Financial Markets

Chapter 2 Global Financial Instruments

Major Classes of Financial Assets/Securities 

Debt – Money market instruments – Bonds

  

Common stock Preferred stock Derivative securities

2

Financial Markets Traditional Financial Markets

(Short-term) Money Market

(Long-term) Capital Market

Financial Markets

T-Bills CD CP BA Repos/Reverses Federal funds LIBOR market

Bonds

Stocks

Derivatives Foreign Exchange Market

T-Notes/Bonds Municipal bonds Corporate Bonds ABS/MBS Forward Futures Option Swap Whole sales market Retail market

3

Money Market Instruments 1 

Short-term, marketable, low-risk securities – Cash equivalents



Treasury bill (T-Bill) – Short-term (less than one year) gov’t securities sold at a discount and paying off the face value at maturity – Discount rate needs to be converted to a bond equivalent yield (See example later) – Tax-exempt from all state and local taxes, but not from fed taxes – Issued in auction markets: Competitive vs. noncompetitive bids



Certificates of deposit (CD) – Time deposit with a bank, paying off interest and principal at maturity, and negotiable before maturity – Treated as a bank deposit by the FDIC (insured for up to $100,000) 4

Money Market Instruments 2 

Eurodollars – Dollar-denominated time deposits at foreign banks, with a maturity less than 6 months – Eurodollar CD is a variation that is negotiable before maturity



Commercial Paper (CP) – Short-term unsecured debt issued by a large corp. in denomination of $100,000 – Fairly safe, but can default. – Rated by a rating agency such as S&P, Moody’s, etc.



Bankers’ Acceptances (BA) – Widely used in foreign trade (import/export) – A customer’s order accepted by a bank to make a payment at a future date – Sells at a discount in secondary markets 5

Money Market Instruments 3 

Repurchase Agreements (RPs) and Reverse RPs – Short-term (overnight) sales of gov’t securities by dealers with an agreement to repurchase them later at a higher price – It is like a S/T low-risk loan with the securities held as collateral – A reverse repo works in the opposite direction



Federal Funds – Banks’ deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank to maintain a required minimum balance – Banks with excess funds lend to those with a shortage at a rate of the Federal fund rate (Fed fund rate)



LIBOR Market – LIBOR: lending rate among large banks in London – Serve as a reference rate for a wide range of transactions 6

Discount Rate vs. Bond Equivalent Yield 

Discount Rates on money market instruments are not directly comparable to Bond Equivalent Yield (BEY) – They need to be converted into BEY to be comparable with other bond yields – 360 vs. 365 days assumed in a year

7

Bank Discount Rate (T-Bills) 10,000 - P 360 r BD = x n 10,000 rBD = bank discount rate P

= market price of the T-bill

n

= number of days to maturity

(Example) 90-day T-bill, P = $9,875 10,000 - 9,875 360 r BD = = 5% x 10,000 90

8

Bond Equivalent Yield 

Convert the bank discount rate into BEY to make it comparable with other bond yields

r BEY

10,000 - P 365 = x n P

P = market price of the T-bill n = number of days to maturity

Example using the sample T-Bill: 10,000 - 9,875 365 r BEY = x 9,875 90 rBEY = .0127 x 4.0556 = .0513 = 5.13%

9

Capital Market : Fixed Income Instruments 1 

US Treasury Notes and Bonds – Debt of the federal gov’t with maturities of 1 year or more, paying off semiannual interests and principal at maturity – Price quoted in units of 1/32 of a point (Ex) 110:06 = 110 6/32 = 110.1875 (%) of par U$1 mil – Yield-to-maturity (YTM) is an annualized rate of return, based on an annual percentage rate (APR) or also called BEY (Ex) YTM = semiannual yield ×2



Mortgage-Backed Securities (Federal Agency) – Ownership claim to cash inflows from a mortgage pool – Interest and principal payments from borrowers are passed to purchasers, and are called “pass-throughs” – GNMA pass-throughs (since 1970), and others (FNMA, FHLMC) – Market size is comparable to corporate and T-bond markets 10

Capital Market : Fixed Income Instruments 2 

Municipal bond (“munis”) – Issued by state and local gov’t, and interest income is exempt from federal and sometimes state and local tax (but capital gains are taxable) – To compare yields on taxable securities, we compute a Taxable Equivalent Yield as follows

rm = r×(1 – t) rm r = 1–t

rm = muni bond yield r = taxable equivalent yield t

= marginal tax rate

11

Capital Market : Fixed Income Instruments 3 

Corporate bonds – Long-term debt issued by private corporations, paying typically semiannual interests and principal at maturity – Secured (mortgage or collateral) vs. unsecured (Debenture) – Guaranteed vs. straight bond – Option-embedded bonds: Callable, puttable, convertible, etc. – Current yield = Annual coupon / Current price – Yield-to-maturity = current yield + capital gain yield



International Bonds – Eurobond: denominated in a currency other than the issuing country, e.g., dollar-denominated bond issued in London – Yankee bond, Samurai bond 12

Capital Market - Equity 

Common stock – – – – – –



Ownership shares of a publicly held corporation Entitled to get voting right and dividend payments Residual claim Limited liability Dividend yield = Annual dividend / Current price PE ratio = Price / EPS

Preferred stock – Nonvoting shares, usually paying fixed dividends (usually cumulative), like an infinite-maturity bond or a perpetuity – Priority over common stock holders – Sometimes, callable and convertible 13

International Equity 

Global markets continue developing, and more opportunities of investing abroad are available – ADRs (American Depository Receipts) – Mutual funds like country funds or WEBS (World Equity Benchmark Shares) – Direct purchase of foreign securities



Provides diversification benefits, but are exposed to foreign exchange risk – Global information and analysis skills are required

14

Total nominal return in the U.S.

15

Equity Risk Premium

16

Performance by market sectors

17

Risk vs. Return by market sectors

18

International Stock Returns

19

International Stock and Bond Returns

20

Stock Indexes 

Represent the performance of the stock market as a whole, e.g., DJIA, S&P500, Wilshire 5000, etc. – Useful to track average returns of the stock market – Useful as a benchmark for the performance of fund managers – Used as base of derivatives



Many kinds of stock indexes exist – Representative? Broad or narrow? How is it weighted? – Price-weighted index • Dow Jones Industrial Average (30 blue-chip stocks) – Market value-weighted index • Standard & Poor’s 500, NASDAQ Composite, Wilshire 5000 – Equally weighted index • Value Line Index 21

Stock Indexes - Int’l     

Nikkei 225 (price-weighted, largest TSE stocks) Nikkei 300 (value-weighted, largest TSE stocks) FTSE (value-weighted, largest 100 LSE stocks) DAX (German stock index) Regional and Country Indexes by MSCI – – – –

EAFE (Europe, Australia, Far East) Far East EM (Emerging markets) U.S., U.K., etc. (over 50 country indexes) 22

Wilshire 5000 Index

23

Top 20 companies in S&P500 Index

24

Derivatives Securities Options  Basic Positions

Futures  Basic Positions

– Call (Right to Buy) – Put (Right to Sell) 

Terms – Exercise (Strike) Price – Expiration Date – Underlying Assets

– Long (Commitment to Buy) – Short (Commitment to Sell) 

Terms – Futures price – Delivery (Maturity) Date – Underlying Assets

25