Final Cc Unit 1.docx

Unit 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CLOUD COMPUTING An Overview of Cloud computing Cloud computing is a computing paradigm, where a large pool of systems are connected in private or public networks, to provide dynamically scalable infrastructure for application, data and file storage. With the advent of this technology, the cost of computation, application hosting, content storage and delivery is reduced significantly. Cloud computing is a practical approach to experience direct cost benefits and it has the potential to transform a data center from a capital-intensive set up to a variable priced environment. The idea of cloud computing is based on a very fundamental principal of reusability of IT capabilities'. The difference that cloud computing brings compared to traditional concepts of “grid computing”, “distributed computing”, “utility computing”, or “autonomic computing” is to broaden horizons across organizational boundaries. Forrester defines cloud computing as: “A pool of abstracted, highly scalable, and managed compute infrastructure capable of hosting endcustomer applications and billed by consumption.” Cloud computing is a growing idea in the world of IT, born out of the necessity for computing on the go. It brings the user access to data, applications and storage that are not stored on their computer. For a very simple cloud computing overview, it can be understood as a delivery system that delivers computing the same way a power grid delivers electricity. To the average computer user it offers the advantage of delivering IT without the user having to have an in depth knowledge of the technology. Similar to the way a consumer can access electricity without being an electrician. By delivering this computing, storage and applications as a service, not a product, the cloud offers both a cost and business advantage. The cloud moves all these services off-site to either a

contractor, or a centralized facility. Centralizing the data allows the cost to be shared amongst all the users. The cloud accomplishes what IT is always seeking to; increase computing capabilities, without having to provide a new infrastructure. The possible uses of cloud computing are exponential. Users interface with the cloud through their web browser, eliminating the need for installing numerous software applications. The popular trend in today's technology driven world is ‘Cloud Computing’. Cloud computing can be referred to as the storing and accessing of data over the internet rather than your computer's hard drive. This means you don't access the data from either your computer's hard drive or over a dedicated computer network (home or office network). Cloud computing means data is stored at a remote place and is synchronized with other web information. One prominent example of cloud computing is Office 365 which allows users to store, access, edit their MS Office documents online (in browser) without installing the actual program on their device.

Definitions of Cloud Computing 1) The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer. This is an internet definition of Cloud computing. 2) Cloud computing is a computing term or metaphor that evolved in the late 2000s, based on utility and consumption of computing resources. Cloud computing involves deploying groups of remote servers and software networks that allow centralized data storage and online access to computer services or resources 3) Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services like servers, storages and more over the Internet. The companies that offer these computing services are called cloud providers. They charge for cloud computing services based on usage.

Architecture of Cloud Computing The architecture of cloud computing comprises of the following components − 

Front-end device

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Back-end platform

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Cloud-based delivery

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Network

Front-end Devices − These are basically the devices that are used by clients to access the data or program using the browser or special applications. Back-end Platform − There are various computers, servers, virtual machines, etc. that combine to become a back-end platform.

The evolution of cloud computing Cloud computing can be seen as an innovation in different ways. From a technological perspective it is an advancement of computing, applying virtualization concepts to utilize hardware more efficiently. Yet a different point of view is to look at cloud computing from an IT deployment perspective. In this sense cloud computing has the potential to revolutionize the way, how computing resources and applications are provided, breaking up traditional value chains and making room for new business models. In the following section we are going to describe the emergence of cloud computing from both perspectives. 4.1 A new computing paradigm To judge, whether cloud computing is a new computing paradigm, one needs to reflect its development in the context of computing history. In this chapter we are going to provide a short summary of the history starting with the calculating machine, describing the development of computers and the internet and eventually the beginnings of cloud computing. We also describe a layered model of the constituting components of cloud computing 4.1.1 From the calculating machine to cloud computing Computing history can be traced back to the invention of the first calculating machine. In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard was the first who documented the assembly of such a calculating machine, which worked according to the principle of Napier's bones, a sort of abacus (FreytagLöringhoff et al. 2002). Another milestone in computing history is Charles Babbage’s description of the Analytical Engine in 1837, a mechanical calculating machine for general purpose tasks (Babbage 1864). Additional milestones were Allan Marquand’s draft of an electrical logic machine (1885) and Herman Hollerith’s development of a tabulating machine (1890). The electrical logic machine was first realized in 1936 by Benjamin Burack (1949). However, the actual history of the modern computer began with Konrad Zuse’s construction of the Z3 in 1941. Zuse’s machine was the first functioning digital

