File Drilling And Blasting Of Rocks

DRILLING AND BLASTING OF ROCKS CARLOS LOPEZ JIMENO

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Project Director for EPM, S.A

EMILIO LOPEZ JIMENO FRANCISCO JAVIER AYALA CARCEDO Project Director for ITGE

Translated by

YVONNE VISSER DE RAMIRO

A. A. B ALKEMA / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD / 1995

vi

Contents Us. • - •

FOREWORD

IX

PREFACE

XI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

xni I I

1 ROCK DRILLING METHODS L I Introduction 1.2 Types of drilling operations used in rock breakage 1.3 Fields of application for the different drilling methods 1.4 Classification of the rocks and their principal physical properties References

3 7

2 ROTARY PERCUSSIVE DRILLING 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fundamentals of rotary percussive drilling 2.3 Top hammer drilling 2.4 Drilling with down the hole hammer 2.5 Advance systems 2.6 Mounting systems 2.7 Dust collectors 2.8 Inclination instruments 2.9 Penetration rate 2.10 Average penetration rate 2.11 Calculation of drilling costs References

8 8 8 10 16 18 19 28 30 30 33 34 35

3 ROTARY PERCUSSIVE DRILLING ACCESSORIES 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Types of threads 3.3 Shank adaptors 3.4 Drill steel 3.5 Couplings 3.6 Drill bits 3.7 Calculation of the necessary drilling accessories 3.8 Care and maintenance of the bits 3.9 Care and maintenance of drill steel 3.10 Guide for identifying accessory failure and its causes References

4 ROTARY DRILLING WITH ROLLING TRIGONE BITS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Mounting and propulsion systems 4.3 Power sources 4.4 Rotation systems 4.5 Pulldown/hoisting systems 4.6 Mast and pipe changer 4.7 Control cabin 4.8 System for flushing drill cuttings 4.9 Drill string 4.10 Auxiliary elements 4.11 Operative practice. Drilling parameters 4.12 Penetration rate 4.13 Calculation of drilling costs References

I 1

48 48 48 48 49 50 51 52 52 53 55 56 59 61 63 64 64 64 66 67 67

5 ROLLING CONE ROCK BITS 5.1 Rolling cone rock bits 5.2 Major components and design features 5.3 The metallurgy of rolling cone rock bits 5.4 Types of rolling cone bits 5.5 Bit type selection 5.6 Effects of the operating parameters on the rolling cone bits 5.7 Nozzle selection 5.8 Evaluation of dull rolling cones 5.9 Example of roller tricone bit selection 5.10 IDAC Codes References

69 69 70 71 71 71

36 36 36 37 38 40 41

6 ROTARY DRILLING WITH CUTTING ACTION 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fundamentals of drilling with cutting action 6.3 Flushing of drill cuttings 6.4 Cutting tools References

72 72 72 75 75 76

43 43 47

7 SPECIAL DRILLING METHODS A N D MOUNTING SYSTEMS 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Drilling through overburden 7.3 Shaft sinking 7.4 Raise driving

77 77 77 79 80

47 47

V

VI

Contents 7.5 Jet piercing 7.6 Water-jet drilling 7.7 Drilling ornamental rock References

JH 84 85 86

8 COMPRESSORS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Types of compressors 8.3 Drive 8.4 Auxiliary elements 8.5 Calculating pressure drops References

17 S7 87 m 89 90 91

9 THERMOCHEMISTRY OE EXPLOSIVES AND THE DETONATION PROCESS 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Deflagration and detonation 9.3 Detonation process of an explosive 9.4 Thermochemistry of the explosives 9.5 Heat of explosion 9.6 Oxygen balance 9.7 Volume of explosion 9.8 Minimum energy available 9.9 Temperature of the explosion 9.10 Pressure of the explosion References

92 92 92 93 94 94 95 95 96 96 96 97

10 PROPERTIES OF EXPLOSIVES 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Strength and energy 10.3 Detonation velocity 10.4 Density 10.5 Detonation pressure 10.6 Stability 10.7 Water resistance 10.8 Sensitivity 10.9 Detonation transmission 10.10 Desensitization * 10.11 Resistance to low temperatures 10.12 Eumes References

98 98 98 101 102 102 102 102 102 103 104 104 104 105

11 INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVES 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Dry blasting agents 11.3 Slurries 11.4 Emulsions 11.5 Heavy ANFO 11.6 Gelatin dynamites 11.7 Granular dynamite 11.8 Permissible explosives 11.9 Blackpowders 11.10 Two-component explosives 11.11 Explosives commercialized in Spain References

106 106 106 110 III 113 115 115 116 116 117 117 117

12 EXPLOSIVE SELECTION CRITERIA 12.1 Introduction

119 119

12.2 Explosive cost 12.3 Charge diameter 12.4 Rock characteristics 12.5 Volume of rock to be blasted 12.6 Atmospheric conditions 12.7 Presence of water 12.8 Environmental problems 12.9 Fumes 12.10 Safety conditions 12.11 Explosive atmospheres 12.12 Supply problems References

