Fit Sema Land O Lakes Dairy Radio Programs Impact Assessment Report_ian Nkata_uganda

Impact Assessment Report on Dairy Radio Programs Submitted to ILO FIT SEMA and Land O’ Lakes Inc.

August 2007

Prepared by:

Ian K. Nkata Media and Market Research Consultant P.O. Box 16003 Kampala Uganda Telephone: +256 772 400 717 Email: [email protected]

Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………. 1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………… 2.0 Objectives of the impact assessment ……………………………… 3.0 Methodology …………………………………………………………. 4.0 Challenges faced ……………………………………………………. 5.0 Findings……………………………………………………………….. 6.0 Concluding statements and Recommendations…………………..

4 6 6 7 8 9 31

Appendices I. Selected photos from the field…………………………………… II. List of interviewers………………………………………………… III. Sample of Police introductory letter…………………………….. IV. Sample of introductory for research assistants………………… V. List of fieldwork locations………………………………………… VI. Selected additional Statistical Data Tables ……………………. VII. Comments from the radio stations……………………………….

32 35 36 36 37 38 56

LIST OF TABLES Table 1- Average farm milk output per day ……………………………….. Table 2- Average amount of milk collected per day – high season……... Table 3- Average amount of milk collected per day – low season ……… Table 4- Average amount of milk sold per day by traders………………... Table 5- Organizations associated with dairy radio programs …………... Table 6- Relevance of topics covered in dairy radio programs…………… Table 7- How adequately topics were covered…………………………. … Table 8- Topical issues that need to be reviewed ………………………… Table 9- Dairy business growth …………………………………………….. Table 10- Comments on improved household livelihood…………………. Table 11- Reasons for using radio………………………………………......

11 11 12 12 15 15 16 17 22 28 31

LIST OF CHARTS Chart 1- Gender of respondents ……………………………………………. Chart 2- Age of respondents ………………………………………………… Chart 3- Category in the milk chain…………………………………………. Chart 4- Familiarity with dairy radio program………………………………. Chart 5- Station on which dairy program was heard ……………………… Chart 6 - Frequency of listening to dairy radio programs………………….. Chart 7- Satisfaction with presentation style ………………………………. Chart 8- Accuracy of information presented ……………………………. … Chart 9- Preferred mode of presentation…………………………………… Chart 10- Satisfaction with resource people……………………………….. Chart 11- Agreement with statements about dairy radio programs …….. Chart 12- Likelihood of business improvement……………………………. Chart 13- Effectiveness of dairy radio programs ………………………….. Chart 14- Recommending use of radio for dairy development……………

9 10 10 13 13 14 18 20 20 21 24 26 26 30

Box 1 – Case study - Dairy Cooperative Societies ………………………..

30

2

Cover Photo: Raphael Obukan interviewing a rural dairy farmer in Asuret County, Soroti District. Photo by Ian Nkata

3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ILO FIT-SEMA and Land O’ Lakes Inc. have supported radio programs on dairy farming industry in the last six months on selected radio stations i.e. Radio West and Voice of Teso under the theme “The Improvement of the Quality of Milk and its Value-added Products along the Milk Value Chain”. Two Dairy Radio Programs were run on 2 radio stations i.e. “Ekacokon” on Voice of Teso in Soroti and “Eintungo no bugeiga” on Radio West in Mbarara. An impact assessment of the dairy radio programs targeting farmers, people managing milk collecting centre and milk traders, was carried out and the main objectives of the assessment were: • To assess awareness and relevance of Dairy Radio program content • To find out which issues were addressed and others that need to be reviewed • To assess organizations or programmes associated with the Dairy Radio programs • To ascertain milk productivity as a result of exposure to the radio programs • To assess program resource persons’ contribution • To solicit suggestions for improvement for program improvement The assessment was undertaken in the districts of Soroti, Kumi, Mbarara, Ntungamo, Bushenyi, Kiruhura and Ibanda. Key findings indicate that 95% of the respondents are aware of a dairy radio program and had equally heard it on radio. The listeners associated the radio programs more with National Agriculture Advisory Services (NAADS), Dairy Development Authority (DDA) and Uganda National Dairy Farmers’ Association (UNDFA) than any other organization. Over 50% of the respondents found the topics in dairy radio programs very relevant while over 30% of the respondents were of the view that Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds), Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) and Farming as a business were the most adequately covered topical areas in the dairy radio programs. Some of the topical areas that need to be reviewed or revisited in future programs are Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds); Animal/Herd Health (Disease control etc); Farming as a business; Farm Management (Record keeping etc); Market (Outlets, milk prices etc) and Marketing of dairy products. Some of the areas they want covered that have not been previously covered are: Accessing loan/credit facilities; making value-added products like yogurt; dairy farmer group formation and dairy entrepreneurial skills. Over 70% of the respondents are satisfied with style of presentation of dairy programs as well as the resourcefulness of the people invited to the programs. Just over 45% of the respondents had experienced growth in their dairy businesses from1% to 15%. Effectiveness of the radio programs was confirmed by among other things improved milk yields, more hygienic and cleaner milk, increased knowledge on milk productivity as well as improved animal health. A couple suggestions were given to help in improving dairy

4

radio programs. These are: Strengthening the use of radio to improve the dairy radio programs but need a lot of support required from various stakeholders; Driving interest/awareness in dairy radio program through intensive promotions; More interactive programming required to get better results plus quality programming; Putting farmers at the centre of the programs; Encouraging formation of dairy radio listener groups to realize implementation of ideas; providing more airtime for dairy radio programs (either air more than once a week or added time) as well as inviting experienced and successful people to the programs to share experiences and be a source of inspiration.

5

1.0

Introduction

ILO FIT-SEMA and Land O’ Lakes Inc. have supported radio programs on dairy farming industry in the last three or so months on selected radio stations i.e. Radio West and Voice of Teso under the theme “The Improvement of the Quality of Milk and its Value-added Products along the Milk Value Chain”. ILO FIT-SEMA project works with radio stations to enable the flow of information targeting rural micro and small enterprises. The project works with radio stations in establishing business programs that act as a platform for providing information, debates and dialogue aimed at enabling Medium and Small Enterprises (MSEs) influence policies that affect their business environment while Land O’ Lakes Inc. is an international development organization that is working towards the improvement of the dairy industry in Uganda. Land O’ Lakes Inc. targets the following: Market Development; Milk bulking and handling; milk production; industry organization; processing; marketing and distribution of value-added milk products; and increasing dialogue among industry stakeholders to encourage policy reforms. The main objectives of the radio programs/communications were: a) To stimulate behavioral change with respect to quality improvement across the chain b) To empower consumers on understanding of overall quality of milk and value added products c) To improve understanding of quality issues in the industry d) To improve savings and investment culture among farmers in the sector e) To demonstrate promotion benefits to sponsors and advertisers on the program. ILO FIT-SEMA and Land O’ Lakes Inc decided to hire a consultant to assess the impact of the dairy radio programs Ekacokon on Voice of Teso and Eintungo no bugeiga on Radio West in the respective broadcast areas. Lessons from the assessment, it was envisaged, would be used to improve future interventions/programs. This report therefore presents the findings of the assessment and also outlines recommendations for improving dairy radio programs. 2.0

Objectives of the impact assessment

The overall goal was to assess the impact of dairy radio programs on the various stakeholders on the premise of “Dairy Farming as a business”. Below were the specific objectives for the assessment: To assess awareness of the radio programs To assess the relevance of program content To find out which issues were addressed in the programs but would need deeper tackling and/or that would need reviewing or revisiting

6

To establish which issues are not currently addressed but are important To assess the method of delivery/presentation in the respective programs To establish/measure the number of times programs have been listened to or exposed to To evaluate the accuracy of program content To assess which organization(s) or programme(s) is/are associated with the programs for example DDA, Land O’ Lakes, NAADS, Uganda Crane Creameries Cooperative Union (UCCCU), UNADA, PMA, ILO FIT-SEMA To ascertain how far milk quality issues have been addressed as a result of exposure to the radio programs To rate program resource persons with a view find out which types of persons would be preferred to be engaged in the programs regularly. To solicit suggestions for improvement for program improvement 3.0

Methodology

This chapter covers pre-survey activities, the assessment methodology covering sampling, survey tools, and data collection and analysis techniques. 3.1

Pre-assessment activities

Before the survey, a number of activities were carried out. These included: a) b) c)

Meeting with ILO FIT-SEMA and Land O’ Lakes officials to ensure that issues raised in the proposal were in line with their needs. Designing the questionnaire in consultation with ILO FIT-SEMA and Land O’ Lakes officials. Training research assistants and also preparing them for the assignment. During this training, the questionnaire was reviewed so that research assistants would familiarize with it before going to the field to collect data. In the same meeting, the main objective of the assessment was communicated to them as part of the preparation process. Other issues addressed in the training were: • • • • •

3.2

Sample size, allocation per person Gender proportions Location of research, detail of work plan – field movement Duration of research General expectations

Sample size and Sampling Technique

The assessment set out to interview 300 respondents who included farmers; people manning milk collecting centres and consumers in selected locations in the broadcast areas of Radio West and Voice of Teso.1 The survey was 1

The survey took place in the districts of Soroti, Kumi, Mbarara, Ntungamo, Bushenyi, Kiruhura and Ibanda.

