0799 1.1290
.07670 .08456 .09281 .10143
1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16
7.0686 7.2649 7.4613 7.6576
3.9761 4.2000 4.4301 4.6664
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
23.562 23.955 24.347 24.740
44.179 45.664 47.173 48.707
17 1/4 1/2 3/4
53.407 54.192 54.978 55.763
226.98 233.71 240.53 247.45
29 1/4 1/2 3/4
91.106 91.892 92.677 93.462
660.52 671.96 683.49 695.13
3/8 25/64 13/32 27/64
1.1781 1.2272 1.2763 1.3254
.11045 .11984 .12962 .13978
1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16
7.8540 8.0503 8.2467 8.4430
4.9087 5.1572 5.4119 5.6727
8 1/8 1/4 3/8
25.133 25.525 25.918 26.311
50.265 51.849 53.456 55.088
18 1/4 1/2 3/4
56.549 57.334 58.119 58.905
254.47 261.59 268.80 276.12
30 1/4 1/2 3/4
94.248 95.033 95.819 96.604
708.86 718.69 730.62 742.64
7/16 29/64 15/32 31/64
1.3744 1.4235 1.4726 1.5217
.15033 .16126 .17257 .18427
3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16
8.6394 8.8357 9.0321 9.2284
5.9396 6.2126 6.4918 6.7771
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
26.704 27.096 27.489 27.882
56.745 58.426 60.132 61.862
19 1/4 1/2 3/4
59.690 60.476 61.261 62.046
283.53 291.04 298.65 306.35
31 1/4 1/2 3/4
97.389 98.175 98.960 99.746
754.77 766.99 779.31 791.73
1/2 17/32 9/16 19/32
1.5708 1.6690 1.7671 1.8653
.19635 .22166 .24850 .27688
3 1/8 1/4 3/8
9.4248 9.8175 10.210 10.603
7.0686 7.6699 8.2958 8.9462
9 1/8 1/4 3/8
28.274 28.667 29.060 29.452
63.617 65.397 67.201 69.029
20 1/4 1/2 3/4
62.832 63.617 64.403 65.188
314.16 322.06 330.06 338.16
32 1/4 1/2 3/4
100.531 101.316 102.102 102.887
804.25 816.86 829.58 842.39
5/8 21/32 11/16 23/32
1.9635 2.0617 2.1598 2.2580
.30680 .33824 .37122 .40574
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
10.996 11.388 11.781 12.174
9.6211 10.321 11.045 11.793
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
29.845 30.238 30.631 31.023
70.882 72.760 74.662 76.589
21 1/4 1/2 3/4
65.973 66.759 67.544 68.330
346.36 354.66 363.05 371.54
33 1/4 1/2 3/4
103.673 104.458 105.243 106.029
855.30 868.31 881.41 894.62
3/4 25/32 13/16 27/32
2.3562 2.4544 2.5525 2.6507
.44179 .47937 .51849 .55914
4 1/8 1/4 3/8
12.566 12.959 13.352 13.744
12.566 13.364 14.186 15.033
10 1/4 1/2 3/4
31.416 32.201 32.987 33.772
78.540 82.516 86.590 90.763
22 1/4 1/2 3/4
69.115 69.900 70.686 71.471
380.13 388.82 397.61 406.49
34 1/4 1/2 3/4
106.814 107.600 108.385 109.170
907.92 921.32 934.82 948.42
7/8 29/32 15/16 31/32
2.7489 2.8471 2.9452 3.0434
.60132 .64504 .69029 .73708
1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8
14.137 14.530 14.923 15.315
15.904 16.800 17.721 18.665
11 1/4 1/2 3/4
34.558 35.343 36.128 36.914
95.033 99.402 103.87 108.43
23 1/4 1/2 3/4
72.257 73.042 73.827 74.613
415.48 424.56 433.74 443.01
35 1/4 1/2 3/4
109.956 962.11 110.741 975.91 111.527 989.80 112.312 1003.8
WORLDWIDE PHONE 1-727-796-1300 FAX 1-727-797-8849
Circum.
Area
SALES OFFICE HOURS 8 A.M. TO 8 P.M. EASTERN TIME www.herculeshydraulics.com
Dia.
Circum.
Area
Dia.
Circum.
