Final - Linguistics.docx

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Rationale Language is used as a passport for human’s communication. It has an important role in human life most notably as a means to communicate and interact in a day to day basis (Leesa, 2013). In the Philippines, for a very small country in Southeast Asia with over 85 million people, it is surprising to know that the Philippines has 120 to 175 languages with native speakers. Ata Manobo language is just one of those. It is a language spoken by a group of people living in the vicinity of southern Philippines on the island of Mindanao, in northwestern portion of Davao del Norte Province, particularly in Bukidnon Province and Compostela Valley (Racoma, 2014). The term Ata Manobo simply means people or person. Their alternate names include Manuvu and Minuvu. It is said that the term may have originated from ‘Mansuba’, a combination of ‘man’ or people and ‘suba’ or river. According to Elkins (1977) the Ata Manobo belongs to the original stock of proto-Philippines or protoAustronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago. He later coined the term Manobo to designate the stock of aboriginal non-negeritoid people of Mindanao (Lewis, 2009). Moreover, the Ata Manobo speakers have an estimated population of more than 30,000. These locals speaking this native language are further subdivided by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts into three groups, namely, Dugbatang, Talaingod, and Tagauanum. Generally identified as the Atas of Davao, they are

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concentrated mainly in the municipalities of Talaingod, Asuncion, and Kapalong. The Datu or chieftain is a recognized village leader and holds the utmost authority over his people (Hammarström, Forkel, & Haspelmath, 2017). Purpose of the Study This purpose of this study is to explore identified observable linguistic phenomena being perceived in Ata Manobo language of Talaingod. Thus, this study’s scope focuses only on the language analysis of the forms and structures of Ata Manobo language. Meanwhile, ethnographical approach is used to highlight the culture of the informants. To gather more of the data from the culture, we use qualitative method to utilize interviews with appropriate subject to understand the ethnography being studied. For further understanding, inductive method will be included as another option on siding with qualitative research. Research Questions The study illuminates the syntactic processes and structures of Ata Manobo language. Specifically, it sought to answer the following research question: 1. What are the Morphosyntactic features of Ata Manobo?

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Review of Related Literature Authorities with their opinions, theories and concepts relevant to the study were discussed in this part to build stronger foundation for references hit under this study. The Ata Manobo of Talaingod, Davao del Norte Two hours away from Davao City are the rolling hills of green where a proud group of Manobos live. They are the Talaingod Manobo and their place is named after them. The Provincial Government of Davao del Norte has helped them create a community center, members of the tribe demonstrate basket weaving and bead accessories making to the visitors. On the hills are their dwellings where they live a very simple life. Their history is as colorful as the clothes they wear. The formation of their cultural community was signed into law by the late President Corazon Aquino in 1991 and it’s by- law mentions that mayorship is limited to true- blooded Talaingod Manobo (Damo, 2015). Through the RA 7081, the Municipality of Talaingod paved its way to be created on July 29, 1991 - is about 101 km north of Davao City. With three villages or commonly known as barangays, namely: Barangay Dagohoy, Barangay Palma Gil, and Barangay Sto Nino, with the latter having the largest land area. Seventy-two percent (72%) of the inhabitants of Talaingod are Ata Manobo. The Cebuanos compose only 7.04% of the total population, while the Mandaya composed of 2.59%. Migrants from Bohol, Leyte, Iloilo, Ilocos, Agusan, Surigao and Davao compose the rest of the populace. Talaingod means ‘’mountain people’’ derived its name from one of the three 3 tribes of Ata Manobo group; the two other tribes are the Langilan or the “warrior people”, and the Kaylawan or the “nomadic people” (The Socio- economic Profile of Talaingod, MPDO). Generally, all three tribes of the Ata Manobo are