7

intended to have farmers and people manning milk collecting centres constitute over 70% of the sample. The sample2 was randomly drawn from different counties of the survey districts. (See Appendix 5 for List of field work locations) 3.3

Data collection and Assessment tools

A structured questionnaire was used to collect data through face to face interviews. The questionnaire3 was divided into five major sections. These included: • Background information • Dairy radio programs awareness • Program content and delivery • Application • General issues In order to take cater for language matters, research assistants engaged in the assignment were speakers of local languages i.e. Ateso and Runyankore. This was done to minimize any shortcomings during the interviews in case the interviewers were unable to express themselves in the respective local languages. The research assistants were encouraged to translate questions, where necessary, without distorting their meanings. 3.4

Data processing and analysis

Data in the questionnaires were edited and checked to ensure completeness, clarity and consistency of the responses. Most of the data collected was quantitative in nature. The quantitative data was captured into SPSS for windows (Version 12.0) for initial processing. For further analysis and manipulation, the processed data was exported into MS Excel. The findings are summarized into frequency tables, graphs and cross tabulations which are presented in Chapter 5. The questionnaires were also characterized by some open-ended questions which required the respondents to freely respond. These were analyzed by organizing the responses into coherent categories which were counted for purposes of ranking. These are also discussed in Chapter 5. 4.0

Challenges faced

The fieldwork did not come without challenges. Below are some of the challenges that were faced: • The process of locating farmers was not easy as they were scattered. We therefore relied on the services of guides who gave lots of clues on where to find them.

2

Judgmental sampling technique was applied because the assessment was aimed at specific type of respondents not the general population hence that selection criteria The final questionnaire draft was accepted by officials from FIT-SEMA and Land O’ Lakes. All salient issues were covered accordingly before the assessment.

3

8

•

5.0

Much as the assessment was principally directed towards farmers, milk collecting centres and milk traders; a good number of milk traders have not listened to dairy radio programs, some are not even aware that such programs exist. This made it difficult to get information from that category. They sighted reasons such as “not having time” to listen to radio claiming to be “too busy". Inevitably we got more information from farmers than we did from traders and people manning the milk collecting centres. Findings

This chapter presents the findings of the assessment. The survey targeted 300 respondents but results reflect responses from 295 respondents. 5.1

Background information 5.1.1 Gender of respondents Of the 295 respondents, 80% were males while 20% were females. Chart 1: Gender of respondents Gender of respondents n=294 Female 20%

Male 80%

9

5.1.2 Age of respondents Chart 2: Age of respondents Age of respondents n=282 Over 55 years 13%

15-25 years 19%

46-55 years 16%

26-35 years 28%

36-45 years 24%

5.1.3 Categories of respondents The assessment was principally directed towards farmers, milk collecting centres and milk traders. The respondents were asked to name the category they exclusively fall in the milk chain. The figure below shows the results: Chart 3: Category in the milk chain4 Key Categories n=289 80.0

70.6

70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0

10.0

10.0

13.5 5.9

0.0

Farmer

Milking collecting Centre

Consumer

Milk Trader

4

A limited number of consumers were interviewed because most of the issues under assessment were pertaining to production/productivity and were not applicable to them. However, we got some information from them that would be useful in the radio programs.

10

5.1.4 Milk Output In order to find out the milk output levels, the categories i.e. farmers, milk collecting centres and traders were asked to indicate how much milk they output or sell on average per day. It should be noted that not all could respond to this question sighting reasons such as being unable to remember or not willing to disclose as such. The tables below show the average amounts output or sold per day: Table 1: Average Farm milk output per day Farm milk output per day_Farmer (Litres) Frequency

Percent

1-20

144

71.0

21-40

35

18.0

41-60

14

7.0

61-80

4

2.0

81-100

3

1.0

101-120

3

1.0

241-260

1

0.0

281-300

1

0.0

421-460

1

0.0

206

100.0

Total

Table 2: Average Amount of milk collected at Milk Centre per day in high season Amount of milk collected per day in high season_Milk Centre

Litres

Frequency

Percent

10

2

7.4

15

1

3.7

29

1

3.7

200

3

11.1

250

1

3.7

270

2

7.4

700

3

11.1

800

1

3.7

900

1

3.7

1,400

1

3.7

2,000

3

11.1

3,000

2

7.4

3,700

1

3.7

4,500

2

7.4

6,000

2

7.4

30,000 Total

1

3.7

27

100

11

Table 3: Average Amount of milk collected at Milk Centre per day in low season Amount of milk collected per day in low season_Milk Centre Litres

Frequency

8

1

80

1

120

2

150

3

190

1

250

1

300

1

350

1

500

2

700

1

800

1

1000

1

1200

1

1500

2

2000

2

3000

1

3500

2

4000

1

15000

1

Total

26

Table 4: Average amount of milk sold by traders per day Amount of milk sold daily by Traders Litres 1-50

Frequency 18

51-100

9

101-150

3

151-200

3

251-300

3

301-350

1

351-400

1

401-450

1

501-600

1

3700

1

4000

1

Total

42

12

5.2

Dairy Radio Programs awareness

5.2.1 Program Awareness Chart 4: Familiarity of Dairy Radio Program Are you fam iliar w ith a radio program on m ilk production/productivity? n=292

No 5%

Yes 95%

About 95% of the respondents are aware of the radio programs addressing milk production and productivity i.e. Ekacokon and Eintungo no bugeiga.5 Much as 95% were aware of the programs, 94% did listen to one. The chart below shows the radio stations on which the respondents the listened the programs to:6 Chart 5: Radio Station on which Dairy Radio Program was heard Radio Station on which Dairy Radio Program was listened to n=268 60.0

53.0

50.0 40.0

31.3

30.0 20.0 6.3

10.0

1.9

1.1

1.5

4.9

0.0 84

142

17

5

3

4

13

Voice of Teso

Radio West

Veritas

Vision

Endigyito

Other

Not sure

The above Chart shows that more people listened to the dairy programs on Voice of Teso in Soroti and Radio West in Mbarara with 5

The high awareness levels are explained by the fact that the target respondents were judgmentally selected meaning that they were deliberately selected for the assessment. 6 Target number of respondents for Mbarara was 180 while that of Soroti was 120

13

scores of 31.3% (84 respondents) and 53% (142 respondents) respectively in total. Others claim to have heard the programs on other stations like Kioga Veritas Radio (Soroti), Vision FM (Mbarara), and Endigyito (Mbarara). A number of respondents, about 5%,were not sure on which radio station they had listened to the programs. These ended up indicating two stations e.g. saying “Voice of Teso and Veritas”. It should be noted that the target number of respondents in the Soroti area was 120 while in the Mbarara area, it was 180. Taking this into consideration, one can easily say in Soroti and the surrounding areas, 70% (i.e. 84 out of 120) have listened to “Ekacokon” on Voice of Teso, while in Mbarara and the surrounding areas, about 79% (142 out of 180) have listened to “Eintungo no bugeiga” on Radio West. 5.2.2 Frequency of listening to dairy radio programs In order to assess the frequency of listening to dairy radio programs, the respondents were asked to indicate how often they listened to the programs, the chart below shows how often programs were listened to: Chart 6: How often have you listened to dairy radio programs? How often have you listene d to the dairy radio program s? n=257 70.0 60.0

57.6

50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0

20.2

17.1 5.1

10.0 0.0 148

44

13

52

Every w eek

Once every 2 w eeks

Once every 3 w eeks

Not sure

Of the 257 who responded to this question, about 58% said that they listened to the program every week while 17% listened to the dairy radio programs once every two weeks. Much as a good number listened to the programs frequently, 20% were not sure how often they did listen.

14

5.2.3 Association of Dairy Radio Program with Organizations Given that there are a number of stakeholders in the dairy sector, there was need to gauge amongst the respondents which organizations, companies or programmes they associate the radio programs to, the table below shows the outcome. Table 5:

Organizations associated with dairy radio program

Which Organization/Programme do you associate Dairy Radio Program? Organization/Programme

Frequency

Percent

National Agriculture Advisory Services (NAADS)

172

23

Dairy Development Authority (DDA)

137

19

79

11

Uganda National Dairy Farmers’ Association (UNDFA) Uganda Dairy Processors Association (UDPA)

66

9

Land O'Lakes Inc.

63

9

Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA)

62

9

Uganda National Dairy Traders’ Association (UNDATA)

51

7

Uganda Crane Creameries Cooperative Union (UCCCU)

41

6

Other

33

5

ILO FIT-SEMA

15

2

The respondents associated the dairy radio programs to National Agriculture Advisory Services (NAADS); Dairy Development Authority (DDA) and Uganda National Dairy Farmers’ Association than any other organization or programme. In “Other” category organizations or programmes were listed as those associated with the dairy radio programmes. These include: Norbrook Uganda Stock Farm Kwewayo Group National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO) Dairy Corporation U.S.A.I.D. GBK Dairy Products Ltd Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) 5.3

Dairy Radio Programs Content and Delivery

5.3.1 Relevance of topics and issues covered in dairy programs Table 6: How relevant topics covered How relevant were the topics on milk production and increased Productivity in the dairy radio programs? Frequency

Percent

Very relevant

142

51.1

Quite relevant

131

47.1

Irrelevant Total

5

1.8

278

100.0

15

51% of the respondents were of the view that topics covered in the dairy radio programs were very relevant while 47% thought they were quite relevant. About 2% did not think issues covered were relevant. No reasons were given for irrelevance.7 5.3.2

How adequately topics were covered

A number of issues were covered from time to time in the radio programs on milk production and productivity. The respondents were asked to indicate how adequately issues were covered. Below is a table summarizing results from total of “adequately” and “somewhat adequately” covered. Detailed analysis of each topical area is in the appendix.