Area
NORTH AMERICA PHONE 1-800-333-5617 FAX 1-800-759-6391
BASIC FORMULAS FORMULA FOR:
WORD FORMULA
LETTER FORMULA
FLUID PRESSURE In Pounds/Square Inch
PRESSURE
=
FORCE (pounds) UNIT AREA (Square Inches)
P
=
F A
FLUID FLOW RATE In Gallons/Minute
FLOW RATE
=
VOLUME (Gallons) UNIT TIME (Minutes)
Q
=
V T
FLUID POWER In Horsepower
HORSEPOWER
=
PRESSURE (PSI) X FLOW (GPM) 1714
HP =
or psi =
F A
PQ 1714
FLUID FORMULAS VELOCITY THROUGH PIPING In Feet/Second Velocity COMPRESSIBILITY OF OIL In Additional Required Oil To Reach Pressure
COMPRESSIBILITY OF A FLUID
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A FLUID
VALVE (CV) FLOW FACTOR
.3208 x FLOW RATE THROUGH I.D. (GPM) INTERNAL AREA (Square Inches)
V
=
.3208Q A
VA
=
PV * 250,000
VELOCITY
=
ADDITIONAL VOLUME
=
COMPRESSIBILITY
=
1 BULK MODULUS OF THE FLUID
C(ß) =
1 BM
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
=
WEIGHT OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF FLUID WEIGHT OF ONE CUBIC FOOT OF WATER
SG =
W 62.4283
VALVE FACTOR (CV)
=
FLOW RATE (GPM) x SPECIFIC GRAVITY PRESSURE DROP (PSI)
CV
PRESSURE (PSI) x VOLUME OF OIL UNDER PRESSURE
250,000 (Approx.)
=
Q
* Approximately 1/2 % per 1000 psi
SG ∆P
VISCOSITY IN CENTISTOKES
For Viscosities of 32 to 100 Saybolt Universal Seconds: 194.4 CENTISTOKES = .2253 x SUS – SUS
VISCOSITY IN CENTISTOKES
For Viscosities of 100 to 240 Saybolt Universal Seconds: 134.6 CENTISTOKES = .2193 x SUS – SUS
134.6 CS = .2193 SUS – SUS
VISCOSITY IN CENTISTOKES
For Viscosities Greater Than 240 Saybolt Universal Seconds: SUS CENTISTOKES = 4.635
CS =
CS = .2253 SUS –
194.4 SUS
SUS 4.635
NOTE: Saybolt Universal Seconds is often abbreviated SSU.
PUMP FORMULAS PUMP OUTLET FLOW In Gallons/Minute
FLOW
=
RPM X PUMP DISPLACEMENT (Cu. In./Rev.) 231
PUMP INPUT POWER In Horsepower Required
HORSEPOWER INPUT
=
FLOW RATE OUTPUT (GPM) X PRESSURE (psi) 1714 X EFFICIENCY (Overall)
PUMP EFFICIENCY Overall in Percent
OVERALL EFFICIENCY
=
OVERALL EFFICIENCY
=
PUMP EFFICIENCY Overall in Percent
VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY =
PUMP EFFICIENCY Mechanical in Percent
MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY =
PUMP LIFE B10 BEARING LIFE
B10 HOURS OF BEARING LIFE
Q
HPIN =
OUTPUT HORSEPOWER X 100 INPUT HORSEPOWER
EffOV =
VOLUMETRIC Eff. X MECHANICAL Eff.
RATED SPEED (RPM)
X 100 RATED PRESSURE (PSI) 3
(
nd 231 QP GPM X psi or 1714 Eff 1714 Eff HPOUT X 100 HPIN
EffOV = EffVOL. X EffMECH.
ACTUAL FLOW RATE OUTPUT (GPM) X 100 THEORETICAL FLOW RATE OUTPUT (GPM) THEORETICAL TORQUE TO DRIVE ACTUAL TORQUE TO DRIVE
=
= RATED LIFE HOURS X NEW SPEED (RPM) X NEW PRESSURE (PSI)
)
EffVOL =
OACT. X 100 OTHEO.
EffMEC=
TTHEO. X 100 TACT.
