Department of Chemical Engineering University of San Carlos – Technological Center Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City
ChE 52E Environmental Engineering
Biotowers
A report submitted to Engr. Camilla Flor Yagonia
By Lumanog, Annette Rubillos, Jonathan Salas, Bernardo Salise, Ferdinand Peter Yocte, Josefino Yu, James
January 13, 2009
Biotowers are structures used in the treatment of wastewater. Biotowers share many commonalities with traditional trickling filters. Like the trickling filters, biotowers are essentially hollow structures containing packing material. The packing materials serve as a medium where the microbial substrates attach and wastewater treatment is accomplished by allowing the wastewater to come in contact with the substrate. A simplified schematic diagram of the biotower is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of a Biotower
In the operation of the biotower, influent is pumped to the top of the tower and into an application system. The application system is responsible for the uniform application of the influent to the media. The application system can be fixed or rotating. The wastewater then trickles down through the pore spaces of the media bed. The media bed may consist of rock, wood, or synthetic plastics of different types. The media bed provides the surface from which the microorganisms grow. In the selection of media for the bed, high void space and surface area must be balanced versus cost. Different types of materials for the media bed are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Media used in Biotowers
Biological reactions occurring at various depths are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Biological reactions at various depths
The underdrain collects the treated effluent and either re‐circulates a portion or sends it out the bioreactor for discharge. The underdrain also serves as a passageway for air entering the media bed.
Recirculation of a part of the effluent to dilute the influent stream may be necessary in some applications. Wastewater must be pretreated before it is charged into the biotower. Large particles or non‐ biodegradable particulates such as plastics, rags, and stringy materials may clog up the distributor and the media. Process applications along with process benefits and drawbacks are of the biotower are outlined in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. Table 1. Process Application Application Roughing Carbon Oxidation Combined carbon oxidation and nitrification Separate stage nitrification
Influent wastewater Screened wastewater or primary effluent Screened wastewater or primary effluent Screened wastewater or primary effluent Secondary Effluent
TOL (kg BOD/m3∙day)
Benefits • Economical, particularly for high‐ strength wastewaters • Simple to design and operate • Process and facility design well known
Drawbacks
1.3‐3.2 0.7‐1.5 <1.0 NA
Table 2. Process Comparison Treatment objectives
Roughing
Carbon Oxidation
• Economical • Simple to design and operate • Process and facility design well known
Combined carbon oxidation and nitrification
• Simple to design and operate
Separate stage nitrification
• Simple to design and operate
• Further treatment typically required prior to discharge • Generally requires secondary clarification • Generally requires secondary clarification • Performance is consistent, but may not meet stringent performance standards. • Relatively new process option, performance options not well characterized • Limited operator flexibility • Relatively new process option, performance options not well characterized
Table 3 gives a general overview of the advantages and disadvantages of a biotower.
Table 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Biotower
• • • • • •
Advantages Cost effective Low power requirement Simple operation Low sludge production Low maintenance Low labor requirements
Disadvantages • • • • •
Odors Limited capacity Pounding and clogging of filters High capital costs Effectiveness is temperature dependent
A more detailed diagram of the biotower is shown in Figure 4, Figure 5, and Figure 6.
Figure 4. Diagram of a biotower
Figure 5. Biotower with packing in forground
Figure 6. Application system in use.