Table 7: How adequately topical issues were covered Topical Areas/Issues

!

"

# $

"

%

#

#

" &

" &

" ! " $

'

" (

& $

!

) *

" +*

" #

" !

#

#

!

,

%

Frequency

Percent

264

11

264

11

241

10

199

9

200

9

205

9

202

9

191

8

154

7

173

7

118

5

108

5

“Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds)”, “Animal/Herd Health (Disease control etc)”, and “Farming as a business” were areas reportedly to have been either adequately or somewhat adequately covered more than any other areas while “Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension services, Regulatory environment/services, infrastructure, NAADS)” and “Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural beliefs)” less adequately covered compared to other areas. In the same vein, respondents were asked to highlight on the topical areas they would like to be reviewed or revisited in future programs. These are listed in Table 8 ranked in order of importance.

7 Relevance in this case means that issues covered were of much significance and of great importance to farmers, milk centres and milk traders.

16

Table 8: Topical issues that need to be reviewed or revisited Topical Areas/Issues 1

Animal/Herd Health (Disease control etc)

2

Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds)

3

Farming as a business

4

Market (Outlets, milk prices etc)

5

Marketing of dairy products

6

Milk handling (Storage, Hygiene, Increased Production)

7

Pasture Development (Dry season feeding)

8

Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills)

9 10

Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension services, Regulatory environment/services, infrastructure, NAADS) Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality)

11

Farm Management (Record keeping etc)

12

Challenges generally faced by dairy sector stakeholders

13

Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural beliefs)

Given that there could be other areas that may not have been covered in the radio programs; the respondents were given the opportunity to list some areas that they thought should be handled in the radio programs. These are listed below: i. How to access loan/credit facilities to boost their businesses ii. Milk handling (Hygiene, quality management, problems of adulteration, preservation, transportation, utensils) iii. Improving milk production/yield (better milking techniques) iv. Proper grazing methods for animals v. Making value added products like yogurt vi. Goat dairy prospects vii. Breeding (insemination, cross breeding, breed selection) viii. Group formation for dairy farmers ix. Diary entrepreneurial development skills

17

5.3.3

Satisfaction levels of presentation style/delivery

Chart 7: Satisfaction levels of presentation style How satisfied are you with style of presentation/delivery of dairy radio programs?n=275 60.0

49.8

50.0 40.0 30.0

24.4 17.5

20.0

8.0

10.0

0.4

0.0 Extremely satisf ied

Very satisfied

Neutral

Not satisf ied

Not at all satisf ied

About 50% of the respondents were very satisfied with the style of presentation/delivery of the dairy radio programs while 24% were extremely satisfied. 8% were not satisfied. A further 17.5% were neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. Some of the reasons given for dissatisfaction with presentation/delivery style were: i. Using a lot of English without blending in local languages by experts can be a disadvantage to some listeners. They miss out on the message. ii. Using technical words seems complicated therefore affecting the message being disseminated. iii. There is a tendency for issues to be presented in very general and not specific terms iv. There is a feeling that some issues have not been covered.(See list on previous page) v. Adverts during the program are seen as interruptions and take up so much time that would have catered for call –ins on one hand and covering issues more exhaustively on the other. vi. Some listeners were of the view that times at which program runs are not convenient for them. By the time they get home, the program is already over. Much as over 70% of the respondents were satisfied with presentation and delivery style, opinions were sought on how to improve on the current style. Below are suggestions ranked in order of importance. a. The programs should be promoted through intensive advertising to create more awareness and generate interest to radio listeners especially those in the milk production chain. Sensitization would enhance program listenership.

18

b. Listeners were of the view that a lot of time is taken up by discussions during the program with adverts taking up a big part leaving very little time for callers. Listeners should be given good opportunities and ample time to call into the program and have their questions or queries adequately answered. Interactivity should be enhanced. Besides calling in, letters are strongly considered as a one other way participation in the program would be increased. c. Issues arose over the length of the program, it was suggested that either the program period is extended by allocating it more time 30 minutes or 1 hour, or have it aired at least twice a week. d. In order to cater for a wider range of listeners, it is important to balance the various languages in the region – Ateso, Kumam and Lukenye. This was especially the case in Soroti and surrounding areas. e. Listeners would like to hear success stories from farmers, achievers and testimonies that will be a source of encouragement to them. This could be done in form of recordings from the field. f. It is important to put farmers at the centre of the programs. It will give the program a more participatory approach to it and give the farmers a sense of belonging to the program. More farmers should be visited in the field to solicit their views. g. Guest speakers should endeavor to simplify language during the programs. Technical jargons should either defined or use simpler words in their place for better understanding. h. Hosting of guests with wide experience, knowledgeable and confident should be encouraged. There were comments like “The right people should sourced for the programs, sometimes there is a tendency for a guest to have an “I think attitude” which creates doubt and indicates a lack of confidence”. i. Program moderators should give listeners a chance to air their views and they should endeavor not to lead into discussing irrelevancies on their part. 5.3.4 Accuracy of information presented in the dairy radio programs Chart 8 below indicated that over 60% of the respondents were of the view that information presented in the programs was quite accurate while just under 5% of them though that it was not accurate. No specific reasons were given for inaccurate information.

19

Chart 8: Accuracy of information presented in dairy radio programs How accurate was the information presented in the dairy radio programs? n=266 Not accurate 5% Very accurate 35%

Quite accurate 60%

5.3.5 Mode of presentation Respondents were asked to point the most preferred mode of presenting the radio dairy programs. Chart 9 below shows the outcome. “In-studio discussion with invited guest” takes the lead in this area with 55%. However presentation with mixed modes would work out well provided it is done in the right and appropriate proportions. Chart 9: Preferred mode of presentation Preferred mode of presentation n=276 Combination of prerecorded, phone-in and guests 4%

In-studio discussion w ith invited guest 55%

Pre-recorded field programs 20%

Phone - in 21%

20

5.3.6 Assessment of Resource people’s work on the programs Over 75% of the respondents are satisfied with resource people’s work. Chart 10: How satisfied with resource people How satisfied are you with resource people's contribution to the programs? n=268

Neutral 18%

Not satisfied 4%

Extremely satisf ied 23%

Very satisf ied 55%

5.3.7 Preferred resource people Ranked in order of importance below are the kinds of resource people or organizations listeners would like to listen to more frequently or again in future dairy radio programs. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) 5.4

Veterinary Officers (DVOs, Vet Doctors etc) Experienced dairy entrepreuers/business people/successful farmers (achievers) NAADS Agricultural Experts Dairy Production Experts/Food Science Technologists Marketing specialists Councilors/Political leaders Field Extension workers NGOs (specializing in farming activities) District Production/Marketing officers Dairy Development Authority Farmers’ Associations and Dairy Cooperative Management Animal breeding experts

Application of ideas from Dairy Programs

5.4.1 Steps taken to improve milk production/productivity (dairy business) as a result of listening to dairy radio program The main objective of the program was to disseminate information to people in the milk chain aimed at improving their businesses. It was expected that knowledge acquired would be applied to help in

21

improving milk production and productivity. Below are the various things that have been done by listeners. i. Improved hygiene as a result less milk is spoilt (More is sold). Steps taken include: Washing milk containers with soap/use of disinfectants; Observing general hygiene; Use of proper milk cans to store and transport milk; Proper milk handling is now a priority’ better milk quality etc ii. Ensuring/maintaining animal health that has resulted in higher milk yields : Constant disease control through regular spraying; Animal treatment; Pest control; Able to assess (keen to observe animal health) animal health/early disease detection in time to get a vet ; ability to determine disease symptoms; purchase of a spraying machine iii. Taken steps to adopt improved breeds for increased milk yields like artificial insemination and cross-breeding. iv. Improved farm management – better shelters; improved feeding systems; providing sufficient clean water (esp. lactating cows); rotational grazing; improved pasture management esp. for dry season feeding; improved animal hygiene/care; minimizing traveling long distances in search of pastures has resulted in improved milk yields. v. Adopted better, safe milking procedures – better milk handling techniques. vi. Able to establish where to market milk. vii. Re-investing income from milk sales. viii. Obtained a standard milk cooling system. – Milk Collecting Centre ix. Buying milk from established hygienic dairy outlets. – Consumer 5.4.2 Dairy business growth as a result of radio programs Table 9: Dairy business growth To what extent would you say that the radio programs contributed to the growth and Improvement of your dairy business? Frequency

Percent

Between 1-5%

40

16.5

Between 6-10%

38

15.6

Between 11-15%

38

15.6

Between 16-20%

25

10.3

Between 21-25%

12

4.9

Between 26-30%

17

7.0

Between 31-35%

14

5.8

Between 36-40%

40

16.5

Other

19

7.8

Total

243

100

22

The respondents were asked to roughly indicate how much their businesses had grown as a result of listening to dairy radio programs. Just over 31% of them had their businesses grew by 1 to 10%. Those said that their businesses have grown by 6-10% were about 16%. Some 16.5% have had their businesses grow by 36-40%. 8 5.4.3 Most beneficial aspects of the dairy programs There are some aspects of dairy radio programs that were considered to beneficial because they have contributed to improvement of business. The most important were: a) b) c) d) e)

Animal health (Disease control) Production (Breeding, feeding, feeds) Milk handling, hygiene and safety and quality control Marketing of dairy products Markets (Outlets, milk prices etc) 5.4.4 Least beneficial aspects of the dairy programs a) b)

Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural beliefs) Policy issues

8

Figures used for indicative purposes. How we arrived at these figures: We asked the respondents to indicate how much milk they had produced at some period and compare with current amount after applying ideas from radio programs. E.g. if one previously produced 40 litres and now produces 45 litres, we appropriately calculated and indicated the percentage growth figure.