computer, it was based on the binary digit system, programmable, and Turing capable (Rojas 1997). In 1945, John Mauchley and J. Presper Eckert have built ENIAC, an Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, which was considered the first fully electronic tube computer (Goldstine et al. 1946). The ENIAC was as well programmable and Turing capable, but was based on the decimal system. Depending on the definition of the term “Computer”, either the Z3 or the ENIAC is considered the first Computer in the world.

Types of Cloud The storage options on cloud is in 3 forms − 

Public

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Private

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Hybrid

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Community

Public Cloud – A service provider makes the clouds available to the general public which is termed as a public cloud. These clouds are accessed

through internet by users. These are open to public and their infrastructure is owned and operated by service providers as in case of Google and Microsoft. In the public cloud model, a third-party cloud service provider delivers the cloud service over the internet. Public cloud services are sold on demand, typically by the minute or hour, though long-term commitments are available for many services. Customers only pay for the CPU cycles, storage or bandwidth they consume. Leading public cloud service providers include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, IBM and Google Cloud Platform. The public cloud infrastructure is available for public use alternatively for a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services. A Public Cloud is implemented using a shared data center infrastructure of hardware and software that is shared by multiple organizations. The data center is generally off-premises. The Cloud Computing Stack in a Public Cloud is also shared with other organizations. The data, however, for each organization is kept separate. If the data center is shared but not the Cloud Computing Stack, that is a Virtual Private Cloud. When neither the Cloud Computing Stack nor the data center is shared, then that is known as a Private Cloud. A Public Cloud may participate in a Hybrid Cloud.

Private Cloud – These clouds are dedicated to a particular organization. That particular organization can use the cloud for storing the company's data, hosting business application, etc. The data stored on private cloud can't be shared with other organizations. The cloud is managed either by the organization itself or by the third party. Private cloud services are delivered from a business's data center to internal users. This model offers the versatility and convenience of the cloud, while preserving the management, control and security common to local data centers. Internal users may or may not be billed for services through IT chargeback. Common private cloud technologies and vendors include VMware and OpenStack. A Private Cloud is implemented using a dedicated data center infrastructure of hardware and software that is used privately by an organization. The data center can be on-premises or off-premises. It is not shared with another organization. If the data center is shared, then its called a Virtual Private Cloud. The Cloud Computing Stack in a Private Cloud is dedicated to the organization. If the data center is shared but not the Cloud Computing Stack, that is a Virtual Private Cloud. When both the Cloud Computing Stack and the data center are shared, then it becomes a Public Cloud. A Private Cloud may participate in a Hybrid Cloud.

Hybrid Cloud – When two or more clouds are bound together to offer the advantage of both public and private clouds, they are termed as

Hybrid Cloud. Organizations can use private clouds for sensitive application, while public clouds for non-sensitive applications. The hybrid clouds provide flexible, scalable and cost-effective solutions to the organizations. A hybrid cloud is a combination of public cloud services and an on-premises private cloud, with orchestration and automation between the two. Companies can run mission-critical workloads or sensitive applications on the private cloud and use the public cloud to handle workload bursts or spikes in demand.The goal of a hybrid cloud is to create a unified, automated, scalable environment that takes advantage of all that a public cloud infrastructure can provide, while still maintaining control over mission-critical data. Hybrid cloud solutions are a blend of public and private clouds. This is a more complex cloud solution in that the organization must manage multiple platforms and determine where data is stored. An example of a hybrid cloud solution is an organization that wants to keep confidential information secured on their private cloud, but make more general, customer-facing content on a public cloud.

Community Cloud: A Community Cloud can be a Private Cloud, Virtual Private Cloud, Public Cloud, or Hybrid Cloud. A Community Cloud is specifically designed to meet the defined needs of a community. Such communities involve individuals or organizations that have shared interests. This includes industrial groups, research groups, standard groups, and so on. Therefore, a Community Cloud is not so much a type of Cloud as it is a way to look at how Clouds could be used. The data center that supports the Community Cloud could be one of the member organizations or it could also be in a location away from all member organizations.