119 119 119 121 121 121 121 122 122 122 122 122

13 BLASTING ACCESSORIES 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Nonelectric initiation systems 13.3 Electric initiation systems 13.4 Sources of energy 13.5 Other accessories References

123 123 123 127 130 132 135

14 INITIATION AND PRIMING SYSTEMS 14.1 Introduction • 14.2 Priming and boostering bulk ANEO-type blasting agents J 14.3 Priming cartridge ANFO type blasting agents 14.4 Priming pumped or poured slurry and emulsion blasting agents 14.5 Priming cartridged watergel and emulsion blasting agents 14.6 Location of primers 14.7 Priming conventional cartridged explosives References

136 136

15 MECHANIZED SYSTEMS EOR CHARGING A N D DEWATERING BLASTHOLES 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Mechanized blasthole charging systems 15.3 Blasthole dewatering systems References

136 138 139 140 140 143 143

144 144 144 152 153

16 MECHANISMS OF ROCK BREAKAGE 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Rock breakage mechanisms 16.3 Transmission of the strain wave through the rock mass 16.4 Energetic yield of the blastings References

154 154 154 156 157 159

17 ROCK AND ROCK MASS PROPERTIES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE RESULTS OF BLASTING 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Rock properties 17.3 Properties of the rock mass References

160 160 160 161 166

Vll

Contents 18 CHARAC I'bRIZATION OF THE ROCK MASSES FOR BLAST DESIGNING ' i 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Diamond drilling with core recovery and •~r geomechanic testing ;. 18.3 Characteristics of the joint systems . ;. 18.4 Seismic survey 18.5 Geophysical techniques to obtain rock • mass data 18.6 Logging of production blastholes 18.7 Characterization of the rock mass during blasthole drilling 18.8 The attempt to correlate drilling indexes with the blasting design parameters • 18.9 System of drilling data management in actual time References

213 Trench blastine ^ X*

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170

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22 B l A STING FOR TUNNELS AND DRIFTS U l _ ^ x V O 1 1 1 1 V J 1 A 7 1 X 1 \ _ / 1 1 1 1 L ^ l _ ( x J ILL. 1 1 7 1 ^ 1 X 1 1 1 \J 22 1 Introduction X XXI LX V/\X XXV/XM 22 2 Advance svstems .L.

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208 210 212 213 214 215 216 217 217 217 218 219

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230 230

178 I / O

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19 CONTROLLABLE PARAMETERS OF BLASTING 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Blasthole diameter 19.3 Height of bench 19.4 Blasthole inclination 19.5 Stemming length 19.6 Subdrilling 19.7 Burden and spacing 19.8 Blasthole patterns 19.9 Geometry of the free face 19.10 Size and shape of the blast 19.11 Available expansion volume 19.12 Charge configuration 19.13 Decoupling of the charges 19.14 Explosives 19.15 Distribution of explosives in the blastholes 19.16 Powder factor i 19.17 Initiation and priming , 19.18 Delay timing and initiation sequences 19.19 Influence of loading equipment on the design of the blasts • 19.20 Specific drilling 19.21 Blasthole deviation References

X X WX IWX X x / x x x o xxxx^^

167

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9 T 1 TntrnHiirtioti 0 11 7ly 170ly 1 179

XM7> 1 Shaft l l l L l v / vsinking xUx.'LlA/ll 23.2 23.3 Raise driving References

231 231 231 232 237

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181 1 O 1

189 189 1-04.

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184 18S

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186 1 ou 1 a/t 11(30 86 1 ou 1 87 l O /

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190 1 y\j

20 BENCH BLASTING 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Small diameter bench blasting 20.3 Large diameter blasting 20.4 Bench blasting with horizontal blastholes 20.5 Rip-rap production blasting 20.6 Cast blasting Appendix 1: Eormulas to calculate bench blasting patterns References

ZUJ

21 BLASTING IN OTHER SUREACE OPERATIONS 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Excavations for highways and railways

205 205 205

191

191 191 1 7 1

1QT 1 7

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24 UNDERGROUND PRODUC l ION BLASTING I N MINING AND CIVIL ENGINEERING 239 24.1 Introduction 239 24.2 Crater retreat method 239 243 24.3 Longhole method 24.4 Sublevel stoping with blastholes in fan 245 pattern 248 24.5 Room and pillar mining 24.6 Cut and fill mining 248 24.7 Underground chambers in civil engineering projects 249 251 References 25 CONTOUR BLASTING 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Mechanisms responsable for overbreak 25.3 The theory of contour blasting 25.4 Types of contour blasts 25.5 The parameters that intervene in a contour blasting 25.6 Tendencies in the field of contour blasting 25.7 Evaluation of the results 25.8 Example 25.9 Extraction of ornamental rock with contour blasting References

