Flow Chart
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Tools For System Analysis & Design
Flow Charts • • • • • •
John Von Neumann in 1945 Provide communication Provide an overview Check logic Facilitate programming Provide Documentation
Flowchart Basics • 2 types of flowchart
– System flowchart-used by analysts to describe data flow. They show origin of data, filling structure, processing to be performed and the output to be generated. – Program flowchart- used by programmers to plan the program structure.
• American National Standards Institute groups the symbols in 3 categories – Basic Symbols – Specialized Input/Output Symbols – Specialized Process Symbols
Usage • Basic symbols are used throughout the charting conventions • Specialized input/output symbols are most often used in system flowcharts, where there is a need of showing h/w and media • Specialized process symbols are most often used in program flowcharts
Basic Symbols Process
Input/Output
Flow Comments, Remarks, Notes
Specialized Input/Output Symbols Punch Card
Manual Input
Magnetic Tape
Display
Direct Access Storage
Communication Link Offline Storage
Document
Online Storage
Specialized Process Symbols Decision
Predefined Process
Manual Storage
Connector Termination (Start/Stop)
Data Flow Diagram (DFD) • • • • • • •
To show logical flow of data in the system Context or 0 level Level 1 Level 2 …………. ………… Level n
Basic Symbols • • •
External Entities
Process
or
Data Store
Data Flow
Process
Organizations, departments, persons other systems Originate input or receive output May be duplicated
• • • •
Transform inputs to output Represent manual or automated activities Must have atleast one input and one output data flow May be numbered
• • • •
Store data between processes Must be connected only to processes (by data flows) Must have atleast one input and one output data flow May be duplicated
•
Represents transfers of data among entities, processes, and data stores Arrows represent direction of flows Must be labeled to describe data being transferred
• •
Context Diagram (0 level DFD)
Customers
Receipt
Sales Order
Sales Processing System
Manager
Sales Results
Level 1 DFD Managers
Customers
Selected Results Sales Order
1.0 Capture Sales Transactions
Receipt
Sales Transactions
3.0 Perform Sales Analysis
Selected Sales Data
Sales Analysis File
Selected Sales Data
Sales Transaction File
Sales Transactions
2.0 Process Sales Transactions
Sales Master Records Old Sales Master File
Update Sales Master Records New Sales Master File
Level 2 DFD Sales Order 1.1 Capture Sales Transactions
Customers Receipt
1.2 Convert Source Documents
Sales Orders
Sales Orders
Sales Order File
Sales Transactions Sales Transaction File
Sales Transactions
1.3 Sort Transactions
New Sales Master File
Sorted Sales Transactions
Sorted Sales Transactions
Ford Purchasing System (0 Level DFD)
Material Planning Dept.
Material Requirement
Supplier
Payment
Purchasing System
Receiving Dept.
Order
Confirmation of Receipt
Invoice
Level 1 DFD-Ford Purchasing System Material Planning Dept.
Material Requirement
1.0 Order Material
Purchase order
Purchase order P O Details Purchase orders
Receipt confirmations
Receipt Confirmation
Receiving Dept.
Receipt Details
2.0 Decide What To Pay
Invoice
Supplier
Payment Authorization 3.0 Pay The Supplier
Payment
Level 2 DFD-Ford Purchasing System Material Requirement
Material Planning Dept.
1.1 Identify Qualified Suppliers
Supplier Profile
Qualified Suppliers
1.3 Decide Which Supplier To Use Material ordered, Supplier, price & delivery terms
Material Requirement & Qualified Suppliers 1.2 Negotiate Prices & Delivery Terms
Requested price & delivery terms
Supplier Offered price & delivery terms
Final Price & Delivery Terms For Each Supplier
1.4 Create The Purchase Order
Purchase Order
Purchase Order
Receipt confirmations
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD) • Association among different categories of data in an IS • Does not show how data is created, captured, processed, used, transmitted etc. • Various styles; most popular Peter Chen Style
Purpose of ERD • Registration system for a university? • What kinds of things does this IS collect information about?
– Entities? (Courses, professors, students etc.)
• What is the relationship between these entities? (Student can be enrolled in several courses) • What specific information does it collect about each of those things? – Attributes? (Student: Name, address etc.)
Peter Chen Style Representation Order
Customer Customer ID Name Address
Places or Is placed by
Order ID Order date Order price Shipping cost
Item Item ID Item name Quantity in hand Current price
Contains or Is Contained by
James Martin Style Representation
Customer
Places Is Placed By
Order
Is Contained On
Contains
Item
Another Example Department
Offers
Course
Belongs to Has
Professor
Office
Teaches
Section
Flow Charts • • • • • •
John Von Neumann in 1945 Provide communication Provide an overview Check logic Facilitate programming Provide Documentation
Flowchart Basics • 2 types of flowchart
– System flowchart-used by analysts to describe data flow. They show origin of data, filling structure, processing to be performed and the output to be generated. – Program flowchart- used by programmers to plan the program structure.
• American National Standards Institute groups the symbols in 3 categories – Basic Symbols – Specialized Input/Output Symbols – Specialized Process Symbols
Usage • Basic symbols are used throughout the charting conventions • Specialized input/output symbols are most often used in system flowcharts, where there is a need of showing h/w and media • Specialized process symbols are most often used in program flowcharts
Basic Symbols Process
Input/Output
Flow Comments, Remarks, Notes
Specialized Input/Output Symbols Punch Card
Manual Input
Magnetic Tape
Display
Direct Access Storage
Communication Link Offline Storage
Document
Online Storage
Specialized Process Symbols Decision
Predefined Process
Manual Storage
Connector Termination (Start/Stop)
Data Flow Diagram (DFD) • • • • • • •
To show logical flow of data in the system Context or 0 level Level 1 Level 2 …………. ………… Level n
Basic Symbols • • •
External Entities
Process
or
Data Store
Data Flow
Process
Organizations, departments, persons other systems Originate input or receive output May be duplicated
• • • •
Transform inputs to output Represent manual or automated activities Must have atleast one input and one output data flow May be numbered
• • • •
Store data between processes Must be connected only to processes (by data flows) Must have atleast one input and one output data flow May be duplicated
•
Represents transfers of data among entities, processes, and data stores Arrows represent direction of flows Must be labeled to describe data being transferred
• •
Context Diagram (0 level DFD)
Customers
Receipt
Sales Order
Sales Processing System
Manager
Sales Results
Level 1 DFD Managers
Customers
Selected Results Sales Order
1.0 Capture Sales Transactions
Receipt
Sales Transactions
3.0 Perform Sales Analysis
Selected Sales Data
Sales Analysis File
Selected Sales Data
Sales Transaction File
Sales Transactions
2.0 Process Sales Transactions
Sales Master Records Old Sales Master File
Update Sales Master Records New Sales Master File
Level 2 DFD Sales Order 1.1 Capture Sales Transactions
Customers Receipt
1.2 Convert Source Documents
Sales Orders
Sales Orders
Sales Order File
Sales Transactions Sales Transaction File
Sales Transactions
1.3 Sort Transactions
New Sales Master File
Sorted Sales Transactions
Sorted Sales Transactions
Ford Purchasing System (0 Level DFD)
Material Planning Dept.
Material Requirement
Supplier
Payment
Purchasing System
Receiving Dept.
Order
Confirmation of Receipt
Invoice
Level 1 DFD-Ford Purchasing System Material Planning Dept.
Material Requirement
1.0 Order Material
Purchase order
Purchase order P O Details Purchase orders
Receipt confirmations
Receipt Confirmation
Receiving Dept.
Receipt Details
2.0 Decide What To Pay
Invoice
Supplier
Payment Authorization 3.0 Pay The Supplier
Payment
Level 2 DFD-Ford Purchasing System Material Requirement
Material Planning Dept.
1.1 Identify Qualified Suppliers
Supplier Profile
Qualified Suppliers
1.3 Decide Which Supplier To Use Material ordered, Supplier, price & delivery terms
Material Requirement & Qualified Suppliers 1.2 Negotiate Prices & Delivery Terms
Requested price & delivery terms
Supplier Offered price & delivery terms
Final Price & Delivery Terms For Each Supplier
1.4 Create The Purchase Order
Purchase Order
Purchase Order
Receipt confirmations
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERD) • Association among different categories of data in an IS • Does not show how data is created, captured, processed, used, transmitted etc. • Various styles; most popular Peter Chen Style
Purpose of ERD • Registration system for a university? • What kinds of things does this IS collect information about?
– Entities? (Courses, professors, students etc.)
• What is the relationship between these entities? (Student can be enrolled in several courses) • What specific information does it collect about each of those things? – Attributes? (Student: Name, address etc.)
Peter Chen Style Representation Order
Customer Customer ID Name Address
Places or Is placed by
Order ID Order date Order price Shipping cost
Item Item ID Item name Quantity in hand Current price
Contains or Is Contained by
James Martin Style Representation
Customer
Places Is Placed By
Order
Is Contained On
Contains
Item
Another Example Department
Offers
Course
Belongs to Has
Professor
Office
Teaches
Section
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