B10
RPMR
= RATED HRS.X RPMN X
3
( ) PR PN
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
FLUID POWER FORMULAS ACTUATOR FORMULAS FORMULA FOR: CYLINDER AREA In Square Inches
WORD FORMULA AREA
LETTER FORMULA
=
π X RADIUS2 (Inches)
A
=
πr2
=
π 2 4 X DIAMETER (Inches )
A
=
πD2 2 4 or A = .785D
CYLINDER FORCE In Pounds, Push or Pull
FORCE
=
PRESSURE (psi) X NET AREA (Square Inches)
F
=
psi X A or F = PA
CYLINDER VELOCITY or SPEED In Feet/Second
VELOCITY
=
231 X FLOW RATE (GPM) 12 X 60 X NET AREA (Square Inches)
F
=
231Q .3208Q 720A or V = A
CYLINDER VOLUME CAPACITY In Gallons of Fluid
VELOCITY
=
π X RADIUS2 (Inches) X STROKE (Inches) 231
V
=
πr2 l 231
=
NET AREA (Square Inches) X STROKE (Inches) 231
V
=
Al Length of Stroke 231 l =
CYLINDER FLOW RATE In Gallons Per Minute
FLOW RATE
=
12 X 60 X VELOCITY (Feet/Sec.) X NET AREA (Square Inches) 231
Q
=
720vA 231 or Q = 3.117vA
FLUID MOTOR TORQUE In Inch Pounds
TORQUE
=
PRESSURE (psi) X F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. In./Rev.) 2π
T
=
psi d 2π or T =
=
HORSEPOWER X 63025 RPM
T
=
=
FLOW RATE (GPM) X PRESSURE (psi) X 36.77 RPM
T
=
FLUID MOTOR TORQUE/100 psi In Inch Pounds
TORQUE/100 psi =
F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. Inches/Revolution) .0628
T100psi =
d .0628
FLUID MOTOR SPEED In Revolutions/Minute
SPEED
=
231 X FLOW RATE (GPM) F.M. DISPLACEMENT (Cu. Inches/Revolution)
n
=
231Q d
FLUID MOTOR POWER In Horsepower Output
HORSEPOWER
=
TORQUE OUTPUT (Inch Pounds) X RPM 63025
HP =
Tn 63025
Pd 2π
63025 HP n 36.77QP
n
or T =
36.77Qpsi
n
THERMAL FORMULAS RESERVOIR COOLING CAPACITY Based on Adequate Air Circulation
HEAT (BTU/HR)
=
2 X TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RESERVOIR WALLS AND AIR (°F) X AREA OF RESERVOIR (Sq. Ft.)
BTU/HR
=
2.0 X ∆T X A
HEAT IN HYDRAULIC OIL (approx.) Due to System Inefficiency (SG=.89-.92)
HEAT (BTU/HR)
=
FLOW RATE (GPM) X 210 X TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (°F)
BTU/HR
=
Q X 210 X ∆T
HEAT (BTU/HR)
=
FLOW RATE (GPM) X 500 X TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE (°F)
BTU/HR
=
Q X 500 X ∆T
HEAT IN FRESH WATER (approx.)
NOTE: One British Thermal Unit (BTU) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree. One Horsepower = 2545 BTU/HR.
ACCUMULATOR FORMULAS PRESSURE or VOLUME w/ Constant “T” (Temperature)
PRESSURE or TEMPERATURE w/ Constant “V” (Volume)
VOLUME or TEMPERATURE w/ Constant “P” (Pressure)
ORIGINAL PRESSURE X ORIGINAL VOLUME = FINAL PRESSURE X FINAL VOLUME
P1 V1
=
P2 V2 Isothermic
ORIGINAL PRESSURE X FINAL TEMPERATURE = FINAL PRESSURE X ORIGINAL TEMPERATURE
P1 T2
=
P2 T1 Isochoric
ORIGINAL VOLUME X FINAL TEMPERATURE = FINAL VOLUME X ORIGINAL TEMPERATURE
V1 T2
=
V2 T2 Isobaric
P1 V1
=
P2 V2
T2 T1
=
n
PRESSURE or VOLUME
ORIGINAL PRESSURE X ORIGINAL VOLUME = FINAL PRESSURE X FINAL VOLUME
w/ Temperature Change Due to Heat of Compression
FINAL TEMP. ORIG. TEMP.
=
ORIG. VOLUME (FINAL VOLUME)
n-1
=
FINAL PRESSURE (ORIG. PRESSURE )
n
n
n-1/n
n
n-1
(VV ) 1
n-1/n
=
2
(PP ) 2 1
NOTE: Where “P” = psia (ABSOLUTE) = psig (GAUGE PRESSURE) + 14.7 psi
VOLUME & CAPACITY EQUIVALENTS Water at Max. Density 39.2°F 4°C
