Emergence Of The Discipline.docx

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a contiguous core community Uyo capital city, these communities have become a relief valve for the swelling demographics in and use and land cover data for Etim Umana were analysed with the following data: from the charts in Fig 3.10 Built-up Areas constitute 41.6% (530525.1.m2); Farmland 22% (280251m2); Open/Bare Lands and road 8.4% ((107172.4) and 16.7% (213237m2) respectively and finally Secondary Forest Vegetation 11.3% (143533m2). The following limitations are associated with Land Use/Land Cover classifications from digital data: For example, roads are not necessarily tarred road surface but also other open/bare surface roads having pixel values or spectral signatures very close to that of tarred road surfaces and were classified as such in the ILWIS3.3 software used, instead of being denoted as vegetation or open/bare lands. In real time the values for all components may vary because of the misclassified roads. Such misclassifications require corrective ground-truthing for accurate data representation.

TABLE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..1: PERCENTAGE COVERAGE OF LAND USE/LAND COVER OF ETIM UMANA GULLY SITE

S/No Land Use/Land Cover Class

Coverage Area (m2) % Coverage

1.

107172.4

Bare Ground

8.4

148

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a contiguous core community Uyo capital city, these communities have become a relief valve for the swelling demographics in 2.

Built Up Area

530525.1

41.6

3.

Scattered Farmland

280251

22

4.

Secondary forest

143533

11.3

5.

Paved surfaces

213237

16.7

Total

1274718.5

100

SOURCE: Extracted from 30m resolution Landsat TM-USGE, 2016

1.0.1 Topography and Terrain Analysis of Etim Umana The vector flow map information on Etim Umana from the grids shows storm flow patterns (directions and magnitude) that encourage erosion processes, including gullies. Much of the storm water in this area comes as overland flows, because of inadequate drainage infrastructure in the locality. The topography and incremental roofed development amplifies storm water energy/intensity in the locality. Storm water runoff harvest is also intensified by widespread impervious surfaces. Empirical evidence in Iba Oku, a third order basin receiving water from Ewet 149

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a contiguous core community Uyo capital city, these communities have become a relief valve for the swelling demographics in stream shows that destruction of vegetation through unplanned urban development led to the exposure of 59.9%, 46.8% and 30.58% of valley side slopes around Udo Street (former City stadium, Eka Street, and Government House/Dominic Utuk Avenue and adjoining area respectively in Iba Oku River (Table 3.17)

TABLE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..2: EXTENT OF PERVIOUS AND IMPERVIOUS AREA IN IBA OKU WATERSHED

Location Former

Pervious area (Ha) City 5.16

% Pervious 40.1

Impervious area % Impervious Ha (HSIA) 7.7 59.9

53.2

8.71

46.8

69.42

22.75

30.58

stadium (12.86Ha) Eka

Street- 9.9

(18.6Ha) Former Military 51.65

150

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a contiguous core community Uyo capital city, these communities have become a relief valve for the swelling demographics in Barracks (74.4Ha) Hydrologically significant impervious area (HSIA) = 100(A1/A) where A1 is the impervious area and A is the catchment). SOURCE: Udosen, (1998)

The result of continual increase in HSIA in the area are four fold viz: exposure of the more resistant laterite layer in the soil profile, incision and sustenance of devastating gullies, retreat of the gullies into low lying residential areas upslope and silting up of stream channels. Figs. 3.20 to 3.23 respectively show the configurations of the drainage basin and the predispositions of the subwatershed to extreme storm water events which interact with the local geology and climatic elements to initiate and extend gullying processes. Fig 3.21 is a Digital Surface Model (DSM), that adequately captures the terrain showing its undulating nature and highlighting some steep slopes in the area; Fig 3.20 is a Wireframe Plan, with the dark blue colours depicting the lower-lying areas;

151

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a contiguous core community Uyo capital city, these communities have become a relief valve for the swelling demographics in Fig 3.23 is a Vector Flow Map while Fig 3. 22 is a Topographic Map that reveals the drainage pattern and terrain configurations in Etim Umana.

FIGURE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..1: A 3-D WIREFRAME PLAN OF ETIM UMANA

FIGURE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..2: DIGITAL SURFACE MODEL (DSM) SHOWING 3D OF ETIM UMANA GULLY SITE (PROJECTION - PERSPECTIVE, FIELD OF VIEW - ANGLE 450, ROTATION - ANGLE 450 AND TILT - ANGLE 300). SOURCE:

FIGURE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..3: VECTOR FLOW MAP OF ETIM UMANA OVERLAID ON A FILLED CONTOUR MAP. (NOTE LONGER ARROWS WHICH INDICATE AREAS OF STEEPER SLOPES)

FIGURE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..4: FLOW ACCUMULATION MAP OF ETIM UMANAI IN EWET STREAM SUB-WATERSHED BIODIVERSITY IN ETIM UMANA

152

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a contiguous core community Uyo capital city, these communities have become a relief valve for the swelling demographics in

1.1 INTRODUCTION The inhabitants of the erosion-ravaged communities of Etim Umana are either primarily farmers or engaged in some form of farming in order to augment their incomes. It was thus necessary to find out in what ways the gully erosion was affecting their small-holder farming livelihoods. A pair wise correlation matrix (Table 5.1) was used to establish this correlation as a way of accessing what direct benefits they will derive from the NEWMAP gully erosion rehabilitation project. Furthermore, factor analysis was employed to account for the contribution of identified factors such as rainfall, deforestation, over grazing, etc to problems associated with declining agricultural production in the subcatchment The following analyses were made:

FACTORS Rainfall

PROBLEMS 37

Decrease in available land

140 153

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a contiguous core community Uyo capital city, these communities have become a relief valve for the swelling demographics in Deforestation