A Community Cloud can be a Private Cloud, Virtual Private Cloud, Public Cloud, or Hybrid Cloud. A Community Cloud is designed to meet the needs of a community. Such communities involve people or organization that have shared interests. This includes industrial groups, research groups, standards groups, and so on. So, a Community Cloud is not so much a type of Cloud as it is a way to look at how Clouds could be used. The data center supporting the Community Cloud could be one of the member organizations or it could be in a location separate from all member organizations. A community cloud is similar to a public cloud except that its access is limited to a specific community of cloud consumers. The community cloud may be jointly owned by the community members or by a third-party cloud provider that provisions a public cloud with limited access. The member cloud consumers of the community typically share the responsibility for defining and evolving the community cloud. Membership in the community does not necessarily guarantee access to or control of all the cloud's IT resources. Parties outside the community are generally not granted access unless allowed by the community.

Personal Cloud There is a Private Cloud implemented utilizing an organization a data center infrastructure of hardware and software that’s used by an organization. The data center can be on-premises or off-premises. It isn’t shared with another organization. In case the data center is shared, that’s a Virtual Personal Cloud.

The Cloud Computing Stack in a Personal Cloud is dedicated for the organization. In case the data center is shared but not the Cloud Computing Stack, that’s a Virtual Personal Cloud. If the data center and the Cloud Computing Stack are shared, that’s a Public Cloud. A Personal Cloud might participate in a Hybrid Cloud.

Intranets and the Cloud While your operation is not big as Amazon S3 cloud computing, you can use the same sorts of principles within your organization to develop your IT infrastructure. By setting up thin clients to run applications and services on a local server, rather than on their desktops, you ease the costs of deployment and maintenance, as well as reducing power costs. Some organizations use cloud computing to deliver their corporate intranet. Intranets are customarily used within an organization and are not accessible publicly. That is, a web server is maintained in-house and company information is maintained on it that others within the organization can access. However, now intranets are being maintained on the cloud. To access the company’s private, inhouse information, users are having to log on to the intranet by going to a secure public web site. In this section we’ll talk about the merits of developing your own in-house “cloud” and what is used in its composition.

Components There are two main components in client/server computing: servers and thin or light clients. The network map in Figure 1-5 shows how they are deployed. The servers house the applications your organization needs to run, and the thin clients—which do not have hard drives—display the results.

Hypervisor Applications Applications like VMware or Microsoft’s Hyper-V allow you to virtualize your servers so that multiple virtual servers can run on one physical server. These sorts of solutions provide the tools to supply a virtualized set of hardware to the guest operating system. They also make it possible to install different operating systems on the same machine. For example, you may need Windows Vista to run one application, while another application requires Linux. It’s easy to set up the server to run both operating systems.

Thin clients use an application program to communicate with an application server. Most of the processing is done down on the server, and sent back to the client. There is some debate about where to draw the line when talking about thin clients. Some thin clients require an application program or a web browser to communicate with the server. However, others require no add-on applications at all. This is

sort of a discussion of semantics, because the real issue is whether the work is being done on the server and transmitted back to the thin client.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing 1. On demand self services : computer services such as email, applications, network or server service can be provided without requiring human interaction with each service provider. Cloud service providers providing on demand self services include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM and Salesforce.com. New York Times and NASDAQ are examples of companies using AWS (NIST). Gartner describes this characteristic as service based

2. Broad network access : Cloud Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms such as mobile phones, laptops and PDAs.

3. Resource pooling : The provider’s computing resources are pooled together to serve multiple consumers using multiple-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. The resources include among others storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, virtual machines and email services. The pooling together of the resource builds economies of scale (Gartner).

4. Rapid elasticity : Cloud services can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.

5. Measured service : Cloud computing resource usage can be measured, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. Cloud computing services use a metering capability which enables to control and optimize resource use. This implies that just like air time, electricity or municipality water IT services are charged per usage metrics – pay per use. The more you utilize the higher the bill. Just as utility companies sell power to subscribers, and telephone companies sell voice and data services, IT services such as network security management, data center hosting or even departmental billing can now be easily delivered as a contractual service.