Cu Inches Cu Feet Cu Yards Liters U.S. Gallons Imp. Gallons Lbs Water
Cubic Inches
Cubic Feet
1 1728 46,656 61.0234 231 277.274 27.6798
.0005787 1 27 .0353145 .133681 .160459 .0160184
Cubic Yards .00002143 .037037 1 .001308 .004951 .0059429 .0005929
Liters
U.S. Gallons
.016384 28.317 764.56 1 3.78543 4.54374 .453592
.004329 7.48052 201.974 .264170 1 1.20032 .119825
Imperial Gallons .0036065 6.23210 168.266 .220083 .833111 1 .0998281
Pounds of Water .0361275 62.4283 1685.56 2.20462 8.34545 10.0172 1
Kilograms of Water .0163872 28.3170 764.559 1 3.78543 4.54373 .453593
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
FLUID POWER FORMULAS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS TO CONVERT Atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres Bar bar bar bar Barrels-Oil BT Units BTUs BTUs BTUs BTUs BTU/Min BTU/min BTU/min BTU/min Centimeters cm cm Cms Mercury cms mercury cms mercury cms mercury cms mercury Cms/Second cms/sec cms/sec cms/sec cms/sec cms/sec Cms/Sec/Sec Cubic Cms cu cms cu cms cu cms cu cms cu cms cu cms cu cms Cubic Feet cu ft cu ft cu ft cu ft cu ft cu ft
INTO cms of mercury ft. of water (at 4°C) in. of mercury (at 0°C) kgs/sq cm kgs/sq meter pounds/sq in. newtons/sq m atmospheres at (tech.) psi gals-oil kg-calories ft-lbs hp-hrs kgs-meters kw-hrs ft-lbs/sec hp kw watts inches meters mm atm ft water kgs/sq meter lbs/sq ft lbs/sq in ft/min ft/sec km/hr meters/min miles/hr miles/min ft/sec/sec cu ft cu in cu meters cu yds gals liters pints (liq) quarts (liq) cubic cms cu inches cu meters cu yds gals liters pints (liq)
MULTIPLY BY 76.0 33.90 29.92 1.0333 10,332 14.70 105 0.9869 1.0197 14.504 42 1.2520 777.9 3.927x10-4 107.5 2.928x10-4 12.96 0.02356 0.01757 17.57 0.3937 0.01 10 0.01316 0.4461 136.0 27.85 0.1934 1.969 0.03281 0.036 0.6 0.02237 3.728x10-4 0.03281 3.531x10-5 6.102x10-2 10-6 1.308x10-6 2.642x10-4 10-3 2.113x10-3 1.057x10-3 2.832x104 1728 0.02832 0.03704 7.48052 28.32 59.84
TO CONVERT cu ft Cu Ft/Min cu ft/min cu ft/min cu ft/min cu ft/min Cu Inches cu ins cu ins cu ins cu ins cu ins cu ins cu ins Cu Meters cu M cu M cu M cu M cu M cu M cu M Cu Yards cu yds cu yds cu yds cu yds Decimeters Degs (Angle) Degs (angle) Degs (angle) Degrees/Sec degs/sec degs/sec Feet ft ft ft Ft of Water ft of w ft of w ft of w ft of w Feet/Min ft/min ft/min ft/min ft/min Ft/Sec/Sec ft/sec/sec
INTO quarts (liq) cu cms/sec gals/sec liters/sec lbs water/min gals/min cc cu ft cu meters cu yds gals liters pints (liq) quarts (liq) cc cu ft cu ins cu yds gals liters pints (liq) quarts (liq) cu cms cu ft cu ins cu meters gals meters minutes radians secs radians/sec revs/min revs/sec cms ins meters yds atms ins mercury kgs/sq cm lbs/sq ft lbs/sq in cms/sec ft/sec kms/hr meters/min miles/hr cms/sec/sec Meters/sec/sec
MULTIPLY BY 29.92 472.0 0.1247 0.4720 62.43 448.831 16.39 5.787x10-4 1.639x10-5 2.143x10-5 4.329x10-3 1.639x10-2 0.03463 0.01732 104 35.31 61,023 1.308 264.2 103 2113 1057 7.646x105 27 46.656 0.7646 202.0 0.1 60 0.01745 3600 0.01745 0.1667 0.002778 30.48 12 0.3048 1/3 0.02950 0.8826 0.03048 62.32 0.4328 0.5080 0.01667 0.01829 0.3048 0.01136 30.48 0.3048