23

5.4.5 Agreement on Dairy Radio Programs A number of issues were raised on dairy radio programs listeners had heard. Statements relating to the programs were lined up for agreement or disagreement. The figure below gives a summary. Chart 11:

Agreement with statements about dairy radio programs

Agreement on Dairy Radio Programs

B enefits fro m advice in the dairy radio pro grams are believable A fter listening to the dairy radio pro grams yo u will co nsider applying mo st o f the kno wledge o btained A dvice given in the dairy radio pro grams is easily applicable

17.8

26.3

53.4

Dairy radio pro gram co ntent was educative and info rmative Questio ns and issuesin the radio pro grams have pro vided so me so lutio ns to yo ur dairy busines challenges Questio ns and issues raised by callers o r mo derato rs were well handled and relevant to yo ur business

9.3

29.3

56.5

The pro gram co ntents were sensitive and useful to yo ur dairy business

13.1

34.7

46.9

23.3

74.3 0%

Strongly agree

20%

Somewhat agree

40%

Neutral

60%

Somewhat disagree

1.7

0.0 0.4 1.6

20.6

73.4

0.8 1.6

12.6

16.0

29.3

40.3

3.80.4

16.7

31.7

47.5

4.50.8

4.10.8

0.0 0.4 2.0

80%

Strongly disagree

100%

As the chart shows, there is very high agreement that respondents are of the view that “Dairy radio program content was educative and informative”, and that “The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business” 73.4% and 74.3% of the respondents strongly agreeing to the statements respectively. Other statements that had high agreement were “After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most of the knowledge obtained” and “Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your business “ with scores of 56.5% and 54.3% respectively. It is important to note that “Advice given in the dairy radio programs is easily applicable” had the highest level of disagreement (14.3%) while the statement “After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most of the knowledge obtained” registered the highest level of uncertainty as18% of the respondents were not sure that they would apply ideas heard on radio. Overall, respondents agree to all statements.

25

5.4.6 Likelihood of business improvement in the next 12 months as a result of dairy radio programs Chart 12:

Likelihood of business improvement Likelihood of business improvement in next 12 months n=265 56.6

60.0 50.0 40.0 25.7

30.0 20.0

15.1

10.0

0.4

2.3

No chance

Not sure

0.0 Very certain

High chance

Low chance

Findings from the survey clearly indicate that there is more than 80% chance, as shown in Chart 11, that dairy businesses would see some improvement or some growth in the next 12-month period as a result of applying some of the ideas from dairy radio programs. 5.4.7 Effectiveness of dairy radio programs to dairy business growth Chart 13:

Effectiveness of dairy radio programs

How effective have dairy radio programs been to growth of business? n=259 Ineffective 3%

About average 18%

Very effective 30%

Reasonably effective 49%

As a result of listening to the dairy radio programs, there have been attempts to implement or apply what has been heard on radio and below are some of the results to confirm effectiveness: i. Better milk quality than before – cleaner and more hygienic.

ii. Improved milk yields (production) iii. Ability to administer/apply medication to animals in cases where one does not need a vet but has the drug. iv. Increase knowledge and awareness about general dairy productivity issues such as better feeding, animal treatment, symptom detection etc v. Contributed to improved household income. vi. Armed with marketing/market information it’s become possible to break into the market where previously it was not possible. vii. Improved animal health viii. Attitude change from traditional way of raising cattle for dairy purposes to more modern approaches. 5.4.8 Suggestions on how the dairy radio can be improved What has been done is commendable but in order to make it better, the following issues can be considered: i. More sensitization and promotion to increase awareness and drive interest in the program. ii. Hosting more experts who are experienced, knowledgeable, technically appropriate, confident, and articulate. Such professionals should include milk production experts, vets, agricultural extension workers as well as people with great success stories in this regard. iii. A balance should be sought for the various languages in the Eastern region for the radio programs i.e. Lukenye, Ateso and Kumam. Alternating them can also work. iv. Design the program in such a way that it is more interactive. This calls for allowing more call-ins, more time for call-ins, as well as using letters from listeners with requests. This is against a background of limiting number of calls coming in and not giving ample time to listeners to express their views. v. Ensuring that questions posed by listeners are adequately answered. vi. It is important to put farmers at the centre of the program by increasing their participation either by inviting them to the program or visiting them in the field to get their views recorded in order inform program content. This will make them feel part of the process. vii. Encourage formation of radio listening dairy groups where ideas can be generated to provide content to programs.

27

viii. Some listeners were of the view that the program time should be extended and some others think it should be aired twice a week. More time should be allocated to the program, at least 30 minutes more. Other issues raised include: Program hosts should do more research to build their knowledge base as well as not over dwelling on the same issues as some listeners are not consistent listeners. Emphasis should also be put on milk handling. 5.4.9 Contribution of dairy radio programs to improvement of household livelihood Table 10: Comments on improved household livelihood

Comments on how dairy radio programs have contributed to improved livelihood in the household Frequency

Percent

Increased income

77

26.1

Better standards of living

63

21.4

Business growth

55

18.6

More employment opportunities

15

5.1

Better nutrition

11

3.7

Better trade terms

9

3.1

More knowledge & skills

5

1.7

Nothing yet

2

0.7

Better market links

1

0.3

Can' t tell

1

0.3

Radios are affordable No comment Total

1

0.3

55

18.6

295

100.0

As Table 10 shows, increased income, better standards of living, business growth among other things how the programs have positively affected household livelihood. Things like better animal feeding and stricter animal treatment have resulted in higher milk yields and therefore higher revenues. Higher revenues have had some bearing on standards of living and led to growth of business. For example a 55 year old farmer in Nyagaruka in Western Uganda commented that “Using appropriate and affordable drugs has helped me to prevent diseases and now my cows are producing more milk!” 5.5

Other General issues

5.5.1 Cooperative Societies Comments on relevance or use of cooperative societies for dairy production Views were sought from dairy producers (farmers, traders) about cooperative societies on how they could be of use to the dairy sector. Reasons for their relevance and usefulness were given. They are thought to be good and

28

necessary for business growth but are largely considered to be part of the past. With proper sensitization, they can be revived to offer quality services to members. But for new ones or revived ones, it was said, should be with high standards and good strategic and visionary leadership in place to realize better results. The new cooperative societies should be structured to meet present day needs. Below are some of the reasons given for their importance: i. Training opportunities for members ii. Ease of access to market because of bulk sales. They can minimize traveling distances for farmers/traders to deliver milk or eases milk collection procedures. They can create milk collection centres. iii. Through them saving culture can be promoted iv. Opportunities for accessing financial services (credit/loans) can arise. This can play a positive role in growing dairy businesses. v. Possibilities for stable and good milk prices and/or negotiating for a good price. vi. Guarantee for more prompt payments either on a weekly or monthly basis. vii. Access to advisory services that may benefit farmers or traders viii. Cooperative societies are a unifying factor that would create good ground for advocating for their rights and negotiating for favorable trade terms. ix. More sensitization will be required before reviving or setting them up. On the other hand, cooperative societies were considered by some respondents as useless and irrelevant (out-of-date). Reasons given were: i. Those that existed were poorly managed. They are a potential ground for cheating members. It may become hard to mobilize people who are paranoid to join coops. Past coops tended to bureaucratic in nature resulting in slow delivery of services e.g. delayed payments. ii. Cooperative societies are associated with the past and are considered not to have a place in current Uganda. Young people are more familiar with SACCOS as opposed to old style cooperative societies. iii. Cooperative Societies tend to be located only in towns; they ought to be nearer people at the grassroots level. iv. There is uncertainty on their survival if revived.

29

Box 1: Ngora Progressive Dairy Cooperative Society Limited Case Study - Dairy Cooperative Societies Ngora Progressive Dairy Cooperative Society Limited located in Ngora Town in Kumi District received a lot of financial and technical support from various Spanish Organizations. The milk centre has a number of facilities in place to cater for its members who take their milk to be received. Such facilities include testing, sterilization, cooling, boiling and storage. However, a scandal hit the company recently when previous top management swindled company funds which has affected its operations a lot. At the moment, it is in the process of re-organizing business but under very difficult conditions. Some of the challenges Re-gaining members’ confidence is one of the biggest challenges currently. There is need to safeguard the organization from such problems in the future. Summary from an interview with Mr. Otelu David, the Chairman of Ngora Progressive Dairy Cooperative Society Limited on 1st August 2007

The case for cooperative societies far outweighs case against them. 5.5.2 Use of radio as a medium for development of dairy business Chart 14: Recommending use of radio How would you recommend the use of radio as medium for dairy business development? n=259 80.0

73.4

70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0

18.1

20.0 10.0

2.7

5.8

Might or might not

Will not recommend

0.0 Strongly recommend

Somew hat recommend

Chart 13 shows that more 90% of the respondents recommend the use of radio as a medium for dairy business development. About 6% of the respondents did not recommend the use of radio because they believe that training seminars and extension services are some of the better ways in which development of dairy businesses can be achieved. Furthermore, it is in such ways that one can ask many questions and have more practical experiences (hands-on).