27

Reduction in the tree cover

134

Over cultivation

96

Increase in flooding

176

Continuous cropping

78

Decrease in the value of land

178

Land conversion

44

Reduction it the Agricultural production

124

Farming Practice

36

Infertile land

64

Extreme Weather

15

Insufficient land

96

Paved surfaces

81

Road side erosion

168

Dumping of waste

86

Pest and diseases

21

154

1.0.1

Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data

Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre TABLE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..3: PAIR WISE CORRELATION MATRIX OF FACTOR OF GULLY EROSION AND AGRICULTURAL PROBLEMS IN ETIM UMANA Ill

Deforestati

Overcultivati

Overgrazi

Extre

Paved

< in

Reducti

> in

< in

Reductio

Inferti

Insufficie

Pests

Rain

Alligne

on

on

ng

me

Surfac

Arabl

on in

Floodi

Lan

n in

le

nt Land

&

Wate

Temp.

es

e

Tree

ng

d

Agric

Land

Diseas

r

Land

Cover

Valu

Producti

e

on

d Draina ge Ill Alligned

es

-

Drainage Deforestatio

0.99+

-

0.69

0.58

n Overcultivati

-

155

1.0.1

Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data

Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre on Overgrazing

0.23

0.91

0.89

-

Extreme

0.41

0.28

0.95+

0.98+

-

0.69

0.58

0.70

0.86

0.95

-

0.98+

0.99+

0.52

0.02

0.21

0.52

-

0.99+

0.94

0.61

0.13

0.32

0.61

0.99+

-

0.98+

0.60

0.55

0.64

0.25

0.55

0.99

0.99

Temp. Paved Surfaces Decrease in Arable Land Reduction in Tree Cover Increase in

-

156

1.0.1

Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data

Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre Flooding Decrease in

0.97+

0.59

0.50

0.06

0.19

0.50

0.60

0.99+

0.70

-

0.88

0.81

0.45

0.56

0.79

0.95

0.76

0.83

0.48

0.45

-

0.89

0.31

94

0.61

0.79

0.95

0.77

0.84

0.79

0.76

0.70

-

0.91

0.84

0.93

0.62

0.76

0.93

0.79

0.86

0.82

0.78

0.89

0.94

-

0.93

0.86

0.81

0.58

0.22

0.91

0.33

0.48

0.55

0.81

0.69

0.41

0.49

Land Value Reduction in Agric Production Infertile Land Insufficient Land Pests &

-

157

1.0.1

Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data

Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre Diseases Rain Water

0.90

0.83

0.93

0.63

0.76

0.93

0.79

0.85

0.82

0.79

0.99*

0.93

0.84

0.91

-

158

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a The correlation matrix indicates very strong correlation coefficient between ill-aligned drains and deforestation (0.99); reduction in tree cover (0.99); decrease in arable land (0.98); reduction in tree cover (0.99); and decrease in land value (0.97). Other significant correlation coefficients are shown in Table 5.1. Pertinent observation is that ill-aligned drains may have induced significant loss of arable lands through gullying leading to reduction in land value. Furthermore, the data set was subject to factor analytic technique to sieve out the insignificant variables. The use of factor analysis also facilitated the assessment of the likely benefits of the NEWMAP project on members of the communities directly affected by the gully erosion menace.

TABLE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..4: ROTATED COMPONENT MATRIX-METHOD

VARIABLES

FACTOR 1

FACTOR 2

Deforestation

0.977

0.214

Over cultivation of farmlands

0.388

0.921

Overgrazing

-0.124

0.992

Extreme temperature

0.085

0.998

Paved surfaces

0.388

0.921

159

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a

FIGURE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..5: PLOT OF EIGEN VALUE AND COMPONENT NUMBER RELATIONSHIP

TABLE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..5: TOTAL VARIANCE EXPLAINED BY THE TWO FACTOR MODEL

Factor

Eigen value

Percentage of

Cumulative 160

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a variance explained

percentage

Factor 1

8.408

56.05

56.05

Factor 11

6.592

43.95

100

Total

14.9

100

100

161

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a

FIGURE ERROR! NO TEXT OF SPECIFIED STYLE IN DOCUMENT..6: COMPONENT PLOT IN ROTATED SPACE

162

1.0.1 Presentation and Analysis of Biophysical Data Ewet and Eniong Offot are communities situated within Latitudes 05 01.8860N and 005 02.2640N and Longitudes 007 56.9730E and 007 56.9120E. It is a section of the vast Offot clan in Uyo LGA of Akwa Ibom State. Although having considerable urban features notably in the settlement patterns, aggregation of schools, churches and hotels/clinics and sociocultural affiliations, Ewet and Eniong Offot communities are practically in the heart of Uyo, barely two kilometers from the city centre and is almost completely absorbed by the city, and rapidly assuming an urban status with growing urban pressures. It is also typified by a poly-cultural setting with many immigrants owning property and constructing buildings for residency and tenement purposes. As a

1.2 INTERPRETATION of Result of Factor Analysis From the data provided, the analysis proved that the factors of erosion show a strong correlation to farming problems (Table 5.1) which is statistically significant (p=0.001) and that farming problems can be explained by the two factor model. Factor 1 clearly relates to the problems of ill-aligned drains leading to reduction in the cover, flooding, decrease in arable land, deforestation and eventually decrease in land values (Table 5.2). These variable load heavily on factor 1 viz, 0.94, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99 respectively (Table 5.2). Factor 1 alone explains more than 56 percent of the variance in the data set (Table 5.3) Similarly, Factor 11 accounts for the remaining 43.95% of variance in the data set

163