TO CONVERT Ft-Pounds ft lbs ft lbs ft lbs ft lbs Ft-lbs/Min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/min Ft-Lbs/Sec ft-lbs/sec ft-lbs/sec ft-lbs/sec Gallons gals gals gals gals gals gals Gallons, Imp gallons, US Gals Water Gallons/Min gals/min gals/min Horse-Power hp hp hp hp hp hp Hp-Hours hp-hrs hp-hrs hp-hrs hp-hrs Inches Inches Ins Mercury ins mercury ins mercury ins mercury ins mercury Ins of Water ins of w ins of w ins of w
INTO BTUs hp-hrs kg-calories kg-meters kw-hrs BTUs/min ft-lbs/sec hp kg-calories/min kws BTUs/min hp kg-calories/min kws ccs cu ft cu ins cu meters liters pints (liq) quarts (liq) US gals imp gals lbs water cu ft/sec liters/sec cu ft/hr BTUs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/sec hp (metric) kg-calories/min kws watts BTUs ft-lbs kg-calories kg-meters kw-hrs cms mms atms ft water kgs/sq cm lbs/sq ft lbs/sq in atms ins mercury kgs/sq cm lbs/sq ft
MULTIPLY BY
TO CONVERT
1.286x10-3 5.050x10-7 3.241x10-4
ins of w Kilograms kgs kgs kgs Kgs/Sq Cm kgs/sq cm kgs/sq cm kgs/sq cm kgs/sq cm Kilometers kms kms kms Kms/Hr kms/hr kms/hr kms/hr kms/hr Kms/Hr/Sec kms/hr/sec kms/hr/sec Kilowatts kws kws kws kws kws Kilowatt-Hrs kw-hrs kw-hrs kw-hrs kw-hrs Liters liters liters liters liters liters Liters/Min Meters meters meters meters meters Meters/Min meters/min meters/min meters/min meters/min
0.1383 3.766x10-7 1.286x10-3 0.01667 3.03x10-5 3.241x10-4 2.260x10-5 7.717x10-2 1.818x10-3 1.945x10-2 1.356x10-3 3785 0.1337 231 3.785x10-3 3.785 8 4 1.20095 0.83267 8.3304 2.228x10-3 0.06308 8.0208 42.44 33,000 550 1.014 10.70 0.7457 745.7 2547 1.98x106 641.7 2.737x105 0.7457 2.540 25.4 0.03342 1.133 0.03453 70.73 0.4912 0.002458 0.07355 0.002540 5.202
INTO lbs/sq in dynes lbs tons (short) grams atms ft water ins mercury lbs/sq ft lbs/sq in cms ft meters miles cms/sec ft/min ft/sec meters/min miles/hr cms/sec/sec ft/sec/sec Meters/sec/sec BTUs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/sec hp kg-calories/min watts BTUs ft-lbs hp-hours kg-calories kg-meters ccs cu ft cu ins cu meters gals quarts (liq) gals/sec cms ft ins kms mms cms/sec ft/min ft/sec kms/hr miles/hr
MULTIPLY BY 0.03613 980,665 2.205 1.102x10-3 1000 0.9678 32.81 28.96 2048 14.22 105 3281 103 0.6214 27.78 54.68 0.9113 16.67 0.6214 27.78 0.9113 0.2778 56.92 4.425x104 737.6 1.341 14.34 103 3415 2.655x106 1.341 860.5 3.67x105 103 0.03531 61.02 10-2 0.2642 1.057 4.403x10-3 100 3.281 39.37 10-3 103 1.667 3.281 0.05468 0.06 0.03728
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS TO CONVERT Meters/Sec meters/sec meters/sec meters/sec meters/sec meters/sec Microns microns Miles/Hr miles/hr miles/hr miles/hr miles/hr Millimeters mms Minutes (Angle) Newton Ounces ozs Ozs (Fluid) ozs (fluid) Pounds lbs lbs lbs lbs Pounds/Inch Pounds/Foot Lbs of Water
INTO ft/min ft/sec kms/hr kms/min miles/hr miles/min meters in cms/sec ft/min ft/sec kms/hr meters/min cms ins radians kgs lbs gram cu in liters ozs kgs tons (short) newtons (N) gram newton-meters newton-mters cu ft
MULTIPLY BY 196.8 3.281 3.6 0.06 2.237 0.03728 10-6 39x10-6 44.70 88 1.467 1.609 26.82 0.1 0.03937 2.909x10-4 0.1020 0.0625 28.349527 1.805 0.02957 16 0.4536 0.0005 4.44 453.5924 0.1113 1.356 0.01605