30

5.5.3 Reasons for using radio Table 11: Reasons for using radio Reasons as to why you would recommend the use of radio as a medium for dairy business development Frequency Wide coverage

Percent 106

35.9

Information is passed on with ease

62

21.0

Radios are affordable

33

11.2

Language used is easily understood

15

5.1

It is convenient to use radio

12

4.1

Radio is very accessible

12

4.1

Allows interaction

2

0.7

53

18.0

295

100.0

No comment Total

6.0

Concluding statements and Recommendations 1) There is need to strengthen the use of radio to improve the dairy radio programs. A lot of support will be required from various stakeholders especially those in the dairy sub-sector. Efforts should be directed to the stakeholders to interest them offering technical and financial assistance to realize and maximize the use of radio as a tool for enhancing dairy business especially in the rural areas. 2) There is also need to drive interest and raise awareness in dairy radio programs through intensive promotions. Various approaches can be used to achieve this. 3) More interactive programming required to get better results plus quality programming. There are listeners who are unable to call into the programs for example. Use of letters should be encouraged. 4) Farmers should also be put at the centre of the programs. This will give them a feeling or sense of belonging or “ownership” of the programs. 5) The formation of dairy radio listener groups should be encouraged help in discussing issues pertaining to dairy business and also help realize implementation of ideas they have heard on the dairy radio programs. 6) There is need to provide more airtime for dairy radio programs. This should be done by adding more program-time or have the programs run at least twice a week. 7) Inviting experienced and successful people to the programs. This would act as a source of inspiration and also share from their experiences.

31

Appendices I.

Selected photos from the field

-

!

# -

&

-

" !

" %

.

" $

,

%

.

" $

,

32

A radio set belonging to a woman dairy farmer. She was listening to the radio as she grazed her cattle. (Photo by Ian Nkata)

!

#

, !

)

,

# #

" &

# % "

#

" &

# %

" /

0 !

" /

1 .

" $

1

.$

,

.

" $

,

33

" !

-

"

#

" !

$ /2 ) -

# .3 .

,"

"

1

-

1

" $

.

.

$ &

.

$

"

, %

" %

" &

&

"

&

" $

" $

1 " 1

) "

,

,

" &

,

. " $

,

34

-

.

+

! 4+

5

6

!)

" 6

)

II.

!,

List of interviewers

Soroti Group 1 Raphael Obukan 2 Moses Okipi 3 Victor Odeke 4 Ben Massiga 5 Catherine Adyango

#

" & " $

# /

,

1

.

,

Mbarara Group 1 Twinomugisha Boona Gilbert 2 Penelope Akakunda 3 Cissy Karungi 4 Turyatunga Collins 5 Sheila Kiconco

35

III.

Sample of Police introductory letter (Signed)

IV. Sample of introductory letter for research assistants

V.

List of fieldwork locations

The different locations visited during the assessment Survey Locations in Soroti & Kumi Districts Soroti Municipality Mori – Apesur Kamuda Alere – Gweri Acuma – Gweri Kokong - Kapir Ariet - Obuolo Obuolo –Kapir Ngora Town Dokolo – Gweri Amodoima – Gweri Gweri Trading Centre Achima Village Omirio Dokolo Opugo Village Owalei Opiro TV Olelebun – Asuret Awoja Onyerai Core PTC Atekwa – Kapir Atira – Kapir

Survey Locations in Mbarara, Ntungamo, Ibanda, Bushenyi and Kiruhura Districts Mbarara Municipality Ibanda TC Bushenyi TC Ntungamo Bwizibwera Kabwohe Kashaka Rwampara Biharwe Sanga Ndeija Kinoni Itojo Rugando Nyagaruka Rwanyamabare Kyangara Kagugu Nyaburuza – Ntungamo Ruhoko-Nyakashozi Ngoma-Rubare Nsongezi Kamatari - Kasharara Nyaihanga – Mbarara Katete – Mbrarara Karugangama – Mbarara Itendero Rutoma – Ibanda Rweibare – Kashari Rwayamahembe – Mbarara Rubindi Rukaka Kagonyi Rwentuha Nyarwanya – Bushenyi Ruhandagazi – Bushenyi Kibara-Bumbaire Nyandozo-Bumbaire Rwemirokora, Ishaka Rwamabengwa, Kakanju Kizinda Rwemiko Kyabugimbi – Bushenyi Nyakashambya – Bushenyi Rubiinzi Rwenkaja – Biharwe Rwenjuru – Biharwe Rushoozi Ruti - Mbarara

VI.

Detailed/Additional Statistical Data Tables For how long have you listened to the program? Or when did you start listening? Frequency

Percent

6 months ago

51

20.3

5 months ago

28

11.2

4 months ago

18

7.2

3 months ago

45

17.9

2 months ago

41

16.3

1 month ago

68

27.1

How many times have listened to the programs? No. of times

Frequency

Percent

1

11

5.5

2

22

11.1

3

25

12.6

4

31

15.6

5

20

10.1

6

15

7.5

7

6

3.0

8

9

4.5

9

1

0.5

10

19

9.5

12

6

3.0

13

1

0.5

15

5

2.5

16

1

0.5

20

14

7.0

24

1

0.5

25

2

1.0

30

6

3.0

40

2

1.0

48

1

0.5

50 Total

1

0.5

199

100

How often have you listened to the dairy radio programs? Frequency

Percent

Every week

148

57.6

Once every 2 weeks

44

17.1

Once every 3 weeks

13

5.1

Not sure

52

20.2

257

100.0

Total

How adequately was topic on Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) covered? Frequency Adequately covered

Percent 188

67.9

Somewhat adequately covered

76

27.4

Not adequately covered

10

3.6

Not applicable Total

3

1.1

277

100.0

38

How adequately was topic on Animal/Herd health (Disease control) covered? Frequency Adequately covered Somewhat adequately covered

Percent 189

67.7

75

26.9

Not adequately covered

9

3.2

Not applicable

6

2.2

279

100.0

Total

How adequately was topic on Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality) covered? Frequency Adequately covered

Percent 88

33.2

103

38.9

Not adequately covered

53

20.0

Not applicable

21

7.9

265

100.0

Somewhat adequately covered

Total

How adequately was topic on Farm management (Record keeping etc) covered? Frequency Adequately covered

Percent 118

45.2

Somewhat adequately covered

81

31.0

Not adequately covered

51

19.5

Not applicable

11

4.2

261

100.0

Total

How adequately was topic on Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills) covered? Frequency

Percent

Adequately covered

77

29.8

Somewhat adequately covered

77

29.8

Not adequately covered

66

25.6

Not applicable

38

14.7

258

100

Total

How adequately was topic on Market (Outlets, Access, milk prices etc) covered? Frequency Adequately covered

Percent 133

49.4

Somewhat adequately covered

67

24.9

Not adequately covered

58

21.6

Not applicable Total

11

4.1

269

100

How adequately was topic on Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension Services, Regulation, NAADS etc) covered? Frequency Adequately covered

Percent 65

25.1

Somewhat adequately covered

53

20.5

Not adequately covered

88

34.0

Not applicable Total

53

20.5

259

100.0

39

How adequately was topic on Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural issues) covered? Frequency

Percent

Adequately covered

65

26.3

Somewhat adequately covered

43

17.4

Not adequately covered

59

23.9

Not applicable Total

80

32.4

247

100.0

How adequately was topic on "Farming as a business" covered? Frequency

Percent

Adequately covered

167

63.0

Somewhat adequately covered

74

27.9

Not adequately covered

14

5.3

Not applicable

10

3.8

265

100.0

Total

How adequately was topic on Marketing of dairy products covered? Frequency

Percent

Adequately covered

122

45.7

Somewhat adequately covered

83

31.1

Not adequately covered

56

21.0

Not applicable Total

6

2.2

267

100.0

How adequately was topic on Challenges faced in the dairy industry in general covered? Frequency

Percent

Adequately covered

87

33.0

Somewhat adequately covered

86

32.6

Not adequately covered

63

23.9

Not applicable

28

10.6

264

100.0

Total

How adequately was topic on Pasture development (Dry season feeding etc) covered? Frequency

Percent

Adequately covered

130

49.2

Somewhat adequately covered

72

27.3

Not adequately covered

46

17.4

Not applicable Total

16

6.1

264

100.0

Statement - The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business Frequency Strongly agree Somewhat agree

Percent 182

74.3

57

23.3

Neutral

5

2.0

Somewhat disagree

1

0.4

245

100.0

Total

40

Statement - Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business Frequency Strongly agree

Percent 139

56.5

Somewhat agree

72

29.3

Neutral

23

9.3

Somewhat disagree

10

4.1

2

0.8

246

100.0

Strongly disagree Total

Statement - Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems Frequency Strongly agree

Percent 115

46.9

Somewhat agree

85

34.7

Neutral

32

13.1

Somewhat disagree

11

4.5

2

0.8

245

100.0

Strongly disagree Total

Statement - Dairy radio program content was educative and informative Frequency Strongly agree

Percent 188

77.4

50

20.6

Neutral

4

1.6

Somewhat disagree

1

0.4

243

100

Somewhat agree

Total

Statement - Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable Frequency

Percent

Strongly agree

96

40.3

Somewhat agree

70

29.4

Neutral

38

16.0

Somewhat disagree

30

12.6

Strongly disagree Total

4

1.7

238

100.0

Statement - After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most of the knowledge obtained Frequency Strongly agree

Percent 132

53.4

Somewhat agree

65

26.3

Neutral

44

17.8

Somewhat disagree

4

1.6

Strongly disagree

2

0.8

247

100.0

Total

41

Statement - Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable Frequency

Percent

Strongly agree

114

47.5

Somewhat agree

76

31.7

Neutral

40

16.7

Somewhat disagree

9

3.8

Strongly disagree

1

0.4

240

100.0

Total

Category * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation If yes, on which radio station? Voice of Teso Category

Farmer

Milking collecting Centre

Count

Unsure

Vision

Endigyito

8

3

13

3

3

191

% within Category

33.5

50.8

4.2

1.6

6.8

1.6

1.6

100

% within If yes, on which radio station?