6. Multi Tenacity : is the 6th characteristics of cloud computing advocated by the Cloud Security Alliance. It refers to the need for policy-driven enforcement, segmentation, isolation, governance, service levels, and chargeback/billing models for different consumer constituencies. Consumers might utilize a public cloud provider’s service offerings or actually be from the same organization, such as different business units rather than distinct organizational entities, but would still share infrastructure.

While these five core features of cloud computing are on almost anybody’s list, you also should consider these additional advantages:  Lower costs: Because cloud networks operate at higher efficiencies and with greater utilization, significant cost reductions are often encountered.  Ease of utilization: Depending upon the type of service being offered, you may find that you do not require hardware or software licenses to implement your service.  Quality of Service: The Quality of Service (QoS) is something that you can obtain under contract from your vendor.  Reliability: The scale of cloud computing networks and their ability to provide load balancing and failover makes them highly reliable, often much more reliable than what you can achieve in a single organization.  Outsourced IT management: A cloud computing deployment lets someone else manage your computing infrastructure while you manage your business. In most instances, you achieve considerable reductions in IT staffing costs.  Simplified maintenance and upgrade: Because the system is centralized, you can easily apply patches and upgrades. This means your users always have access to the latest software versions.  Low Barrier to Entry: In particular, upfront capital expenditures are dramatically reduced. In cloud computing, anyone can be a giant at any time. This very long list of benefits should make it obvious why so many people are excited about the idea of cloud computing. Cloud computing is not a panacea, however. In many instances, cloud computing doesn’t work well for particular applications.

Benefits of Cloud There are many benefits of clouds. Some of them are listed below. 

Cloud service offers scalability. Allocation and de-allocation of resources is dynamically as per demand.

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It saves on cost by reducing capital infrastructure.

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It allows the user to access the application independent of their location and hardware configuration.

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It simplifies the network and lets the client access the application without buying license for individual machine.

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Storing data on clouds is more reliable as it is not lost easily.

 Reduced Cost: There are a number of reasons to attribute Cloud technology with lower costs. The billing model is pay as per usage; the infrastructure is not purchased thus lowering maintenance. Initial expense and recurring expenses are much lower than traditional computing.  Increased Storage: With the massive Infrastructure that is offered by Cloud providers today, storage & maintenance of large volumes of data is a reality. Sudden workload spikes are also managed effectively & efficiently, since the cloud can scale dynamically.  Flexibility: This is an extremely important characteristic. With enterprises having to adapt, even more rapidly, to changing business conditions, speed to deliver is critical. Cloud computing stresses on getting applications to market very quickly, by using the most appropriate building blocks necessary for deployment.

Benefits of Cloud Computing 1. On demand self services : computer services such as email, applications, network or server service can be provided without requiring human interaction with each service provider. Cloud service providers providing on demand self services include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft, Google, IBM and Salesforce.com. New York Times and NASDAQ are examples of companies using AWS (NIST). Gartner describes this characteristic as service based

2. Broad network access : Cloud Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms such as mobile phones, laptops and PDAs.

3. Resource pooling : The provider’s computing resources are pooled together to serve multiple consumers using multiple-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. The resources include among others storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, virtual machines and email services. The pooling together of the resource builds economies of scale (Gartner).

4. Rapid elasticity : Cloud services can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.

5. Measured service : Cloud computing resource usage can be measured, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service. Cloud computing services use a metering capability which enables to control and optimize resource use. This implies that just like air time, electricity or municipality water IT services are charged per usage metrics – pay per use. The more you utilize the higher the bill. Just as utility companies sell power to subscribers, and telephone companies sell voice and data services, IT services such as network security management, data center hosting or even departmental billing can now be easily delivered as a contractual service.

6. Multi Tenacity : is the 6th characteristics of cloud computing advocated by the Cloud Security Alliance. It refers to the need for policy-driven enforcement, segmentation, isolation, governance, service levels, and chargeback/billing models for different consumer constituencies. Consumers might utilize a public cloud provider’s service offerings or actually be from the same organization, such as different business units rather than distinct organizational entities, but would still share infrastructure. While these five core features of cloud computing are on almost anybody’s list, you also should consider these additional advantages:  Lower costs: Because cloud networks operate at higher efficiencies and with greater utilization, significant cost reductions are often encountered.  Ease of utilization: Depending upon the type of service being offered, you may find that you do not require hardware or software licenses to implement your service.  Quality of Service: The Quality of Service (QoS) is something that you can obtain under contract from your vendor.