TO CONVERT lbs of water lbs of water Lbs of Water/Min Pounds/Cu Ft Pounds/Cu In Pounds/Sq In lbs/sq in lbs/sq in lbs/sq in Radians Tons (Long) tons (long) tons (long) Tons (Short) tons (short) tons (short) tons (short) Watts watts watts watts watts watts Watt/Hours watt-hrs watt-hrs watt-hrs watt-hrs watt-hrs
INTO cu in gals cu ft/sec lbs/cu in lbs/cu ft atms ft water in mercury kgs/sq cm degrees kgs lbs tons (short) kgs kps tons (long) tons (metric) BTUs/min ft-lbs/min ft-lbs/sec hp kg-calories/min kws BTUs ft-lbs hp-hrs kg-calories kg-meters kw-hrs
MULTIPLY BY 27.73 0.1204 2.679x10-4 5.787x10-4 1728 0.06804 2.311 2.036 0.07031 57.29578 1016 2240 1.12000 2000 907.18486 0.89287 0.90718 0.05692 44.26 0.7376 1.341x10-3 0.01434 10-3 3.415 2655 1.341x10-3 0.8605 367.1 10-3
Approximate Weights Approximate Weights of Materials Material Andesite stone Ashes Asphalt Asphaltum Basalt rock Brick, soft clay Brick, hard clay Brick, pressed Brick, paving Block, paving Bluestone Cement, natural Cement, Portland Cement, Portland, set Cement, Rosendale Cinders Clay, dry Clay, wet Clay & gravel, dry Coal, anthracite Coal, bituminous Coke Concrete, cinders Concrete, gravel Concrete, limestone Concrete, sandstone Concrete, trap rock Crushed stone Earth, dry, loose Earth, damp, loose Earth, damp, packed Earth & gravel, dry Earth & gravel, wet Earth & sand, dry
lbs. / cu. yd. 4,887 1,080 2,700 2,349 4,887 2,718 3,397 3,806 4,246 3,694 2,970 1,512 2,430 4,941 1,863 1,080 1,701 2,970 2,700 1,536 1,275 837 2,970 4,104 4,050 3,915 4,185 2,700 1,890 2,106 2,592 2,700 3,240 2,709
tons / cu. yd. 2.44 0.52 1.35 1.17 2.44 1.35 1.69 1.90 2.12 1.84 1.48 0.75 1.21 2.47 0.93 0.54 0.85 1.48 1.35 0.76 0.64 0.42 1.48 2.05 2.02 1.95 2.09 1.35 0.94 1.05 1.29 1.35 1.62 1.35
Material Earth & sand, wet Fire Brick Fire Clay Garbage Gravel, dry Gravel, out of water Granite Lime, quick, loose Lime, quick, shaken Limestone, solid Limestone, loose Marble, solid Marble, loose Mortar, set Mud, dry Mud, packed Mud, wet Pitch Plaster of Paris Powder, blasting Quartz Rubbish Sand, dry, loose Sand, wet Sandstone Slag, blank Slag, screenings Slag, machine Slag, sand Shale Slate Tar Tile Trap stone
lbs. / cu. yd. 3,240 3,915 3,510 1,150 2,970 1,620 4,536 1,431 1,485 4,536 2,592 4,455 2,592 2,781 2,430 3,105 2,916 1,863 2,646 1,682 4,374 199.8 2,619 3,186 4,023 1,890 2,700 2,592 1,485 4,374 4,725 1,674 2,970 5,849
tons / cu. td. 1.62 1.95 1.75 0.57 1.48 0.81 2.26 0.71 0.70 2.26 1.29 2.22 1.29 1.39 1.21 1.55 1.45 0.93 1.32 0.84 2.18 0.09 1.30 1.59 2.01 0.94 1.35 1.29 0.74 2.18 2.31 0.83 1.43 2.52
Steel & Aluminum Gauge, Thickness and Weight Gauge
Thickness (inches)
Weight (lbs./ft2)
Steel 3/8” 1/4” (approx. 3 Ga.) 3/16” (approx. 7 Ga.) 8 Ga. 9 Ga. 10 Ga. 11 Ga. 12 Ga. 13 Ga. 14 Ga.
0.375 0.250 0.188 0.164 0.149 0.134 0.120 0.105 0.090 0.075
15.320 10.200 7.650 6.875 6.250 5.625 5.000 4.375 3.750 3.125
0.375 0.250 0.188 0.156
5.18 3.53 2.65 2.25
Aluminum 3/8” 1/4” 3/16” 5/32”
COMMODITIES & MATERIALS
COMMODITIES & MATERIALS
METRIC/INCH CONVERSION TABLE