79.0

69.3

50.0

75.0

100.0

60.0

100.0

72.9

Count

Count % within Category % within If yes, on which radio station? Count

3

15

3

1

0

1

0

23

13.0

65.2

13.0

4.3

0

4.3

0

100

3.7

10.7

18.8

25.0

0

20.0

0

8.8

8

2

5

0

0

0

0

15

53.3

13.3

33.3

0

0

0

0

100

9.9

1.4

31.3

0

0

0

0

5.7

6

26

0

0

0

1

0

33

18.2

78.8

0

0

0

3.0

0

100

% within If yes, on which radio station?

7.4

18.6

0

0

0

20.0

0

12.6

Count

81

140

16

4

13

5

3

262

30.9

53.4

6.1

1.5

5.0

1.9

1.1

100

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100

% within Category

Total

Other

97

% within If yes, on which radio station?

Traders etc

Veritas

64

% within Category

Consumer

Radio West

Total

% within Category % within If yes, on which radio station?

How adequately was topic on Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Production (Breeding, Feeding, Feeds) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 13 3 9

Voice of Teso 67

Radio West 81

37.9%

45.8%

7.3%

1.7%

81.7%

57.9%

81.3%

14

51

2

19.2%

69.9%

17.1% 0

Vision 2

Endigyito 2

Total 177

5.1%

1.1%

1.1%

100.0%

75.0%

75.0%

50.0%

66.7%

67.8%

1

2

2

1

73

2.7%

1.4%

2.7%

2.7%

1.4%

100.0%

36.4%

12.5%

25.0%

16.7%

50.0%

33.3%

28.0%

6

1

0

1

0

0

8

.0%

75.0%

12.5%

.0%

12.5%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

4.3%

6.3%

.0%

8.3%

.0%

.0%

3.1%

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

3

33.3%

66.7%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.2%

1.4%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

1.1%

82

140

16

4

12

4

3

261

31.4%

53.6%

6.1%

1.5%

4.6%

1.5%

1.1%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

42

How adequately was topic on Animal/Herd health (Disease control) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Animal/Herd health (Disease control) covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Animal/Herd health (Disease control) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Animal/Herd health (Disease control) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Animal/Herd health (Disease control) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Animal/Herd health (Disease control) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Animal/Herd health (Disease control) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 11 2 8

Voice of Teso 69

Radio West 80

39.2%

45.5%

6.3%

1.1%

85.2%

56.3%

68.8%

9

52

4

12.3%

71.2%

11.1% 1

Vision 4

Endigyito 2

Total 176

4.5%

2.3%

1.1%

100.0%

50.0%

66.7%

80.0%

66.7%

66.9%

2

4

1

1

73

5.5%

2.7%

5.5%

1.4%

1.4%

100.0%

36.6%

25.0%

50.0%

33.3%

20.0%

33.3%

27.8%

8

0

0

0

0

0

9

11.1%

88.9%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.2%

5.6%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

3.4%

2

2

1

0

0

0

0

5

40.0%

40.0%

20.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

2.5%

1.4%

6.3%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

1.9%

81

142

16

4

12

5

3

263

30.8%

54.0%

6.1%

1.5%

4.6%

1.9%

1.1%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

How adequately was topic on Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality) covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm Input Supplies (Availability, Costs, Quality) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 8 0 8

Voice of Teso 37

Radio West 29

43.5%

34.1%

9.4%

.0%

46.8%

21.8%

50.0%

26

63

1

27.4%

66.3%

32.9% 8

Vision 2

Endigyito 1

9.4%

2.4%

1.2%

100.0%

.0%

66.7%

40.0%

50.0%

34.0%

1

3

1

0

95

1.1%

1.1%

3.2%

1.1%

.0%

100.0%

47.4%

6.3%

33.3%

25.0%

20.0%

.0%

38.0%

34

5

1

1

1

1

51

15.7%

66.7%

9.8%

2.0%

2.0%

2.0%

2.0%

100.0%

10.1%

25.6%

31.3%

33.3%

8.3%

20.0%

50.0%

20.4%

8

7

2

1

0

1

0

19

42.1%

36.8%

10.5%

5.3%

.0%

5.3%

.0%

100.0%

10.1%

5.3%

12.5%

33.3%

.0%

20.0%

.0%

7.6%

79

133

16

3

12

5

2

250

31.6%

53.2%

6.4%

1.2%

4.8%

2.0%

.8%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

43

Total 85

How adequately was topic on Farm management (Record keeping etc) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Farm management (Record keeping etc) covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm management (Record keeping etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm management (Record keeping etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm management (Record keeping etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm management (Record keeping etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Farm management (Record keeping etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 10 1 7

Voice of Teso 47

Radio West 44

42.0%

39.3%

8.9%

.9%

63.5%

32.6%

62.5%

9

55

3

11.5%

70.5%

12.2% 11

Vision 1

Endigyito 2

Total 112

6.3%

.9%

1.8%

100.0%

50.0%

58.3%

20.0%

66.7%

45.3%

1

5

4

1

78

3.8%

1.3%

6.4%

5.1%

1.3%

100.0%

40.7%

18.8%

50.0%

41.7%

80.0%

33.3%

31.6%

35

2

0

0

0

0

48

22.9%

72.9%

4.2%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

14.9%

25.9%

12.5%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

19.4%

7

1

1

0

0

0

0

9

77.8%

11.1%

11.1%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

9.5%

.7%

6.3%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

3.6%

74

135

16

2

12

5

3

247

30.0%

54.7%

6.5%

.8%

4.9%

2.0%

1.2%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

How adequately was topic on Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills) covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Resource availability & Management (Access to Capital, Management skills) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 8 0 4

Voice of Teso 31

Radio West 30

42.5%

41.1%

11.0%

.0%

41.3%

23.1%

53.3%

13

51

4

17.8%

69.9%

17.3% 14

Vision 0

Endigyito 0

Total 73

5.5%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

33.3%

.0%

.0%

30.0%

1

2

2

0

73

5.5%

1.4%

2.7%

2.7%

.0%

100.0%

39.2%

26.7%

25.0%

16.7%

40.0%

.0%

30.0%

39

1

3

3

0

2

62

22.6%

62.9%

1.6%

4.8%

4.8%

.0%

3.2%

100.0%

18.7%

30.0%

6.7%

75.0%

25.0%

.0%

100.0%

25.5%

17

10

2

0

3

3

0

35

48.6%

28.6%

5.7%

.0%

8.6%

8.6%

.0%

100.0%

22.7%

7.7%

13.3%

.0%

25.0%

60.0%

.0%

14.4%

75

130

15

4

12

5

2

243

30.9%

53.5%

6.2%

1.6%

4.9%

2.1%

.8%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

44

How adequately was topic on Market (Outlets,Access, milk prices etc) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Market (Outlets,Access, milk prices etc) covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Market (Outlets,Access, milk prices etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Market (Outlets,Access, milk prices etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Market (Outlets,Access, milk prices etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Market (Outlets,Access, milk prices etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Market (Outlets,Access, milk prices etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 13 0 8

Voice of Teso 63

Radio West 41

49.6%

32.3%

10.2%

.0%

78.8%

30.6%

81.3%

12

41

3

19.4%

66.1%

15.0% 5

Vision 2

Endigyito 0

Total 127

6.3%

1.6%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

66.7%

40.0%

.0%

50.2%

2

3

0

1

62

4.8%

3.2%

4.8%

.0%

1.6%

100.0%

30.6%

18.8%

66.7%

25.0%

.0%

33.3%

24.5%

47

0

1

1

1

1

56

8.9%

83.9%

.0%

1.8%

1.8%

1.8%

1.8%

100.0%

6.3%

35.1%

.0%

33.3%

8.3%

20.0%

33.3%

22.1%

0

5

0

0

0

2

1

8

.0%

62.5%

.0%

.0%

.0%

25.0%

12.5%

100.0%

.0%

3.7%

.0%

.0%

.0%

40.0%

33.3%

3.2%

80

134

16

3

12

5

3

253

31.6%

53.0%

6.3%

1.2%

4.7%

2.0%

1.2%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

45

How adequately was topic on Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension Services, Regulation, NAADS etc) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension Services, Regulation, NAADS etc) covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension Services, Regulation, NAADS etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension Services, Regulation, NAADS etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension Services, Regulation, NAADS etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension Services, Regulation, NAADS etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Policy Issues (Taxation, Extension Services, Regulation, NAADS etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 10 0 4

Voice of Teso 27

Radio West 21

43.5%

33.9%

16.1%

.0%

36.0%

16.3%

62.5%

15

26

3

31.3%

54.2%

20.0% 21

Vision 0

Endigyito 0

6.5%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

33.3%

.0%

.0%

25.5%

2

1

1

0

48

6.3%

4.2%

2.1%

2.1%

.0%

100.0%

20.2%

18.8%

50.0%

8.3%

20.0%

.0%

19.8%

58

2

2

3

0

0

86

24.4%

67.4%

2.3%

2.3%

3.5%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

28.0%

45.0%

12.5%

50.0%

25.0%

.0%

.0%

35.4%

12

24

1

0

4

4

2

47

25.5%

51.1%

2.1%

.0%

8.5%

8.5%

4.3%

100.0%

16.0%

18.6%

6.3%

.0%

33.3%

80.0%

100.0%

19.3%

75

129

16

4

12

5

2

243

30.9%

53.1%

6.6%

1.6%

4.9%

2.1%

.8%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

46

Total 62

How adequately was topic on Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural issues) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural issues) covered?

