Finallll.docx

Automatic motor start/stop Start-stop system or stop-start system automatically shuts down and restarts the internal combustion engine to reduce the amount of time the engine spends idling, thereby reducing fuel consumption and emissions.

Temperature control Is a process in which change of temperature of a space (and objects collectively there within) is measured or otherwise detected, and the passage of heat energy into or out of the space is adjusted to achieve a desired average temperature.

Pressure Control Is a mode of mechanical ventilation alone and a variable within other modes of mechanical ventilation. Pressure control is used to regulate pressures applied during mechanical ventilation. Air delivered into the patients lungs (breaths) are currently regulated by Volume Control or Pressure Control. In pressure controlled breaths a tidal volume achieved is based on how much volume can be delivered before the pressure control limit is reached.

Temperature switches Temperature switches are the mechanisms used to measure temperature. The working of a temperature switch is based upon the temperature variations taking place in an enclosed space, or in an open area adjoining the temperature detecting component.

Pressure switch A pressure switch for sensing fluid pressure contains a capsule, bellows, Bourdon tube, diaphragm or piston element that deforms or displaces proportionally to the applied pressure. The resulting motion is applied, either directly or through amplifying levers, to a set of switch contacts. Since pressure may be changing slowly and contacts should operate quickly, some kind of over-center mechanism such as a miniature snap-action switch is used to ensure quick operation of the contacts. One sensitive type of pressure switch uses mercury switches mounted on a Bourdon tube; the shifting weight of the mercury provides a useful overcenter characteristic.

Control valves A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller. This enables the direct control of flow rate and the consequential control of process quantities such as pressure, temperature, and liquid level.

Relays A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity flows through it).

Pneumatic PID controller Many pneumatic PID controllers use the force-balance principle. One or more input signals (in the form of pneumatic pressures) exert a force on a beam by acting through diaphragms, bellows, and/or bourdon tubes, which is then counter-acted by the force exerted on the same beam by an output air pressure acting through a diaphragm, bellows, or bourdon tube. The self-balancing mechanical system “tries” to keep the beam motionless through an exact balancing of forces, the beam’s position precisely detected by a nozzle/baffle mechanism. Throughout this section I will make reference to a pneumatic controller mechanism of my own design. This mechanism does not directly correspond to any particular manufacturer or model of pneumatic controller, but shares characteristics common to many. This design is shown here for the purpose of illustrating the development of P, I, and D control actions in as simple a context as possible:

The action of this particular controller is direct, since an increase in process variable signal (pressure) results in an increase in output signal (pressure). Increasing process variable (PV) pressure attempts to push the right-hand end of the beam up, causing the baffle to approach the nozzle. This blockage of the nozzle causes the nozzle’s pneumatic backpressure to increase, thus increasing the amount of force applied by the output feedback bellows on the left-hand end of the beam and returning the flapper (very nearly) to its original position. If we wished to reverse the controller’s action, all we would need to do is swap the pneumatic signal connections between the input bellows, so that the PV pressure was applied to the upper bellows and the SP pressure to the lower bellows. Any factor influencing the ratio of input pressure(s) to output pressure may be exploited as a gain (proportional band) adjustment in this mechanism. Changing bellows area (either both the PV and SP bellows equally, or the output bellows by itself) would influence this ratio, as would a change in output bellows position (such that it pressed against the beam at some difference distance from the fulcrum point). Moving

the fulcrum left or right is also an option for gain control, and in fact is usually the most convenient to engineer. Electronic PID controller Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process controllers, they are actually “more obsolete” than pneumatic controllers. Panel-mounted (inside a control room environment) analog electronic controllers were a great improvement over panel-mounted pneumatic controllers when they were first introduced to industry, but they were superseded by digital controller technology later on. Field-mounted pneumatic controllers were either replaced by panel-mounted electronic controllers (either analog or digital) or left alone. Applications still exist for field-mounted pneumatic controllers, even now at the beginning of the 21st century, but very few applications exist for analog electronic controllers in any location. Analog electronic controllers enjoy only two advantages over digital electronic controllers: greater reliability and faster response. Now that digital industrial electronics has reached a very high level of reliability, the first advantage is academic, leaving only the second advantage for practical consideration. The advantage of faster speed may be fruitful in applications such as motion control, but for most industrial processes even the slowest digital controller is fast enough1. Furthermore, the numerous advantages offered by digital technology (data recording, networking capability, self-diagnostics,flexible configuration, function blocks for implementing different control strategies) severely weaken the relative importance of reliability and speed. Most analog electronic PID controllers utilized operational amplifiers in their designs. It is relatively easy to construct circuits performing amplification (gain), integration, differentiation, summation, and other useful control functions with just a few op-amps, resistors, and capacitors. Circuit design The following schematic diagram shows a full PID controller implemented using eight operational amplifiers, designed to input and output voltage signals representing PV, SP, and Output:

Data logger A data logger (also data logger or data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a digital processor (or computer).

Electromechanical transducer

Any type of device that either converts an electrical signal into sound waves (as in a loudspeaker) or converts a sound wave into an electrical signal (as in the microphone). Many of the transducers used in everyday life operate in both directions, such as the speakerphone on certain intercoms.