METRIC/INCH CONVERSION TABLE FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND MILLIMETERS Inches Fractions Decimals — — — 1/64 — — 1/32 — 3/64 — 1/16 5/64 — 3/32 — 7/64 — 1/8 — 9/64 5/32 — 11/64 — 3/16 — 13/64 — 7/32 15/64 — 1/4 — 17/64 — 9/32 — 19/64 5/16 — 21/64 — 11/32 — 23/64 — 3/8 25/64 — 13/32 — 27/64 — 7/16 29/64 15/32 — 31/64 — 1/2
.0004 .004 .01 .0156 .0197 .0295 .03125 .0394 .0469 .059 .062 .0781 .0787 .094 .0984 .109 .1181 .125 .1378 .141 .156 .1575 .172 .177 .1875 .1969 .203 .2165 .219 .234 .2362 .250 .2559 .2656 .2756 .281 .2953 .297 .312 .315 .328 .335 .344 .3543 .359 .374 .375 .391 .3937 .406 .413 .422 .4331 .438 .453 .469 .4724 .484 .492 .500
Millimeters .01 .10 .25 .397 .50 .75 .794 1.0 1.191 1.5 1.588 1.984 2.0 2.381 2.5 2.778 3.0 3.175 3.5 3.572 3.969 4.0 4.366 4.5 4.763 5.0 5.159 5.5 5.556 5.953 6.0 6.350 6.5 6.747 7.0 7.144 7.5 7.541 7.938 8.0 8.334 8.5 8.731 9.0 9.128 9.5 9.525 9.922 10.0 10.319 10.5 10.716 11.0 11.113 11.509 11.906 12.0 12.303 12.5 12.700
Inches Fractions Decimals — 33/64 17/32 35/64 — 9/16 — 37/64 — 19/32 39/64 5/8 — 41/64 — 21/32 — 43/64 11/16 45/64 — 23/32 — 47/64 — 3/4 49/64 25/32 — 51/64 13/16 — 53/64 27/32 55/64 — 7/8 57/64 — 29/32 59/64 15/16 — 61/64 31/32 — 63/64 1 — 1-1/32 1-1/16 — 1-3/32 — 1-1/8 — 1-5/32 — 1-3/16 1-7/32
.5118 .5156 .531 .547 .5512 .563 .571 .578 .5906 .594 .609 .625 .6299 .6406 .6496 .658 .6693 .672 .6875 .703 .7087 .719 .7283 .734 .7480 .750 .7656 .781 ..7874 .797 .8125 .8268 .828 .844 .859 .8661 .875 .8906 .9055 .9062 .922 .9375 .9449 .953 .969 .9843 .9844 1.000 1.0236 1.0312 1.062 1.063 1.094 1.1024 1.125 1.1417 1.156 1.1811 1.1875 1.219
Millimeters 13.0 13.097 13.494 13.891 14.0 14.288 14.5 14.684 15.0 15.081 15.478 15.875 16.0 16.272 16.5 16.669 17.0 17.066 17.463 17.859 18.0 18.256 18.5 18.653 19.0 19.050 19.447 19.844 20.0 20.241 20.638 21.0 21.034 21.431 21.828 22.0 22.225 22.622 23.0 23.019 23.416 23.813 24.0 24.209 24.606 25.0 25.003 25.400 26.0 26.194 26.988 27.0 27.781 28.0 28.575 29.0 29.369 30.0 30.163 30.956
Inches Fractions Decimals — 1-1/4 — 1-9/32 — 1-5/16 — 1-11/32 1-3/8 — 1-13/32 — 1-7/16 — 1-15/32 — 1-1/2 1-17/32 — 1-9/16 — 1-19/32 — 1-5/8 — 1-21/32 1-11/16 — 1-23/32 — 1-3/4 — 1-25/32 — 1-13/16 1-27/32 — 1-7/8 — 1-29/32 — 1-15/16 — 1-31/32 2 — 2-1/32 — 2-1/6 — 2-3/32 2-1/8 — 2-5/32 — 2-3/16 — 2-7/32 — 2-1/4
1.2205 1.250 1.2598 1.281 1.2992 1.312 1.3386 1.344 1.375 1.3779 1.406 1.4173 1.438 1.4567 1.469 1.4961 1.500 1.531 1.5354 1.562 1.5748 1.594 1.6142 1.625 1.6535 1.6562 1.6875 1.6929 1.719 1.7323 1.750 1.7717 1.781 1.8110 1.8125 1.844 1.8504 1.875 1.8898 1.9062 1.9291 1.9375 1.9685 1.969 2.000 2.0079 2.03125 2.0472 2.062 2.0866 2.094 2.125 2.126 2.156 2.165 2.1875 2.2047 2.219 2.244 2.250
Millimeters 31.0 31.750 32.0 32.544 33.0 33.338 34.0 34.131 34.925 35.0 35.719 36.0 36.513 37.0 37.306 38.0 38.100 38.894 39.0 39.688 40.0 40.481 41.0 41.275 42.0 42.069 42.863 43.0 43.656 44.0 44.450 45.0 45.244 46.0 46.038 46.831 47.0 47.625 48.0 48.419 49.0 49.213 50.0 50.006 50.800 51.0 51.594 52.0 52.388 53.0 53.181 53.975 54.0 54.769 55.0 55.563 56.0 56.356 57.0 57.150
FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND MILLIMETERS