 Reliability: The scale of cloud computing networks and their ability to provide load balancing and failover makes them highly reliable, often much more reliable than what you can achieve in a single organization.  Outsourced IT management: A cloud computing deployment lets someone else manage your computing infrastructure while you manage your business. In most instances, you achieve considerable reductions in IT staffing costs.  Simplified maintenance and upgrade: Because the system is centralized, you can easily apply patches and upgrades. This means your users always have access to the latest software versions.  Low Barrier to Entry: In particular, upfront capital expenditures are dramatically reduced. In cloud computing, anyone can be a giant at any time.

CHALLENGES OF CLOUD COMPUTING Several of the most critical cloud computing challenges and the security risk pertaining mostly to cloud consumers that use one of the services described above located in clouds are examine

 Increased Security Vulnerabilities The moving of private and organizational data to the cloud guarantee access to share the data with the cloud provider. The remote usage of the services requires an expansion of trust boundaries by the cloud consumer to include the external cloud. It can be difficult to establish a security architecture that spans such a trust boundary without introducing vulnerabilities, unless cloud consumers and cloud providers happen to support the same or compatible security frameworks which is unlikely with public clouds. There can be overlapping trust boundaries from different consumers who share the same cloud services and resources. The overlapping of trust boundaries and the increased exposure of data can provide malicious cloud consumers (human and automated) with greater opportunities to attack IT resources and steal or damage business data.

 Reduced Operational Governance Control Cloud consumers are usually allotted a level of governance control that is lower than that over on premise IT resources. This reduced level of governance control can introduce risks associated with how the cloud provider operates its cloud, as well as the external connections that are required for communicate between the cloud and the cloud consumer.

 Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers Due to a lack of established industry standards within the cloud computing industry, public clouds are commonly proprietary to various extents. For cloud consumers that have custom-built solutions with dependencies on these proprietary environments, it can be challenging to move from one cloud provider to another.

 Multi-Regional Regulatory and Legal Issues Cloud providers establish there data centers in affordable or convenient geographical locations. There is transparancy of the physical location of their resources and the data hosted in the clouds. For some organizations, this can pose serious legal concerns pertaining to industry or government regulations that specify data privacy and storage policies. For example, some UK laws require personal data belonging to UK citizens to be kept within the United Kingdom. Some countries have laws that require some types of data to be disclosed to certain government agencies or to the subject of the data. For example, a European cloud consumer's data that is located in the U.S. can be more easily accessed by government agencies (due to the U.S. Patriot Act) when compared to data located in many European Union countries.

Usage Scenarios of Cloud Computing Here are a few situations where cloud computing is used to enhance the ability to achieve business goals. 1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS) When it comes to IaaS, using an existing infrastructure on a pay-per-use scheme seems to be an obvious choice for companies saving on the cost of investing to acquire, manage and maintain an IT infrastructure. There are also instances where organizations turn to PaaS for the same reasons while also seeking to increase the speed of development on a ready-to-use platform to deploy applications. 2. Private cloud and hybrid cloud Among the many incentives for using cloud, there are two situations where organizations are looking into ways to assess some of the applications they intend to deploy into their environment through the use of a cloud (specifically a public cloud). While in the case of test and development it may be limited in time, adopting a hybrid cloud approach allows for testing application workloads, therefore providing the comfort of an environment without the initial investment that might have been rendered useless should the workload testing fail. Another use of hybrid cloud is also the ability to expand during periods of limited peak usage, which is often preferable to hosting a large infrastructure that might seldom be of use. An organization would seek to have the additional capacity and availability of an environment when needed on a pay-as you-go basis. 3. Test and development Probably the best scenario for the use of a cloud is a test and development environment. This entails securing a budget, setting up your environment through physical assets, significant manpower and time. Then comes the installation and configuration of your platform. All this can often extend the time it takes for a project to be completed and stretch your milestones.