Control System A control system is a device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other devices or systems. They can range from a home heating controller using a thermostat controlling a boiler to large Industrial control systems which are used for controlling processes or machines. In the most common form, the feedback control system it is desired to control a process, called the plant, so its output follows a control signal, which may be a fixed or changing value. The control system compares the output of the plant to the control signal, and applies the difference as an error signal to bring the output of the plant closer to the control signal.

5. Construction monitoring system Construction monitoring is an accurate and positive way of checking the quality, accuracy and progress of a construction project. Our specialist teams will oversee all aspects of construction identified by your due diligence phase and provide reports, updates and advice to give you complete project control. Areas to monitor include:        

the construction environment quality control timeliness and meeting targets negotiations, suppliers and supplier performance health & safety costings materials conformance with plans and specifications

Construction monitoring gives you a clear view of your project’s progress, and allows you to address problems before and as they arise. Using our global experience and expertise, we can help you to install and manage real-time monitoring systems to further enhance your project management.

6. Explain the functions, How it operates and works, How measured value can be performed following Control unit

The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing unit(CPU) that directs operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions.

The computer does its primary work in a part of the machine we cannot see, a control center that converts data input to information output. This control center, called the central processing unit (CPU), is a highly complex, extensive set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions. All computers, large and small, must have a central processing unit. As Figure 1 shows, the central processing unit consists of two parts: The control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit. Each part has a specific function. Before we discuss the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit in detail, we need to consider data storage and its relationship to the central processing unit. Computers use two types of storage: Primary storage and secondary storage. The CPU interacts closely with primary storage, or main memory, referring to it for both instructions and data. For this reason this part of the reading will discuss memory in the context of the central processing unit. Technically, however, memory is not part of the CPU. Recall that a computer's memory holds data only temporarily, at the time the computer is executing a program. Secondary storage holds permanent or semi-permanent data on some external magnetic or optical medium. The diskettes and CD-ROM disks that you have seen with personal computers are secondary storage devices, as are hard disks. Since the physical attributes of secondary storage devices determine the way data is organized on them, we will discuss secondary storage and data organization together in another part of our on-line readings.

Input-output interface

Input-output interface provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices. Peripherals connected to a computer need special communication links for interfacing them with the central processing unit. The purpose of the communication link is to resolve the differences that exist between the central computer and each peripheral. The major differences are: 1. Peripherals are electromechanical and electromagnetic devices and their manner of operation is different from the operation of the

CPU and memory, which are electronic devices. Therefore, a conversion of signal values may be required. 2. The data transfer rate of peripherals is usually slower than the transfer rate of the CPU, and consequently, a synchronization mechanism may be needed. 3. Data codes and formats in peripherals differ from the word format in the CPU and memory. 4. The operating modes of peripherals are different from each other and each must be controlled so as not to disturb the operation of other peripherals connected to the CPU. An I/O interface is required whenever the I/O device is driven by the processor. Typically a CPU communicates with devices via a bus. The interface must have necessary logic to interpret the device address generated by the processor. Handshaking should be implemented by the interface using appropriate commands (like BUSY, READY, and WAIT), and the processor can communicate with an I/O device through the interface. If different data formats are being exchanged, the interface must be able to convert serial data to parallel form and vice versa. Because it would be a waste for a processor to be idle while it waits for data from an input device there must be provision for generating interrupts and the corresponding type numbers for further processing by the processor if required. A computer that uses memory-mapped I/O accesses hardware by reading and writing to specific memory locations, using the same assembly language instructions that computer would normally use to access memory. An alternative method is via instruction-based I/O which requires that a CPU have specialised instructions for I/O.[1] Both input and output devices have a data processing rate that can vary greatly.[2] With some devices able to exchange data at very high speeds direct access to memory (DMA) without the continuous aid of a CPU is required.[2]

Higher-level implementation Higher-level operating system and programming facilities employ separate, more abstract I/O concepts and primitives. For example, most operating systems provide application programs with the concept of files. The C and C++ programming languages, and operating systems in the Unix family, traditionally abstract files and devices as streams, which can be read or written, or sometimes both. The C standard library provides functions for manipulating streams for input and output. In the context of the ALGOL 68 programming language, the input and output facilities are collectively referred to as transput. The ALGOL 68 transput library recognizes the following standard files/devices: stand in , stand out , stand errors and stand back . An alternative to special primitive functions is the I/O monad, which permits programs to just describe I/O, and the actions are carried out outside the program. This is notable because the I/O functions would introduce side-effects to any programming language, but this allows purely functional programming to be practical.

Monitor display

The main function of a computer monitor is to display video and graphical information generated by the computers graphics adapter, allowing the user to interact with the computer. It is categorized as an output device. Often referred to as a monitor when packaged in a separate case, the display is the most-used output device on a computer. The display provides instant feedback by showing you text and graphic images as you work or play. Most desktop displays use liquid crystal display (LCD) or cathode ray tube (CRT) technology, while nearly all portable computing devices such as laptops incorporate LCD technology. Because of their slimmer design and lower energy consumption, monitors using LCD technology (also called flat panel or flat screen displays) are replacing the venerable CRT on most desktops.

Printer Logs

Printer is an essential device for a commercial company. Documents like MS office, PDF, images, CAD designs, etc. are often printed. It's also possible that someone uses a printer to print confidential documents. To prevent any data leakage via printers, printer monitoring is necessary. One of the functions in SurveilStar monitoring software you like may be printing logs. SurveilStar can record any printer usage including printer type, time, computer, group, user, printing task, printer name, pages, caption and application. And surveilstar printer monitoring software supports all kinds of printers including local printer, shared printer, network printer and virtual printer. Printer logs enable you to keep track of print jobs on your business's printer. If, for example, you find a 100-page print job of a personal nature on your office’s printer, you can find the culprit by looking at the printer log. If enabled, you can find a list of print jobs and printer events in the Windows Event Viewer.

Alternatively, you can enable “Keep printed documents” for a specific printer, or log into the printer’s Web console if it has one

Alarm Printer

Functionality

The alarm and monitoring system is the basic functionality of the K-Chief 600 marine automation system. The main purpose of the system is to give ship's officers all the basic alarm and status

information they require to maintain safe and efficient operation of the machinery and other related equipment. Alarm and logging functions The logging printer and the colour graphics display records all status changes, such as alarm acknowledgements and alarm condition cleared. When all alarm conditions are cleared, the system returns to normal. Alarm limits and delays are adjustable by using the Operator Panel. A counter function keeps track of running hours for engines, pumps and related items. This function can also accumulate flow. Counter values are shown on the colour graphics display or may be printed. Alarms and other information is presented either as lists or graphic displays on the operator stations or local operator stations. To record alarms and events a number of different logging options are available including complete log, alarm summary log, group log, etc.

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Alarm and monitoring system benefits Alarm detection with visual and acoustic alarm indication Alarm groups, summary & history Alarm extension system for bridge & cabins for UMS operation Exhaust Gas temperature monitoring Inhibit of alarms (alarm block) Colour graphic presentation Logging of alarms and events to printer Running hours & counters Logs (event log, noon log, and others) Ship & system information Trend monitoring Bargraph display of selected points Performance monitoring

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Personal alarm system Available options The system can be delivered as alarm and monitoring system only, or can at any time be extended to include power management system, system control and a variety of other functions such as ballast automation, air conditioning control, reefer monitoring and fire system. Lamp Driver Lamp Driver is a small integrated circuit designed to supply the current required by alamp. It manages the incoming voltage and current to the voltage and current level requirements of the lamp. Extension Alarm System

A marine automation system for merchant ships consists of machinery control & monitoring system and cargo control & monitoring system. Extension Alarm System (EAS) has been installed for machinery control & monitoring system to provide machinery alarms to bridge, cabins, and public areas. However, EAS of the latest marine automation systems requires the

integrated functionality for both machinery and cargo monitoring. In this paper, we introduce general features of EAS and design Integrated Extension Alarm System (IEAS) for ACONIS-2000® system, which is the integrated marine automation system developed by Hyundai Heavy Industries co., ltd. Extension alarm panels of IEAS are classified by the system type and display the information received from the alarm server of ACONIS-2000®. Therefore, IEAS can transfer machinery and/or cargo alarms to the on-duty engineer according to the system type of alarms. In addition, IEAS provides the flexibility of the alarm group and duty configuration. 7. Function/performance test can be carried out in a typical system Load testing Load testing is the simplest form of performance testing. A load test is usually conducted to understand the behaviour of the system under a specific expected load. This load can be the expected concurrent number of users on the application performing a specific number of transactions within the set duration. This test will give out the response times of all the important business critical transactions. The database, application server, etc. are also monitored during the test, this will assist in identifying bottlenecks in the application software and the hardware that the software is installed on. Stress testing Stress testing is normally used to understand the upper limits of capacity within the system. This kind of test is done to determine the system's robustness in terms of extreme load and helps application administrators to determine if the system will perform sufficiently if the current load goes well above the expected maximum.

Soak testing Soak testing, also known as endurance testing, is usually done to determine if the system can sustain the continuous expected load. During soak tests, memory utilization is monitored to detect potential leaks. Also important, but often overlooked is performance degradation, i.e. to ensure that the throughput and/or response times after some long period of sustained activity are as good as or better than at the beginning of the test. It essentially involves applying a significant load to a system for an extended, significant period of time. The goal is to discover how the system behaves under sustained use. Spike testing Spike testing is done by suddenly increasing or decreasing the load generated by a very large number of users, and observing the behaviour of the system. The goal is to determine whether performance will suffer, the system will fail, or it will be able to handle dramatic changes in load. Configuration testing Rather than testing for performance from a load perspective, tests are created to determine the effects of configuration changes to the system's components on the system's performance and behaviour. A common example would be experimenting with different methods of load-balancing. Isolation testing Isolation testing is not unique to performance testing but involves repeating a test execution that resulted in a system problem. Such testing can often isolate and confirm the fault domain.