Total

Adequately covered

Count % within How adequately was topic on Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural issues) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Somewhat adequately Count covered % within How adequately was topic on Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural issues) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Not adequately covered Count % within How adequately was topic on Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural issues) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Not applicable Count % within How adequately was topic on Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural issues) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Intrapersonal issues (Attitudes, cultural issues) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 7 0 3

Voice of Teso 37

Radio West 16

58.7%

25.4%

11.1%

.0%

47.4%

13.7%

43.8%

6

26

3

15.4%

66.7%

7.7% 8

Vision 0

Endigyito 0

Total 63

4.8%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

25.0%

.0%

.0%

27.0%

2

2

0

0

39

7.7%

5.1%

5.1%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

22.2%

18.8%

50.0%

16.7%

.0%

.0%

16.7%

44

2

1

3

1

0

59

13.6%

74.6%

3.4%

1.7%

5.1%

1.7%

.0%

100.0%

10.3%

37.6%

12.5%

25.0%

25.0%

25.0%

.0%

25.3%

27

31

4

1

4

3

2

72

37.5%

43.1%

5.6%

1.4%

5.6%

4.2%

2.8%

100.0%

34.6%

26.5%

25.0%

25.0%

33.3%

75.0%

100.0%

30.9%

78

117

16

4

12

4

2

233

33.5%

50.2%

6.9%

1.7%

5.2%

1.7%

.9%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

How adequately was topic on "Farming as a business" covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on "Farming as a business" covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on "Farming as a business" covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on "Farming as a business" covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on "Farming as a business" covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on "Farming as a business" covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on "Farming as a business" covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 11 3 9

Voice of Teso 54

Radio West 74

34.2%

46.8%

7.0%

1.9%

69.2%

56.1%

68.8%

17

46

3

24.6%

66.7%

21.8% 3

Vision 4

Endigyito 3

Total 158

5.7%

2.5%

1.9%

100.0%

75.0%

81.8%

80.0%

100.0%

63.5%

1

2

0

0

69

4.3%

1.4%

2.9%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

34.8%

18.8%

25.0%

18.2%

.0%

.0%

27.7%

10

0

0

0

1

0

14

21.4%

71.4%

.0%

.0%

.0%

7.1%

.0%

100.0%

3.8%

7.6%

.0%

.0%

.0%

20.0%

.0%

5.6%

4

2

2

0

0

0

0

8

50.0%

25.0%

25.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

5.1%

1.5%

12.5%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

3.2%

78

132

16

4

11

5

3

249

31.3%

53.0%

6.4%

1.6%

4.4%

2.0%

1.2%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

47

How adequately was topic on Marketing of dairy products covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Marketing of dairy products covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Marketing of dairy products covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Marketing of dairy products covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Marketing of dairy products covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Marketing of dairy products covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Marketing of dairy products covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 10 1 6

Voice of Teso 55

Radio West 40

47.8%

34.8%

8.7%

.9%

70.5%

29.6%

62.5%

14

51

6

17.7%

64.6%

17.9% 8

Vision 2

Endigyito 1

Total 115

5.2%

1.7%

.9%

100.0%

25.0%

50.0%

40.0%

50.0%

45.6%

2

4

2

0

79

7.6%

2.5%

5.1%

2.5%

.0%

100.0%

37.8%

37.5%

50.0%

33.3%

40.0%

.0%

31.3%

41

0

1

1

1

1

53

15.1%

77.4%

.0%

1.9%

1.9%

1.9%

1.9%

100.0%

10.3%

30.4%

.0%

25.0%

8.3%

20.0%

50.0%

21.0%

1

3

0

0

1

0

0

5

20.0%

60.0%

.0%

.0%

20.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.3%

2.2%

.0%

.0%

8.3%

.0%

.0%

2.0%

78

135

16

4

12

5

2

252

31.0%

53.6%

6.3%

1.6%

4.8%

2.0%

.8%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

How adequately was topic on Challenges faced in the dairy industry in general covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Challenges faced in the dairy industry in general covered?

Total

Adequately covered

Count % within How adequately was topic on Challenges faced in the dairy industry in general covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Somewhat adequately Count covered % within How adequately was topic on Challenges faced in the dairy industry in general covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Not adequately covered Count % within How adequately was topic on Challenges faced in the dairy industry in general covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Not applicable Count % within How adequately was topic on Challenges faced in the dairy industry in general covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Challenges faced in the dairy industry in general covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 10 0 5

Voice of Teso 41

Radio West 27

48.8%

32.1%

11.9%

.0%

54.7%

19.9%

62.5%

23

49

4

27.7%

59.0%

30.7% 8

Vision 1

Endigyito 0

Total 84

6.0%

1.2%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

45.5%

20.0%

.0%

33.7%

3

2

1

1

83

4.8%

3.6%

2.4%

1.2%

1.2%

100.0%

36.0%

25.0%

75.0%

18.2%

20.0%

50.0%

33.3%

46

1

1

3

0

0

59

13.6%

78.0%

1.7%

1.7%

5.1%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

10.7%

33.8%

6.3%

25.0%

27.3%

.0%

.0%

23.7%

3

14

1

0

1

3

1

23

13.0%

60.9%

4.3%

.0%

4.3%

13.0%

4.3%

100.0%

4.0%

10.3%

6.3%

.0%

9.1%

60.0%

50.0%

9.2%

75

136

16

4

11

5

2

249

30.1%

54.6%

6.4%

1.6%

4.4%

2.0%

.8%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

48

How adequately was topic on Pasture development (Dry season feeding etc) covered? * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

How adequately was topic on Pasture development (Dry season feeding etc) covered?

Adequately covered

Somewhat adequately covered

Not adequately covered

Not applicable

Total

Count % within How adequately was topic on Pasture development (Dry season feeding etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Pasture development (Dry season feeding etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Pasture development (Dry season feeding etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Pasture development (Dry season feeding etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within How adequately was topic on Pasture development (Dry season feeding etc) covered? % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 8 3 8

Voice of Teso 54

Radio West 49

42.9%

38.9%

6.3%

2.4%

72.0%

36.0%

50.0%

8

54

6

11.3%

76.1%

10.7% 8

Vision 3

Endigyito 1

Total 126

6.3%

2.4%

.8%

100.0%

75.0%

72.7%

60.0%

33.3%

50.4%

1

1

1

0

71

8.5%

1.4%

1.4%

1.4%

.0%

100.0%

39.7%

37.5%

25.0%

9.1%

20.0%

.0%

28.4%

26

1

0

1

1

2

39

20.5%

66.7%

2.6%

.0%

2.6%

2.6%

5.1%

100.0%

10.7%

19.1%

6.3%

.0%

9.1%

20.0%

66.7%

15.6%

5

7

1

0

1

0

0

14

35.7%

50.0%

7.1%

.0%

7.1%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

6.7%

5.1%

6.3%

.0%

9.1%

.0%

.0%

5.6%

75

136

16

4

11

5

3

250

30.0%

54.4%

6.4%

1.6%

4.4%

2.0%

1.2%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Statement - The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

Statement - The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Neutral

Somewhat disagree

Total

Count % within Statement - The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement - The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement - The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement - The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement - The program contents were sensitive and useful to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station?

Voice of Teso 66

If yes, on which radio station? Radio West Veritas Other 80 14 3

Not sure 10

Vision 2

Total 175

37.7%

45.7%

8.0%

1.7%

5.7%

1.1%

100.0%

83.5%

65.0%

87.5%

75.0%

83.3%

100.0%

74.2%

11

39

2

1

2

0

55

20.0%

70.9%

3.6%

1.8%

3.6%

.0%

100.0%

13.9%

31.7%

12.5%

25.0%

16.7%

.0%

23.3%

2

3

0

0

0

0

5

40.0%

60.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

2.5%

2.4%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

2.1%

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

.0%

100.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

.8%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.4%

79

123

16

4

12

2

236

33.5%

52.1%

6.8%

1.7%

5.1%

.8%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

49

Statement - Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

Statement - Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Neutral

Somewhat disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

Count % within Statement Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues raised by callers or moderators were well handled and relevant to your dairy business % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 12 1 10

Voice of Teso 57

Radio West 52

42.2%

38.5%

8.9%

.7%

72.2%

42.6%

75.0%

18

43

1

26.5%

63.2%

22.8% 3

Vision 0

Endigyito 3

Total 135

7.4%

.0%

2.2%

100.0%

25.0%

83.3%

.0%

100.0%

57.0%

3

2

1

0

68

1.5%

4.4%

2.9%

1.5%

.0%

100.0%

35.2%

6.3%

75.0%

16.7%

100.0%

.0%

28.7%

17

2

0

0

0

0

22

13.6%

77.3%

9.1%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

3.8%

13.9%

12.5%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

9.3%

0

9

1

0

0

0

0

10

.0%

90.0%

10.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

7.4%

6.3%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

4.2%

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

2

50.0%

50.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.3%

.8%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.8%

79

122

16

4

12

1

3

237

33.3%

51.5%

6.8%

1.7%

5.1%

.4%

1.3%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

50

Statement - Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

Statement - Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Neutral

Somewhat disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

Count % within Statement Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Questions and issues in the radio programs have provided some solutions to your dairy business challenges and problems % within If yes, on which radio station?

