Examville
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HYBRIDIZATION There are several other types of hybridized orbitals formed such as sp2, sp, dsp3, d2sp3, etc. However in organic compound most of hybridization is limited to sp3, sp2 and sp. In sp2 each orbital has 33.33% ‘s’ character and 66.66% ‘p’ character while in sp orbital ‘s’ and ‘p’ character is 50% each The type of hybridization on carbon, nitrogen and can easily be identified by using the following table.
Hybridization is applicable to a particular atom and not to a molecule. Different atom in a molecule may have different type of hybridization, e.g. carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide has SP and SP2 hybridized respectively
In general hybridization can be found out by adding the number of sigma bond and lone pair on the atom on which hybridization is to be found out. (Consider only the sigma bond and do not account any pi – bond )
Match this number with number of orbitals involved starting with ‘S’ orbital. ‘S’ orbital can form one hybrid orbital. ‘P’ can form maximum three orbitals and ‘d’ can form maximum up to five orbital. Write these number as superscript on the symbol of orbital. No superscript is given if no. of orbital is one. Let us take an example of phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5). Central atom in the molecule is
Number of sigma bond formed = 5 Number of lone pair = 0 Total = 5
Now to find out type of hybridization number five has to be matched with various orbital superscripts. Number of ‘s’ orbital is one, number of ‘p’ orbital is three and number ‘d ‘ orbital is one. Therefore type of hybridization is sp3d Molecular shape, and bond angle depend upon type of hybridization. Each has its own shape and angle
The shape of molecules also depends upon lone pair of electron. Lone pairs, pi – electron and strain on the ring can distort the standard shape. This distortion occurs because lone pairs and as well as pi – electron needs more space e.g.lone pair on water makes the bond angle as 104.50
Hybridization is applicable to a particular atom and not to a molecule. Different atom in a molecule may have different type of hybridization, e.g. carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide has SP and SP2 hybridized respectively
In general hybridization can be found out by adding the number of sigma bond and lone pair on the atom on which hybridization is to be found out. (Consider only the sigma bond and do not account any pi – bond )
Match this number with number of orbitals involved starting with ‘S’ orbital. ‘S’ orbital can form one hybrid orbital. ‘P’ can form maximum three orbitals and ‘d’ can form maximum up to five orbital. Write these number as superscript on the symbol of orbital. No superscript is given if no. of orbital is one. Let us take an example of phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5). Central atom in the molecule is
Number of sigma bond formed = 5 Number of lone pair = 0 Total = 5
Now to find out type of hybridization number five has to be matched with various orbital superscripts. Number of ‘s’ orbital is one, number of ‘p’ orbital is three and number ‘d ‘ orbital is one. Therefore type of hybridization is sp3d Molecular shape, and bond angle depend upon type of hybridization. Each has its own shape and angle
The shape of molecules also depends upon lone pair of electron. Lone pairs, pi – electron and strain on the ring can distort the standard shape. This distortion occurs because lone pairs and as well as pi – electron needs more space e.g.lone pair on water makes the bond angle as 104.50