252 252 252 253 254 256 264 267 268 268 270

195 195 196 1

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1 7 7

26 UNDERWATER BLASTING 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Methods of execution 26.3 Calculations for charges and drilling patterns 26.4 Charging the blastholes and priming systems 26.5 Types of explosives 26.6 Environmental effects associated with underwater blastings

272 272 272 247 275 276 276

VIII

Contents 278 279

26.7 Shaped or concussion charges References INITIATION SEQUENCE AND DELAY TIMING 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Single-row delayed blast 27.3 Multi-row sequenced bench blastings /^^^

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28.7 XVibrations and1 airblast 1 I /II /* . • 28.8 Profiles of underground excavations 28.9 Conclusions References X xi rxix'X T 71

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33.7 33.8

Studies of vibration and air blast 346 Damage prevention cntena tor buildings 1 c r \ 350 1 1 (1 T*" 77 x _ IT * l _ - . X * 1 X 33.9 Effects of vibrations and air blast on 357 people 358 33.10 Effects of vibrations on rock masses 33.11 Effect of vibrations on freshly poured 360 concrete 11

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33.12 Recommendations for reducing ground vibration and air blast levels References .1 A

•' n T r x i 71 7*1 X 7 71

X V TX1 Pill XX"»XX1 71 71^

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34.2 Models to calculate the throw of flyrock 1 X 1 71 34.3 Covenngs A

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361 364 366 366 366

34 FLYROCKS AND THEIR CONTROL 34.1 Introduction

1 7O

368 1

34.4 blastings Recommendations for carrying out bench 370 51\J References

305 T O C

305

30.2 Factors that have influence on the planning of drillling and blasting 30.3 Planning the stages of excavation References

305 308 311

STRUCTURE AND BUILDING DEMOLITION 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Drilling diameters and types of explosives 31.3 Demolition of structural elements 31.4 Demolition of structures 31.5 Demolition of buildings 31.6 Demolition of steel structures References

312 312 312 313 316 320 322 322

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111

Calculators of propogation laws for land 342 and air vibrations

1 1

299 302 304

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Air blast charactenstics a a ' C 1" 1 Instrumentation for recording and analyzing vibrations and air blast

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X X T 71 XI X X 71XI X-X XI XX X X ^ T 71

PLANNING THE WORK OF DRILLING AND BLASTING 30.1 Introduction /I 7\ y1

..x.»-xJ.-.i

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33.6

1 A X TX T T X T 71 XnX X XI

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Parameters which affect vibration characteristics Charactenstics ot ground vibrations

A *

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33.4 33.5

293 294 295 295 296 296 296 on^ 296

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29.3 Secondary breakage by mechanical means and special methods 29.4 Special blastings References X1T

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33.3

299 299 299

SPECIAL BLASTINGS 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Pop shooting

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33.2

SECONDARY FRAGMENTATION AND XIX

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290 290 290

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33 LAND AIR BLAS 1 A N D T T T D T D VlBRAflONS, X / T A T T D d T THEIR CON 1ROL 33.1 Introduction

O O

28.3 Geometry of the muckpile, its height and displacement 28.4 Condition of the remaining mass 28.5 Analysis of the bench floor 28.6 Boulders in the muckpile /I 1-1 ^1

284 285

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28.2 Fragmentation and swelling of the muckpile A /I

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32.5 Probabilistic analysis optimization model 331 1 1 1 References 331 XI 7

EVALUATION OE BLAST RESULTS 28.1 Introduction /I i i

1

281 oo 1 OO 1 281 281 282

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27.4 Bench blasting sequences for underground stopes 27.5 Delay timings 27.6 Underground blasts m tunnels and dnfts References 1*11 T X X T T X rxix>—V V T x ^ " v x " i x-\ X

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32 OPTIMIZING COSTS OE FRAGMENTATION ooo 323 WITH DRILLING AND BLAS1ING 32.1 Introduction 323 32.2 Economical aspects of drilling and 1/11 blasting 323 32.3 Model for determining cost optimization T - ) C 325 32.4 Predicting the fragmentation 326

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71 X •

IPWIX t 1 7in X 71X TXI XI71

XI7-1XI XIXI XX X XI T7n

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35 SAFETY MEASURES EOR DRILLING AND n 1 XIX X nTITI T7~< TITIXTI A T'T71'A.TO BLASTING OPERATIONS 371 35.1 Introduction 371 371 35.2 Blasthole drilling 1 C 1 XI1 375 35.3 Blastings References 381 CONVERSION FACTORS

382

GENERAL INFORMATION, WEIGHT OF MATERIALS

383

GLOSSARY

385

SUBJECT INDEX

389