Inches Fractions Decimals 2-9/32 — 2-5/16 — 2-11/32 — 2-3/8 — 2-13/32 2-7/16 — 2-15/32 — 2-1/2 — 2-17/32 — 2-9/16 2-19/32 — 2-5/8 — 2-21/32 — 2-11/16 — 2-23/32 2-3/4 — 2-25/32 — 2-13/16 — 2-27/32 — 2-7/8 2-29/32 — 2-15/16 — 2-31/32 — 3 3-1/32 — 3-1/16 — 3-3/32 — 3-1/8 — 3-5/32 3-3/16 — 3-7/32 — 3-1/4 — 3-9/32 —
2.281 2.2835 2.312 2.3228 2.344 2.3622 2.375 2.4016 2.406 2.438 2.4409 2.469 2.4803 2.500 2.5197 2.531 2.559 2.562 2.594 2.5984 2.625 2.638 2.656 2.6772 2.6875 2.7165 2.719 2.750 2.7559 2.781 2.7953 2.8125 2.8346 2.844 2.8740 2.875 2.9062 2.9134 2.9375 2.9527 2.969 2.9921 3.000 3.0312 3.0315 3.062 3.0709 3.094 3.1102 3.125 3.1496 3.156 3.1875 3.1890 3.219 3.2283 3.250 3.2677 3.281 3.3071
Millimeters 57.944 58.0 58.738 59.0 59.531 60.0 60.325 61.0 61.119 61.913 62.0 62.706 63.0 63.500 64.0 64.294 65.0 65.088 65.881 66.0 66.675 67.0 67.469 68.0 68.263 69.0 69.056 69.850 70.0 70.6439 71.0 71.4376 72.0 72.2314 73.0 73.025 73.819 74.0 74.613 75.0 75.406 76.0 76.200 76.994 77.0 77.788 78.0 78.581 79.0 79.581 80.0 80.169 80.963 81.0 81.756 82.0 82.550 83.0 83.344 84.0
Inches Fractions Decimals
Millimeters
3-5/16 3-11/32 — 3-3/8 — 3-13/32 — 3-7/16 — 3-15/32 3-1/2 — 3-17/32 — 3-9/16 — 3-19/32 — 3-5/8 3-21/32 — 3-11/16 — 3-23/32 — 3-3/4 — 3-25/32 3-13/16 — 3-27/32 — 3-7/8 — 3-29/32 — 3-15/16 3-31/32 — 4 4-1/16 4-1/8 — 4-3/16 4-1/4 4-5/16 — 4-3/8 4-7/16 4-1/2 — 4-9/16 4-5/8 4-11/16 — 4-3/4 4-13/16 4-7/8 — 4-15/16
84.1377 84.9314 85.0 85.725 86.0 86.519 87.0 87.313 88.0 88.108 88.900 89.0 89.694 90.0 90.4877 91.0 91.281 92.0 92.075 92.869 93.0 93.663 94.0 94.456 95.0 95.250 96.0 96.044 96.838 97.0 97.631 98.0 98.425 99.0 99.219 100.0 100.013 100.806 101.0 101.600 103.188 104.775 105.0 106.363 107.950 109.538 110.0 111.125 112.713 114.300 115.0 115.888 117.475 119.063 120.0 120.650 122.238 123.825 125.0 125.413
3.312 3.344 3.3464 3.375 3.3858 3.406 3.4252 3.438 3.4648 3.469 3.500 3.5039 3.531 3.5433 3.562 3.5827 3.594 3.622 3.625 3.656 3.6614 3.6875 3.7008 3.719 3.7401 3.750 3.7795 3.781 3.8125 3.8189 3.844 3.8583 3.875 3.8976 3.9062 3.9370 3.9375 3.969 3.9764 4.000 4.062 4.125 4.1338 4.1875 4.250 4.312 4.3307 4.375 4.438 4.500 4.5275 4.562 4.625 4.6875 4.7244 4.750 4.8125 4.875 4.9212 4.9375
Inches Fractions Decimals 5 — 5-1/4 5-1/2 — 5-3/4 — 6 6-1/4 — 6-1/2 — 6-3/4 7 — — 7-1/2 — 8 — 8-1/2 — 9 — — 9-1/2 — 10 — — 11 — — — 12 13 — 14 15 — 16 17 — 18 19 — 20
5.000 5.1181 5.250 5.500 5.5118 5.750 5.9055 6.000 6.250 6.2992 6.500 6.6929 6.750 7.000 7.0866 7.4803 7.500 7.8740 8.000 8.2677 8.500 8.6614 9.000 9.0551 9.4488 9.500 9.8425 10.000 10.2362 10.6299 11.000 11.0236 11.4173 11.8110 12.000 13.000 13.7795 14.000 15.000 15.7480 16.000 17.000 17.7165 18.000 19.000 19.6850 20.000
Millimeters 127.000 130.0 133.350 139.700 140.0 146.050 150.0 152.400 158.750 160.0 165.100 170.0 171.450 177.800 180.0 190.0 190.500 200.0 203.200 210.0 215.900 220.0 228.600 230.0 240.0 241.300 250.0 254.001 260.0 270.0 279.401 280.0 290.0 300.0 304.801 330.201 350.0 355.601 381.001 400.0 406.401 431.801 450.0 457.201 482.601 500.0 508.001
METRIC/INCH CONVERSION TABLE
METRIC/INCH CONVERSION TABLE
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