Elements of Image Interpretation
Carolina Distinguished Professor Department of Geography University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina 29208
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Low Oblique Aerial Photograph
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High Oblique Aerial Photograph
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Vertical Aerial Photograph
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Reasons why photo/image interpretation are powerful scientific tools: • aerial/regional perspective; • threedimensional depth perception; • ability to obtain knowledge beyond our human visual perception; • ability to obtain a historical image record to document change.
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The Aerial/Regional Perspective
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Threedimensional Depth Perception
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Obtaining Knowledge Beyond our Human Visual Perception
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Historical Image Record and Change Detection Documentation
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Elements of Image Interpretation
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Elements of Image Interpretation Tone and Color
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Panchromatic
Tivoli North Bay on the Hudson River, NY
Black and White Infrared
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Elements of Image Interpretation Tone and Color
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Sir Isaac Newton discovered that white light could be dispersed into its spectral components by passing it through a prism.
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Color Theory
Additive Color
Subtractive Color
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Elements of Image Interpretation Tone and Color
Green
Red
Nearinfrared
Color composite RGB = green, red, nearinfrared
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Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on Color Film
A. Scene reflectance
Blue
B. Film after exposure Blue
Green
Red
White
Activated
Black
Activated Internal Yellow filter (blueblocking) Activated
Green and blue
B
R
clear
Yellow dye layer Magenta dye layer
G
B
G
R
Y ellow
Magenta Cyan
Cyan dye layer
B
latent image
Activated Activated
Red and blue C. Film after color reversal processing
Normal Color Film
white light
B
G
R
Activated B
G
R
B
G
R
Y ellow
Y ellow
Magenta
Magenta
Cyan
Cyan
G
R
B
G
R
D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photointerpreter
Blue Blue
Green
Red
blue the green the red the complementary complementary complementary color of yellow color of magenta color of cyan
White
Black
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Aerial Photography
Normal Color
Falsecolor Infrared Using Wratten #12 filter Jensen, 2007
Exposure, Development, and Color Formation on FalseColor Infrared Film A. Scene reflectance
Blue
Green
Red
Infrared
Yellow Wratten 12 filter (blueblocking) B. Film after
Activated
Red sensitive layer
Yellow dye layer Magenta dye layer
latent image
Activated
Green sensitive layer
Cyan dye layer
Activated
Infrared sensitive layer
C. Film after color reversal processing
ColorInfrared Film
B
G
R
B
Cyan
G
white light
R
Cyan
Yellow
B
G
R
Cyan Yellow
Magenta Magenta B
B
G
R
clear Yellow Magenta
G
R
D. Colors in the Positive Transparency Viewed by the Photointerpreter
Black Blue
Blue
Green
Red
green the red the blue the complementary complementary complementary color of cyan color of yellow color of magenta
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Aerial Photography
Normal Color
Falsecolor Infrared Using Wratten #12 filter Jensen, 2007
Terrestrial Photography
Normal Color
Falsecolor Infrared Using Wratten #12 filter
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Elements of Image Interpretation Size
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Elements of Image Interpretation Shape
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Elements of Image Interpretation Texture
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Elements of Image Interpretation Pattern
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Elements of Image Interpretation Shadow
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Elements of Image Interpretation Height and Depth
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Elements of Image Interpretation Site, Situation and Association
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Methods of Search • Use of Collateral Information • Convergence of Evidence • Use of the Multiconcept
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Collateral Information
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Convergence of Evidence
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