Voice of Teso 47

If yes, on which radio station? Radio West Veritas Other 48 8 0

Not sure 6

Vision 2

Total 111

42.3%

43.2%

7.2%

.0%

5.4%

1.8%

100.0%

60.3%

38.4%

50.0%

.0%

50.0%

100.0%

46.8%

18

51

6

3

5

0

83

21.7%

61.4%

7.2%

3.6%

6.0%

.0%

100.0%

23.1%

40.8%

37.5%

75.0%

41.7%

.0%

35.0%

11

16

2

0

1

0

30

36.7%

53.3%

6.7%

.0%

3.3%

.0%

100.0%

14.1%

12.8%

12.5%

.0%

8.3%

.0%

12.7%

2

8

0

1

0

0

11

18.2%

72.7%

.0%

9.1%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

2.6%

6.4%

.0%

25.0%

.0%

.0%

4.6%

0

2

0

0

0

0

2

.0%

100.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

1.6%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.8%

78

125

16

4

12

2

237

32.9%

52.7%

6.8%

1.7%

5.1%

.8%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

51

Statement - Dairy radio program content was educative and informative * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

Statement - Dairy radio program content was educative and informative

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Neutral

Somewhat disagree

Total

Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was educative and informative % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was educative and informative % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was educative and informative % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was educative and informative % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was educative and informative % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 14 0 12

Voice of Teso 72

Radio West 82

39.3%

44.8%

7.7%

.0%

91.1%

67.8%

87.5%

7

34

2

14.9%

72.3%

8.9% 0

Vision 2

Endigyito 1

Total 183

6.6%

1.1%

.5%

100.0%

.0%

100.0%

66.7%

100.0%

77.9%

3

0

1

0

47

4.3%

6.4%

.0%

2.1%

.0%

100.0%

28.1%

12.5%

100.0%

.0%

33.3%

.0%

20.0%

4

0

0

0

0

0

4

.0%

100.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

3.3%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

1.7%

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

.0%

100.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

.8%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.4%

79

121

16

3

12

3

1

235

33.6%

51.5%

6.8%

1.3%

5.1%

1.3%

.4%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

52

Statement - Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

Statement - Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Neutral

Somewhat disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

Count % within Statement Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Advice given in the dairy programs is easily applicable % within If yes, on which radio station?

Voice of Teso 44

If yes, on which radio station? Radio West Veritas Other 35 9 2

Not sure 4

Vision 0

Total 94

46.8%

37.2%

9.6%

2.1%

4.3%

.0%

100.0%

56.4%

29.7%

56.3%

50.0%

33.3%

.0%

40.9%

13

43

2

2

6

1

67

19.4%

64.2%

3.0%

3.0%

9.0%

1.5%

100.0%

16.7%

36.4%

12.5%

50.0%

50.0%

50.0%

29.1%

11

19

4

0

1

0

35

31.4%

54.3%

11.4%

.0%

2.9%

.0%

100.0%

14.1%

16.1%

25.0%

.0%

8.3%

.0%

15.2%

7

20

1

0

1

1

30

23.3%

66.7%

3.3%

.0%

3.3%

3.3%

100.0%

9.0%

16.9%

6.3%

.0%

8.3%

50.0%

13.0%

3

1

0

0

0

0

4

75.0%

25.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

3.8%

.8%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

1.7%

78

118

16

4

12

2

230

33.9%

51.3%

7.0%

1.7%

5.2%

.9%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

53

Statement - Dairy radio program content was understable * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

Statement - Dairy radio program content was understable

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Neutral

Somewhat disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was understable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was understable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was understable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was understable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was understable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Dairy radio program content was understable % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 9 2 9

Voice of Teso 53

Radio West 55

40.8%

42.3%

6.9%

1.5%

67.9%

48.2%

56.3%

9

48

5

14.1%

75.0%

11.5% 14

Vision 1

Endigyito 1

Total 130

6.9%

.8%

.8%

100.0%

50.0%

75.0%

50.0%

50.0%

57.0%

2

0

0

0

64

7.8%

3.1%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

42.1%

31.3%

50.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

28.1%

11

2

0

3

0

1

31

45.2%

35.5%

6.5%

.0%

9.7%

.0%

3.2%

100.0%

17.9%

9.6%

12.5%

.0%

25.0%

.0%

50.0%

13.6%

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

100.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.3%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.4%

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

2

50.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

50.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.3%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

50.0%

.0%

.9%

78

114

16

4

12

2

2

228

34.2%

50.0%

7.0%

1.8%

5.3%

.9%

.9%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

54

Statement - After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most most of the knowledge obtained * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

Statement - After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most most of the knowledge obtained

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Neutral

Somewhat disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

Count % within Statement After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most most of the knowledge obtained % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most most of the knowledge obtained % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most most of the knowledge obtained % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most most of the knowledge obtained % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most most of the knowledge obtained % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement After listening to the dairy radio programs you will consider applying most most of the knowledge obtained % within If yes, on which radio station?

If yes, on which radio station? Veritas Other Not sure 12 2 7

Voice of Teso 45

Radio West 59

35.7%

46.8%

9.5%

1.6%

57.7%

47.6%

75.0%

15

39

1

24.6%

63.9%

19.2% 17

Vision 1

Endigyito 0

Total 126

5.6%

.8%

.0%

100.0%

50.0%

58.3%

50.0%

.0%

53.2%

2

2

1

1

61

1.6%

3.3%

3.3%

1.6%

1.6%

100.0%

31.5%

6.3%

50.0%

16.7%

50.0%

100.0%

25.7%

21

3

0

3

0

0

44

38.6%

47.7%

6.8%

.0%

6.8%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

21.8%

16.9%

18.8%

.0%

25.0%

.0%

.0%

18.6%

1

3

0

0

0

0

0

4

25.0%

75.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.3%

2.4%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

1.7%

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

2

.0%

100.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

.0%

1.6%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.8%

78

124

16

4

12

2

1

237

32.9%

52.3%

6.8%

1.7%

5.1%

.8%

.4%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

55

Statement - Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable * If yes, on which radio station? Crosstabulation

Statement - Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable

Strongly agree

Somewhat agree

Neutral

Somewhat disagree

Strongly disagree

Total

VII.

Count % within Statement Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable % within If yes, on which radio station? Count % within Statement Benefits from advice in the dairy radio programs are believable % within If yes, on which radio station?

Voice of Teso 44

If yes, on which radio station? Radio West Veritas Other 48 9 0

Not sure 7

Vision 2

Total 110

40.0%

43.6%

8.2%

.0%

6.4%

1.8%

100.0%

56.4%

40.3%

56.3%

.0%

58.3%

100.0%

47.6%

21

40

3

4

4

0

72

29.2%

55.6%

4.2%

5.6%

5.6%

.0%

100.0%

26.9%

33.6%

18.8%

100.0%

33.3%

.0%

31.2%

11

24

3

0

1

0

39

28.2%

61.5%

7.7%

.0%

2.6%

.0%

100.0%

14.1%

20.2%

18.8%

.0%

8.3%

.0%

16.9%

1

7

1

0

0

0

9

11.1%

77.8%

11.1%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.3%

5.9%

6.3%

.0%

.0%

.0%

3.9%

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

100.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

100.0%

1.3%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.0%

.4%

78

119

16

4

12

2

231

33.8%

51.5%

6.9%

1.7%

5.2%

.9%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

100.0%

Comments from Radio Stations – Voice of Teso & Radio West

There was an opportunity to talk to the radio stations i.e. Mr. Tuguragara Matojo (Programmes Manager, Radio West) and Mr. Richard Ekotu (Producer of Ekacokon program on Voice of Teso). Below is a summary of issues raised: Regular meetings with Land O’ Lakes are required to ensure that the process moves smoothly and to also iron out any obstacles that may impede program success. There is need to consistently facilitate technical people to carry out research for program input deep in the villages. The costs of collecting materials are high. Funds that have been set aside are not sufficient. For example if 200,000/= is put aside for the purpose and seen as sufficient but on the ground it costs much more. There is need to encourage timely payments to facilitate program preparations. Bureaucratic delays have been a major challenge. Internal mechanisms need to be streamlined so that producers do no feel a sense of frustration. Delayed disbursement of funds can be an obstacle to work processes.

56

Translation services need facilitation as it requires extra time to do it – it feels burdensome when it is not financially catered for. This is the case with translating scripts into local language from English and vice versa when there is need to do so.(For auditing purposes and data storage) Resource people have been working as volunteers but for how long will they do this? In order to encourage them to come when invited, there is need to pay for their professional services reasonably and facilitate their transport. Clear packaging is needed. There is need to bring specialists to discuss the various issues that affect the dairy business. It is good to have a vet doctor coming to the programs, but there is need to bring a dairy marketing specialist or processing expert to supplement vet medicine aspects. Finances are required to motivate and attract such professionals to come to the radio programs. There is need to promote and raise awareness for use of dairy cooperatives. In this milk bulking issues should be emphasized. Land O’ Lakes should encourage localized seminars as a follow-up to dairy radio programs say individual district farmers’ workshops. Regular and effective meetings between presenters, producers, station managers, companies (sponsors), ILO FIT-SEMA and Land O’ Lakes should be regular to harmonize conflicting differences. This will also help in proper coordination when executing the programs – to know who is who in the processes. This would be important to create synergies between the different parties. Authorities in different fields should feature in the programs. E.g. if there is an issue to do with foot and mouth disease, an authority in this should be invited to talk about. They should also be motivated to do so.

57