With cloud computing, there are now readily available environments tailored for your needs at your fingertips. This often combines, but is not limited to, automated provisioning of physical and virtualized resources. 4. Big data analytics One of the aspects offered by leveraging cloud computing is the ability to tap into vast quantities of both structured and unstructured data to harness the benefit of extracting business value. Retailers and suppliers are now extracting information derived from consumers’ buying patterns to target their advertising and marketing campaigns to a particular segment of the population. Social networking platforms are now providing the basis for analytics on behavioral patterns that organizations are using to derive meaningful information. 5. File storage Cloud can offer you the possibility of storing your files and accessing, storing and retrieving them from any web-enabled interface. The web services interfaces are usually simple. At any time and place you have high availability, speed, scalability and security for your environment. In this scenario, organizations are only paying for the amount of storage they are actually consuming, and do so without the worries of overseeing the daily maintenance of the storage infrastructure. There is also the possibility to store the data either on or off premises depending on the regulatory compliance requirements. Data is stored in virtualized pools of storage hosted by a third party based on the customer specification requirements. 6. Disaster recovery This is yet another benefit derived from using cloud based on the cost effectiveness of a disaster recovery (DR) solution that provides for a faster recovery from a mesh of different physical locations at a much lower cost that the traditional DR site with fixed assets, rigid procedures and a much higher cost.

7. Backup Backing up data has always been a complex and timeconsuming operation. This included maintaining a set of tapes or drives, manually collecting them and dispatching them to a backup facility with all the inherent problems that might happen in between the originating and the backup site. This way of ensuring a backup is performed is not immune to problems such as running out of backup media , and there is also time to load the backup devices for a restore operation, which takes time and is prone to malfunctions and human errors. Cloud-based backup, while not being the panacea, is certainly a far cry from what it used to be. You can now automatically dispatch data to any location across the wire with the assurance that neither security, availability nor capacity are issues.

Issues of Cloud Computing 1.Data Security concern When we talk about the security concern of the cloud technology, then a lot of questions remain unanswered. Multiple serious threats like virus attack and hacking of the client’s site are the biggest cloud computing data security issues. Entrepreneurs have to think on these issues before adopting cloud computing technology for their business. Since you are transferring your company’s important details to a third party so it is important to ensure yourself about the manageability and security system of the cloud.

2. Selecting the perfect cloud set-up Choosing the appropriate cloud mechanism as per the needs of your business is very necessary. There are three types of clouds configuration such as public, private, and hybrid. The main secret behind successful implementation of the cloud is picking up the right cloud. If you are not selecting the right cloud then maybe you have to face some serious hazards. Some companies having vast data so they prefer private clouds while small organizations usually use public clouds. A few companies like to go for a balanced approach with hybrid clouds. Choose a cloud computing consulting service which is aware and clearly disclose the terms and conditions regarding cloud implementation and data security.

3. Real time monitoring requirements In some agencies, it is required to monitor their system in real time. It is compulsory term for their business that they continuously monitor and maintain their inventory system. Banks and some government agencies need to update their system in real time but cloud service providers are unable to match this requirement. This is really a big challenge for cloud services providers.

4.Resolving the stress Every organization wants to have a proper control and access over the data. It is not easy to handover your precious data to a third party. The main tension between enterprise and executives is they desire to control over the new modes of operations while using technology. These tensions are not unsolvable, but they do suggest that providers and clients alike must deliberately address a suite of cloud challenges in the planning, contracting and managing the services.

5.Reliability on new technology It is a fact of human nature that we trust on the things present in front of our eyes. Normally entrepreneurs feel hesitation in letting out the organizational information to any unknown service provider. They think that information stored in their office premises is more secure and easily accessible. By using cloud computing they have fear of losing control over the data. They think that data is taken from them and handover to an unknown third party. Security threads are increase as they do not know and where is the information stored and processed. These frights of the unknown service providers must very amicably be dealt with and eliminated form their minds.

6.Dependency on service providers For uninterrupted services and proper working it is necessary that you acquire a vendor services with proper infrastructural and technical expertise. An authorized vendor who can meet the security standards set by your company’s internal policies and government agencies. While selecting the service provider you must carefully read the service level agreement and understand their policies and terms and provision of compensation in case of any outage or lock in clauses.

