Inventory Management Systems analysis of
THE FLORENCE STORE Submitted by:
Zulfiquar Hadi A3906407G50 Semester ‐ III
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Acknowledgement
I thank my project supervisor, Ma'am Puja Aggarwal, for providing me this research opportunity. I acknowledge the continuous support provided by her throughout the study. I would like to express my deep sincere gratitude to Prof. Alka Munjal who has always been a source of inspiration for me. I also owe many thanks to my senior secondary school teacher Mr. G.S. Mongia who has influenced my professional career as much as my family. Finally, many thanks to my great family, especially to my parents. I would like to thank all my dear friends for their support and presence in my life.
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Abstract Inventories constitute the most significant part of current assets of a large majority of companies in India. On an average, inventories are approximately 60% of current assets in public limited companies in India. Because of the large size of inventories maintained by firms, a considerable amount of funds is required to be committed to them. It is, therefore, absolute imperative to manage inventories efficiently and effectively in order to avoid unnecessary investment. A firm neglecting the management of inventories will be jeopardizing its long‐run profitability and may fail ultimately. It is possible for a company to reduce its levels of inventories to a considerable degree, say 10 to 20%, without any adverse effect on production and sales, by using simple inventory planning and control techniques. The reduction in ‘excessive’ inventories carries a favorable impact on a company’s profitability. The FLORENCE store effectively and efficiently uses computerized inventory management system, which enables it to easily track large items of inventories. It is an automatic system of counting inventories, recording withdrawals and revising the balance. There is an in‐built system of placing order as the computer notices that the reorder point has been reached. The computerized inventory system is inevitable for large retail stores, which carry thousands of items. The computer information systems of the buyers and suppliers are linked to each other. As soon as the supplier’s computer receives an order from the buyer’s system, the supply process is activated.
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Need to hold inventories: The question of managing inventories arises only when the company holds inventories. Managing inventories involves tying up of the company’s funds of storage and handling costs. There are three general motives for holding inventories: • Time ‐ The time lags present in the supply chain, from supplier to user at every stage, requires that you maintain certain amount of inventory to use in this "lead time" • Uncertainty ‐ Inventories are maintained as buffers to meet uncertainties in demand, supply and movements of goods. • Economies of scale ‐ Ideal condition of ‘one unit at a time at a place where user needs it, when he needs it’ principle tends to incur lots of costs in terms of logistics. So bulk buying, movement and storing brings in economies of scale, thus inventory. A company should maintain adequate stock of materials for a continuous supply to the factory for an uninterrupted production. It is not possible for a company to procure raw materials whenever it is needed. A time lag exists between demand for materials and its supply. Also, there exists uncertainty in procuring raw materials on time on many occasions. The procurement of materials may be delayed because of other such factors as strike, transport disruption or short supply. Therefore the firm should maintain sufficient stock of raw materials at a given time to streamline production. Other factors which may necessitate purchasing and holding of raw materials inventories are quantity discounts and anticipated price rise. The firm may purchase large quantities of raw materials than needed for the desired production and sales levels to obtain quantity discounts of bulk purchasing. At times, the firm would like to accumulate raw materials in anticipation of price rise. Stock of finished goods has to be held because production and sales are not instantaneous. A firm cannot produce immediately when customers demand
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goods. Therefore, to supply finished goods on a regular basis, their stock has to be maintained. Stock of finished goods has also to be maintained for sudden demands from customers. In case the firm’s sales are seasonal in nature, substantial finished goods inventories should be kept to meet the peak demand. Failure to supply products to customers, when demanded, would mean loss of the firm’s sales to competitors, the level of finished goods inventory would depend upon the coordination between sales and production as well as on production time. Objective of the inventory management system: An effective inventory management should: • Ensure a continuous supply of raw materials to facilitate uninterrupted production. • Maintain sufficient stocks of raw materials in periods of short supply and anticipate price changes. • Maintain sufficient finished goods inventory for smooth sale s operation, and efficient customer service. • Minimize the carrying cost and time. • Control investment in inventories and keep it at an optimum level. In the context of inventory management, the firm is faced with the problem of meeting two conflicting needs: • To maintain a large size of inventory for efficient and smooth production and sales operations. • To maintain a minimum investment in inventories to maximize profitability. Both excessive and inadequate inventories are not desirable. These are two danger points within which the firm should operate. The objective of inventory management should be to determine and maintain optimum level of inventory investment. The optimum level of inventory will lie between the two danger points of excessive and inadequate inventories.