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nomadic. Their nomadic nature is accounted for by the following reasons: First, the traditional practice of abandoning the house where a family member died; Second, their continuous search for available and cultivative lands; Third, their preference to live away from the Visayan- dominated areas; Lastly the avoidance of clashes between the government forces and the communist elements in the area. Thus, the Ata Manobo are seldom seen in lowland towns “except when they go there to trade”. They are reported to have roamed the valleys and mountains from Bukidnon to Agusan, “doing slash and -burn world”. The Ata Manobo’s nomadic history has taken its tool on the education of the younger members of the community. The municipal center of Talaingod is JBL - the acronym is derived from the name of the town’s late tribal strongman and mayor Datu Jose Balimba Libayao. In 1998, Libayao declared the annual celebration of the Kahibulongan Festival. The Kahibulongan, meaning ‘’ gathering, ‘’ aims to bring together all the Ata Manobo tribes from the different areas outside Talaingod and to preserve the Ata Manobo customs and traditions. Upon his death, Libayao’s first wife, Pilar, succeeded him as mayor; an uncommon feat for Ata Manobo women who are traditionally subordinate to the men (Jorolan, 2015). Ata Manobo Language Ata Manobo is a language spoken by a people group in the southern Philippines on the island of Mindanao, in northwest Davao del Norte Province and in southeast Bukidnon Province. Moreover, the Ata Manobo language has been referred to as Ata of Davao and Langilan also Ata Manobo is a language spoken by a people group in the southern Philippines (Hartung 2016). Language

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Due to the fact the people seem to view things from different perspectives, language, just like any other concepts, it has several or even a lot of definitions. Language would be all about the expression of ideas by means of speech sounds combined into words. Leading into making a phrase and into sentences and still leads to combination answering to that ideas into thoughts. Another thing, this would be the system of arbitrary vocal symbol through which a social groups cooperates (Taiwo, R. 2009). In communicating, language is the system of signs for encoding and decoding information that is irresistible for the minds to work with such things. Thus, this could also be the cognitive faculty that enables humans to learn and use of systems of complex communication (Bloch, B. & Trager, G.L. 2009). However, language, if defined only, it could mean everything. In fact, it is what humans use in communicating with ourselves and one another. Therefore, communication, in any language, is only possible because of the linguistic symbols that function according to some rules and convention. All those definition yet it simply tells that language is what enables us to utter distinct sounds, join them into words, and into meaningful sentences for the purpose of communicating our ideas and thoughts (Sweet, H. 1885). Morphology In addition, Morphology is the study of word formation, including the ways new words are coined in the languages of the world, and the way forms of words are varied depending on how they’re used in the sentences. As a native speaker of the language,

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you have intuitive knowledge of how to form the words, and every day you recognize and understand new words that you’ve never heard before (Lieber, 2009). On the other hand, Morphology is the arrangement and relationships of the smallest meaningful units in a language. When specific sounds are put together in a specific way, words, phrases, and finally sentences can be created. It studies how these units of meaning, or word parts, can be arranged in a language (Janovsky, 2018). In Charles Darwin’s vision of the origins of language, early humans had already developed musical ability prior to language and were using it ‘’ to charm each other.’’ This may not match the typical image that most of us have of our early ancestors as rather rough characters wearing animal skins and not very charming, but it is an interesting speculation about how language may have originated (Yule, 2016). Morphology deals with the structure of words. Language users can assign internal structure to a word if there is a systematic correlation between its forms and meanings. Morphological construction schema has two roles: they indicate how new words or word forms of a certain type can be formed, and having the function of motivation with respect to the set of existing complex words of a language (Booji, 2015).

Syntax In linguistics, syntax is a level of grammar that specifically refers to the arrangements of words and morphemes in the construction of structures such as phrases, clauses and sentences. It also deals with how these combine structure

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interface with external behavior such as speech, sound, sign, language, gestures and writing to make the combine structures useful in communication (Rowe, 2012). Moreover, it’s the concept that enables people to know things like adjectives generally before the nouns. For native speakers, using correct syntax something that comes naturally, as a word order is learned as soon as an infant starts absorbing the language. The term syntax came from the Greek, meaning ‘’ arrange together. The term is also used to mean the study of the syntactic properties of a language and is one of the major components of grammar (Nordguist R, 2019). Semantics Semantics is a branch of Linguistics that studies how languages organize and express meanings. It is derived from the Greek word ‘sema’ which means ‘signs’ and ‘samaino’ meaning ‘to sign’ or ‘’to mean’. Moreover, semantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world. It emphasizes how words literally connect to things. (Yule, 1996). Furthermore, semantics is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is the study of how languages organize and express meanings. It is the system by which we derive meaning from a message. It s also the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions, such as morphemes, words, phrases, clauses and sentences (Rowe, 2012). Aside from that, it is the study of the rules of meaning. To study a meaning means to study how members of a speech community understand each other. A meaning of a language does not depend only upon the grammatical or lexical system but also the discourse system. The meaning will not be able to be understood only by

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considering its grammatical system or choice of words but also its relationship with other sentences (Hadi, 2008).

Phonology

Theoretical Lens This theory is based on the Transformational-Generative Grammar theory of Noam Chomsky in 1957 who seeks to understand that syntactic structure is at the heart of our linguistic knowledge. Its principal objective is the formation of a finite set of basic and transformational rules that explain how the native speaker of a language can generate and comprehend all its possible grammatical sentences. However, it focuses merely on syntax and not on phonology (Nordquist, 2019). Moreover, Transformational-Generative Grammar describes a language in terms of transformations applied to an underlying deep structure in order to generate the surface structure of sentences that can actually occur. It generates only wellformed or grammatically correct sentences of a language since it is meant to create the rules and principles which are in the mind or brain of a native speaker. Transformational process of the syntactic structures according to Chomsky’s Transformational Grammar can be best summarized by adding, deleting, moving and substituting of words. These changes take place through specific rules, which are called Transformational Rules (Claro, 2013).

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This is supported to the linguistic relativity theory or which is known to be the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis by Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf on 1956, being able to influence perceptions and thoughts of people leading to affecting their behavior. Meanwhile, it was believed by those two that human beings are not aware of the influence of the language, thus, it moves between culture leading to awareness of an individual. Additionally, this theory perceived these linguistic differences to have consequences in human cognition and behavior varying cultural concepts and categories inherent in different languages affect the cognitive classification of the experienced world in such a way that speakers of different languages think and behave differently because of it. In its strongest expression, linguistic relativity – the idea that viewpoints vary from language to language – relies on linguistic determinism – the idea that language determines thought. In other words, when people think, it doesn’t just vary depending on languages because it is actually grounded in, determined by those of specific language of the community (Whorf, 1956). Significance of the Study The realization of this study will be beneficial as it is mainly anchored on giving adequate awareness to people about the morphosyntactic analysis of Ata Manobo language. This study would enhance the information and background of the readers on Ata Manobo language. Moreover, this study will serve as a basis and reference for higher body institutions like Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and Department of Education (DepEd) on implementing programs that would recognize the significance of a native language like Ata Manobo. This study is also beneficial for the students as this will give them a chance to appreciate the importance of the native language

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being focused on this research. Apart from them, this study is also helpful to the linguists who manifest interest and curiosity in studying native languages in the Philippines. Lastly, this study will serve as a research ground for future researchers who wish further unravel the uniqueness of Ata Manobo language.

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Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY This part contains the methodology of the study, it includes the research design, role of the researches, data collection and the research materials that are significant to the current study of the researchers. Thus, all that are considered to be getting the data are inputted in here. Research Design This study utilizes a qualitative research design in finding out the morphosyntactic processes of Ata Manobo language. Qualitative research is an indepth research using a range of techniques, which aims to understand why people think, feel, react and behave in the way that they do. By the use of qualitative research, the researchers will have a naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of Ata Manobo language as well as their native speakers within their natural setting (Talbot, 2015). The researchers also used ethnographic method particularly on the discourse analysis and communication of Ata Manobo. An ethnographic method, from the perspective of the culture concept, people must treat all elements as symbols within a coherent system and, accordingly, must record observations with due attention to the cultural context and the meanings. By the use of this method, the key informants were carefully observed by their statements shared. On the other hand, as the researchers utilize the descriptive method, it is expected that they should avoid biases while

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engaged in the research process. To ensure rigor and trustworthiness, the researcher should attempt to maintain a position of neutrality for the productive outcome of the study (Crossman, 2019; Werner & Bernard, 1994). Role of the Researchers The listeners and the observers of the participants are their role as researchers. The researchers are using various languages for in their case, they are not using not one but three languages as they go through researching every day. As part of Bachelor in Secondary Education, Major in English, usage of languages English or Filipino inside the institution is necessary. While in their own homes, Visayan dialect is casually used. The researchers will study about the syntactical and semantic structure, and linguistic feature of the language Ata Manobo. Another responsibility of the researchers is to present open-minded questions to properly and clearly express their perception towards the informants (Su, 2013). Research Materials This study uses organizations’ articles from various sites, such as those of can be accessed freely via Google Scholar, a copy of Ata Manobo’s dictionary and guides toward living on the ethnographic location. Some guides cover origins of the native speakers of Ata Manobo, the sample or the population, people living on daily basis, and a magazine for speaking the language. This can be found at the local library of Maniki, Kapalong, while other references were given or borrowed from acquaintances. Nevertheless, those copies are in soft and hard bounded, some needed the permission of the higher authorities to release/borrow a copy and neither the researchers copied without stating the rightful authors and owners of every references. Data Collection

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It was conducted in a semi-structured, face-to-face interview using preprepared interview guide. Participants were encouraged to talk or write freely and to tell stories using their own words. First, the researchers create guide questions, letter of intention and papers that are included for the data collection. Then, we the researchers will ask the approval of all informants if they will agree to be in the part of the interview. If they agreed, the researchers will schedule the time of their interview wherein it won’t cause problems that might intervene works. Wherein, they are comfortable to answer the guide questions for a credible and concrete information. Thus, if it leads to an open ended questions, the researchers will still accept the informants’ answers (Shosha, 2012), It is affirmed on many studies that include open ended unstructured interviews, or other forms of qualitative data. Second, the researchers let the participants to choose a place wherever they are comfortable within their most convenient time. It will be guided by questions as researches hope that the interview applies a more conversational manner. Finally, the informants will be provided written texts of what they have said in accordance during the interview. They are allowed to make any changes, if ever they are not contented to the translation so that the information will not be invalid during the submission. It should be valuable and organized information for the overall results (Thorne, 2016). Data Analysis The subjective judgement based on unquantifiable information is known to be the Qualitative Analysis as it strengthen the research and development of the researchers. To achieve working, organizing, breaking it into managing, synthesizing look for patterns, discussing important details need to be learned must have and ind-

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depth analysis of the raw data with the logical meaning of categories (Kenton, W., 2017; Biklen, S. & Bogden, R., 1982). The data was treated and highlighted through the use of systematic and gleamed document review with the content based dictionary of the culture. Moreover, to create a more comprehensive analysis, qualitative content analysis is used by the researchers in this study. A research technique that is used to make replicable and valid inferences through interpreting and coding textual material by systematically evaluating text, as a definition for content analysis (Duriau, Reger & Pfarrer, 2007). First, the data collection process initiated with the purposive technique. Only direct observation is focused on the study where 14 people will participate in the interview since this number is qualified for a valid research study, even in the phenomenological studies. Second, moderators allocated time to orient the participants altogether why the discussion considers to have an audio-visual recorder, all technical applications that are included for the awareness of each of them. Third, all of the 14 participants will have to undergo in-depth interview a oneon-one interview still with the same interview guide question in the said process. The process would include the starting point, introduction, the welcome signal from the researchers to the infromants, the outlined goals and an already completed coverage in terms of confidentiality and length. Finally, data reduction takes place as it is used to delete unnecessary data and modify them into one useful material to the study. A way for the data to be more understandable by the readers (Suter et al, 2012). This considers the have the research manage, sort and categorize data in easier way.

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Trustworthiness A meticulous reporting of the method and the results of qualitative data collection and analysis is the solution to defending and persuading that trustworthiness have existence in the study. (Henderson, 2006 cited Veal 2011) Credibility Described as a belief that can be placed in truth of the research findings. Credibility creates even if or not the research findings represent believable data drawn from the participants’ original views. (Graneheim & Lundman,2004; Lincoln & Guba, 1985; Holloway and Wheeler, 2002; Macnee and McCabe, 2008). Transferability & Dependability The next crucial step that lead to trustworthiness is the degree to which the representation is appropriate beyond the partial setting or inquiry. Dependability pertains the stability of findings overtime. Dependability include participants evaluating the findings and the explanation and recommendations of the study to make sure that they are all assist by the data received from the informants of the study. (Cohen et al., 2011; Tobin & Begley, 2004; Bitsch 2005).

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Chapter 3 RESULTS The data collected after conducting the study were enough to be essential as it was compiled to this study. All data were gathered from in-depth interview, Ata Manobo dictionaries and were taped-recorded. The researchers made sure that the transcribed responses were double-checked for careful assessment and organization of data. The results obtained were put through drawn tables and are presented in this present chapter. For the better understanding, the results were divided and presented under following: Research Question No. 1: What are the Morphosyntactic features of Ata Manobo? This chapter were covered into two parts: Part one deals with the responses of interview question under research problem and two, the summary of responses. Research Question No. 1: What are the Morphosyntactic features of Ata Manobo? Since there are lots of things to be considered in analyzing linguistic features, whether be it Phonology - study of patterns of sounds in a language and across languages; Morphology, the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic study today; Semantics, the meaning in a language; or Syntax, rule that governs the way in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Then those will lead to more specific the answers we want. Thus, this study has to have only the discussion on phonological, morphological and syntactical structure.

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IPA Consonants and Vowels in Ata Manobo If this concerns on the English Alphabet, the Ata Manobo’s one doesn’t contain all letters in both consonants and vowels. Thus, this table’s concern specified the IPA consonants and vowels of Ata Manobo language. Table 1 IPA Consonants & Vowels

IPA Consonants

b, d, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, y

IPA Vowels

a, i, o, u

English Alphabet, somehow known to be a Latin alphabet, consists of 26 letters from A-Z, knowing that it create different sounds each letters is another thing to be considered as it is truly defined as perfect. Yet as table 1 shows, not all constants & vowels

are

present

on

the

Ata

Manobo

letters,

it

does

only

contain

b,d,g,h,j,l,m,n,p,r,s,t,w,y and no c,j,q,v,x,z on consonants, while there’s not e on vowels. This may be inhabited to the version of indigenized Latin alphabet adopted for the Tagalog-based Filipino national language in 1940 but the version contains 20 letter and yet Ata Manobo has only 18 of them all in all. However, these letters are their way of creating words in order to understand no matter it is not complete but the fact that they had improvised with only limited of the letters.. Morphological Analysis

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This part of the study focuses on highlighting the translation of the Ata Manobo language into Cebuano and English language. Thus, it belongs to morphological level of language wherein analyzing of words into their linguistic component, basically, its processes won’t be tackled anymore as the only point of the study is on highlighting the different words, phrases and sentences. Additionally, the inflection of certain and specific words will be discussed Tables shown, first will be the simple or uninflected/base form of a particular regular verb. The last table will be the morphology, in linguistic, three words used in constructing new sentence to whole in which will be those conversational Ata Manobo words. Basically, the Ata Manobo’s base/ root word remains raw itself when no rules are added but it includes regular verbs such as ‘sayow’ their language which can be translated to Cebuano into ‘sayaw’, and in English, dance. Another Ata Manobo word ‘li-ag’ and is translated to Cebuano ‘dula’ and to English ‘play’. And the word ‘laguy’, in Cebuano ‘modagan’, while in English it will be ‘run’. These regular verbs imply actions if used in a sentence but even without phrases or sentences, it is still understandable that there will be an action going.

Table 2

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Simple, Uninflected/ Base Regular Verb Ata Manobo Word

Cebuano Translation

English Translation

Sayow/ Sadjow

Sayaw

Dance

Li-ag

Dula

Play

Laguy

Modagan

Run

Kagi

Pagsulti

Speak

Inum

Moinom

Drink

Untud

Ibutang

Put

Saloy

Mokanta

Sing

Lalaron

Modala

Bring

Sulat

Magsulat

Write

In Ata Manobo, the word ‘kagi’ means ‘pagsulti’ in Cebuano, and is translated to English as ‘speak’. The Ata Manobo word ‘inum’, if translated to Cebuano, would be ‘moinom’ and to English, ‘drink’. Another is the Ata Manobo word ‘untud’ which means ‘ibutang’ in Cebuano and ‘put’ in English. Then the word ‘saloy’ in Ata Manobo means ‘mokanta’ in Cebuano and ‘sing’ in English. The Ata Manobo word ‘lalaron’, if translated to Cebuano, would be ‘modala’ and to English, it would be ‘bring’. The word ‘sulat’ means ‘magsulat’ in Cebuano and if translated to English, it would mean ‘write’.

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Tenses of Verbs and Pluralization In identifying the tenses if verbs of Ata Manobo language, the inflection is necessary for the words to be transformed into past or future tense. Otherwise, it would be so hard for people who currently study the language, so does its native speaker. Table 3 depicts about the proper usage of the tenses in verbs. Thus, only prefix is present to distinguish the main form of verbs in past and future tense being transformed. If the inflection takes place, in Ata Manobo, they will consider to add a prefix “nig” to indicate the inflected word a past tense rather than adding infix or suffix. The word ‘kuon’ is the base word in Ata Manobo which means ‘eat’ when translated in English. When the prefix ‘nig’ is added to the main word, it creates a new past tense ‘nigkuon’ which means ‘ate’.

Table 3

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Tenses of Verbs - Past Tense Main Ata Manobo Word

Past Tense

Translation in English

Kuon

nigkuon

eat

palaguy

nigpalaguy

run

hirugo

nighirugo

sleep

purot

nigpurot

pick/take

sayow

nigsayow

dance

luto

nigluto

jump

sakoy

nigsakoy

ride

Another one is the main Ata Manobo word ‘hirugo’ which has an English translation ‘sleep’, it can be transformed into its past tense by adding the prefix ‘nig’ + the main word, it becomes ‘nighirugo’ which means ‘slept’. The word ‘sayow’ is a main Ata Manobo word which means ‘dance’ when translated in English. When the prefix ‘nig’ is added to the main word, it creates a new past tense ‘nigsayow’ which means ‘danced’. Another one is the main Ata Manobo word ‘luto’ which has an English translation ‘jump’, it can be transformed into its past tense by adding the prefix ‘nig’ + the main word, it becomes ‘nigluto’ which means ‘jumped’. The word ‘palaguy’ is a main Ata Manobo word which means ‘run’ when translated in English. When the prefix ‘nig’ is added to the main word, it creates a new past tense

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‘nigpalaguy’ which means ‘ran’. Another one is the main Ata Manobo word ‘sakoy’ which has an English translation ‘ride’, it can be transformed into its past tense by adding the prefix ‘nig’ + the main word, it becomes ‘nigsakoy’ which means ‘rode’. In table 4, the inflection used is “ug” to mark something as a tense expressing an action that has not yet happened or a state that does not exist yet, in other words, the future tense. This can only be added before the word as it takes this as their rule of word formation, a prefix and not infix nor suffix.

Table 4 Tenses of Verbs - Future Tense

Main Ata Manobo Word

Future Tense

Translation in English

Kuon

Ugkuon

eat

palaguy

Ugpalaguy

run

hirugo

ughirugo

sleep

purot

ugpurot

pick/take

sayow

ugsayow

dance

luto

ugluto

jump

sakoy

ugsakoy

ride

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The suffix ‘ug’ is added to the main word, it becomes ‘ugkuon’ which has an English translation of ‘to eat’. The suffix ‘ug’ + the main word, creates the word ‘ughirugo’ which means ‘go to sleep’. If the suffix ‘ug’ is added to the main word, it becomes ‘ugsayow’ which has an English translation of ‘to dance’. It can also be transformed into its future tense by adding the suffix ‘ug’ + the main word, creating the word ‘ugluto’ which means ‘to jump’. If the suffix ‘ug’ is added to the main word, it becomes ‘ugpalaguy’ which has an English translation of ‘to run’. It can also be transformed into its future tense by adding the suffix ‘ug’ + the main word, creating the word ‘ugsakoy’ which means ‘to ride’. To mark words in regular verbs, there’s an inflection transformation into it to identify if becomes a past tense or future tense of the base. But in Ata Manobo, what remains to be the same is the inflection before the word, known to be ‘prefix’, whether it’s a past tense ‘nig’ or the future tense ‘ug’, this takes place before the words and cannot be used as infix or even suffix.

Table 5 Conversational Words Usually Heard on Daily Basis

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Ata Manobo Sentence

Cebuano Translation

English Translation

Maruyow masulom koykow

Maayong Buntag sa imo

Good Morning to you

Maruyoe marikulom

Maayong Gabie higala!

Good Evening friend!

Nig kuod kad?

Nikaon na ka?

Did you eat?

Nu unsig ka pa to duisok.

Palihog isbogi gamay.

Please move a little bit.

Nig gutasan kad?

Gigutom na ka?

Are you hungry?

Maruyow ka rud?

Kumusta na ka?

How are you?

Maruyow aro.

Maayo man ko.

I am good.

Hundo-i ka?

Asa ka?

Where are you?

Puruta nu ka umpak

Kuhaa ang sanina.

Take that shirt.

Pamarigos apad.

Maligo na ko.

I will take a bath.

sulod/alukoy/us!i

On requesting to make someone to do something, such as, ‘Please move a little bit’, this sentence in Cebuano will become ‘palihug isbog gamay’ and will transform into ‘Nu uinsig ka pa to duisok’. The same pattern for the fifth sentence in the table, when asking someone, ‘Are you hungry?’ — ‘Gigutom na ka?’, this will change into ‘Nig gutasan kad?’

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The sixth sentence, ‘How are you?’ in English, ‘kumusta man ka?’ in Cebuano, and ‘Maruyow ka rud?’ in Ata Manobo. Responding to that, ‘I am fine’ — Maayo ko — Maruyow aro, as seen in seventh sentence in the table. The English sentence, where are you? Becomes ‘Asa ka? In Cebuano, meanwhile in Ata Manobo, this is ‘Hundo-I ka?’ The ninth English sentence in the table ‘Take that shirt’ is kuhaa ang sanina’ in Cebuano, and ‘Puruta nu ka umpak’ in Cebuano. The last sentence, I will take a bath, turns ‘Maligo na ko’ in Cebuano, and in Ata Manobo translation, this will be ‘Pamarigos apad’.

Pluralization The affixation is also present in current pluralization of words in Ata Manobo. It is limited only on prefix “mgo” in signaling pluralization to noun. It is easier to understand the language form on this because it doesn’t need any memorization of all the inflections due to the fact that all base/root words transformation happened only at the beginning of them. This doesn’t mean it the plural form should have an ‘-s’ suffix at the end of word because the word child in Ata Manobo is bato and their plural form always takes place as ‘mgo’, and indication that it is not only ‘-s’ but also an all purpose pluralization such as in English, child becomes children, “-ren” and not “-s” because there’s no word can be found in dictionary as “childs”.

Table 6 Plural Form of any Lexical Category

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Ata Manobo Language

Translation in English

Plural Form

bato

child

mgo bato

lukos

boy

mgo lukos

malitan

girl

mgo malitan

aso

dog

mgo aso

umpak

cloth/dress

mgo umpak

The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘bato’ (child) which is a noun. The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘lukos’ (boy) which is a noun. The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘malitan’ (girl) which is a noun. The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘aso’ (dog) which is a noun. The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘umpak’ (clothes/dresses) which is a noun.

Syntactical Analysis

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In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language and usually includes word order. In the case of this study, it only focuses on the SVO sentence pattern and thus it does not contain any incomprehensible principles or processes. Table 7 SVO Pattern Ata Manobo Sentence

English Translation

Ka lukos su nig sinugow.

The boy is crying.

Si kandin su maruyow iyan.

She is very pretty.

Ka apa ko su nigalapan a tu kuonun

My father brought me a food.

Ka hare ka su ughindiyu tu kalasangan.

My younger sister is going to the forest.

Ka mgomalitan ugsayow tu Dayang-

The women are going to dance Dayang-

dayang.

dayang.

Since the initial SVO represents basic word order of main clause and subordinate clauses in English, it means Subject + Verb + Object. This is known also as canonical word order used in English language considering it is fairly rigid. Nevertheless, Ata Manobo language finds its way to be more likely compatible with SVO pattern, such as in the table above.

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The first sentence in Ata Manobo consists of Subject and Verb for Ka (The) lukos (boy) su (is) nigsinugow (crying) thus, creating it into The boy is crying. The second sentence in the table Si kandin su maruyow iyan,and the translation in English would be ‘She is very pretty’ that consists of Subject + Verb + Object Complement since very pretty there stands as OC pertaining it to the girl. Another Ata Manobo sentence, Ka apa ko su nigalapan a tu kuonun which only means My father brought me food in English has the pattern of Subject (Father), Transitive Verb (brought), Indirect Object (me) and Direct Object (food). To conclude, Ata Manobo reflects some patterns of Subject, Verb and Object, yet, it does not contain all of that is in English language. There are rules to be considered and observed at the beginning and in the end. Language is truly distinctive even in the culture of Ata Manobo.

Chapter IV DISCUSSION

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This chapter deals with the discussion and conclusion of the analysis drawn from the research question. The study pointed out as an indication of its purpose to focus on purely analyzing the language of Ata Manobo. Its aim is to differentiate patters from daily usage of language and appreciate languages other than those beings that are pointed out and especially digging deeper into reflection of language, their culture. Thorne (2016), data analysis in qualitative research is the most complex and mysterious of all the phases of a qualitative project and the one that receives the least thoughtful discussion in the literature. The study also uses ethnographic qualitative approach to access cultural features in their language and since it may also include other than the said approach, it may take a lot of form of approaches to become more accessible rather focus on the bare ones. The Morpho-Syntactic Analysis of Ata Manobo Language. The identified morphosyntactic features of Ata Manobo language retrieved its data from informants simulating interview, while some details were taken from Ata Manobo dictionaries as a guide or reference of the study. The two linguistic features are: morphological analysis and syntactical analysis play a big role on the study. The Ata Manobo words used as an examples are the following: The Ata Manobo word ‘sayow’ which is translated to Cebuano ‘sayaw’, and in English, dance. Another Ata Manobo word ‘li-ag’ and is translated to Cebuano ‘dula’ and to English ‘play’. And the word ‘laguy’, in Cebuano ‘modagan’, while in English it will be ‘run’. the word ‘kagi’ means ‘pagsulti’ in Cebuano, and is translated to English as ‘speak’.

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The Ata Manobo word ‘inum’, if translated to Cebuano, would be ‘moinom’ and to English, ‘drink’. Another is the Ata Manobo word ‘untud’ which means ‘ibutang’ in Cebuano and ‘put’ in English. Then the word ‘saloy’ in Ata Manobo means ‘mokanta’ in Cebuano and ‘sing’ in English. The Ata Manobo word ‘lalaron’, if translated to Cebuano, would be ‘modala’ and to English, it would be ‘bring’. The word ‘sulat’ means ‘magsulat’ in Cebuano and if translated to English, it would mean ‘write’. Simple, Uninflected/ Base Regular Verb are also included such as the word ‘kagi’ means ‘pagsulti’ in Cebuano, and is translated to English as ‘speak’. The Ata Manobo word ‘inum’, if translated to Cebuano, would be ‘moinom’ and to English, ‘drink’. Another is the Ata Manobo word ‘untud’ which means ‘ibutang’ in Cebuano and ‘put’ in English. Then the word ‘saloy’ in Ata Manobo means ‘mokanta’ in Cebuano and ‘sing’ in English. The Ata Manobo word ‘lalaron’, if translated to Cebuano, would be ‘modala’ and to English, it would be ‘bring’. The word ‘sulat’ means ‘magsulat’ in Cebuano and if translated to English, it would mean ‘write’. Conversational Words Usually Heard on Daily Basis including requesting to make someone to do something, such as, ‘Please move a little bit’, this sentence in Cebuano will become ‘palihug isbog gamay’ and will transform into ‘Nu uinsig ka pa to duisok’. The same pattern for the fifth sentence in the table, when asking someone, Áre you hungry?’ — ‘Gigutom na ka?’, this will change into ‘Nig gutasan kad?’ The sixth sentence, ‘How are you?’ in English, kumusta man ka, in Cebuano, and ‘Maruyow ka rud?’ in Ata Manobo. Responding to that, ‘I am fine’ — Maayo ko — Maruyow aro, as seen in seventh sentence in the table. The English sentence, where are

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you? Becomes ‘Asa ka? In Cebuano, meanwhile in Ata Manobo, this is ‘Hundo-I ka?’ The ninth English sentence in the table ‘Take that shirt’ is kuhaa ang sanina’ in Cebuano, and ‘Puruta nu ka umpak’ in Cebuano. The last sentence, I will take a bath, turns ‘Maligo na ko’ in Cebuano, and in Ata Manobo translation, this will be ‘Pamarigos apad’ The Pluralization where in it is limited only on prefix “mgo” in signaling pluralization to noun. Mgo- indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘bato’ (child) which is a noun. The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘lukos’ (boy) which is a noun. The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘malitan’ (girl) which is a noun. The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘aso’ (dog) which is a noun. The Ata Manobo word in the first row, ‘mgo’, indicates pluralization to the Ata Manobo word ‘umpak’ (clothes/dresses) which is a noun. And lastly, Syntactical Analysis in which it consists of Subject and Verb for Ka (The) lukos (boy) su (is) nigsinugow (crying) thus, creating it into The boy is crying. The second sentence in the table Si kandin su maruyow iyan, and the translation in English would be ‘She is very pretty’ that consists of Subject + Verb + Object Complement since very pretty there stands as OC pertaining it to the girl. Another Ata Manobo sentence, Ka apa ko su nigalapan a tu kuonun which only means My father brought me food in English has the pattern of Subject (Father), Transitive Verb (brought), Indirect Object (me) and Direct Object (food). Concluding Remarks We, the researchers of BSED English 1-A

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MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF ATA MANOBO LANGUAGE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Course Introduction to Linguistics

BORRE, JANINE M. CALOOY, ROBELYN CASIPIT, IRENE M. COLLADO, JOHN CARL C. DURBAN, MARIA JOVIEMAE INFERIDO, BELLADONNA MANSUMILAY, JEANNETH VELADO, ANA JEAN L.

March 2019