7.Cultural obstacles High authority of the company and organizational culture has also become a big obstacle in the proper implementation of the cloud computing. Top authority never wants to store the important data of the company somewhere else where they are not able to control and access the data. They have misconceptions in their minds that cloud computing puts the organization at the risk by seeping out important details. Their mindset is such that the organization on risk averse footing, which makes it more reluctant to migrate to a cloud solution.

8.Cost barrier For efficient working of cloud computing you have to bear the high charges of the bandwidth. Business can cut down the cost on hardware but they have to spend a huge amount on the bandwidth. For smaller application cost is not a big issue but for large and complex applications it is a major concern. For transferring complex and intensive data over the network it is very necessary that you have sufficient bandwidth. This is a major obstacle in front of small organizations, which restrict them for implementing cloud technology in their business.

9.Lack of knowledge and expertise Every organization does not have sufficient knowledge about the implementation of the cloud solutions. They have not expertise staff and tools for the proper use of cloud technology. Delivering the information and selection the right cloud is quite difficult without right direction. Teaching your staff about the process and tools of the cloud computing is a very big challenge in itself. Requiring an organization to shift their business to cloud based technology without having any proper knowledge is like asking for disaster. They would never use this technology for their business functions.

10.Consumption basis services charges Cloud computing services are on-demand services so it is difficult to define specific cost for a particular quantity of services. These types of fluctuations and price differences make the implementation of cloud computing very difficult and complicated. It is not easy for a normal business owner to study consistent demand and fluctuations with the seasons and various events. So it is hard to budget for a service that could consume several months of budget in a few days of heavy use.

11.Alleviate the threats risk It is very complicated to certify that the cloud service provider meet the standards for security and threat risk. Every organization may not have enough mechanism to mitigate these types of threats. Organizations should observe and examine the threats very seriously. There are mainly two types of threat such as internal threats, within the organizations and external threats from the professional hackers who seek out the important information of your business. These threats and security risks put a check on implementing cloud solutions.

12.Unauthorised service providers Cloud computing is a new concept for most of the business organizations. A normal businessman is not able to verify the genuineness of the service provider agency. It’s very difficult for them to check the whether the vendors meet the security standards or not. They have not an ICT consultant to evaluate the vendors against the worldwide criteria. It is necessary to verify that the vendor must be operating this business for a sufficient time without having any negative record in past. Vendor continuing business without any data loss complaint and have a number of satisfied clients. Market reputation of the vendor should be unblemished.

13. Hacking of brand Cloud computing carries some major risk factors like hacking. Some professional hackers are able to hack the application by breaking the efficient firewalls and steal the sensitive information of the organizations. A cloud provider hosts numerous clients; each can be affected by actions taken against any one of them. When any threat came into the main server it affects all the other clients also. As in distributed denial of service attacks server requests that inundate a provider from widely distributed computers.

14. Recovery of lost data Cloud services faces issue of data loss. A proper backup policy for the recovery of data must be placed to deal with the loss. Vendors must set proper infrastructures to efficiently handle with server breakdown and outages. All the cloud computing service providers must set up their servers at economically stable locations where they should have proper arrangements for the backup of all the data in at least two different locations. Ideally they should manage a hot backup and a cold backup site.

15. Data Portability Every person wants to leverage of migrating in and out of the cloud. Ensuring data portability is very necessary. Usually, clients complain about being locked in the cloud technology from where they cannot switch without restraints. There should be no lock in period for switching the cloud. Cloud technology must have capability to integrate efficiently with the on premises. The clients must have a proper contract of data portability with the provider and must have an updated copy of the data to be able to switch service providers, should there be any urgent requirement.

16. Cloud management Managing a cloud is not an easy task. It consist a lot of technical challenges. A lot of dramatic predictions are famous about the impact of cloud computing. People think that traditional IT department will be outdated and research supports the conclusions that cloud impacts are likely to be more gradual and less linear. Cloud services can easily change and update by the business users. It does not involve any direct involvement of IT department. It is a service provider’s responsibility to manage the information and spread it across the organization. So it is difficult to manage all the complex functionality of cloud computing.

17. Transparency of service provider There is no transparency in the service provider’s infrastructure and service area. You are not able to see the exact location where your data is stored or being processed. It is a big challenge for an organization to transfer their business information to such an unknown vendor.