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Maintaining an inadequate level of inventories is also dangerous. The consequences of underinvestment in inventories are: • Production hold‐ups • Failure to meet delivery commitments. Inadequate raw materials and work in progress inventories will result in frequent production interruptions. Similarly, if finished goods inventories are not sufficient to meet the demand of customers regularly, they may shift to competitors, which will amount to permanent loss to the firm. The aim of inventory management, thus, should be to avoid excessive and inadequate levels of inventories and to maintain sufficient inventory for the smooth production and sales operation. Efforts should be made to place an order at the right time with the right source to acquire the right quantity at the right price and quality. Inventory management techniques: In managing inventories, the firm’s objective should be in consonance with the shareholders, wealth maximization principle. To achieve this, the firm should determine the optimum level of inventory. Efficiently controlled inventories make the firm flexible. Inefficient inventory control results in unbalanced inventory and inflexibility. The firm may sometimes run out of stock and sometimes may pile up unnecessary stocks. This increases the level of investment and makes the firm unprofitable. To manage inventories efficiently, answers should be sought to the following two questions: • How much should be ordered? • When should it be ordered? The first question, ‘how much to order’ relates to the problem of determining economic order quantity (EOQ) and answered with an analysis of costs of maintaining certain level of inventories. The second question, when to order, arises because of uncertainty and is a problem of determining the re‐order point.
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Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): It is that inventory level that minimizes the total of ordering and carrying costs. Ordering Costs: The term ordering costs is used in case of raw materials (or supplies) and includes the entire costs incurred in the following activities: • Requisition • Purchase • Ordering • Transporting • Receiving • Inspecting • Storing (store placement) Ordering costs increase in proportion to the number of orders placed. The clerical and staff costs, however, do not have to vary in proportion to the number of orders placed, and one view is that so long as they are committed costs, they need not be reckoned in computing ordering cost. Alternatively, it may be argued that as the number of order increases, the clerical and staff costs tend to increase. If the number of orders are drastically reduced, the clerical and staff force release now can be used in other departments. Thus, these costs may be included in the ordering costs. It is more appropriate to include clerical and staff costs on a pro‐ rata basis. Ordering costs increase with the number of orders, thus the more frequently inventory is acquired, the higher the firm’s ordering costs. On the other hand, if the firm maintains a large inventory levels, there will be few orders placed and ordering costs will be relatively small. Thus, ordering costs decrease with the increasing size of inventory. Carrying Costs: Costs incurred for maintaining a given level of inventory are called carrying costs. They include storage, insurance, taxes, deterioration and adolescence. The storage costs comprise cost of storage space (warehousing cost), stores handling
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costs and clerical and staff service costs (administrative costs) incurred in recording and providing special facilities such as fencing, lines, racks etc. Carrying costs vary with inventory size. This behavior is contrary to that of ordering costs which decline with increase in inventory size. The economic size of inventory would thus depend on trade‐off between carrying costs and ordering costs. Re‐order point: The re‐order point is that inventory level at which an order should be placed to replenish the inventory. To determine the re‐order point under certainty, we should know: • Lead time • Average usage • Economic order quantity Lead time: Lead time is the time normally taken in replenishing the inventory after the order has been placed. Safety stock: The demand for material may fluctuate may fluctuate from day‐to‐day or from week‐to‐week. Similarly, the actual delivery time may be different from the normal lead time. If the actual usage increases or the delivery of inventory is delayed, the firms can a problem of stock‐out which can prove to be costly for a firm. Therefore, in order to guard against the stock out, the firm may maintain a safety stock. It is the minimum or buffer inventory as cushion against expected increased usage and/or delay in delivery time.
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The inventory management process by THE FLORENCE STORE. When asked, the cashier/owner of the store told that they maintain stocks of FMCG as well as pharmaceuticals as per the requirement of the locality. The consumption of FMCG is informed to be very high. • The store has installation of computerized inventory management system. • A database of inventories is automatically maintained by the system. • It keeps track of what comes in and what goes out. • As soon as the inventory reaches the re‐order point, the system automatically reminds them to order that particular commodity. • They, then place the required order using telephonic communication. Three most selling FMCG goods have been identified and have been studied for the inventory management: Min. Average Max. • Shampoo ¾ Sunsilk 5 20 25 ¾ Garnier 5 35 40 ¾ Head and shoulder 5 25 30 ¾ Dove 5 30 35 • Soap ¾ Lux bodywash 10 90 100 ¾ Lux 10 90 100 ¾ Lifeboy 10 80 90 ¾ Dettol 10 110 120 ¾ Dove 10 90 100 • Toothpaste ¾ Closeup 5 50 55 ¾ Colgate 5 60 65 ¾ Pepsodent 5 40 45
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EOQ of FLORENCE: There is no exact or rigid EOQ, instead the quantities short of max. units are placed as an order quantity. Ordering Costs: It is nil for this store as the supplier charges no delivery costs to them. Carrying costs: Was not disclosed. The store owner looked more haphazard, when asked about it. Re‐order point: The Computerized inventory management system automatically reminds to place an order when the inventory reaches the min. point. Lead time: It was informed to be 48 hrs. Safety stock: The store does not have any such concept, instead it does have a minimum and a maximum limit. It just tries to maintain the max. limit of the stock.
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References: • Financial Management, 9th edition by I.M. Pandey. ISBN – 81‐259‐1658‐X • Financial Management, 8th edition by I.M. Pandey. ISBN – 81‐259‐0638‐X • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_control_system • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory