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THE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE
signal trace
amplifier AF
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J1
CONTENTS
seLEKTUR ELECTRONICS
I
In next month's issue
Headphone amplifier Mains transmission equipment Stroboscope light Direct conversion receivers - Part 2 Halogen light dimmer A lower frequency receiving system Figuring it out-Part 15: Sine waves and others and others for your continued interest
PROJECT: 100 W high -end a.f. power amplifier Design by T. Giesberts
10
NEW COURSE: 800535 hardware/assembler
50
34 56 62
Front cover The PIC (Programmable Integrated Controller) is a (fairly) new RISC -based (Reduced Instruction Set Coding) microcontroller manufactured by Microchip Technology Inc. The article on page 26 describes a programmer that enables a large number of PIC16Cx and PIC17Cx devices to be loaded with your own application programs. Software development for these controllers will be the subject of a short course starting in this magazine later this year.
© 1994 Elektuur
ABC
4
15
26
March 1994 Volume 20 Number 220 ISSN 0268/4519
Software by Dr. M. Ohsmann PROJECT: PIC programmer Design by M. Rose PROJECT: Mini I/O card for the Casio FX850/880P Design by M. Fanrich (hardware) and G.J. Klasens (software)
AF signal tracer - p. 5
COURSE: Figuring it out-Part 14: Varying inputs By Owen Bishop PROJECT: Electronic fuse Design by K. Walraven Building electronic circuits By our design staff
100 W AF power amplifier - p. 15 60
PROJECT Car battery voltage monitor Design by L Pipets OMMIJNICATIONS
42 52
Direct conversion receivers - Part 1 By Joseph J Carr, BSc, MSEE DX Television By Keith Hamer and Garry Smith
PROJECT: AF signal tracer Design by K. Feigl PIC programmer - p. 26 $
Buyers' guide 74 Component ratings 67 Index of advertisers 74 Letters 65
Readers' services 70-71 Switchboard 67 Terms of Business 72
AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRO_ LAT/ONS
CONSUMER PRESS
N-
8
Electronic fuse - p. 56
Elektor Electronics is published mo ithly, except in August, by Elektor Electronics (Publishing), P.O. Box 1414, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8YH, England. The magazine is available from newsagents, bookshops, and electronics retail outlets, or on subscription at an annual (1994) post paid price of £27.00 in the United Kingdom; air speeded: £3400 in Europe; £43.00 in Africa, the Middle East and South America; £4500 in Australia, New Zealand and the Far East; and $57.00 in the USA and Canada. Second Class Postage paid at Rahway N.J. Postmaster: please send address corrections to Elektor Electronics, c/o Mercury Airfreight International Ltd Inc., 2323 Randolph Avenue, Avenel, New Jersey, N.J. 07001.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
4
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
AF SIGNAL TRACER Design by K. Feigl In the design, fault-finding and repairing of audio equipment several pieces of test instrument are either required or just downright useful. One of these is a signal tracer as described in this article. It consists of a signal generator and a processor with which the injected signal can be detected (and made audible) at a number of locations in the equipment on test. he tracer is based on the assumption
that all that is required is knowing whether the signal passes through the equipment or, if not, where it fails.
Rectangular or sinusoidal The unit provides either a rectangular or a sinusoidal signal. The former is gener-
impedance. The test lead of the generator is connected to K2. The tracer/detector section is formed by IC3, whose input is via K3 and whose level is adjusted by P6. It is a straightforward, standard application of an LM386.
sistors R4 and R8 ensure that this switching is not abrupt and that the transistors
do not become saturated. The result is that the edges of the signal are not steep
and that the tops of the signal are not chopped off: in other words, a waveform that is very close to a sine wave. The operating point of the generator is set with P1. The lower the output level, the better the waveshape. A good compromise is an output level of about 30 mV (measured with a multimeter in position a.c.). The distortion is then fairly modest. The frequency of the generator, deter -
The test signal is made audible via a small loudspeaker, LS1. Power is derived from a 9-V mains adap-
ated by IC2 and the latter by T1 -T2. Selection
tor or battery. The supply line is stabi-
between the two is with S2b, while S2a se-
lized by regulator ICI.
lects an appropriate indicator LED. The output level of the generator is set with P5. Transistor T3 provides a low output
The sine wave generator consists of transistors T1 and T2, which switch one another on and off in turn. Emitter re -
7805
01
S1
K1
'Clqq
1N4001
10p
100n
C2
C1
100n
1000p 10V
10V
BT1
9V
5V .LF15
:100n 14
1C2
0
100n
R14
C14
min
C18
C15
NMI 100n 100n
IC2b 5
P6 1001J
10V
100k LOG.
LS1
852
250mW C16
TOOn
C17
77n 940006-11
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the a.f. signal tracer. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
6
TEST & MEASUREMENT
K3 C11
C10
+0
C6
Btl
-0 AC1 012 C2 C3
0
0
Ls1
C8 T2
A
C
B
0 0 0s2
R2
D
000 E
R6 C7
5
R3 R4
P2
P3
P4
09 01.0-0 n
131
Ai r:co
C150.011Ct
R1
P6 022
1.1
Fig. 2. Printed circuit board for the a.f. signal tracer.
cuit board in Fig. 2. Populating of the board with reference to Fig. 2 and the parts list is straightforward. Figure 3 shows a correctly completed board. This type of instrument is, of course, best housed in an easily held small enclosure. Suggested front and rear panel foils are shown in Fig. 6. Two test leads are needed, and each of these may be made from two lengths (about 30 cm = 12 in) of flexible, insulated cir-
cuit wire, terminated at one end into test pins and at the other into a phono plug.
For most purposes, a battery supply
A
is fine. The unit draws a current of 30-60 mA, provided that the volume con-
trol is not set permanently to maximum (when the current exceeds 100 mA).
Calibration Preset PI is intended for setting the level/dis-
tortion of the sine wave generator. This is
done as follows: connect a multimeter (a.c. mV range) to K2, turn P5 to maximum and set S2 to position sine wave. Adjust PI till the meter reads 30 mV. If an oscilloscope is available, adjust P1 for Fig. 3. Completed printed circuit board.
minimum distortion at a usable output voltage
mined by the values of R5, R6, C7 and C8, is roughly 1 kHz. The rectangular -signal generator comprises four Schmitt trigger/inverter stages and also produces a frequency of 1 kHz. The signal consists of short bursts about 1 s lopng with a mark:space ratio of about 50%. IC2d is the generator proper, while IC2, sets the length of the signal bursts. Fine adjustment of the frequency is provided by P2 and P3. The outputs of IC2a and IC2d are combined by IC2, and in-
verted by IC2b. Preset P4 sets the level of the rectangular signal to about that of the sine wave, so that overdriving at switch over is obviated. When S2 has been set as appropriate, the output level of the unit can be set as required with P5. The signal is then available at K2 via emitter follower T3.
(25-35 mV).
Interconnect K2 and K3; switch S2 between sine wave and rectangular wave and turn P4 until the two signals sound equally loud. The tone and length of the burst may be set to individual taste with P2 and P3 respectively.
Parts list Resistors:
Construction
RI,
The tracer is best built on the printed cir-
R4, R7, R8 = 1
R2 = 180 SI
R3 = 1.2 k52
kit
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
A.F. SIGNAL TRACER
R5, R6 = 1.5 kQ R9 = 100 k52 R10 = 1 MO R11 = 330 1c1 R12 = 2.2 R13 = 10 IcQ R14 = 1052
Potentiometers: P1 = 250 Q preset P2 = 500 k4 preset P3 = 1 MQ preset P4 = 10 IcQ preset P5, P6 = 100 k52 log (16 mm dia)
Capacitors: C1 = 1000µF, 10 V (if mains adaptor is used, rating must be 25 V) C2, C3, C5 -C9, C13 -C16 = 100 nF C4 = 101.1F, 10 V, radial
C10 = 10 nF C11 = 1.51.1F, MKT (polytheraphtalate) C12 = 470 nF C17 = 47 nF C18 = 100 aF, 10 V, radial
Semiconductors: D1 = 1N4001 D2 = LED, 3 mm, yellow D3 = LED, 3 mm, green T1, T2, T3 = BC547
Fig. 4. General view of the a.f. signal tracer with top panel removed.
Integrated circuits: ICI = 4805 (7805 if mains adaptor is used) IC2 = 4093 IC3 = LM386
Miscellaneous: Mains adaptor socket for board mounting or (9-V) battery holder and clip K2, K3 = phono socket for board
mounting S1 = SPST switch S2 = double -pole change -over switch LS1 = loudspeaker, miniature, 852, 0.25W
Enclosure, ESM 14/3 (available from
Faultfinding Always start tracing a fault with an inspection of the outside of the equipment. Often, the fault lies in the mains cable or in the mains fuse. On the inside of the unit, look for visible damage: burnt wiring, blackened resistors and leaking electrolytic capacitors quickly point to a likely source of the failure. If nothing untoward is visible, check for short or open circuits, starting with the power supply. With the aid of a multimeter, look for defect fuses, or a possible short circuit of the collector -emitter junction of power transistors.
If these checks do not point to a likely fault, a signal trace should be carried out. Switch on the equipment (it is assumed that the power supply is OK) and in-
ject a signal from the tracer into one of the equipment inputs. Next, using the tracer, try to follow the signal from input to output. Where the signal fails to be detected Is the source of the defect. If, for example, the signal is present at the input of an operational amplifier or transistor and not at its output, the device is almost certainly the culprit. It may still take some time (and cause a few headaches) before the ultimate reason for the defect is found.
Maplin Electronics)
+8,..12V
SIGNAL TRACER
POWER
ED SIGNAL TRACER
oo VOLUME
940006-F
Fig. 6. Suggested front and rear panel layouts for the a.f. signal tracer. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
8
.., viEwcom
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
11;?1 L k ..I
TEL 081-471 9338 TLX 929709 VICOM G FAX 081-552 0946
DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SPECIALIST 4513B
1.20
4016BT
0.43
74160
0.94
74LS169
0.59
74L0669
1.07
448511848B
11,1122
4400,178BBT7
00,7788
77441186310
01,2988
7744L1s0,17703
P00300
77441Ls0687780
p0.0768
400008 0 18 4516B
0.44
ass
1.20 1.57
74101730 0.44
741_0674
17.60
7445174 7415175 7445181 7415182 7415183 7415189
74LS682 74LS683 74LS684 74LS685 74LS686 74L0687 74LS688 7415693
262
057
4020B7 402107 4023BT 402401 402507 402781 402801 4029BT 4040E0 404287 404601 404781 404961 405081 405107 405281 405307 406007 406607 406861
2.11
4069067 0.38
1.68 POA 1.82 2.37
407013T
4000 SERIES 4000B 0.16 4001A 4001B
0.16 4517B 0 18 45180 4001 U8 0.22 45198 40026 0.18 45208 400613 039 45218 4007UB 0.20 45228 400813 0.40 45268 40090E 0.23 45270 4009UB 029 45288 40108 029 45298 4011B 0.18 45308
4011U5 0.18 45315
40120E 116 45326 40128 4013B 40148 40158 40168 4017B 4018B 40198
0.20 0.20 0.42 0.42 0.24 0 38 0.38 0.26
4020AE 0 36 402013
40218 402213
0.38 0.40 0.40
010 4023UB 023 40240E 0.27 40238
40248 4025B 4026B 40270 4028B 40290 40308 40318 40328 40338 40340 40356 40368 4037B 4038B 40386 40398
0.32 0.19 0.54 0.30 0.38 0.35 0.21
404013
1.04 0.70 0,58 1.10 0.39 2.57 1.27 0.78 3.22 0.42
40418
0.41
45348 45368 45380 45396 4541E1
45438 45446 4547B 45498 45518 45530 45546 45558 45568 4557B 4558B 45606 45618 4562B 45669 45685 4569B
1.84
0.40 0.36
a36 0.72 0.86 0.50 0.56 0.49 0.57 1.92 1.14
0.44 2.82 1.22
0.60 0.82 0.52
0.48 0.49 1.88 2.18
407101 4075E0 4077E0 4078BT 408191 409387 409481 450897
1.51
4510131
1.74 5.15 1.10 5.17 3.04
4511BT 451287 451487 451687 4518B7 452OBT 452187 452287 452867
6.01
4572UB 0.70 4573P
POA
458013
B.84
45818 4582B 45838 45840
3.85 3.85 0.86 0.57 0.49
0.65
a38 0.76 0.38 0.45 0.56 0.86 0.78 0.74 41
1
1.06 1.06
008 078 184 0.98 0.84 0.59 0.38
0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38
018 0A5 0.95
255 1.35 1.35
0.68 2.20 1.02 Y18 1.18 1.07 1.22 0.88
4534BD POA
74164 74165 74188 74174 74175 74180 74184 74185 74191 74192 74193 74221 74259 74265 74273 74278 74279 74283 74298 74365 74387 74393 74403 74423
1.53 1.23 1,29 POA 1.76 1.41 1.41
1.65 1.23
232 1.46 POA 3.56 1.38 1.26 POA 0.70 1.06
741_0190
7415191 74L0192 74L0193
0.36 0.34 1.82
2.05 2.05 2.60 0.49
549 0.49 0.48
054 74LS194A 0.57 74151950 0.57 741_0194
74LS196 74LS197 74LS221 7415224 7410240 7445241 7415242 74LS243
0.68
058 144 20.24 D.42
74L5248
0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.6B
7410251 74L0253 7415256 7410257
0.32 0.44 0.78 0.34
741506
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.51
74LSO7
051
741_5259
741508 741509 74L510
7410260 7410266 7440273 7410275 7415279 7440280 7410283 7410290 7410292 7410293 7415294 7445295
741525 741527 74L828 741030
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.24 0.36 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.58 0,18 0.18 0.24 0,18
741531
1.58
741_032
0.20 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.32
204 POA POA
740244 74LS245 741_0247
74L5 SERIES 741_000 74LSO1
74LSO2 741_503 741_504 74LSD5
74LS11
741512 741013 741814 741515 741520
74LS257A 0.46 74LS258
0.44
74LS258A 0.48 0.48 0.22 0.42 POA 0.33 0.86 0.45 0.48 16.85 0.38 17.82
741_0794
74LS795 74LS796 74L0797 7415848
PO0 3.85 POA
P00 POA 1.98
POA POA POA POA POA POA
74HC SERIES
746000 746002 744003 749004 7450004 745C05 749008 745010 745011 746014 7450140 748020 745C21 7411027
746030 745032 74H042 74H051
745058 745073 746074 741-1C75
746075 74H077 746C85
0.19 0.19 0.24 0.19 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.29 0.20 0.25 0.34 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.48 0.29 0.42 0.34 0.25 0.40 0.40 0.51
0.48 0.28 0.44 0.39 0.35 0.40 0.40
164 74407243 076 1.64 74401244 0.57 0.94 74407245 0.52 1.19 74407251 ass 1.66 74407253 0.51 0.92 74607257 a54 098 74407258 072 7440620 182 74401259 078 7440623 152 74607273 0.68 7440633 182 74401280 198 744C640 1.32 74407283 7440643 1.32 74407297 0,82 7440645 1.40 74407299 1.64 74H0646 1.77 74407354 1.28 7460648 1.77 74407356 1.28 7460651 1.47 74601365 a54 74H0652 1.47 74407366 0.80 7440658 4.49 74407367 as4 7460659 4.49 74907368 0.80 7440664 409 74HC1373 0.44 7440665 4.49 74607374 0.55 7440670 1.10 74401377 054 7440677 378 74401390 0.68 7490678 5.91 74401393 088 7460680 3.83 74607394 am 7490682 4.21 74401423 162 7490684 5.70 74607533 1.44 74110688 0.87 74407534 0.75 7490690 1.62 74407540 0.64 7440691 1.62 74407541 0.64 7490692 1.73 74407563 0.98 1.73 74607564 7440693 0.78 7490696 1.48 74407573 as4 7460697 1.24 74601574 064 7440698 1.24 74401583 0.00 7440699 1 24 74607597 1.52 74404002 035 74401640 134 74404015 1.07 74HC7643 134 74904016 0.44 74407645 1.11 74904017 0.42 74407646 2.40 74604020 0.52 74407648 1.90 74404022 0.56 74907651 1.64 74404024 0.50 74407652 0.00 74604028 0.58 74407670 1.10 74404040 0.50 74407673 1.64 74604046 1.54 74607688 1.10 74604049 0.48 744074002 0.39 74604050 ass 749074015 1.13 74604051 164 744014016 0.52 74404052 0.68 744014017 ass 74404053 0.68 749074020 0.74 7440405301.10 744074024 ass 741104060 0.47 744074040 0.70 74110574
749C589 7440590 7440592 7440593 7440595 7460597
74604061
2.52
74904066 0.46 7440406600 54 74604067 4.72 74904072 045 74404075 0.32 74404078 0.46 74404094 064 74404316 058 74904351 189
746014046 210 746014051 744014052
0.96 0.96
746014053 084 744014059 2.24 744074060 0.84 746014066 0.66
74914 74F20 74F27 74F30 74F32 74937 74938 74F40 74F51
74664 74974 74F85 74988 749109 749112 749113 746114 74E125 749126 749132 74F138 74F139 749148 749151 749153 749157 749158 749160 74F160A 749161 749162 749163 749164 749166 749168 74F169 749174 749175 749181 749182 749189 749190 749191 749192 749193 749194 74F195 749219 749224 74F240 74F241 746244 749245 749251 74F251A 74F253 749257 74F257A 749258 74F259 74F260 746289 746273 749280 74F283 74F299 74F323 74F350 74F352 74F353 746365 74F366 746367 74F368 74F373 74F374 746377 749378 749381
7400251
160 78512
528 7400253
ass 78015 ass 7905
0.41
0.28 7400258 0.28 7400273 0.28 7400283 0.41
0.44 0.66 0.44 0.32 .
1.48 0.41
0.58 0.72 1.30 1.30
0.60 0.98
ass 0.58 0.58 D.94 D.58 D.62 D.58
7400373 7400374 7400377 7400540 7400541 7400573 7400574 7400646 7400648
1.10 7905A 1.40 7905FA
0.94
032 0.98 0.98
a98
0.90/200V01L 0.38 Freq.= MHz
7912 7912A 7912FA 7915 7918 7924
1.38 1.38 791120
P00 79412A0P
609 00V OIL 1.60 20,24,32,40 & 50 80/2000 SIL 1.96 Price: 54.20 each 35A/100V Sqr 2.98 KBP01002 1.64 Tfl_ Output 2.98 14pin DIL Layout KBPC3502 W005- 1A/50V Sealed Metal 0.32 4pin Pkg W02G- 1.5A 040 Freq.= MHz 2W02 1MHz £8.90 ea. 2KBB1OR/SIL 00: 0.66 2KBB20R/SIL 0.70 4,4.9152.6,8,9.8304, 68001500/50 a35 10,12,15,16, B80C1500SIL 0 60 18.432. 19.5508, SKB6008/60A POA 20. 24. 25 5 313MHz Price: £3.521x. CRYSTALS
a42 POA 79M05 79M05A 0.42 0.65 79M05FA 740 SERIES 79M12 0.50 0.60 74000 056 79M120 R041(RC18/U) 0.50 74002 ass LM3177 156 ` rest MHz 74008 0.56 LM317MP 1543200 1.60 055 74010 0.56 LM317LZ 2.000000 1.66 4.45 74014 0.56 1_M338K 1.49 74C20 0.98 UA7EIGUIC 1.02 3276800 0.98 0.98 U07901.110 1.02 74030 1.10 150 3 579545 74032 0.68 R041954 3.686400 1.02 74042 188 DIODES 4.000000 1.02 74048 298 1.10 4.096000 74C73 1.28 142986RB 18.20 4.194304 1.10 74074 094 143881 2.54 4.433519 10 74C76 1.26 1539970 6.55 4.608000 1.10 74085 186 154001 0.04 4.915200 110 74090 1.29 154002 5.000000/6 152 74093 2.10 1 44003 1.10 5 068800 74095 150 144005 0.04 5 242880 1.20 740150 5.40 144007 5.888200 1.80 740151 3.94 154148 0.03 6000000 1.02 740154 5.82 1N4149 0.06 6.144000 1.02 740157 3.80 194150 0.08 0400000 1.84 740164 254 1N4446 0.06 6.552000 1.40 740185 2.54 154728A 0 24 6.553 600 21 740221 1447350 0.24 7.372800 0.78
' ''''
740374 74C901
740902 740903 740906 740907 740908 740911 740912 740914 740915 740922 740923 740925 740926 740929
1
1
-
1547360
024 8.000000
1N4740A
1115380B
0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
9.30 146287A
0.11 0.11 1.55
2.08 2.08 2.08 1.18
1647430
1N4744A 1447560 18 1N52268 1.52 1452329 1.10 1452349 1
1.10 2.20 14.42 14.42 1.16 2 74
6.80 6.80
145337E1
145349B 1"3, n 2,
1453576 1453658 1653668 111537081
8.867230 9.830400 10.00000 10.69500 12.0
13.87500 14.00000 14.31818/S 14.74560/5 14 74580 15:00000/5 16 00000 16.00000/5 18.43200/6 19.66080/5
404213 0.3232 4597CP 6.90
45988 6.90 45998 5.50 4041UB 0.32 47200 POA 47200 P00 4043B 0,38 47238 POA 40446 0.36 47248 1 90 40456 0.94 4731VP ass 4046B 0.42 4737VP 18.28 40478 018 4738VP 1850 404813
40498
052 4750VD 28.50
0.24 4752VP 29.25
404908 018 4753VP P00 40505
405113 405213
40535 40545 4055B
022 4754VP POA 034 40085 1.98 0.33 0.34 0.68 0.62 0,48 2,98 0.38 0.42
40097 40098 40100 40101 40102 40103 40105 40105 40107 40108 40109 40110 40114 40116 40117 40147
0.62 0.62 2.48 POA 1.20 0.88 1.82 0.30 0.42
453807 4541E0 454307
1.05 1.05 1.02
4555BT POA 455601 458587
1.05
0.95
4010687 053 4024497 1.35
4037391 234 74 SERIES 7400 7401
7402 7403 7404 7405 7408 7406A 7407 7407A 7408 7409 7410 7412 7413 7414 7418 7417 7420 7425 7426 7427 7430 7432 7437 7438 7440 7442
0.36 0.30 0.34 0.34
741021 741522 741524
741533 741537
74038 741040 74LS42 741044
0.
74L047
2.11
74048
0.55 0.54
741549
1,38
74051
741_086
0.19 0.19 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.22 0.24 0.28 0.68 0.72 0.42 0.32 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.27
74L090 74L091
POA
744.392
P00
741593 741095
0.44 0.48 0.82 0.28
741_5295A
7415298 74L0299 74L0321 7413322
1.11
1.15 0.98
183
3.82 POA
74L33220 POA 7413323 3.24 7415347 2.86 7410348 1.98 7415352 1.68 7415353 1.88 7445363 2.10 74L0364 POA 74LS365 0.30 741_0365A 0.34 741_0366 0.36
746086 74HC93
7440107 7440109 7460112 7490113 7480123 7450125 74501213
7450131 7450132 7450133 7450137 7450138 7450139 7450141 74140147 74110148 74110151
040
as°
0.47 0.52 0.32 0.32 0.76
74604511
034
74604543 0.81
0.31 0.61 0.61
1.01 1.01 1.01
055 0.40
7450153 7450154 7450155 7480157 7450158
aso
74501130
164
7450161
0.42
7419074075
74607266 a84 74607074 1.99 74407292 1.10 74407294 1.10
0.36
749014094 0.84
0.55 749014316
74904514 118 74604515 1.42 74604518 050 74404520 0.72 74604534 0.00 74604538 0.68 74607001 74407002 74407032
74H014067 4.93
741-1014351
0.68 1.04
744074510 154 744074511 749074510 744074515
0.94 1.64 2.50
749074516 181 749074520 0.90 744074538
1.02
744077007 0.39 744017046 180 7440740102 2.43 7490140103 1.48 7440740104 2.71 7460740105 1.82
ass 74000 0.92 POA POA 1.50 0.64 1.14 1.28
74502 74503 74504 74508 74509
74s, 74511
130 74032 1.48 74022 1.30 0.62 0.82 0.92 1.58 3.88
930 145401 910 145402
74S SERIES
74040 74551
74564 74574
1 N825
1.80
ob.,
5082-2800
0.42 50822810 0.42 5082-2835 6 AA119 0.98 00144 48 00215 0.48 0.78 AAZ18 0,25 BAV10 036 8AV45 03 BAW62 0.98 804/16 1.12 BB204 1.08 05212 2.42 131340513 0.98 85809 0.73 81179 1.95 81260.200
1. I
0.66
1.40
0.44 0.60 0.72 0.58 0.58 0.48 0.08
498 0.06 0.32 2.48 0.22 0.60 0.42
s . &des
11033/0
0.204800 0.307200 1.000000 1.843200 2.000000
2097152 2.457800 2.500000 3.000000
406613 0.270000 405613
40598 4060B 4063B
0.72 0.63 0.85 0.37 0. 0.
741554 741555 741573
74073A 74074
74L03660 0.42
0.29 741_0367A 0.34 741_0368 0.36 74LS368A 1.72 7415373 0.38 7415374 0.44 7415375 0.42 7410377 0.68 7410378 0.98 7415379 0.99 741_0367
0.98 0.69 0.42 0.47
744040102 1.10 744040103 1.10 749040105 1.40
74HC SERIES SURFACE MOUNT
a22 74HCO3M
746355 749395 74F399 0.32 749412 a32 74F413 032 74F432
74HC04M
74F521
74HCT SERIES
744COOM
744002M
7088
745112
POA 745124 POA 740132 0.98 740133 POA 740134 POA
24s,,
4076B 0.42. 40818 0.18740241 406713 406813
1.85
0.20
4069UB 0.21 4070B 4071B 40728
0.21
40735 40758
0-20
0.20 0.20
"9
401130
40161
0.20 40162 0.21 4078B 40163 40174 4082B 0.20 40175 40800 0-38 40181 40868 0.38 40192 0.98 40193 40898 0.24 40194 4093B 40948 038 40195 409513 0.70 40240 4096B 1.10 40244 2,75 40245 40978 4098B 040 40257 40990 042 40373 4104P 1.01 40374 41608 0.85 45026 41618 0.85 45027 41748 1.27 45028 41750 1.14 45040 1.43 45041 41940 44099 11.05 45100 44106 16.45 45106 4411P 21.58 45109 44129P P00 45138 441291_ POA 45145 441 2VP POA 45146 44166 P00 45151 4419P POA 45152 4429PB POA 45156 4433P POA 45157 4443P POA 45158 4447P POA 45159 4468P POA 45406 4469P P00 45407 4489P POA 45411 4490P 3.20 45414 4495P 527 45428 4497P 1158 45433 4499P 624 45440 45008 19.45 45441 45016 0.32 4077E1
45025 45038 4504B 4505B 4506B 45060 45080 45105 451113
45128
"8 0.38 1.12
P08
1.24 1.04 2.62 12.48 1.80 1.23 0.54 0,54 0.54 0.54 0,34 0,47
0.
0.37
74078
59
744585
0.59 0.49 0.77 0.55
0,62 0.74 1,82 2.24 2.62 1.36 1.36 0.54 1.10 1.10 4,42 5.99 4,49 POA POA POA 7.98 POA POA 10.04 POA 19.50 21.45 15.80 14.38 11.94 POA 2.73 6.47 POA 15.60 POA POA POA POA
1.53 0.98
4" SERIES SURFACE MOUNT
7451
7454 7470 7472 7473 7474 7475 7476 7480 7483 7485 7486 7490 7490A 7491
7492
401101310.32
1.87 0.57 0.72 38 59 0.53 0.67 0.72 1.26 1.10 0.58 0.53 0.76 1.34 2.56 0.67
74920 7493 7493A 7495A 7497 74104 74107 74110 74116 74118 74119 74121 74123 74125 74126 74128 74132 74145 74150 74151
74155
401207 032 74157 401381 0.4574158 401507 0.84 74159
741583
0.3574083A
74451.20 7447 7447A
7415740 741075 741076 741076A 79LS77
P08
042 400107 a32 741518 1.14 400281 0.32 74153 1.14 401101 0.32 74154 1.14 0.54 0.44 0.38
72
.70 .
5.23 0.67
160 POA 3.10 POA
P00 0.98 0.94 0.67 0.98 1.19 0.86 1.16 1.86 0.80 0.80 0.90 2.16
74096 741_0107
74LS1070 0.38 74LS109
3.48
7415386 74LS390 74LS393 74LS395
0.9111
0.46 0.40 0.66
74LS3950 0.94 7415396 P08 74L0398 74L5399 7410423 74L5445 7410450
POA 0.81
0.98 POA 10.68
7410481A 7.16
7415112
7445465 7410467 74LS468 74LS469
0.28
74L51120 0.34 74LS113
0.32
741,01130 0.38 74LS114 0.32 741_0114A 0.36 74LS122 0.39 741_0123 0.36 74LS125 0.28
74LS125A 0.32 0.32 741_0126A 0.36 74LS132 0.29 741_0133 0.18 741_0136 0.38 7410137 0.98 741.0138 0.31 7415 t39 0.34 7410145 0.66 74LS147 2.88 74L0148 0.83 741_0151 0.32 7440153 0.32 7410154 1.12 74LS155 0.34 741E0156 0.38 74LS157 0.38 7410158 034 74LS160 048 741_5126
74LS1600 0.54 7415161 146 74151610 0.49 741_0162
0.48
74L01620 1.07 741_0163
0.42
741S163A 0.47 741_5164
0.74
7415165 74LS166 7415168
3.98
0.28
741_3985
74LS1090 0.32
0.81
1.57
040
7410381A 4.96
3.82 7.78 7.78 8.10
74LS469A 6.70 74LS490 2.85 74LS491A 12.82 741_0502 POA 74LS540 0.80 7415541 0.80
740569 7410573 7410574 7415590 7415592
740593 7410595 7410597 7415621 7410622
740623 7410624 74LS625 74LS626 74LS627 7410628 74LS629 74L0631 74LS639 74LS640 74L5641
P00 1.34 1.34 4.85 5.28 5.79 4.85 4.95
P00 P00 2.98 2.10 5.37
P00 P00 1.78 1.98 POA PO0
038 038 7415641-1 118 7410642 0.98 7410642-1 POA 74LS643 POA 74LS644 POA
0.34 0.59
741_0645
559 575
741_0646
74L5645-1
7415652
1.12 1.28 5.85 POA
7450162 74E10183 74110164 74110165
7450166 7450173 7460174 7450175 7460181 7450182 7450190 7490191 7440192 7450193 74110194
a64 a42
0.42 0.55 0.88 0.76 0.42
036
1.84
059
0.87 0.52
077 054
0.67
7440195 7450221
044
74110237 74110238
0.73 0.64 0.44 0.44 0.80 0.88 0.43 0.44 0.35 0.52 0.47 0.73 0.65 0.36
7450240 7490241 7440242 741-1C243
7450244 7490245 7440251 7440253 7440257 7440258 7490259 7440266 7440273 7490279 7440280 7440283 7490298 7440299 7490323 7460354 7440356 7490365 7440366 7440367 7440368 7440373 7440374 7490375 7440377 7440386 7440390 74H0393 74H0423 7490521 7440533 74110534
7490540 7440541 7440563 7490564 7440573
154 0.51
7460702 0.220.32. 7440700
a22
74110730
0.26
0.22 744008M
a22
0.22
0.26 0.26 0.26
026
7450102 0.22 7450742 0.46 7490773 036 7460774 0 26 0.36 7440175 7460185 0.60 7440186 0.36 7440793 0 58 74907107 0.40 74407109 0.42 74407112 0.42 74407123 0.64 741107125 0.56
74407126 056 74407132 0.50 74401137 0.52 74401138 032 74901139 0.45 74607147 0.68 0 52
74607153 0.44 74401154 1 24 173 74401157 0.44 1.06 74401158 0.48 1.58 74601160 056 0.89 0.58
0.55 0.65
741-1C1161
0.56
74607162 0.84 0.41 74601163 056 0.52 74607164 0.52 0.97 74601165 0.52 0.52 74401166 0 52 0.44 74401173 0.52 0.44 74407174 0.52 0.76 74601175 0 52 0.51
744071E11
3.24
744C10M 744014M 746020M 745030M 745032M
.
74601182 0.96 74HC4066W 0.84 7400139 a38 74407190 0.64 74404538M 0.78 7400151 0.29 0.41
0.64 0.95 0.95
089
74407191
ass ass
74F SERIES
74601192 0.94 74407193 0.64 74900 74401194 1.13 74501195 1.16 24,4
ass 74401221 0.60
0 64
0.98
24,6
74401237 0.94 74F07 74401238 0.51 74,8 74607240 0.55 74910 0.55
74,1
74405730 an 74601242 0.76
74912
0.64
74407241
BYV28-100 0.99 78 B1032.50 180 1.26 008805 0.80 1/2 DS16C 0.40 0.
1 20 740140 0.32 746524 P08 249152 0.32 74F533 1.20 749157 012 749534 1.20 749163 2.80 0 36 749537 1. 60 740174 092 0.36 74F538 1.60 740175 1.35 0.36 74F539 1.80 740182 3.28 0. 36 741540 1,98740189 214 7440740 0.36 74F541 1.913 745195 2.40 74HC75M 0.34 749543 3.98 740240 100 74HC85WM 0.65 74F544 P00 1.12 74HC86M 136 749545 POA 740244 1.77 7440123AM 0.46 74F547 POA 740257 1.22 7440125M 146 749573 2.92 740258 1.22 7440132M 0.42 749574 2.92 745260 0.70 7440138M 0.38 749579 7.96 740273 2.44 7440139M a38 749804 4.84 74274 2.42 74HC154WM 0.64 749620 POA 749280 0.96 7440157M 538 749621 POA 740283 1.90 7440161M 0.48 746623 POA 740374 2.18 749C164M 0.48 749646 515 740394 2.10 7440165M 157 749676 POA 740412 270 7440173M 0A8 749821 3.98 740436 2.62 7460174M 0.38 74F823 P00 745437 282 744C221AM 0.65 746825 POA 740472 232 74HC240WM 0.55 746827 745734 252 74HC244WM 0.55 746841 4.48 744C245AW as2 749843 VOLTAGE 4.93 7440251M 0.42 749845 POA REGULATORS 7460259M ass 7491244 3.75 741-10273WM ass 78008AP 1.15 741-1C367WM 0.53 7400 SERIES 7805 0.28 744C373WM ass 78050 a32 0.38 780590 741-10374WM ass 740000 0.45 0.49 7806 74HC390M as7 740002 528 0.40 7808 053 740004 74HC393M 018 0.40 7809 74HC540WM a76 740008 a32 0.40 7812 74HC541WM a76 740010 a28 0.40 78120 74HC573WM 1.09 740011 012 0.40 7812070 74HC574WM 0.84 740014 0.32 0.40 7815 744C688WM 0.84 740020 0.28 740032 0.40 0.48 74604017M 7818 0.28 048 7824 74HC4020M 0.48 740074 028 74H04040M 0.44 7400109 0.64 78L05 0.24 7400112 1.68 0.81 74404046M 781050 0.28 74404060M 0.48 7400138 055 78L05ACLP 0.40
a26 7440204
7440703 7460704 7440708 7460710 7440711 7460114 7450120 7440721 7460127
74601151
P08 745139
0.28
528 0.28
074 0.74 0.28 0.28
028 as2
7400153 7400157 7400158 7400163 7400169 7400174 7400175 7400191 7400240 7400241 7400244 7400245
055 0.68 0.65 0.81
0.65
050 1.98
0.65
050 118 0.92
032 0.92 1.10
1
10
1.10 1 02 120. 1.10 1.20 11'860
1:882
MV1404 MV209
0A200 00202 0047 0090 P645368 P640470, 8EC53A ZPD2.7V
5'09 86 7
' A'
20
8.000000 10.00000 11.05920 15.90 12.00000 120 14.00000 010 16 00000 am 20 00000 0 14 24' 00000 0.14
ass
0.06 8.192000 10.00000 ZENER DIODES 11.00000 MISC. 12 28800 15.00000 BZY93C7V5 2.66 17.73497 BZY93015 2136 18.00000 8ZY93018R 2.66 20.00000 BZY93020 266 21.00000 BZY93024V 2.66 24 00000
620930338 2.66 B2T030120 0.40 BZX610902 0.09 BZX610240 0.09 ZENER DIODES 400mW 2.4V to 75V Price' 6p each ZENER DIODES 500mW 2.4V to 200V ice: 6p each '
ZENER DIODES 1.3 WATT 2 7V to 200V Price:10p each
ZENER DIODES 3.0 WATT 7.5V to 270V Price 40 each 78L050CZ 028 ZENER DIODES 5.0 WATT 7E11E12 0.28 781120 0.28 3.30 to 200V 78L12A0Z 130 Price:42p each 7E115 0.28 528 ZENER DIODES 78L24 STUD MOUNT 1.10 78L56 20 WATT 78M05 a32 78M05A 0.36 7.5V to 75V £4.84 ea. 78M12 012 78M12A 0.36 BRIDGE 78M130 0.65 RECTIFIERS 78M15 032 78005 0.48
Pk,
57 00f- Frequency
SPG8540AN 0.005 to 600kHz
225 149 1.14 2.25
240 1.14 2.25 1.14 1.52
.i s,
225 252 225 225
4.20 3.4C
360 2.6C
STATIC RAM 2114-3L
3.4C
66,26644LpP-1102
22440C
62256LP-12 62256LP-10 CDM6116063 CDM61170E3 HM1-6116.5 4513-6116-5 HM6116LP-2 5616116LP-3
4.95 4.98 5.30
1-1M6117LP-3
5.70
580 4.3E
3.60 2.6C
260
HM66204L-12 15.80 KM62256ALP-10 4.95 1451640-101 2.40 P2114AL-2 140 P2114AL-4 140 P0D5101P 3.30 UPD43256AGU101_ 8.33 5.60 4.70
UPD432560-12 UPD4360C-15 UVPROMS
, 9.2,
270128-25 270640-15 270256-15 270256-25 027256 2705120-12 27010000-12 2704096-12
3.98 3.98 3.98 3.90 5.40 6.46 8.92 POF,
HM270101G-20 9.80 H42701024HG10 1563 ."'"verters 44270649P -20T 140 TDK CE -0344 560 4427064G-15 4.2C 4.20 3W5R 15-15 27:50 4427064G-20 IPL S.010 23.40 44462532P 4,08 4448271280-25 4.58 1 Watt DC/DC 56482764G asc 5V input 01351put M2716-191 150 DIL 8 SIL by M5L2732K 4.4C M51_2764K 130 Newport NMA0505z5V MBM27064-20/210 DC to DC
4.9C
MBM270128-30 4.2C MBM27C258-30 5.10 NM027C2560-25
PM903
4.90
N610270640-25 3.68 TMS2516JL-45 4.52 TMS27128JL-25 4.60
10102716k-45 4.60 0P0272560/210 5.60
UPD27320/21V 090
44:00 0P0270256D-15 5.80 46:00 UPD27C512D-15 636 UPD27064G25 4.90 RESISTORS
PM951
EEPROMS
METAL FILM 66
1.58
ups -I 8.
996'9"
PmFrarable for
DC/DC Converters by Computer Products 3.71 PM623 2460 065 PM671 2610 171 PM672 2,70
0.55
040
16pin DIL Plastic
899 195
1
1.6C 4.2C
18.50
16.384,19.8808 & 20MHz Price: 63.92 e4'
8.23
225
120
HM628128LP-80
9'99 - Mhz 12. 14.31818. 16,
1.20 6.9 1.40 NMA0509E9V 1.68 NMA0512E12V NMA0515.1.15V P1i8e:07.9000.
1.92 1.92
2.8C
733 HM6264ALP-12 330 HM6260ASP-20 198 HM6267P-35 557
1.64
0.85 1.10
4.60
MK41164-54 MK45644-15 NMC37644-15 UPD41464C-12 UPD414640-15 UPD416C-2 UPD416C-3 UP04460-1
HM62256LP-10
EXO 3C SERIES Elpin- DIL Plastic Package
0.064 to 78810-8
HC49/U4H
3.275800
3.58 3.579595 B7261-200 3.88
Programmable Crystal Oscillators
0.92 SPG8650BN 2.40 0.00083 to 100kHz
20.00000/5
2211840/S 24.00000/S 27.64800/S 30.00000/5 00000/5 48.000000
30, 32. 31768, 3133' 40 & 50MHz Price: £4.45 ea.
1.00 SPG8540BN 1.34 1.20 9.0993 t01MHz 1.10 sp 1.90 - Ga44°CN
1052529
1N825A 0.44 19827
a44
KM4402560Z-10 6.95
ass 3.010200v SIL 0.57 3.6864,4,8,10,12,16, M5M44649-15
74002997909
0.70 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.28 1.28 1.28 4.32 4 48 3.50 0.78 0.76 4.48 1.80 4.98 3.40 3.20 740240 3.20 740244 3.20 740373
2.24 4.38 POA 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.72 0.62 0.66 0.62 0.62 0,66 0.62 POA 0.78 7.48 0.84
0.48
0.28 0.32 0.60 0.55 0.30 0.36 0.78 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35
a25w 1% 28064-25 100 to 1M 3p each 28054-15 N.B Min Qty. Order 280256-20 P s per value 280256-1500 X281600 METAL FILM X2816AP-25 PRECISION 0.25 WATT 0.1% X2864AP-35 24001 9se 24002 100R to 255K Price: £0.94 each 24018 HIGH PRECISION 280040-20
380
E24 Series
Min. 5 c280256-15
Series24001
10.90 25.89 27.50 213.5C
5.10
010 12.20 1.62
110
240042.9E
NON -INDUCTIVE WIRE WOUND
0.15 WATT 0.1%
540 4.40
59011
144
93006 93046
1.12 1.28
MISC. MEMORIES Temp.Coett.3ppm 2.66 10R,50R,100R250R, 6341-1J 4.58 2.25 10K 1006 AM2145-4500 5.44 Price:'E3.85 each 22.8500
2.25 2.25 2 80
HIGH PRECISION NON -INDUCTIVE WIRE WOUND 0.33 WATT 0.1%
0M270281PC 3.9E 1017130LA-100P POA
10171324A -100P POA
CRYSTALS MISC.
MB8414E 4.90 MCM40278C3 280 Temp.Coeff.3ppm 6043/T 2.40 19,5R.10R,20R5OR N82012804 1.000000 599 price: £0:60 each 9825153N 5.80 N82S181AN 6 OS MINI CYLINDER NM06504.1-9 3.40 1008,1201, 2508 0.032788 088 1.45 NMC93066 500R,1 K, 24, 5K, P5101L-1 3.9C 10K 20K WATCH TBP180030N 1.74 0.032768 582 Price: 0.15 ...h TBP24S104 190 MEMORIES CRYSTAL 709240010N 3.11 OSC. MODULES TC5501P 3.50 DYNAMIC RAM TC5504AP-2 3.40 7C5516PL-15 4.20 "In OIL 4164-10 1.40 Plastic pkg 705517AP-2 4.20 416012 TTL Output 1 20 105565PL-15 3.60 4164-15 120 T MS0014.101_ 4 Pins spaced at 3.40 240 corners of 8pinDIL 41255-8 41256-10 200 me 41256-12 2A0 CAPACITORS 41264-15 224 4, 4.9152, 8, 10, SURFACE MOUNT 41464-12 4.45 12, 15 8 20 Price:22.ss ea. 41464-10 4A5 Multilayer Ceramic 2.80 63 VOLT 4464-10 3.90 Case Size 1206 4142568-70 24. 32, 40 8 44025692-10 8.85 L211W1.2514.16' 50MHz 440256-8 5.00 Price 83.40 ea. 511000-85 805 10092209 3309 47pF HM484113AP-15 8pin DIL 100pF 220pF 33009 sem, Metal 450 470p9 100059 2200pf Package HM48415AP-20425 3300pF 4700pF HCMOS Output HY53C2564.5-80 10000, 150 22000p9 33000p9 H75304641S-80 13.2mm sq. Price'. 150 each Pins spaced 41 395 corners of 8pinDIL 906511000-85 8.45 4700009 100000pF Price: 18p each '
'
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
9
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers MICROPROCESSOR & SUPPORT ICs 7.40
1001140EC 1003XP 0141DC
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80
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10.96
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058205 D3232 D8086 D8086-2
6.45
115 6.42
142
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0820284-8 D820288-10 D820288-12 D820288-8 287484 DM96019
148 9.60 7.85
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MC1455P 0 40 84340108 6.80 0S5503-KD POA 4.80 MC1455P1 0.60 3.60 0079256 PC18 LM1889N 7.40 MC1458P 0.32 OMV16BP5 7.98 016903 P08 LM1894N 4.16 MC1488L 2.40 OMVI8C 6.95 D800800LCN 410 LM218H 15.75 MCI 488P 638 OMV18CN1 7.85 DAC0832LCN 10.67 4132391' 3.90 M014898 0.80 OMV18CW1 7.85 DACO8CP 2.60 N 1.25 MC1489AL 2.25 QMV25C DACO8EP 164 LM29039 1.25 MC1489AN 0 80 OMV62AW1 69.9042 DAC1008LCN 10.73 LM2904N 425 MC1489L 2.20 S4534-AMI 420 DAC1222LCN 20 40 LM2917N-14 6.10 MC1489P 0.38 SA336931 2,95 DG201ABK 3.83 LM291751-6 5.80 MC14959 220 5.40 DG211 1 56 LM29400T15 2.95 1301550E 332 3.40 DG508ACJ SCM66115P 3.98 LM29400T5 12.40 M01648P 2.50 56578050 4.55 0050801 7.50 1301 6588 1278 125 413290407 SP1450B 5,76 DS148851 0-36 LM301AN 0.36 MCI 709CP1 1.20 ULAIRB029E1 6.80 DS14C88M/SMD 1.65 LM30714 1 39 MC1723CP 1.20 ULA2ORK008E119.72 00140886 1.65 LM308N 1.65 MCI 741CP 045 XR-75683 3.60 00140898N 1.65 LM310N 2.98 MC3242AP 7.54 ZNA2L029J-BS 3.80 HAI 2017 1.44 LM31114 0.88 0.64 13033018 2NPCM1J135 8 95 HA13426 11.96 LM3119-14 2.15 MC3302P 0.60 4817723 OPTO 1.10 LM312H 8.95 MC3340P 1.60 ELECTRONICS HD75189P POA LM3I 7AT 260 MC3357P 3.20 8EF4754V 22.20 LM317T 0.52 MC3403P 1.40 4N25 0.60 811-0201-5 3.60 LM317T-SGS 052 MC3446AP 675 0.60 HI I -508A-5 1121 LM318N 2.98 MC3479P 7.92 0.40 HI1.549-5 POA Lm310, 41'35 5.80 284 MC3523U 4538 056 HI1-574AKD-5 42.50 LM32OLZ-12 0.34 MC4024P 12 78 69139 1.60 1113-0201-5 3.20 LM324AN 3.66 MCT2 0.84 CNX36 0.38 H13 -0509A-5 7.15 4133241 2.47 130761 1.18 0.64 320 LM3249 06517-3 0 64 MF1OCCN 885 CNY21N POA HIILI P08 LM325N 9.40 ML924 4.90 0.40 110574 -AK 18.20 DF°8 LM3301N 2.60 MM53099 5.76 HCPL-2200 CL7104-16CPL 26.08 LM3342 598 2.20 MM53105N 4.98 HCPL-2231 5.98 CL7107COH/PLCC LM3352 2.48 MM80C95N 1.44 HCPL-2602 5.68 5.20 LM336Z-2.5 1.48 138757012 POA HCPL-2630 3.68 CL7109CPL 9.85 LM3362-5.0 1.48 MUX24E0 160 HCPL-2730 3.45 CL7116CPL 6.74 Li3337, 1.15 MUX24FP 9.60 HCPL-2731 3.20 0L71170PL 674 LM339AN 2.98 MV500DP 105 HCPL-4200 5.98 CL71260PL 674 L13330N 0.60 MV601D8 3.36 ILD74 1.44 CL7135CPI 8.98 LM340AT12 108 MV8870DP 552 ILO1 1.60 CL7136CPL 894 LM3407-5 0.48 NE50209 1a84 IL074 2.25 CL7137CPL 6.94 LM340T12 0.48 NE5275 3.71 2.25 CL7606CJN 1224 LM340T15 '0074 am NE532N 060
NE536H NE5530N NE5532AN NE5532N NE5534AN NE555N NE556/SMD NE556N NE5589 NE564N NE565N NE567N NE568N NE570N NE571N NE589N NE592/SMD NE5929 NE592N14 NE602AN NE6029 NE604AN NE6059 NE612AN NJM455613 NJM4558DX OPO7CJ 0PO7CN OPO7CP OPO7EP OP11GP OP177FP OP27GP OP42FZ OP77GP OPO7CN PM7548HP
4.90 3.82
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1.58
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320 4.80
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00883714 DS8838N EF6803A-116 EF6803P EF6821P EF68B09P EF68821P EP610PC-35
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380 3.80 1130
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POA
54 7
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SA080032P
4.40 4.40 5.80 5.84 6.90
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UPB8286C 4.982.60 UPD7201C 6.802.60 AD64"40
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008 008
6C1828
0.08 0.06 0.08
BC182L BC182L8
008 008
130183
801830 BC183L BC184 00184/3 8C184L BC184LC BC212-18 BC212A
0.08 0.08
008 0.08
008 0.08 0.08 0.08
802126 00212E BC212LB 130213
BC213L BC214 BC214L
BFW10 BFX48 BFX85 8E088 BFX89 8E050 BF752 BFY90
SIS AMI SIS AMI
80286-16MHz 80386DX-40MHz 8048650-25MHz 8048600-33MHz 80486DX-50MHz 80486002-66MHz
038
BSR60 BSX20 BSX21
0.52 0 48 0.38 0.48 1.85
110 4.94
0.11
0a8
00327
0.08
13G328
ape
80337 BC337-25
0.08 0.08
00489
024
BC490
605466
0.30 0.22 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.05
130547
008
805478 005476
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
150516
80517 BC546 BC546A
BC547C BC548 BC5488 130549
805498 130550
BC550B BC550C BC556 005568 BC5566
TEAL
FD -2351 -IF
E90 1.14 1.77 0.39 0.68
/113 J175 J270
092 0.48
JA101 MBD501
1.10 1.10
MJE13070 MJE340 MJE350
0.68
131E520
0.80
MP03638 MPSA06 MPSA13 MPSA53 MPSA92 MPS005 MTP8P08
018
1.10
0.12 0.12 0.32
024 2.21
2.80 1.80 1.85 0.65
00147 0019 0C45
0.08
PN3643
0.92 0.18
aoe
T10106%4
078
a80 0.80
aeo
0.08 TICP206D 0.08 T1CV106D 0.08 718115 0.08 TIP121 0a8 718145 0.08 TIP2955 0.08 TIP30 0.08 7183055 0.08 TIP31A 008 TIP328 TIP47 0.08 72751A10 0.22 11'010453
60557 005570 00558 80558A BC55813
BC559A BC559B BC260A BC560C
001840 130771
am
82131 80135
0.44 0.98 0.52
022418 130242C 152243
0. 8
BD516
60675 0.52 0.54 0.56
130676
00679 82680
1.90 1.12
827430 BDT85 6006715 13D796
BF195.0 8E199 BF200 BF2566 BF256C SF259 BF324
BF961 BF981
6E982 BFG65 BFR53-2GHz BER91-5GHz BFR91A-6GHz
140 2.96
270510
0.18
0.98 0.92 0.18 0.26 0.18
028 a38
IC SOCKETS LOW PROFILE
No. Pin Gold Tin Gold of spacTurn 95r sldr Pins -mg Pin Tail Tan 6 D.3 18p 6p 18p 8 0.3 18p 6p 18p 14 0.3 31p Sp 31p
0.3 33p 10p 33p
16 18
0.3 39p 1 1 p 39p
20 0.3 45p 12p 45p 22 0.3 54p 14p 24 0.3 54p 14p 24 0.6 54p 14p 28 0.6 80p 16p 32 0.6 65p 22p 40 0.6 70p 22p
se
" 0-6 85p
0 48 0.90
0 75 2609 0.9 260p
64
64
120
7x1IBATI.2x328/ESA)
092 092
0.20 0.22 0.16 0.26 0.68
BF494 8E759
0.55 0.68 1.37 0.88 0.48 0.88 0.38 0.40 0.80 0.92
VP0104443 VP0104N2 VP010493 ZTX212 ZT9237 ZT Z7X313L ZTX320
0.40
BF451
024
799085
BF421
BF450
0.61
7966AF0
2.78 3.60 0.08 0.22 0.16 0.38 0 38
£65.00 £75.00 £115.00 6245.00
260 x 220 260 x 220
£ £
66 00
£165.00 £212.00
£29600
80287-8 80287-10 80287 -XL
8038750-33MHz
INTEL INTEL INTEL INTEL
Pirce £
p
120.00 129.00 £40.00 £48.00 £62.00 662.00
MEMORIES SIMM 1Mx9x9 CHIP 7Ons SIMM 1Mx9x3 CHIP 70ns SIMM 4Mx9x9 CHIP 7045 SIMM 4Mx9x3 CHIP 7Ons SIMM 256Kx9 CHIP 8Ons
P.O.A. P.O.A. P.O.A. P.O.A. P.O.A.
SOFTWARE 1.44MB 3.r
130.00 1.44MB 3.5' £30.00
MICROSOFT ORIGINAL WINDOWS 3.1
GRAPHIC CARDS ov915 VI. -BUS Window Am!. W: I MB I:75.00 TVGA 89000E New Trident 1MB SV6A£40.00 ET -4000 1MB SVGA £60.00
KEYBOARD & MICE 7849R 102 UK KB Board. Regular Size£24.00 IMSI SYSTEM MOUSE 3 Button Serial £10.00 Znix 3 BUTTON MOUSE MS COMPATIBLE 10.00 BTC
2HD/2FD/2S/1P/1G with cables
06100
IMPORTANT All prices quoted are Excluding V.A.T.
1 2MB 5.25' £35.00 MITSUBISHI MF355C/258MG 1.44MB 3.5' £29.00 MITSUBISHI MF504C/318MP 1.2MB 5.25' £3500
1334
1.62
108
FD-55GFR
IDE
180
0072 0078 0091M 0081Z
256K 32MB
19msec 3.5' LP 15msec 3.5" LP 13msec 3.5' LP
0E87333243
I/0 CARDS
0.92 0.28
CO -PROCESSORS
ALPS
al
034
80107 60170 90250
BUW46 60211 811211A BUZ47A IRFZ14 IRFZ20
BC307
FLOPPY DISK DRIVES
CIRRUS .5324 TRIDENT TSENG LAB
1.59 0.34
13T136-600
756(87).2032(73E0
INTEL AMD INTEL INTEL INTEL INTEL
170MB 250MB 340MB
059 a30
155X61
0.08 0.12
CONNER HARD DISK DRIVES CP-30174 30254 CP-30344
0.49
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
32MB
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1.20
006
80237 02239
MICROPROCESSORS
HI3-201.5TEAL P08
a24
BC182 BC182A
PERSONAL COMPUTER - HARDWARE& SOFTWARE MOTHER BOARDS - VESA LOCAL BUS (Without CPU & DRAM) Processor Chip BIOS Cache Max Expansion BoardSize Intel Set RAM Memory Slots in mm
DS34C079 4.80CP 3.334926 0034865
75107 75107A
UM684513 4.95751808 UM9151-3 POA75172NG
P8259ALM2901 P8274 P8279-5 P8282 P8285
1.32 1.98 POA 4.98
manamm
TMS77C01NL 10.7475138 TMS9900NL 24.4075140
9$AA502513
DP822851
DP8238N DP8304BN DP83119
N1800286.120 29.54
065 P81554/2 892 5.60 5.48 8.00 POA
08202A 08254-2 082848
N80028810/9 24.50
382 TIL100
3.59 TIL111 0.60 SA682054-2.P 412 TIL113 0.60 SAB82C55A-2-P 4.80 TIL117 SC80C4514on6413.60 TIL1 19 SCN2661bc1428 3.35 TIL311 SC N266100428 3.35 TLP504A 1.58 PALI 6R4-15CN 2.98 TLP5214GB 4.20 496 TL16C552FN 1258 TORX173 TMP7002NL-2 4.97 TOTX173 4.96 TMP8085AP-2 5.98 LINEAR & MISCS 8 TMS3477NL 8.78 TMS3700NSB 3.40 8.78 3630BM/BB TMS3702ANS POA 7.55 49620/BB TMS3835ANS
0.64 1 48
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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10
800535 HARDWARE/ASSEMBLER COURSE PART 1: NTRODUCTION AND FIRST PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES Welcome to the first instalment of a four-part course on programming the 800535 microcontroller. The present 'short' course is a sequel to the eight -part 8051/8032 assembler course featured about two years ago in this magazine. Hardware and software peculiar to the 800535 processor will be discussed in an educational/didactic way, based on examples: an assembler and a communication program are available as 'courseware' on a diskette. The hardware you need to follow this course is the 800535 single -board computer featured in last month's magazine.
HE present course has an 'easy' called EMON52 and EASM52 respeclevel for those of you who tively, and may be found on the
have followed the 8051/8032 assembler course (Ref. 1), because both the monitor EPROM (EMON51) and the assembler (EASM51) can be used
straight away on the 800535 single board computer described last month (Ref. 2). None the less, a new, extended
inputs and a common 8 -bit analogue (ADC). converter to -digital
Remarkably, this port may also be used as a digital input port.
Furthermore, there is a powerful
timer and compare/capture unit. The available interrupt options have been considerably extended, and a new bau-
drate generator has been added. The polarity of the RESET signal has been changed from positive on the 8051 to negative on the 800535 (pin 10). The new features are introduced in the following sections, using example programs where appropriate. Some of you may wonder why we keep referring to the 800535 proces-
Software by Dr. M. Ohsmann
THE
Siemens, and has a number of extra features over the 8051. To start with, the C535 has two additional bidirectional ports, P4 and P5. It also offers an analogue input port sporting eight
sor, when it is a derivative from the `original' 80515 or 80535. Unfortu-
courseware disk, order code 1811 (see Readers Services page). Note in partic-
nately, the NMOS 80535 and the CMOS SAB80C535 are not pin -com-
EPROM programmer which is compatible with that file format.
the 535 are, however, virtually identi-
ular that the new software supports patible. Pin 4 (PE) and pin 37 (Vcc) the Intel Hex file download option, have different functions on the 80535. which is a big asset if you have an For all other functions, the C535 and
monitor program and assembler were developed to take full advantage of the The way ahead: 800535 extra features offered by the 800535 compared with the 8051. These extra The 800535 is an Intel MCS-51 comfeatures are summarized in Table 1. patible derivative of the 'generic' 8051. The new monitor and assembler are The SAB80C535 is manufactured by Improved assembler (EASM52), offering - Intel -Hex file download option; DW command to generate 16 -bit address constants; - DI command to generate 16 -bit integer constants; - EQU command capable of processing bit operations. II A new system monitor (EMON52) offering - 800535 and 800537 interrupt chaining; - Intel -Hex file downloading. A new PC communication program (V25COM) source code, offering - an Intel -Hex file download option. EPROMEMU, a program to support the Elektor Electronics EPROM Emulator II. k A new MENU program for fast object code development and downloading. Assembly code (.A51) files of all example programs discussed during the course. Complete source code files (Turbo Pascal or MCS-51 assembler) of all utility programs. II
Table 1. Overview of new features on the 800535 course disk.
cal, with the exception of the POWER DOWN and IDLE modes. In this course we restrict ourselves to the 800535.
SFRs, power -save and PCON As with other `upgrade' versions of the 8051, the new hardware options of the
800535 are realized by special functions registers (SFRs). The SFRs con-
tained in the 800535 are listed in
Table 2. Note that some of the SFRs familiar from the 8052 have been renamed, although the `old' name is also given.
The CMOS 800535 processor offers two ways of reducing power consumption, which are of particular interest if the controller is used in battery -operated equipment. To actuate the power save modes, certain bits must be set in
the PCON special function register. The meaning of these bits is illustrated in Fig. 1.
The IDLE mode allows the CPU proper to be actually halted, while the peripherals, like timers, counters and
interrupt circuits remain active. The ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
800535 HARDWARE/ASSEMBLER COURSE - 1
800535 PROGRAMMING SFR PCON (871-1)
SMOD
PDS
7
6
IDLS 1 5
-
GF1
GFO
PDE
IDLE
4
3
2
1
0
You need the following to be able to follow the 800535 hardware/assembler
87H
course:
Symbol
Position
Function
SMOD
PCON.7
When set, the baud rate of the serial channel in mode 1, 2, 3 is doubled.
PDS
PCON.6
Power -down start bit. The instruction that sets the PDS flag bit is the last instruction before entering the power down mode.
IDLS
PCON.5
Idle start bit. The instruction that sets the IDLS flag bit is the last instruction before entering the idle mode.
PCON.4
Reserved
GF1
PCON.3
General purpose flag
G FO
PCON.2
General purpose flag
PDE
PCON .1
Power -down enable bit. When set, starting of the power -down mode is enabled.
IDLE
PCON .O
Idle mode enable bit. When set, starting of the idle mode is enabled.
Hardware: An 800535 single -board computer as described in Elektor Electronics February 1994. - Art IBM PC or compatible with a serial port on COM1: or COM2:.
Software: - Courseware disk (5.25 inch, 360K MSDOS format). - EMON52 system EPROM, fitted on 800535 SBC.
920152-11
The courseware disk and EPROM are available as a set under order code 6221. The disk is also available separately under order code 1:s:1, For prices and ordering information, see page 70.
Fig. 1. Functions of the bits contained in the PCON register.
JOIN THE COURSE!
The CPU is taken out of the IDLE mode
the IDLE and IDLS bits are normally set with the aid of an ORL instruction.
with the aid of an interrupt, which is 'serviced' by an appropriate software
by first setting the PDE bit, and then
routine. After the RETI (return from in-
the PDS bit. In POWER -DOWN mode,
where all hardware would stop func-
terrupt) instruction at the end of that routine, the CPU continues with the instruction that follows the one that caused it to go into IDLE mode. The
the processor is totally 'inert', and can be actuated again by a reset only. The data contained in the SFR and the on-
tioning if the POWER -DOWN mode
(IDLE) and 5 (IDLS) in the PCON regis-
only be actuated if the PE input of the 800535 (pin 4) is held low. If not, these modes are disabled. The hardware dis-
watchdog timer is, however, stopped.
IDLE mode is controlled by bits 0 ter. First, the IDLE preparation bit, IDLE, must be set, then the IDLE -SET
The POWER -DOWN mode is selected
were selected, and there is no way of restarting the CPU except by switching
board RAM remain intact. Both the the supply off and on again. IDLE and the POWER -DOWN mode can
Testing the power -down modes
able option of the power -down modes is To be able to use the example protions is used rather than just one in- provided to eliminate any risk of them grams discussed during this course, struction to prevent the IDLE mode being selected by accident as a result follow this procedure: being selected by accident. Since the of a crashing program. This is, obviPCON register is not bit -addressable, ously, essential in no -break systems, Hardware Connect the 800535 single -board computer to a 5-V power supply and the COM1: serial port on your PC as
bit, IDLS. A sequence of two instruc-
shown in Fig. 2. All jumpers must be fitted on the board. The EPROM socket on the SBC board should contain the EMON52 EPROM (order code 6221). Switch on the PC and the SBC.
800535
100mA
COMPUTER 5V
Supply
T1
RESET
V24
GND - K6 Pin 2
K4 Pin 8
2 (3)
K4 Pln 10
3 (2)
K4 Pin 2
5 (7)
To PC +- K6 Pin 1
9.w sub.0
K3 Pin 5 = P3.2 = INT Pin
25-w sub -0
ANO = K6 Pin 3
T2 Interrupt 920152.12
Software Copy all files contained on the course diskette, order code 1811, to the hard disk, into a suitably named subdirectory, for instance, C: \ 800535 or C: \ COURSE. Next, load the ASCII file MENU.PAR into your word processor,
and change the first line so that it contains the name of your favourite word processor ('editor'), complete with the
associated path. The author used the editor contained in Turbo Pascal. Save
the changed file under its old name, i.e., MENU.PAR. Fig. 2. Schematic showing the interconnections between the hardware needed to follow the course.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Next, go to the course subdirectory, and start MENU by typing
COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
MENU 535XMP01 (return)
The menu should appear in the righthand top corner of the screen. First, select 'Assemble', with the aid of the vertical arrow keys, and press return. The first example program is assembled, and the files 535XMP01.OBJ and 535XMPOI.LST are written. Return to
the main manu, and select the V24 (download) option. Press the RESET key connected to the SBC, whereupon the 800535 should report with EMON52 -- version 0.1 (2.7.1992) RAMTOP=44
Next, start the actual download operation by typing CONTROL -D. Start the program by entering command
X 4100. Watch the ammeter on your power supply. After a couple of reports reading 'ACTIVE', the 800535 is switched to low -power mode, indicated by the text 'IDLE', and the current con-
sumption dropping to about 20 mA. Generate an external interrupt -0 by pressing switch T2. This should cause the processor to wake up, and the current consumption to rise to about 40 mA. Shortly afterwards, the CPU returns to IDLE mode.
The IDLE mode is initiated by the instructions contained in lines 25 and the assembly code file 535XMP01.A51. Two lines marked by 26
of
PO
80H *
Port 0
SP
81H
DPL
82H
DPH
83H
PCON
87H
TCON TMOD
88H *
TLO
TL1
8AH 8BH
THO
8CH
TH1
8DH
Stack pointer Data pointer low Data pointer high Power control register Timer control register Timer mode register Timer 0 low byte Timer 1 low byte Timer 0 high byte Timer 1 high byte
P1
90H *
Port 1
SCON SBUF
98H
99H *
Serial control register Serial buffer
P2
AOH *
Port 2
IENO
A8H *
Interrupt enable register 0 (1E)
IPO
Interrupt priority register 0
IEN1
A9H BOH * B8H *
IP1
B9H
IRCON
COH *
CCEN
C1H
CCL1
C2H
CCH1
C3H
CCL2
C4H
CCH2
C5H
CCL3 CCH3 T2CON CRCL
C6H
P3
CRCH
89H
C7H
C8H * CAH CBH
Port 3
Interrupt enable register 1 (IP) Interrupt priority register 1 Interrupt request control register Compare/capture enable register Compare/capture register 1 low byte Compare/capture register 1 high byte Compare/capture register 2 low byte Compare/capture register 2 high byte Compare/capture register 3 low byte Compare/capture register 3 high byte Timer 2 control register Compare/reload/capture register low byte (RCAP2L) Compare/reload/capture register high byte (RCAP2H) Timer 2 low byte Timer 2 high byte Program status word A -D converter control register A -D converter data register D -A converter program register
CCH
POWER DOWN mode to be actuated. Check what happens if jumper JP2 is omitted, and the above experiment is
TL2 TH2 PSW ADCON
repeated. Or: the interrupt is enabled
ADDAT
D9H
in line
DAPR P6
DAH DBH
ACC
EOH *
Accumulator
Imagine, the main program has just
P4
E8H *
called monitor subroutine STXT, is in-
B
FOH *
terrupted, while the interrupt routine
P5
F8H
Port 4 B register Port 5
the label PDOWN could cause the
24, and disabled again in
line 27. What happens if you leave out line 27? Press the interrupt key several times while the program runs.
CDH
DOH *
D8H *
Port 6
itself calls STXT.
Baudrate generator and system clock
Table 2. List of 800535 special function registers. The SFRs marked with an asterisk (*) are
bit -addressable. Where appropriate, the corresponding 8051 SFR denotation is given in brackets. SFRs marked with a plus sign (+) are new, or have been assigned new functions.
All programmers who used the 8051 (or 8032) with a 12 -MHz quartz crystal
were unable to have the serial interface running at exactly 4,800 baud, because the bit clock was derived from the system clock (12 MHz/12 =
1 MHz). This problem is solved by a special baudrate generator contained
in the 800535. Consequently, one
timer is freed for other purposes. The baudrate generator is switched on with bit 7 in the ADCON special function
register. A simple bit set command may be used for this purpose since
ADCON is bit -addressable. As with the
baud rate generator based on Timer 1, bit 7 in the PCON register is used to
ADCON EQU
OD8H
PCON
EQU
087H
B4800
ANL PCON,#01111111B SETB ADCON.7
;clear bit 7 in PCON ;baudrate generator on at 4800 bd
RET
B9600
ORL
PCON,#10000000B
SETB ADCON.7
;set bit 7 in PCON ;baudrate generator on at 9600 bd
RET
Fig. 3. EASM52 listing of baudrate generator test program.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
A
p
A
Page
OSCILLOSCOPE LIVE CHOP
TiePie engineering
0.00
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6.00 U A
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4uA.0
4.0 psec
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33,3 26.6
manufactures a complete range of computer -controlled measuring instruments Connecting these units to a PC (MS DOS 3 0 or higher) results in a number of comprehensive test instruments - oscilloscope;
- voltmeter;
20.0 msec
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13.3
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0.5 nsec 1.0 MSEC
-8.00
6.66 0.00
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t.00(psec)
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msec
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FREEZE
ONE SHOT
MODE
TIME/DIV
TIME-MAG,
TIME-OUT j HYSTERESIS
PRINT
CHI SET
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COMMENT
SLOPE
0.1
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sec
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READ DISK j WRITE DISK
All measured data can be stored
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I
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Connect the HANDYPROBE to the parallel printer port
of the PC and start the software Measuring can be carried out at once The HANDYPROBE does not need an external power supply Some technical parameters 0 5-400 V software select input range, one input channel; 8 bits resolution (overall accuracy 2%), A complete software
program consisting of a digital storage oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, voltmeter and a transient recorder is provided The HANDYPROBE is
eminently suitable for servicing and educational purposes
The TP5008 is an interface card that provides an analogue
output in addition to two input channels This output in combination with the two inputs may be used for the setting up of a complete control loop The output may also be used as a
function generator The TP5008 has a
resolution of 8 bits and a sampling rate of 200,000 samples/ sec (200 kHz) The input range may be set to 0.5-20 V full-scale deflection The output range covers 1.25-2.5 V.
The TP5008 is fitted with BNC connectors and is delivered complete with a user manual and software. Separately available are 1.1-1.10 probes and 1 100 oscilloscope probes 197
The HANDYSCOPE is connected to the parallel printer port This makes it possible to carry out measurements
with a laptop or notebook PC Because of its high resolution (12 bits), the HANDYSCOPE is a very accurate instrument The measuring rate is 100,000 samples/sec
Either of the two channels can be set independently over a range of 0 5-20 V (with a 1 10 probe up to 200 V) The advanced software enables many measurements to be carried out Two probes (switchable 1 1-1 10) are provided The HANDYSCOPE is constructed as a small table model with two BNC connectors The length of the cable linking the PC and the HANDYSCOPE
is 18 m, which can be extended to 3 8 m
The TP208 is an interface card with a measuring speed of 2x20 Megasamples/sec (8 bits) Phenomena shorter
than one millionth of a second can still be measured well The completely digitized triggering ensures very stable triggering with many trigger possibilities The TP208 has an
input range of 5 mV/div to 20 V/div in 12 steps and an auto calibration function Since both channels may be sampled simultaneously, phase differences can be measured very accurately Even single phenomena can be measured since each channel has a 32 KByte memory Comprehensive 595 software is provided (All prices are exclusive of VAT and P841,)
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INSTRUTEK (UK)
Industrial Estate
St Ives, Cambs PE17 4WJ England
Telephone (0480) 460 028 Fax 10480) 460 340
14
COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
select between 4,800 (bit=0) and 9,600
baud (bit=1). The listing in Fig.
3
shows how to program the baud rate
****** EASM52 ASSEMBLER LISTING (535XMP01) ****** LINE LOC OBJ T SOURCE 1 0000 535XMP01.A51 Testing 800535 POWERDOWN Modes ;
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 4100 4103 4105 4108 410B 410D 4110 4113 4116 4119 411C 411E
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
4121.12 4124 75 4127 43 412A 43 412D 75 4130 80 4132 4132 43 4135 43
32 33 34 35 36 37
4138 4138 413B 413E 413F 413F
IE
ACC PCON P3
on the serial interface.
Note that this program takes into
;
EQU EQU EQU EQU
0A8H OEOH 087H OBOH
account that PCON is not bit -address-
able: to prevent the 'other' bits in the register from being affected, masking instructions ANL and ORL are used.
90 74 75 12 79 90 12 90 75 12 D9 90
41 01 30 02 06 41 41 01 30 02 EF 41
38 [2] START [1]
40 [2] 00 [2] [1]
49 [2] 64 [2] F4 [2] 21
LP2 LP1
[2]
00 [2] [2]
3F [2]
41 64 [2] A8 87 87 A8 D9
81 01 20 00
[2] [2] [2] [2] [2]
87 02 [2] 87 40 [2]
PDOWN
90 41 53 [2] INTO 12 41 64 [2] 32
OD OA 49 44 4C 45 2E 2E 2E
[2]
ORG MOV MOV MOV
4100H DPTR,#INTO A,#1
;
COMMAND,#ccLINK MON R1,#6 DPTR,#TXT1 STXT DPTR,#500 COMMAND,#CcLTIME MON DJNZ R1,LP1 MOV DPTR,#TXTO LCALL STXT MOV IE,#1000000113 ORL PCON,#000000018 ORL PCON,#00100000B MOV IE,#0 SJMP LP2 LCALL MOV MOV LCALL MOV MOV LCALL
ORL ORL
PCON,#0000001OB PCON,#01000000B
MOV DPTR,#TXT2 LCALL STXT RETI
TXTO DB 13,10,'IDLE...',0
Chain interrupt routine
Send text 6 times Text ACTIVE Send 0.5 sec Wait
Continue loop Send text IDLE Switch on interrupts EA,IEO Prepare for IDLE mode and actuate Switch off interrupts
;
; ;
;
Start power down mode Interrupt routine Send text Finish interrupt
TXT1 DB
'
ACTIVE
',0
file), one of the texts will be legible. The
baud rate may be defined either by changing the appropriate parameter in MENU.PAR, or by calling V24COM (or V25COM), followed by the appropriate parameter, directly from the DOS prompt.
In some cases, peripheral ICs require the system clock (quartz clock divided by 12). To have the 800535
;
00
38 4149 20 41 43 54 49 56 45 20 20
The course diskette contains a program called 535XMP02.A51 which, when assembled, downloaded and run on the 535 SBC, transmits texts alternately at 4,800 and 9,600 baud. If you start the download program V24 (or the new version, V25) with the corresponding speed parameter (see .DOC
supply the system clock at pin 30
;
00
39 4153 OD OA 49 TXT2 DB 13,10,'INTERRUPT E0',13,10,0 4E 54 45 52 52 55 50 54 20 45 30 OD OA 00 40 4164 41 4164 MONITOR INTERFACE 42 4164 COMMAND EQU 030H MONITOR: command location 43 4164 MON EQU 0200H MONITOR: jump address 44 4164 ccSTXT EQU 002H Send text 45 4164 ccLINK EQU 040H Interrupt chaining 46 4164 ccLTIME EQU 0218 DPTR delay in milliseconds 47 4164 48 4164 75 30 02 [2] STXT MOV COMMAND,#ccSTXT 49 4167 02 02 00 [2] LJMP MON 50 416A END ********* SYMBOL TABLE (18 symbols) ********** IE :00A8 ACC :00E0 PCON :0087 P3 :0080 START :4100 LP2 :4108 LP1 :410D PDOWN :4132 INTO :4138 TXTO :413F TXT1 :4149 TXT2 :4153 COMMAND :0030 MON :0200 ccSTXT :0002 ccLINK :0040 ccLTIME :0021 STXT :4164 ;
;
(P1.6), set bit 6 in the ADCON register, and write a 1 to P1.6. The latter is necessary to enable the output function of the port line, which is controlled via an internal logic -AND combination. Thus, write
;
;
;
;
Fig. 4. Assembler code listing of 535XMP01 found on your course disk. This program is used to demonstrate the operation of the two power -down modes of the 800535 microcontroller.
SETB SETB
ADCON.6
P1.6
and take the system clock from the P1.6 line. To be continued.
References: 1. 8051/8032 Assembler course. Elektor Electronics February through November 1992. 2
800535 Single -board computer.
Elektor Electronics February 1994.
Fig. 5. 800535 single board computer described in Ref. 2. The board should be fitted with the EMON52 system EPROM, no. 6221.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 WATT HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER Design by T. Giesberts rrhe simplified circuit diagram in Fig. 1 1 clearly shows the symmetrical design of the amplifier. The input stage is formed
by differential amplifiers T1, T3, whose gain is limited to about 40 dB (x100). The stage is coupled to differential amplifiers T2, T4, whose gain is around 10 dB (x3). These amplifiers are linked via optoisolators to drivers T12, T13, which form the link between the input and output stages. The zener symbol between the drivers indicates a variable zener transistor, which enables the accurate setting of the quiescent current through the output transistors. The output stage consists of transistors T18 and T17, each of which drives two parallel -connected power transistors:
This article describes a completely updated and higher -power version of the 'Medium power a.f. amplifier' published in this magazine just over three years ago(1). At the suggestion of many readers, the new amplifier also incorporates a number of features of the 'Output amplifier for ribbon loudspeakers' published two years later(2). It provides 100 W into 8 CI and does not use an output relay.
T18, T19 and T20, T21 respectively.
The optoisolators provide suppression of the on/off switching clicks, which, owing
to the absence of an output relay, is essential. The POWER ON DELAY (which is part
of a protection circuit on a separate PCB)
ensures that the LEDs in the optoisolators light up only gradually after switch -on.
Consequently, the optotransistors in the collector circuits of T12 and T13 come into conduction slowly, resulting in the power
supply to the output transistors building up gradually. This arrangement effectively
prevents annoying clicks at switch -on. When the mains is switched off, the LEDs go out rapidly, resulting in an abrupt removal of power from the output transistors. Consequently, the output stage gets
no time to produce irritating switch -off phenomena. The protection circuit uses no relay
and relies on the current through the emitter resistors of the output transis-
TECHNICAL DATA
tors and the output voltage for correct op-
eration. If, for whatever reason,the current rises unduly or a direct voltage appears at the output, two actions take place:
the optoisolators are cut off, so that the power to the output stages is removed instantly, and the supply lines are shorted
Input sensitivity Input impedance
46.5 kfl
Output power (0.1% THD)
100 W into 8 SI
175Winto4Sl
able means of safeguarding the amplifier from compression and distortion at large drive voltages. Not shown in Fig. 1 is a thermal protection circuit, which, again via the optoisolators, removes the power from the
Music power (500 Hz burst: 5 periods on, 5 periods off) Power bandwidth (50 W into 8 C2) Slew rate Signal-to-noise ratio (1 W into 8 12) Harmonic distortion (B = 10 Hz - 80 kHz) at 1 W into 8 at 90 W into 8 n
output transistors if the temperature of these devices rises unduly.
Intermodulation distortion
to earth with the aid of triacs, A somewhat drastic, but very effective and reli-
Amplifier circuit The circuit diagram of the amplifier (single
channel) in Fig. 3 is, in large parts, similar to that of the 'Output amplifier for ribbon loudspeakers' (2). The differences lie ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
1 V r.m.s.
(50 Hz : 7 kHz; 4 : 1) Dynamic 1M distortion (block 3.15 kHz with 15 kHz sine wave) Damping factor (8 SI output)
105 W into 8 SI 185 W into 4 52
1.5 Hz - 220 kHz >50 V ps-1 >102 dB (A weighted)
<0.0025% (1 kHz) <0.0015% (1 kHz) <0.015% (20 Hz - 20 kHz) <0.002% (1 W in to 8 0) <0.003% (50 W into 852) <0.0025% (1 W into 8 S2 <0.0015% (100 W into 8 S2) >1000 (1 kHz) >290 (20 kHz)
16
AUDIO & HI -11
mainly in the much higher supply voltage (2 x 42 V instead of 2 x 15 V) and the
much lower peak output current. Other, smaller, differences are a number of al-
tered component values, new types of transistor in various positions, lower value
fuses, fewer parallel -connected emitter resistors for the output transistors and an additional capacitor, Cp3, in the feedback loop. Also, the separate sense lines to the loudspeaker(s) are no longer there, and the connections between IC3 and the supply lines have been broken (D9 and D10 are omitted), because the supply voltage for the DC correction is now provided
by an auxiliary supply. At the input, there is a combination of a high-pass section, C1 -R1, and a lowpass section, C2 -R2. The first filter prevents any direct voltage entering the ampli-
fier, while the second restricts the upper
limit of the input bandwidth to about 300 kHz. The signal is applied to differential am-
plifiers T1 and T3. Since the maximum permissible supply voltage of the excellent dual transistors MATO2 and MATO3 is too low, these types had to be replaced by a 2N2914 and a BFX36 respectively.
Frequency compensation of the input stage is provided by networks R5 -C3 and R10 -C4. The open -loop bandwidth of the
amplifier is around 14 kHz. The gain of the amplifiers is determined by the ratio of their collector and emitter resistors. Current sources T5 and T6 guarantee
Fig. 1. Simplified circuit diagram of the amplifier (one channel).
stable operation of Ti and T3. This is augIC2
15V
15V
7805
5V
and D2 stable with the aid of a third current source: T9.
2x BC557B
CI
to-
T5 2/205J 5V
BC516
BD140
30V
0
22
1 N4004
The optoisolators for the power -on delay
1 N4001
BC 547B
04
01311
and T4b. Their LEDs are controlled by the external protection circuit via B1 and B2. The collectors of predrivers T12 and T13 are connected via T14 and T15. The latter
82
61
00n
BC
are inserted in the collector leads of T2b
BC547B
mim
15V
547B 08
MEI IC1
1N4148
D7
0+
1130 131
15V
O
194148
TT TIC263M BD679 Al
BC547B T,0
2205
1N4148
Temperature C
R29
R18
22052
1N4148
0®
Al Tri2
TIC263M 92
1132 133
7
C10
220,
0
The next stage consists of dual transistors T2 and T4, which are controlled by current sources T7 and T8. Again, the current through LEDs D3 and D4 is held stable by current sources T10 and T11. Diodes D1 -D4 must be of the same type with a forward voltage of 1.55-1.65 V to
ensure that the operating points of the various transistors remain unchanged.
02
30V
mented by the arrangement of holding the current through reference LEDs D1
16V
transistors form a zener transistor, the voltage across which, and thus the quiescent current through the output transistors, is set as appropriate with P1. Each of the two halves of the output stage, a super emitter follower, consists of a driver, T16 and T17, and two power transistors, T18, T19 and T20, T21 respect-
ively. The power transistor pairs are con-
nected in parallel, but have their own emitter resistors. Transistor T22 monitors
the voltage drop across the emitter re-
220n
930039 - 13
Fig. 2. The protection circuit does not use relays.
sistors via potential divider R44 -R45. If the
total peak output current exceeds 18 A, T22 switches on, which causes the external protection circuit to be actuated. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
I
the collector line of each of the power tran-
fuses blow, D5 and D6 light to indicate this. In practice this will happen hardly
that the amplifier remains loaded adequately at high frequencies.
sistors. The + and - taps in these lines are connected to the triacs (+ and -) in the protection circuit-see Fig. 2. If the
ever, because the primary fuse will almost certainly blow first. Boucherot network R47 -C12 ensures
Output power is supplied to the loudspeaker(s) via inductor LI, which limits the rise time of the signal when the load
A 6.3 A fuse has been incorporated in
Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the amplifier (one channel). The double dashed lines (e.g., D1 -T5) indicate that thermal coupling is required. Transistors T14 -T21 must be mounted on a common heat sink. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
18
AUDIO & HI-FI
celerates the action of the feedback cir-
keep the base impedances at the left-hand and right-hand halves of the differential amplifier equal to ensure optimum common -mode suppression. An additional stabilized voltage is produced with the aid of IC4 to limit the off-
cuit. Network R75 -R76 -C23 -C24 serves to
set voltage at the output to a minimum.
is capacitive, and potential divider R48 -R51.
The ratio R49: R50 determines the feedback factor. The feedback voltage at the
junction of these resistors is applied to the bases ofTlb and T3b. Capacitor Cfb ac-
The voltage is used to compensate the base currents of the input stage via R55 and R74 to such a degree that the direct voltage at the basis is virtually nil. Integrator IC3 removes any residual direct voltage (caused by, for instance, temperature changes). Its output is used to ad-
just the base voltage of T1 and T3 via R53 -C21, R54 and R73.
Protection circuit
Tr1
0-0
R5
R1
ESE
42V
5
R6
ESE
POWER ON DELAY
5W
0-0
2x 30V
00
Switch -on click. When the power is switched
C1
C2
10m 50V
10m 50V
on, C3 is charged slowly via R4. After a short while, darlington T7 -T8 comes on, whereupon the LEDs in the optoisolators begin to conduct gradually. When the potential across C3 has risen to 1.7-1.8 V, the diodes light brightly. This situation remains because D5 holds the base volt-
0 0
B1 = B200C35000
300VA
5W
C3
C4
10m 50V
10m 50V
R3
R7
DTI 5W
R4
5
R8
(:7
The protection circuit, whose diagram is shown in Fig. 2, serves a number of functions.
-C)
EEI
5W
42V
5W 930039 - 15
Fig. 4. Circuit diagram of the power supply.
age of T7 at a fixed level. Switch -off click. As long as the mains is
switched on, T1 conducts every half period (since it is connected directly to the secondary of the mains transformer via D1 and D2), whereas T2 and T3 are off. When the mains is switched off, T2 and T3 are switched on within half a period. Schmitt trigger T4 -T6 changes state, where-
upon T5 conducts and T7 and T8 are cut off, so that the optoisolators are deactuated. This state is indicated by the light-
42V T1 F1
BC560C
1A6T
Over -current. Current monitor T22 in the
R3
ISM
1
Ri
1% R6
350V
amplifier is linked to terminal A via the auxiliary circuit (Fig. 5). If the output cur-
R5
350V
R7
s-
ing of D11.
131 Ci
K2
rent of the amplifier rises unduly, T3 switches
17
C8
EMS 1%
470n 630V
1117BC:OC
4x 1N4007
D1
D3
D2
D4 D5
R8
Re1
R9
R10
R11
mounted on the heat sink of T14 -T21. The
=I.7.=
C9
r1
1000p
24V
35V
Re1 = V23056 -A105 -A101 Tr1
4
Ki
15 MIM 22n
C7
C6
15V
7815
015V
R13
72n
22n
3VA3
IC1
22n
C3
B80C1500
D7
C2
-I. NM
O
C1
100n
770p
25V00
40V D6
42V
0
R12
on, whereupon the optoisolators are de actuated as described earlier. At the same time, triacs Trii and Trig are switched on by T11 via D8 and short-circuit the supply lines. If this drastic action is not acceptable, D8 may be omitted. Temperature. Transistor T12 functions as a temperature sensor diode which is
15V
015V
EEE 930039 - 14
-
voltage across the transistor is compared by ICI, with a preset (P1) reference voltage. If the sensor voltage drops (temperature rises) below the reference potential, ICI, changes state and the optoisolators are deactuated via D6. Once the temperature has dropped below a safe value, the amplifier is switched on again. Direct voltage. If there is a direct voltage greater than ±0.6 V at the output of the amplifier (point D), either T9 or T10 is switched on via low-pass section R23 -C8. In either case, the negative input of ICI], is pulled to earth and its output changes from low to high. This results in the triacs being switched on via D9 and T11. At the same time, D7 causes the Schmitt trigger to change state, resulting in the optoisolators being deactuated. This function may be disabled by omitting D7 and Dg.
Fig. 5. Diagram of the auxiliary circuit. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
19
Fig. 6. Printed circuit board for the auxiliary circuit (scale 1:1).
Power supply
but the -15 V line by a simple zener diode,
The power supply for the amplifier (see Fig. 4) is a traditional design. A double pole mains switch and switch -on delay circuit are followed by the usual combination of transformer, bridge rectifier and electrolytic smoothing, buffer and reservoir capacitors. The series resistors limit the peaks in the charging currents of the electrolytic capacitors and, together with these capacitors, form an effective mains filter.
D6, since that line is further stabilized in the amplifier by a Type LM337 regulator (IC4). Mains on indication is provided by
on, the amplifier is powered immediately via K2, but the current to it is limited severely by R8 -R11. This means that the elec-
trolytic capacitors in the main power supply are charged relatively slowly and that the mains fuse does not have to cope with a substantial surge. Within a short
R13 and D7.
The section based on T1 and T2 acts as a monitor for the current protection. It is inserted between amplifier output A and
while, C9 is charged via R6, C8 and D1 -D4
terminal A on the protection board. The circuit transforms the potential measured by current sensor T22 into a much lower voltage (relative to earth) suitable for the protection circuit. The design of the mains on delay cir-
to such an extent that the potential across it is sufficient to energize relay Rel. Parallel -
connected resistors R8 -R11 are then short-
circuited by the relay contact and full power is applied to the amplifier. Diode D5 limits the voltage across C9 while R7 ensures that 'a. c. resistor' C8 is
cuit between K1 and K2 is straightforward.
Auxiliary circuit
As soon as the mains at K1 is switched
The auxiliary circuit (see Fig. 5) consists of a ±15 V supply and a mains on delay. The ±15 V supply is provided by Tr 1, Bland various capacitors. The +15 V line
'NV
F ,S
oalt).
SZ$
is stabilized by a Type 7815 regulator,
-171!
otsto.
°CIS>
!li=b
lit 01:30.
Ms
F2
=
0a
lao-ne vl
I
S
C12
a
T.
avro
TA"DHP'q!
c.0110
n/irsa
cr,,o
11:8
4
Pc'ai(N 5_1
Fig. 7. Component layout of the PCB for the protection circuit (scale 1:2). ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Fig. 8. Component layout (scale 1:2) of the PCB for the amplifier (one channel).
20
AUDIO
PARTS LIST (ONE CHANNEL) AUXILIARY CIRCUIT
Resistors:
C6 = 220 µF, 16V C8 = 100µF, 10 V, radial, bipolar Cg = 39 nF C10 = 220 nF
R1; R2; R4 = 1 kS2
R3; R5 = 10 k4 R6 = 220 S2 1 W; e.g., PRO1 (Philips) R7 = 1 MO, 350 V; e.g., SFR25H (Philips) R8-1211 = 180 D, 5W R12 = 2.2 kD, 1 W; e.g., PRO1
Semiconductors:
C1 = 10 µF, 25 V radial C2 = 100 nF ceramic C3 = 470 µF, 40 V, radial C4 -C7 = 22 nF, ceramic C8 = 470 nF, 630 V Cg = 1000 µF, 35 V, radial
D1,D2 = 1N4004 D3 = 1N4001 D4 = 5.6V, 0.4 W D5 = LED green D6 -D9 = 1N4148 (fit w. connectors on PCB pins) D10 = LED orange D11 = LED, red, high efficiency Ti; T2; T4; T10 = BC547B T3 = BC516 T5; T6; T7 = BC557B T8 = BD 140 + heatsink T9 = BC547A T11 = BD679
Semiconductors:
Integrated circuits:
B1 = B80C1500 D1 -D4 = 1N4007 D5 = 24 V, 1.4W D6 = 15 V. 0.4 W D7 = LED green, low current T1 = BC560C T2 = BC550C
ICI = CA3240 IC2 = 7805
R13 = 8.2 kt-2
Capacitors:
Miscellaneous: Trii;Tri2 = TIC263M
3 off screw -mount spade terminal for PCB mounting 1 off PCB Ref. 920135-2 (see page 70)
Integrated circuits: ICI = 7815
AMPLIFIER BOARD
Resistors: Miscellaneous: K1; K2 = 2 -way PCB terminal block,
pitch 7.5 mm Tr1 = 15 V, 3.3 VA, e.g., VTR3115
(Monacor/Monarch) Ref = V23056 -A105 -A101 (Siemens) F1 = 1A6 T w. PCB holder PROTECTION BOARD
Resistors: R1 = 82 kS2 R2 = 1 MD
R3; R7; Rg; R25; R26 = 100 k4 R4 = 15 kS2
R5 = 100 t2 R6; R22 = 1 k4 R8 = 47 R10 = 1.5 MD R11 = 3.9 MD R12: R13 - 56 kD R14; R27 = 4.7 k4
R15= 104 R16; R17 = 390 D, 1W
RI; R34; R35; R75 = 562 D, 1% R2; R76 = 47.5 MI, 1% R3; R4; R8; Rg = 2.49 k4, 1% R5; R10 = 10 52
R6; R7; R11; R12 = 24.9 D, 1% R13; R14 = 249 D, 1% R15 = 820 R16 = 18.2 MI, 1% R17; R18 = 4.71d2 R19; R20; R23; R24 = 187 D, 1% R21; R22; R25: R26 = 18.714 1% R27 = 133 t2, 1% R28: R29 = 390 R30; R31 = 23.2 D. 1% R32 = 470 t2 R33; R44 = 330 t2 R36 -R39; R50 = 56.2 D, 1% R42: R43; R61; R62; R64; R65; R66; R69
= 0.22 D, 5 W, low -inductance
R40; R41; R60; R63; R67; R68; R70:R71
= not used R45= 180D
R19 = 3.3 Ict-2
R46 = 4-7 kQ R47 = 4.7 52, 5W R48; R51 = 100 4
R20 = 180 k4
R49 = 1.47 k4, 1%
R21 = 22 MD R23 = 10 Ic4 R24 = 220 kS2 R28; R29 = 22012, 1 W R30 -R33 = 1.2 D, 5 W
R52; R53; R72 = 56 k4 R54 = 12 MD R55; R74 = 1.8 MD R56 = 270 R57 = 1 ki2 R58; R59 = 8.2 k4 R73 = 18 MD RL (in L1) = 2.2 D, 5 W
R18= 15
P1 = 50 kQ preset H
Capacitors: C1 = 220 µF, 25 V C2; C7 = 100 nF C3 = 470 µ F, 6.3 V
C4= 1 aF
PI = 500 D multiturn, vertical preset (Bourns 3296Y) P2 = 2 kD multiturn, vertical preset (Bourns 3296Y)
Capacitors: C1; C23 = 2.2 µF, 50 V, MKT
C2 = 820 pF, polystyrene C3, C4 = 1.5 nF C5 -C8 = 47 µF, 10V Cg; C10 = 560 pF, polystyrene C11; C20; C21 - 1
F
C12 = 100 nF C13 = 5.6 nF C14 -C17 = 10 000 9F, 50 V, radial, for
PCB mounting C18; C19 = 1000 µF, 25 V, radial
C22 -10 0', 25 V C24 = 4.7 nF C11, = 220 pF, polystyrene (mount at
track side)
Semiconductors: D1 -D4 = LED, red (VF= 1.6 V) D5 = LED, red (high efficiency) D6 = LED, green (high efficiency) D7; D8 = 1N4148 Dg; D10 = not used T1; T2 = 2N2914 T3; T4 = BFX36 T5 = BC560C T6 = BC550C
T7 = BC141-16 T8 = BC161-16 Tg = BF256C T10; T11 = BF256A (interconnect gate
and source; cut off gate) T12; T17 = MJE15031 T13; T16 = MJE15030 T14; T15 = BD 139
T18; T19 = 2SC2922 (Toshiba) T20; T21 = 2SA1216 (Toshiba)
T22 = BF869 (interchange base and collector)
Integrated circuits: ICI4C2 = 4N35 IC3 = OP77 IC4 = LM337
Miscellaneous: L1 = 10 turns (15 mm dia.) of 1.5 mm dia. enamelled copper wire K1 = phono socket for PCB mounting (or two PCB pins). F1;F2 = 6.3 A (with fuseholder). 5 off spade terminal, screw type. 1 off heat sink max. 0.5 K W-1. 2 off heat sink for T12 and T13 1 off PCB Ref. 920135-1 (see page 70) POWER SUPPLY & ENCLOSURE
Tr1 = ring core transformer, sec. 2x30V, 300 VA, e.g., 71017 (Amplimo or ILP) B1 = B200C35000 (200 V/35 A bridge) R1 -R8 = 0.1 II, 5 W C1 -C4 = 10 000µ F, 50 V
1 off mains socket 1 off mains switch 2 off phono socket (gold-plated) 2 off loudspeaker terminal or banana socket Enclosure : e.g., ESM Type ET38/13 (300 mm deep) (Maplin)
C5 = 10 a F, 10 V, radial ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
discharged rapidly when the supply is switched off.
Construction The printed -circuit board for the auxiliary circuit is shown in Fig. 6, and the component layout of the PCB for the protection circuit and the amplifier in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 respectively. The latter two were shown full-scale in Ref. 2 and Ref. 1
respectively. There is no board for the power supply of Fig. 5, so this must be
constructed on a prototyping board. The PCBs are available ready made through our Readers' Services.
Ref. 2, which includes a template for drilling the heat sink. The following description will concentrate on the more impor-
Building the auxiliary circuit is straight-
tant details only and on the aspects re-
forward and consists merely of populating the board with reference to Fig. 6 and the parts list. The same applies to the protection circuit. Do not forget the heat sink for T8 and use heavy duty terminals for the connections to the triacs. As far as the amplifier board is concerned, a full description was given in
sulting from the modifications in the present amplifier over that in Ref. 2. Mount most of the components on the board, but, for convenience's sake, leave the large electrolytic capacitors till a little later. Although different types of dual transistor are used in the T1 -T4 positions, they are also housed in a TO -78 enclosure and they are pin -compatible with the
18 NOV 9312:09:23
RECISION DEFAULT THD+N(%) vs FREO Hz)
AUDIO
I AUDIO PRECISION THDVSLVL THD+N % vs measured
...m...
1
MEMIEE=mamilliME=Mgrai
MI=
MIMI
.
I -
-
I
ill
I I I
0.1 1
H
IIM
,
.
0.010
MEN
MI
,
011.=
mm
0 010
A p fi
4P
Ell MalliM
ll. MC= .1111MMEI=
01
18 NOV 9312:24:48
LEVEL(W)
1
1111.=11=MMIli
1
-I I i
Ill
.
0 001
I
..
0.001
ii==MO
,.
..'
(inns
0005 100
20
1k
10k
10m
20k
200
Characteristic B
Characteristic A
AU )10 PRECISION PWR-BAND LEVEL(W) vs FREO(Hz)
100
10
0.1
18 NOV 9313:09:19
Elektor GB2FFT
AMP1(dBr) vs FREO Hz)
18 NOV 9311:27:22
0.0
500
Ap
Ap -20.00
-40.00
100
-60.00
-80.00
.100.0
10
.120.0
-140.0
.
1
-160.0 20
100
1k
10k
20k
0.0
500.0
1-00k
Characteristic C
The results of the measurements on the prototype are, without exception. very good. Noise and residual distortion are far removed from the human limits of observation. Pulse response and damping factor are almost ideal, although that is a strong word to use. Listening tests confirm the measured values, Even the most demanding recordings from our record library were repro-
duced without any discernible hitch. The four characteristics shown above.
1.50k
2.00k
250k
300k
400k
Characteristic D
obtained with an Audio Precision Analyser,
of the curve is the clipping point.
Characteristic C shows the maxiCharacteristic A shows the total mum power at a distortion of 0.1%; it
illustrate these statements.
harmonic distortion plus noise (THD + N) over the frequency range 20 Hz to 20 kHz at an output power of 50 W. Characteristic B illustrates the distortion at 1 kHz as a function of the drive level over the frequency range 22 Hz to 22 kHz. It is clear that between 10 W and 20 W the limits of the analyser were reached.
The sharp bend at the nght-hand side
will be seen that within the audio range the power is completely independent of frequency
Characteristic D gives the Fourier analysis of a 1 kHz signal at an output of 1 W into 8 CI with the fundamental fre-
quency suppressed. The attenuation of the 2nd harmonic is about 125 dB, while the 3rd harmonic is lost in the noise.
Box 2. Four characteristics illustrating certain measurements on the prototype amplifier. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
350k
AUDIO & HI -Fl
earlier types. The types of transistor used
and source.
in the T7 and T8 positions are also pin -com-
Since the board was originally intended for a BC550C, the collector pin of T22 (a
Resistor RL must be mounted centrally inside air -cored inductor L1. The coil consists of 10 turns of 1.5 mm diameter enam-
BF869) must be inserted into the hole
lled copper wire wound on a 15 mm di-
originally meant for the base, and the base pin into the original commector hole. Take
ameter tube. Make small loops at the ends of the wire so that the coil can be mounted
to be modified slightly before they can be
care not to short-circuit these pins.
fitted. Since their gate must not be connected to the board, the relevant pin must be linked to the source pin and as much of it cut off as possible. The result is a FET with only two pins which are to be
The same sort of thing needs to be done with T12 and T13. Since the types now used
on the board with small bolts and nuts. There are no holes provided for Cfb: this capacitor should be soldered at the
patible with the earlier types, but they are slightly larger, which adds to the density on the board. Field-effect transistors T10 and T11 need
inserted in the holes intended for the drain
are housed in a TO -220 case, they must be mounted on the board the wrong way around, that is, with the metal plane at the inside.
track side of the board directly across R49. Diodes D9 and D10 must not be used
in the present amplifier. Fit PCB pins in the holes intended for these diodes and
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Fig. 9. Wiring diagram for the amplifier (one channel). ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
References:
are no longer used, terminal FB2 must
not short-circuited by the water. Adjust P1 on the protection board until D10 on the same board just lights. Then, fit T12 to the heat sink. Bear in mind that the
be linked to the junction L1 -R47, and FB1
temperature of the heat sink even in normal
to the earth terminal of the loudspeaker
operation becomes at least 20 °C higher END than ambient.
2. 'Output amplifier for ribbon loudspeakers', Elektor Electronics, November/December 1992.
link them to the ±15 V supply on the auxiliary circuit board. Since sense lines to the loudspeaker(s)
(clamp together with the loudspeaker
1. 'Medium power a.f. amplifier', Elektor Electronics, October/November 1990
cable in the spring -loaded terminal).
If car -type fuses of 6.3 A are unobtainable, use a glass fuse mounted in a traditional holder soldered on to the screw type terminals.
Use flat car -type connectors for terminating the supply lines and also for the
output lines (these come at the underside of the board).
The board is intended to form a (lateral) 'T' with the heat sink. Screw the power transistors and T14 -T17, mounted on the amplifier board, to the heat sink:
use insulating washers in all cases. Do not yet fit T12 to the upper half of the heat sink: see under `Alignment'. A completed single -channel amplifier module is shown in Fig. 10. Its wiring diagram is given in Fig. 9. Use heavy-duty wire (4mm2 cross-section) for the power
lines, output lines to the loudspeaker(s) and the lines between the amplifier board
and the triacs on the protection board. Use screened cable for the input lines. Such cable is also recommended to link points A on the three boards. It proved impossible to obtain an enclosure suitable for housing two amplifier modules to form an integrated stereo amplifier; the prototype stereo amplifier therefore consists of two individual mono amplifier modules.
Fig. 10. Completed single -channel (mono) amplifier module.
11.,e4r'''
Alignment Set P1 to maximum resistance: check this with an ohmmeter. Switch on the mains, and measure the voltage at the various points shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. If these are all as specified, measure the voltage across one of the emitter resistors of T18 -T21 with a digital voltmeter and
adjust P1 until the meter reads 22 mV (which corresponds to a quiescent current of 200 mA per transistor). Next, again with a digital voltmeter, measure the direct voltage at the base of T1 or T3; adjust P2 to make the reading exactly zero. Then, measure the output voltage of IC4, which must be between 0 V and -11 V.
If the voltage is more negative, reduce the values of R55 and R74 by about 10% (after switching off the amplifier!).
Next, check the output voltage of IC3 (pin 1). After the amplifier has been switched
on for a little while, this voltage should remain within ± 10 V. If this is not the case, reduce R73 to the next lower E12 value. Finally, connect T12 via a short length
of cable to terminals C and earth on the protection board. Place the transistor in a dish of warm water (about 60 °C), mak-
ing sure that the device's terminals are ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Fig. 11. Mono amplifier module seen from top with cover of enclosure removed.
24
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The Philips 9CM073 is suggested for the PC286 and the
£425.0a, MONITORS
CM8873 for the PC386. Either may use the SVGA MTS-9600 if a suitable card is installed. We can fit this at a cost of £49.00 for the PC286 and £39.00 for the PC386.
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(unless stated) are removed from often brand new equipment and are fully tested, aligned and shipped to you with a 90 day guarantee and operate from standard voltages and are of standard size. All are IBM-PC compatible (if 31/2" supported). £29.95(B( 3.5" Panasonic JU363/4 720K or equivalent 3.5" Mitsubishi MF355C-L. 1.4 Meg. Laptops only' £29.95(B) 3.5" Mitsubishi MF355C-D. 1.4 Meg. Non laptop £29.95(B( 5.25" EXTRA SPECIAL BRAND NEW Mitsubishi MF50113 360K. Absolutely standard fits most computers £22.95(B) * Data cable included in price. £175.00(E) Shugart 800/801 SS refurbished & tested £275.00(E( Shugart 851 double sided refurbished & tested Mitsubishi M2894-63 double sided switchable hard or soft sectors- BRAND NEW £250.00(E) Dual 8" drives with 2 mbyte capacity housed in a smart case with built in power supply! Ideal as exterior drives! £499.00(F) End of line purchase scoop! Brand new NEC D2246 8" 85 megabyte of hard disk storage! Full CPU control and industry
14" Forefront Model MTS-9600 SVGA multisync with resolution of 1024 x 768.0.28 pitch. "Text" switch for word processing etc. Overscan switch included. Ideal for the PC 386 or PC -286 with SVGA card added. Also compatibe with BBC, Amiga, Atari (including the monochrome high resolution mode), Ar-
POWER SUPPLIES Power One SPL200-5200P 200 watt (250 w peak).Semi open frame giving +5v 35a, -5v 1.5a, +12v 4a (8a peak), -12v 1.5a, +24v 4a (6a peak). All outputs fully regulated with over voltage protection on the +5v output. AC input selectable for 110/240 £85.00 (B) vac. Dims13" x 5" x 2.5". Fully guaranteed RFE. Power One SPL130. 130 watts. Selectable for 12v (4A) or 24 v (2A). 5v @ 20A. ± 12v CI 1.5A. Switch mode. New. £59.95)B) Astec AC -8151 40 watts. Switch mode. +5v @ 2.5a. +12v @ £22.95(B) 2a. -12v @ 0.1a. 6-1/4" x 4" x 1-3/4".New Greendale 19ABOE 60 watts switch mode.+5v @ 6a,±12v 1a,+15v @ 1 a. RFE and fully tested.11 x 20 x5.5cms. £24.95(C) Conver AC130. 130 watt hi -grade VDE spec.Switch mode.+5v 15a, -5v C4 1a,±12v ft 6a.27 x 12.5 x 6.5cms.New. £49.95(C) Boshert 13090.Switch mode.ldeal for drives & system. +5v @ 6a, +12v @ 2.5a, -12v (4 0.5a, -5v ft 0.5a. £29.95(B) Farnell G6/40A. Switch mode. 5v @ 40a.Encased £95.00(C) Farnell G24/5S. As above but 24v ft 5a. £65.00(C)
BBC Model B APM Board
THE AMAZING TELEBOX!
VGA, digital/analog, switch selectable. Sound with volume control. There is also a special "Text" switch for word processing, spreadsheets and the like. Compatible with
IBM PC's, Amiga, Atari (excluding the monochrome high resolution mode), BBC, Archimedes etc. Good used condition (possible minor screen burns) 90 day guarantee. 15" x 14" x 12". Only
£139(E)
Philips 9CM073 similar (not identical) to above for EGA/CGA PC and compats. 640 x 350 resolution. With Text switch with amber or green screen selection. 14" x 12" x 13-1/2" ...£99(E) KME 10" high definition colour monitors. Nice
tight 0.28" dot pitch for superb clarity and'
£100 CASH FOR THE MOST NOVEL DEMONSTRATABLE APPLICATION!
standard SMD interface. Ultra hi speed transfer and access time leaves the good old ST506 interface standing. In mint condition £299(E) and comes complete with manual. Onl
chimedes etc. In good used condition (possible minor screen £159(E) burns). 90 day guarantee. 15" x 14" x 12" Only 14" Philips Model CM8873 VGA multisync with 640 x 480 resolution. CGA, EGA or
modern styling. Operates from any 15.625 khz sync RGB video source, with RGB analog and
composite sync such as Atari, Commodore Amiga, Acorn Archimedes & BBC. Measures only 13.5" x 12" x 11'. Also works as quality Tv witn our Hud
BBC Model B type computer on a board. A major purchase Telebox. Good used condition. 90 day guarantee. Only £125 (E) £145 (E) allows us to offer you the PROFESSIONAL version of the BBC KME as above for PC EGA standard computer at a parts only price. Used as a front end graphics Brand new Centronic 14" monitor for IBM PC and compatibles QUALITY COLOUR TV!! system on large networked systems the architecture of the BBC at a lower than ever price! Completely CGA equivalent. Hi-res Mitsubishi 0.42 dot pitch giving 669 x 507 pixels. Big 28 Mhz
Converts your colour monitor into a
board has so many similarities to the regular BBC model B that bandwidth. A super monitor in attractive style moulded case.Full we are sure that with a bit of experimentation and ingenuity many 90 day guarantee. Only £129(E) useful applications will be found for this board!! It is supplied NEC CGA 12" IBM-PC compatible. High complete with a connector panel which brings all the I/O to 'D' quality ex -equipment fully tested with a 90 The TELEBOX consists of an attractive fully cased mains and BNC type connectors - all you have to do is provide +5 and day guarantee. In an attractive two tone powered unit, containing all electronics ready to plug into a host ± 12 v DC. The APM consists of a single PCB with most major ribbed grey plastic case measuring 15"L x of video monitors made by manufacturers such as ic's socketed. The ic's are too numerous to list but include a 13"W x 12"H. The front cosmetic bezel has
TV SOUND & VIDEO TUNER!
MICROVIT EC, ATARI, SANYO, SONY, COMMODORE, 6502, RAM and an SAA5050 teletext chip. Three 27128 been removed for contractual£69 PHILIPS, TATUNG, AMSTRAD and many more. The composite EPROMS contain the custom operating system on which we video output will also plug directly into most video recorders, have no data, On application of DC power the system boots and allowing reception of TV channels not normally receivable on provides diagnostic information on the video output. On board most television receivers (TELEBOX MB). Push button controls DIP switches and jumpers select the ECONET address and on the front panel allow reception of 8 fully tuneable 'off air' UHF enable the four extra EPROM sockets for user software. Appx. colour television or video channels. TELEBOX MB covers vir- dims: main board 13" x 10". I/O board 14" x 3". Supplied tested tually all television frequencies VHF and UHF including the with circuit diagram, data and competition entry form. HYPERBAND as used by most cable TV operators. Composite and RGB video outputs are located on the rear panel for direct connection to most makes of monitor. For complete compatibility SPECIAL INTEREST
reasons. Only ......
monitors, complete with composite video & sound inputs. Attractive teak style case. Perfect for Schools,Shops,Disco, Clubs. In EXCELLENT little used condition with full 90 day guarantee.
20"....£135 22"....£155 26"....£185 (F) CALL FOR PRICING ON NTSC VERSIONS!
Only £29.95 or 2 for £53 (B)
- even for monitors without sound - an integral 4 watt audio amplifier and low level Hi Fi audio output are provided as Trio 0-18 vdc bench PSU. 30 amps. New Fujitsu M3041 600 LPM band printer standard. Telebox ST for composite video input monitors £32.95 DEC LS/02 CPU board £36.50 Rhode & Schwarz SBUF TV test transmitter Telebox STL as ST but with integral speaker 25-1000mhz. Complete with SBTF2 Modulator Telebox MB as ST with Multiband tuner VHF -UHF -Cable. Calcomp 1036 large drum 3 pen plotter & hyperband For overseas PAL versions state Thurlby LA 160B logic analyser
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£69.95 1.5kw 115v 60hz power source Top quality 19" rack cabinets made in UK £ 950 £69.95 Anton Pillar 400 Hz 3 phase frequency converter 75Kw POA by Optima Enclosures Ltd. Units feature designer, smoked acrylic lockable front Newton Derby 400 Hz 70 Kw converter POA RGB Telebox also suitable for IBM multisync monitors with RGB Nikon PL -2 Projection lens meter/scope £750 door, full height lockable half louvered back analog and composite sync. Overseas versions VHF & UHF call. Sekonic SD 150H 18 channel Hybrid recorder £2000 door and removable side panels. Fully adSECAM / NTSC not available. HP 7580A A1 8 pen high speed drum plotter £1850 justable internal fixing struts, ready Kenwood DA -3501 CD tester, laser pickup simulator £ 350 punched for any configuration of equipment mounting plus ready mounted integral 12 way 13 amp socket switched mains distribuBRAND NEW PRINTERS Brand new and boxed 230 volts uninterruptable power supplies tion strip make these racks some of the most versatile we have from Densei. Model MUK 0565-AUAF is 0.5 kva and MUD Microline 183. NLQ 17x17 dot matrix. Full width. £139 (D) ever sold. Racks may be stacked side by side and therefore 1085-AHBH is 1 kva. Both have sealed lead acid batteries. MUK Hyundai HDP-920. NLQ 24x18 dot matrix full width. £149 (D) require only two side panels or stand singly. Overall dimensions are internal, MUD has them in a matching case. Times from Qume LetterPro 20 daisy. Qume QS -3 interface. £39.95 (D) are 77-1/2"H x 32-1/2"D x 22"W. Order as: interrupt are 5 and 15 minutes respectively. Complete with full Centronics 152-2 9 x 7 dot matrix. Full width. £149 (D) Rack 1 Complete with removable side panels.. ..... £275.00 (G) operation manuals MUK £249 (F) MUD £525 (G) Centronics 159-4 9 x 7 dot matrix.Serial. 9-1/2" width £ 99 (D) Rack 2 Less side panels £145.00 (G)
5.5 or 6mhz sound specification. Telebox RGB for analogue RGB monitors (15khz) Shipping code on all Teleboxes is (B)
No Break Uninterruptable PSU's
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All prices for UK Mainland. UK customers add t7.5% VAT to TOTAL order amount. Minimum order £10. PO orders from Government,Universities,Schoots & Local Autho 'ties welcome -minimum account order £30. Carnage charges (A)=£2.00. (Al )=£3.75. (B)=£5.50. (C)=£8.50. (0).£11.50. (E)=£14.00 (F)=C18.00 (G)=Call . Scotland surcharge: call. All goods supplied subject to our standard Conditions of Sale and unless otherwise stated guaranteed for 90 days. At guarantees on a retum to base basis.Rights reserved to change prices & specifications without prior notice. Orders subject to stock. Quotations willingly given for higher quantities than those stated. Bulk surplus always wanted forcash.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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ESR ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Station Road, Cullercoats,
DEPT. EE
Tyne & Wear NE30 4PQ Fax. 091 252 2296 Tel. 091 251 4363 74LS-Series 741500 741S01
741502 741503 741504 741505 741008 741509 74LS10 7410107 7415109 741511 741S112 7415113 7415114 741512 7415122 7410123 741S125 741S126 741513 7410132 741_0133
7415136 741_3138
7415139 741_514
7415145 7415147 7410148 741015 7413151
7415153 741S154 741_5155
7415156 7410157 7413158 7410160 74L5161
4000
£0.17
4001 4002
00.21
£0.14
4011
£0.23 £0.21
£0.17 £0.21 £0.21 £0.21
£0.14 £0.31 £0.31 £0.21 £0.21
£0.14 £0.21
£0.18 £0.16 £0.24 £0.25 £0.18 £0.56 0 .26 £0.70 £0.14 £0.25 £0.25 £0.70 £0.25
£0.36
741_0162 741_0163 741_5164
£0.25 £0.25 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.26
74LS165
£0.443
74[S170
£0.30 £0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.25 £0.24
7410173 7415174 7415175 7415190 741_0191
7410192 74L5193 741S195 741_4196 741_0197
741520 741521 741_522
7410221 741S240 741_3241
74LS242
74[S243 74[S244 7410245 7415247 74LS251
74[S257 7410258 741526 741_0266 741_027
7415273 741_5279
741530 741532 7415365 74LS367 74LS368 74[S37 7410373 7410374 741_5375
7415377
74[S378 741_538
741S390 7415393 7410395 741_5399
741540 74LS42 74LS47 74[S51 741_5670 741_573 741_574 741_575
74[S76 74L583 741585 741586 741090 74LS92 74LS93
f 0.42 £0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.16 £0.14 £0.14 £0.36 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.33 £0.32 £0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.32 £0.25 £0.14 £0.14 £0.21 £0.21 £0.21
£0.14 £0.32 £0. 32
£0.34 £0.32 £0.62 £0.14 £0.25 £0.24 £0.26 £0.62 £0.14 £0.25 £L1.14
£0.69 £0.17 £0.19 £0.25 £0.31
£0.35 £0.20 £0.23 £0.35 £0.25
ENAMELLED COPPER WIRE
All 2oz Reels 14 SWG £0.63 £0.67 16 SWG £0.67 18 SWG £0.72 20 SWG £0.76 22 SWG £0.80 24 SWG £0.89 26 SWG 28 SWG £0.91 £0.93 30 SWG £0.93 32 SWG £0.99 34 SWG £1.04 36 SWG £1.10 38 SWG £1.22 40 SWG
4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4012 4013 4014 4015
4016 4017 4018 4019
4020 4021
4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031
4033 4034
4035 4040 4041
4042 4043 4044 4046 4047
£0.17 £0.32 £0.17 £0.31
£0.19
0.23 £0,16 £0.16 £0.21
£0.30 £0.31
£0.18 [0.27 £0.27 £0.19 £0.31 £0.31
£0.32 £0.16 £0.21
£0.36
£0.17 £0.70 £0.56 £1.24 £0.31 £0.29 £0.31 £0.22
£0.28 (0.35 £0.31
£0.25 £0.20 £0.20
4051
E0.36
4052 4053 4054
£0.25 £0.25 £0.56
4055
L0.34
40E7
4072 4073 4075 4076 4077 4081
4082 4085 4086 4089 4093 4094 4095 4097
4098 4099 4502 4503
4508 4510 4511
4512 4514 4515 4516 4518 4520 4521
4526 4527 4528 4529 4532 4534 4538 4538 4541
4543 4555 4556 4560 4568 4572 4584 4585 4724 40106 40109 40163 40174 40175 40193
253703 2N3704 2N3705 2N3706 2N3771 253772
253904
4049 4050
4071
2N2222A 2N2646 2N2904A 2N2905A 2N2907 2N2926 2N3053 2N3054 2N3055 253440 253702
L0.59
£0.31
4066 4067 4068 4069 4070
251E193
252218A 252219A
£0.18 £0.22
4048
4063
2N1613 2N1711
253773 253819
£0.15
£0.29 £0.18 £1.91
£0.16 £0.20 £0.17 £0.20 £0.17 £0.17 £0.17 £0.30 £0.17 £0.14 £0.17 £0.28 £0.26 £0.55 L0.18 £0.31
£0.56 £1.20 £0.38 £0.38 £0.31
£0.90 £0.26 [0.32 [0.32 00.77
[0.98 £0.31
£0.27 £0.26 £0.62 £0.40 £0.39 £0.40 £0.44 £0.32
2N3820 2N3905
253906 2N4036 255296 255321 256107 AC126 AC127 AC128 AC187 AC188 ACY17 AD149 AD161
AD162 BC107 BC107B 5C108 BC108A BC108C BC109 BC109C BC114 BC115 8C116 BC118
f1.18
£1.96 £0.25 £0.24 £0.32 £0.70 £0.31
£0.50 £0.46 £0.34 £0.36 £0.60
£0.31
8C186
£0.26 £0.29 £0.28 £0.25 £0.16 £0.80 £0.25 £0.23 £0.20 £0.16 £0.27 £0.90 £0.62 £0.50 £0.09 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £1.44
13C204C BC20613
£1.51
BC307
£0.57 £0.57 £0.60 £0.30 £0.30 £0.28 [0.45 £0.37 £3.84 £1.67 £0.92 £0.92 £0.14 £0.15 £0.13
£0.14 EJ ,6 £0.14 £0.41 £0.41 £0.41 £0.41
BC171
£0.11
BC171B 5C172 BC172B BC177
£0.16 £0.13 £0.13
BC1831B BC184 BC184L
EIC212L.
8C212LB BC213 BC213LC BC214 BC2141 BC237B 5C238C BC239C BC251 BC252
BC2616 BC262B BC267B
BC441 BC461
£0.36 £0.12 £0.12 £0.28 £0.16 £0.16
BC1831_
BC209A BC212
£0.31
BC154 BC157 BC159 BC160 BC170 BCI 70B
BC179 BC182 BC1821 BC182LB BC183
134208
5C308
£0.36 £0.36 £0.36 £0.25 £0.27
13C178
BC207C
£1.79 £0.40 £0.58 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10
BC132 BC134 BC135 BC140 BC141 BC142 BC143 BC149
£0.31
£0.34 £0.21
£0.18 £0.18
£0.17 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08
BC327 8C328 BC337 BC338 BC414C BC463 BC478 BC479 BC490 BC516 BC517 8C527 BC528 BC537 BC546C BC547C BC548C BC549C 1345504 BC556A BC557C
845584 BC559C BC5608 BC637 BC638 BC639 BC640 BCY70 BCY71
BCY72
80135 00136 80137 80138 80139
60166
(313187
40201
40202 30203 BD204 BD222 BD225
00232 80237 130238
802408 13024313
BD244A
00246 80441 130442
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
791_12
79L15 7805 7812 7815 7905 7912 7915 LM3172 LM723 L200CV LM323K LM338K
£0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.28 £0.28 £0.28 £0.28 £0.28 £0.28 £0.38 e0.38 £0.38 £0.56
£0.29
f1.16
£2.70 £5.52
OPTO DEVICES 5mrn Red LED 5mm Green LED 5mm Yellow LED 5mm Orange LED 3mm Red LED 3mm Greer, LED 3mm Yellow LED 3mm Orange LED 5mm Flashing Red 5mm Flashing Green 5mm Bi Colour 5mm Tri Colour 5mm Plastic Bezel 3mm Plastic Bezel
0 3" 7 Segment Display Red common anode common cathode
£008 £008
£0.08 £0.08 £0.09 £0.09 £0.10 £0.13 £0.13 £0.24 £0.24 £0.30 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.13 £0.40 £0.40 £0.29 £0.32 £0.32 £0.24 £0.22
0.20
£0.20 £0.20 £0.20 £0.08 £0.09 £0.08 £0.10 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.09
0D534 8D535 5D536 8D646 BD648
£0.47 £0.48 £0.65 £0.52 £0.52 £0.53 £0.42 £0.80 £1.78 £0.46 £0.50 £0.47 £0.50
130650 130707 B D807 BOX32
808330 BDX34C BDX53C BDX54C BF180 8E182
£0.31 £0.31 £0.31
B F185
£0.19 £0.19 £0.35 £0.33 £0.33 £0.36 £0.38 £0.13 £0.19 £0.29 £0.36 £0.29
8E194 8E195 8E244 BF257 8E259 BF337 8E355 06423 B F451
B F459
8E469 8FX29 BFX84 BFX85 BFY50
£0.31 £0.31
£0.29 £0.26 £0.28
BEY51 B FY52
55107
£0.21 £0.21
BS170 BSW66
£1.35 £1.70 £1.82 £1.73 £1.80 £2.32 Cl .76 £2.24 £1.36
83126 BU205 BU208A BU326A BU500 BU508A BU526 131_1806
£0.78
133884 I RF540 1RF740
£1.60 £1.63
MJ11015 MJ11016
£2.11 £2.11 £1 .60 £1.52 L0.40
£0.21 £0.21 £0.21 £0.21 £0.21
MJ2501 MJ3001 MJE340 MJE350 MPSA1 3
£0.42 £0.12
£0.20 £0.20 £0.20
MPSA42 MRF475
0.17 £6.21
TIP121
£0.35 £0.37 £0.37 £0.37 £0 46 £0.46
£0.22 £0.22 £0.23 £0.24 £0.82 £0.42 £0.35 £0.39 £0.40 £0.40 £0.40 £0.40 £0.40 £0.42 £0.38 £0.32 £0.32 £0.37 £0.50 £0.53
£106 £0.41 £0.41
TIP122 TIP125 TIP127 TIP132 TIP137 TIP142
£1.08
£1.12 £0.63 £0.31 £0.63
116147 7162955 211.29C
TIP3055
£0.31 £0.32 £0.32
TIP3OC
TIP31C TIP32C TIP33C TIP41A TIP42C TIP47
0.72
TI P48
TIP50 VN1OKM VN66AF ZTX300 ZTX500
£0.36 £0.38 £0.48 £0.62 £0.53 £0.44 £1.50 £0.16 £0.16
THYRISTORS P0102AA TIC1060 TIC116D TIC126D
Z0105DA £0.42 TIC206D £0.65 TIC226D £0.73 131-A08-6008 E0.84 TIC236D £0.96 DIAC £0.20
78L05 78112 78115 79L05
£0.33 £0.72 £0.72 £0.72 £0.72 £0.72 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08
£0.21
BD140 BD150C BD165
TRIACS
£2.48
£1.00 £0.37 [0.33 £0.46 £0.34 £0.34
LINEAR ICs
TRANSISTORS
4000 Series
£0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14
£0.09 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.08 £0.12 £0.13 £0.13 £0.50 £0.54 £0.36 £0.48 £0.04 £0.05 £1.14 £1.14
£0.30 £0.40 £0.66 £0.77
£0.28
CA741 CE
22 2E
CA747CE CA3046 CA3080 CA3130
£0.39 £0.37 £0.72 £0.98 £0.98 £0.56 £1.22 £1.70 £0.43 £0.96 £0.25
EC 25
£0.22
453130E CA3140 CA3240 ICL7621
ICM7555 ICM7556 LM301A LM348N
£0.36
LM358N
£0.27 £2.57 £1.12 £2.70 £0.48 £1.60
LM380N LM381
[M386 LM387
LM3925
E0.79 £0.28 £0.31
LM393N LM748CN LM1458 LM3900 LM3914 LM3915 MC3340 MC4558
£0.26 £0.72 £2.70 £2.70 £1.60 £0.36 £1.56 £0.36 £0.36 £0.80 £0.66 £0.77 £0.68 £0.39 £1.35 £0.35 £0.42 £0.46 £0.32 £0.34
NE531
NE556N NE567N NE5532 NE5534
TBA1205 TBA810S TBA820M TDA2030 TL061
TL062 TL064 TL071 CP
TL072CP TL074CN
0.48
£0.33 £0.34 £0.46 £0.64 £0.48
TL081
1_082CP TL084CN IJA733 1/152004 ZN4142 Z5425E 25426E Z94275 25428E ZN435E ZN448E
£1 .04
£4.68 £2.61
£8.82 £6.12 £5.31 £7.92
EPROMS & RAMS
M85 Box 150x 100 x 60mm £2.50
16V
25V
0 47
10 22 47 10 22 47
100 220 470 1000 2200
£0.05
£005
£0.06 £0.06 £0.09 £0.15 £0.22 £0.37
4700
£0.05 £0.05 £0.06 £0.09 £0.12 £0.19 £0.29 £0.57
£0.07 £0.11
£0.15 £0.15 £0.16 £0.19 £0.22 £0.25
100V
450V
£0.05 £0.05 £0.05 £0.05 £0.06 £0.09
£0.07 £0.06 £0.06 £0.08 £0.08
£0.15 £0.18 £0.30 £0.48
£0.11 £0.11 £0.31
£0.57
£1 .11
16V
25V
63V
100V
£0.09 £0.12
£0.11
£0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.12 £0.13 £0.16
£0.15 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.12 £0.17 £0.20
£0.13 £0.18 £0.24
£0.21 £0.42 £0.69
£0.40
£1.05
10 2.2
47 10 22 47
100 220 470 1000
2200 4700
£0.09
£0.10 £0.10 £0.13 £0.21
£0.33 £0.52 £0.90
£0.64
D CONNECTORS Socket
£0.30 £0.39 £0.90 £0.49 £0.50 £0.30 £0.33 £0.36 £0.36
450V
£0.19 £0.22 £0.34 £0.48 £1.06 £1.33 £2.46
£0.19 £0.20 £0.36 £0.64 £1.39
£0.601100
0 25W 5% CF E12 Series 0 5W 5% CF E12 Series 0 25W 1% MF E24 Series
£0.95/100
£1.72/100 POTS Log or Lin 4709 IMO 25ner dia 0.25in £0.42 shaft PRESETS Enclosed Horz or Vert 1008 1 MO 0.15W PRESETS Skeleton Hone
£0.15
or Vert 100R IMO 0 1W
£0.11 PLEASE STATE VALUE REQUIRED *
DIODES
COMPUTER ACCESSORIES
9 Way D Mini Female to Female 9 Way D Mini Male to Male 25 Way D Mini Female to Female 25 Way D Mini Male to Male 9 Way D Female to Female 9 Way D Male to Male 25 Way D Female to Female 25 Way D Male to Male
£3.75 £3.80 £4.78 £1 .81
f1.98 £2.23 E2.23 E2.33 £2.33 £2.71 £2.71
Adaptors 2 Was Maie to 25 Way Comae 9Wav E.ernale i3 25Was Mare 25 Way Male to 9 Way Female 25 Way D Male to 36 Way Centronic 25 Way Null Modem Female Female 25 Way Null Modem Male to Female 25 Way Null Modem Male to Male RS232 Surge Protector Male Female RS232 Jumper Box Male to Female RS232 Tester (7 LEDs) Male Female
Serial Switch box Serial Switch box Serial Switch box Serial Switch box Parallel box Parallel box
2 Way A/B 3 Way A/B/C 4 Way A/13/C/D
Parallel box Parallel box
4 Way A'8IC/0
Cross over 2 Way A/B
3 Way AiEliC. Cross over
Zener Diodes 287 33V £0.08 13ZY88400Mw 8Z)035 1.3W £0.14 £0.06 154001 1 N4002 £0.07 154003 £0.07 154004 £0.07 154005 £0.07 154006 £0.08 1 N4007 £0.08 1 N5400 £0.09 155401 £0.09 1 N5402 £0.09 1 55404 1 55406
£0.11 £0.11
£2.33 £3.56 £3.02 £3.02
1 N5407 1 N5408 1 N914
E6.12 £3.02 £6.59
154148
£0.14 £0.15 £0.06 £0.06 £0.05 £0.13 £0.28 £0.07 £0.10 £0.27 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.06 £0.10
c 2 .7 1
E2 71
£302
Data Switch Boxes £9.20 £13.16 £15.15 E19.69 £11.84 £17.11 £18.43 £20.42
1N916 BY133
0A47 0A90 0591 05202 BA157 BA158
85159 154149 0A200
ORDERING INFORMATION All prices exclude VAT. Please add £1.25 carriage to all orders and VAT (17.5%). No minimum order charge. Free Computer listing with all orders over £5.00. Please send payment with your order. PO/Cheques made payable to ESR Electronic Components VISA Access & Visa cards accepted Offical orders from schools & colleges welcome.
CALL IN - OPEN: MON-FRI 8.30-5.00 SAT 10.00-5.00 ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
£0.25
PCB Tact 6 x 6narn
RESISTORS
BRIDGE RECTIFIERS
Gender Changers
63V
0 47
47p -2n2 £0.09 2n7-100 £0.12
[2.80
ELECTROLYTIC AXIAL CAPACITORS uF
1 pF 1nF £0.06 1n2i2n7 £0.07
Parallel Printer Lead 2m RS232 Lead (all pins) Male Male RS232 Lead (all pins) Female Male Centronics 36 Way Lead Male Male
45.61 L5.61
3amp 250v 6 4rran ip mounting £0.58 SPST Toggle £0.60 SPOT Toggle £0.64 SPOT CO Tog £0.68 DPDT Toggle DPDT CO Toggle £0.76 D PDT CO Toggle £1.20 (biased) D PDT CO Toggle £1.20 (biased 1 way) £0.15 OPDT mini slide Rotary Waler 1P -12W. 2P 6W 3P -4W, 4P -3W £0.78 £2.70 Key Switch SPST £0.25 Push to make £0.28 Push to break £0.63 Latching Push Sqr
3n3 -4n7 0.12 10n & 12n E0.07 Polystyrene 160V 5% 47pF to 10nF
£3.69 44.97 41.53 L3.06 £4.83 11.78
6116-10 6264.10 62256-10 4164.15 41256.10 511000-8 514256-8
£7.36
SWITCHES
CAPACITORS 1 OpE to 100nF
W005 1 5A 50V W02 1 5A 200V BR32 3A 2008 BR62 6A 200V 1004 10A 4008
£3.06 £3.74 £5.56
£0.90 £1.24 PHOTO RESIST BOARD (Paper) £0.67 £1.24 £1.58 £4.63 8 rx10
Ceramic Mini Disc 100 & 63V
Plug
£1.84
COPPER BOARD (G. Fibre)
£1. 62 £2. 09 £2. 41
£0.29 £0.39 £0.81 £0.40 £0.48 9 Way plastic cover 15 Way plastic cover 23 Way plastic cover 25 Way plastic cover
£0.72
100rorn x 160mm 110mm x 220mm
CO. 86
27C512 27C010
ELECTROLYTIC RADIAL CAPACITORS uF
£4.80 £1.60 £6.20 PHOTO RESIST BOARD
9 Pin 15 Pin 15 Pin H.D. 23 Pin 25 Pin
£2.45
81mm x 60mrn 175mm x 42rnm 175mm x 67mm 203mm x 75mm includes mounting plate & posts
95mn, x 95mm 95mn, x 431mrn 100mrn x 160mm 119mrn x 454rnm
(0. Fibre)
£390 £10.80
BREADBOARD
STRIPBOARD 0 1 PITCH £0.27 64rnor x 25mm 64rnm a 95rnm £0.90 £3.22 64mm x 431 mm £1.50 95mm x 127mm
£3.00 [2.80 43.31
£67.38 £1.35
UV EXPOSURE UNIT PLASTIC DEVELOPING TRAY PHOTO RESIST AEROSOL SPRAY (100m1) FERRIC CHLORIDE CRYSTALS (0.5Kg) TIN PLATING POWDER (90g) ETCH RESIST PEN PCB POLISHING BLOCK
2764-25 27C64 25 21728-20 27C128-20 27256-20 27C256-20
8 Pin 14 Pin 16 Pin 18 Pin 20 Pin 24 Pin 28 Pin 40 Pin
£0.82 £0.82 £0.98 £1.44 £1.56 £1.82
E4.30 £7.40 £6.60 £0.62 £0.87
L4.46 £4.84
43.69
PL259 11 mm
RND UHF socket SQR UHF socket F Plug RG58 F Plug RG6 N Plug RG8 N Socket RG8 BNC Crimp Pliers
£3.00
2716 2732
£3.15 [3.55
£0.93 £0.96 £0.68 £0.68 £1.08 £0.80 £0.68 £0.62 £0.68 £0.45 £0.30 £0.27 £1.60 £1.40 £15.50
BNC Solder Plug 500 8NC Solder Plug 75R BNC Crimp Plug 50R 8NC Crimp Plug 7515 BNC Solder Skt BNC Chassis Skt PL259 5 2mm
£7.75 £7.78 £7.96 £7.88 £7.96 £2.85 £11.58
PCB EQUIPMENT
£0.41
L M377
Rp CONNECTORS
SOLDERING IRONS Antex Soldering irons M 12 Watt C 15Waii G 18Watt CS 17Watt XS 25Watt ST4 STAND 35Watt Gas Iron Desolder Pump Antistatic Pump 22SWG 0 5Kg Solder 18SWG 0 5Kg Solder 1mrn 3 yds Solder Desolder Braid
£0.31
LF351 N LF353
DIL SOCKETS
HARDWARE T2 Box 75 x 56 x 25mrn T3 Box 75 x 51 x 25mm 74 Box 111 x 57 x 22mrn MB1 Box 79x 61 x 40nen M B2 Box 100 a 76 x 41mrn M83 Box 118 x 98 x 45rten
CA311E CA324 CA555
26
PIC PROGRAMMER The latest buzz in Programmable Logic Land is `PIC', a RISC based microcontroller manufactured by Microchip Technology Inc. Read all about it in this article! A programmer is described which enables a large number of PIC16Cx and PIC17Cx devices to be loaded with your own application programs. And there is more good news: software development for PIC controllers will be the subject of a short course to be featured in this magazine in the near future.
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS 28 -pin processors:
PIC16C52; -55; -56; -57; -71; -84
40 -pin processors: Processor:
PIC17C42
EPROM or OTP
version Code memory and configuration word
Programs:
ZIF type (28 -pin and 40 -pin) On -board in
IC sockets:
Software:
PIC17C42
Support: RAM memory: Communication:
PIC 16C56,
via MS-DOS PC 32KByte via RS232 interface
PIC 16C57,
PIC 16C71,
PIC16C84 and PIC17C42. These ICs
are connected to the programmer via two zero -insertion force (ZIF) sockets. The PIC17C42 is fitted into a 40 -way ZIF socket, while the other PICs fit into a 28 -way ZIF socket. If you do not envisage ever programming either a
PIC16C or a PIC17C device, the relevant ZIF socket may be omitted without problems.
The programmer is controlled by software that runs on an MSDOS PC, in conjunction with the pre-programmed PIC17C42 in the programmer circuit itself. The latter PIC takes
Design by M. Rose
care of the communication with the
PC, and generates the supply and programming voltages for the PIC to be programmed. The direct voltages used
THE sheer market force and impact of microcontroller families such as the MCS-51 and 68xx, manufactured by semiconductor 'giants' like Intel and Motorola, would make you almost forget that there exist competing companies in this field. One of these companies is Microchip Technology in the USA., who produce a remarkable family of microcontrollers designated
injection systems, police radar detec- in the programmer circuit are 'tailored' tors and anti -block brake systems. with the aid of the PWM (pulse -width One of the intentions of this article modulation) outputs of the PIC17C42. is to make the advanced hobbyists and This obviates the need of a host of dismall-scale programmer familiar with rect voltage sources usually found in PIC devices, and what better way to do programmers. this than to describe a compact and inexpensive programmer? Once you have The hardware
built the programmer and completed the course on PIC software develop- The circuit diagram of the PIC prowith the type prefix 'PIC'. ment, you are ready to use these inter- grammer is given in Fig. 1. First, let us PIC processors were developed for esting devices in a vast range of discuss the digital section of the ciruse in widely different surroundings processor -controlled applications. cuit. The two ZIF sockets that receive and conditions. In the office environthe PIC devices to be programmed are ment, for instance, you may find them The programmer marked U11 and U12. The operation of lurking in photocopying machines, the circuit is not so easy to explain in typewriters and barcode scanners. The programmer circuit is designed one go because the PIC devices that Computer peripheral manufacturers such that it can be used for a large can be programmed have slightly difuse PICs in printers, scanners and number of PIC devices. The hardware ferent programming sequences. These disk drives. In the telecomms sector, remains limited to an absolute mini- sequences will, therefore, be described PICs are found in a wide range of mum thanks to the use of ... a PIC mi- separately for each processor. equipment, including fax machines crocontroller! The programmer is and cellular telephones. The automo- capable of burning the following de- PIC17C42 tive industry, too, employs PICs in fuel vices: PIC16C54, PIC16C55, The PIC17C42 has an internal ROM ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
PIC PROGRAMMER
C7
10,
5V
O
5V
26 C11
116
25
e
U14
0,
X1 R2OUT
8- R2114
0.2
L MUT 4
U4
16V
T2IN
T1OUT
T1 IN
R1OUT
R1IN
MAX232
C2.
21,
16V
-
PCO/ADO
PA1/RT
PC1/A D1
PC2/AD2
PC4/AD4
12 4
POO/AD8
10
10
PD2JAD10
PIC 17C42 P03/A011
PB1/CAP2
10
161/
15
PB2/PWM1
PO4/A012
PB3/PWM2
PD5/AD13
P06/A014
PB4/TCLK12
16
A5
R E1 /OE
PB7
PE2/111
MCLRNPP
AD2 AD
AD6
8
13
A6
AD]
9
12
Al
TEST
9
A2 3
A4
4
ADO 5
R4
38
U2
P-L10k
37
AEW
9
6
10
r>
18
4
A03
10k
16
5
29 28
A9
/.\
02
4
D3
411^
21
D5
A9
O6
A10
07
Al2/111.3 613/
\AL21
13
414
\407
12
2
A03
16
AD4
1]
AD5
18
ADfi
19
A07/
Al2 R/W
413 A10
y
CE
OE
I10
20
U1a 27
22
2
EN
Ud
74HC573
ADW
D
0,
19
ADO
18
AD1
6
403
15
ADO
10
AD5
12
AD)
9
\ A33
CD
72;" '
AD2
15
2
5
C1
AD1
13
A11
612
14
9
D4
RAM 32K
25
A10
15
RI lox
5
A4
600
12 O1
74HC573
V
11 DO
U3
AO
\ A5 \ A6
EN
0
120
A
A2
U1b
/02g
OSC1
28
A
ADS
6
REO/ALE
PB6
18
A4
4
5V
AO
PD)/4015
P95/TCLK3
17
15
6
PD1/0.09
PBOHCAP1
13
A3
7
A135
PC7/AD7
2
12
A2
6
ADO
PC6/AD6
0-8--
Al
17
>
D
A135
4
PC5/A135
11
18
4
ADO
"
0.2
AO
3
ADO
PC3/.4133
PA3
10
19
AD1 2 3
PA2
23
2
ADO
2
PAO/INT
ADO
22p
13 12
10
U6a A10
2 3
&
U6c
V 41
fi
&
U7a
1N4148
74HC573 IC3
5 9
U7b
U6b
10:16V U9 CTR12
10i
ff >0
0-
5V
-72
5
CTI
6 2L 13 8
9
T=0
10
12 2
14 2
15
PCO/ADO PC1 /AD1
AD3
U12
PC2/A132
PAO/INT
1
PC3/A03
U10a
U6d
0901
749C4040
MCLR
28
U10b
PC5/A05
PA2
25
PC6/ADS
PA3
24
PC7/AD7
RTCC
12
28- OSC2 ADO
6
J ADI
PC6 PAO
PC5 PCO
PA2
/
PC3
PA3
O
PC2
ZIF28 A134
0
/A05
U7d
PC7
PA1
/A02 U7c
U11
PC1
PBO PCO
7
RA4/RX/137
23
5
22 2
/AD)
PB2
PB7
PB3
PB6
14
P55
U7e
PA5MUCK
40- PDO/A138
0--
U10c 81
39- PD1/AD9 PI30//CAP1
38- 1.132/40I 0
26 25
19
24 23
22 21 11
ADO/
12
A131/
13
AD2 /
zo
37
RIO
19
3
fi
18
35
PB1
/ADO
PA1 /R7
PCOIA04
P'33"'" ZIF40 P134/41312
PB2/PWMI
P05/4013
PE3/PWA12
7
34- P136/8814
6
33- P137/A1315
PM/70_102 PB5/TCLIO
15
30 29
U10d 10
23
1
32
C5
Ulf
2
REO/ALE PB6
REVITE
P B
PE2NTR
10
AD3/
15
A04/
16
AD5/
17
A06/
8 AD]/
MCLRNPP
- 27TEST OSC1
/CLIMT
9
20
a. 110
R11
R12
O
C6
R/4 P
U 3d
R13
220n
7805
V
0
VDD
12
499
R15
U15
X2
M
C10 R16
C8
00n
00n
111 = 74HCT32
U6 = 74HC08 U7 = 74HC04 U10 = 74HCT4066 U13 = LM324
220n
Al' R18
5V
113
9
20
EMI
U13c
9
220n PWM2
10
R2
EMI C14
100n
220n
VPR
j? 14 Tel Ton?
.120;123
20
2
UB
T.17 900048 - 11
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the PIC programmer. The circuit is a 'hybrid', i.e., a combination of digital and analogue electronics.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
28
GENERAL INTEREST
(read-only memory) which contains a is achieved by analogue switch Ulm) program that enables the processor to switching on the supply voltage of the program itself. To enable the it to make PIC17C42, and closing thoc about 1µs use of this programming routine, the later to put the programming voltage
processor must be given access to a
small RAM (random access memory) area. This RAM is formed by U3, a 32-
using the same hardware settings as the PIC16C54/56, but a different pro-
gramming algorithm. This is fairly complex, but fortunately we need not on the reset input of the processor. bother about that because everything Next, the programming operation is is taken care of by the system software contained in the PIC I7C42 (which is started. supplied ready -programmed through the Readers Services). PIC16C55/57
KByte static memory type 62256 or 43256. Two octuple registers type 74HC573 (U2 and U4) act as a latch These processors come in 28 -pin DIL which allows 16 -bit RAM address loca- enclosures, and differ only in respect of
tions to be stored. The signals needed the size of their memory. Contrary to to store data into the memory are the PIC17C42, the PIC16Cxx devices found on port connections PDO and do not require an external memory for PD1 of the PIC microcontroller, U5. the programming sequence - data is During the programming operation, simply placed word -by -word into the the control signals appear at port con- PIC16Cxx by the controller in the pro-
The analogue circuitry
Apart from digital circuitry, Fig. 1 also shows a fair amount of analogue electronics. To begin with, there is a serial port based on the MAX232 single -chip RS232 interface. A big advantage of the MAX232 is its on -chip voltage connections PC6 and PC7 of U12, the con- grammer circuit. Since the 28 -pin socket is also used verter which supplies the symmetrical troller to be programmed. The control signals are combined logically by two to program 18 -pin PICs, a number of voltages needed to comply with reOR gates, UlA and U113, contained in a signals on the socket must be config- quirements as regards voltage swing 74HCT132. A very special configuration is found
urable. The connection with U5, the on an RS232 link. This converter al-
main processor, is established by clos- lows the programmer's power supply to around register U8. It may strike you ing Ulop. At the same time, the connec- be kept simple. Indeed, all that is
as odd that this memory is nearly al- tion with the programming voltage needed is a standard 7805 which can ways in high -Z mode, while its inputs must be broken. This is achieved with easily supply the 50 mA or so drawn by
and outputs are interconnected. This the aid of switch U100. the programmer. A heat -sink is not The programming cycle is started as needed on the 7805. is not a mistake! While the IC is in The 7805 is powered by a mains high -Z mode (also called 3 -state), the soon as the supply voltage and the pro`short-circuited' input and output con- gramming voltage are applied to the adaptor with an output voltage benections carry the bit patterns to be tween 15 V d.c. and 20 V d.c. The minstored in the RAM. The information imum value is required to ensure the conveyed over the bus may also be proper programming voltage, while the copied into the register by controlling maximum value must be observed to prevent the 7805 from being destroyed by a too high input voltage. The parts
the C input (pin 11). This happens with one byte only: the configuration word. As long as U8 is in high -Z mode, the contents of the register remain `hidden'
list mentions a 12-V mains adaptor. Most of these adaptors supply a considerably higher output voltage than the nominal value when the load cur-
in the IC. The PIC17C42 to be programmed reads the configuration stored in this register with the aid of a
pulse on port PC3. Only during this pulse is the register released from its high -Z state. Since the outputs of U5 and U3 are then at high impedance, the
rent is relatively low. Just to make sure
it is suitable for the job, the adaptor's output voltage should be checked with the programmer connected. If you use processor to be programmed. This is an adaptor with an internal regulator, achieved with the aid of U101) and U 1 oc be sure to set this for an output voltage
contents of U8 appear on the multiplexed data/address bus during this respectively. between 15 and 20 V. short read pulse. In other words, U8 The programming algorithm used The desired programming voltage, acts as a one -byte wide memory with a enables selected bytes to be pro- Vprog, and the supply voltage, VDD, depth of one location, and is used for grammed individually, and to be read are regulated by the PWM1 and PWM2 intermediate storage of the processor back for verification. This allows the outputs of the P1C17C42, U5. These configuration word. main microcontroller, U5, to keep track outputs are connected to two active
The processor configuration word is of the complete programming sequence second -order low-pass filters, and opbuilt by the software which runs on the (which includes blank check, program- erate at a frequency of about 64 kHz. MSDOS PC, and serves to define pro- ming and verification) in a simple man- The roll -off frequency of the filters built
gramming parameters including the
type of clock generator used, and
ner.
whether or not the PIC is to be pro- PIC16C54/56 tected from being read out.
The programming status information may be found on pins PCO and PC1
of the PIC17C42 to be pro-
these controllers, the signal arrangement on the ZIF socket is modified. Switch UIOA is opened because pin 9 is to be used for the programming For
grammed. These outputs are low dur- voltage. As with the 16C55/57, the ing the programming operation. If the supply voltage is applied to the socket programming sequence is successfully via 'Clot), while Uice connects the procompleted, PCO goes high. If not, PC I gramming voltage. The programming
from four opamps contained in an LM324, U13, is set at about 1 kHz. The
filtered output voltage has a value between 0 and 5 V depending on the duty factor of the PWM signal. Despite the simplicity of the filter sections, the di-
rect output voltages are sufficiently stable, accurate and virtually free of
ripple. The filter is followed by a d.c. amplifier wired for a gain of three. In this way, a variable output voltage of goes high. algorithm is identical to that of the between 0 V and 15 V is obtained. In The programming cycle is started by 16C55/57. practice, VDD is usually between 4 V applying a programming voltage (Vpp) and 6.5 V, while VPROG lies between of 12.5 V to the reset input, MCLR, PIC16C71/84 12 V and 13.5 V. The output impedwhile the test input is made high. This These processors are programmed ance of the opamps is low enough to ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
30
GENERAL INTEREST
PIC PROCESSORS - PORTRAIT OF A FAMILY tice, a maximum of about 10 MHz is achieved, which re-
Below is a short discussion of the block diagram of the generic PIC16C5x processor. For full data on all devices in the
EPROM 512 X 12 TO 2048 X 12
PIC family, consult the
4111
1I
PC
44.4
RTCC
STACK
DISABLE
WA rcHDOG
2
books.
INSTRUCTION REGISTER
DT TIME OUT
'CODE PROTECT'
General specifications Clock frequency: d.c. - 10 MHz Instruction time infinite to
2
OSCILLATOR TIMING 8 CONTROL
CLKOUT
WDT/RTCC PRESCALER
2
PIC16C5x
cycle length of 400 ns.
OSC
SELECT
(*)
Microchip Technology data -
sults in a minimum machine
OSCI OSC2 MCLR
coNFIG ORATION EPROM
PIN
STACK 2
"SLEEP"
The PIC16C5x from Microchip Technology Inc. is a family of low-cost, 8 -bit wide, fully static
INSTRUCTION DECODER
Instruction width: Bus width:
T5 "OPTION"
OPTION PEG.
I DIRECT ADDRESS
DIRECT RAM ADDRESS
8 bit EPROM memory: 1K x 14 Registers: 36 x 8 (SRAM) Spec. func. registers: 15 Hardware stack: 8 levels Addressing: direct, indirect and relative
1. FROM W GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER
CMOS microcontrollers with on -chip EPROM. The core of
FILE STATUS (131
the processor has a RISC structure, and has an instruction set
RTCC (II)
FSR (IA)
18
1
of 33 instructions. A feature of the RISC structure is that the
Awe;
w
fl
ALA
CPU is capable of executing one instruction per machine
FROM W
cycle, except the jump instructions, which take two machine
TRISA
DATA BUS FROM W
IS
/4
cycles.
RAO-RAT
/8
FROM W
MIME
TRISC
I
I/O functions I/O lines: RTC/counter:
17
/a
8 -bit prescaler
RC oscillator Protection: EPROM, via fuse Energy reduction: via sleep mode
ONLY)
940048 -12
have a very compact structure.
Consequently, machine code generated for the PIC16C5x is
The internal power -on reset circuit and start-up timer en-
indicates a simple RC oscillator. The fourth oscillator option is the use of an already avail-
able clock signal, which may
usual hardware for this purpose may, therefore, be omit-
The 17C42 is largely similar to
the other processors in the family. However, it has no fewer than 55 instructions, each of which is executed in
General specifications Clock frequency: d.c. - 20 MHz Instruction time: infinite to
four channels, a sample -and hold function, and a resolution is
frequency of 16 MHz, a ma-
200 ns 12 bit
±1 LSB, while the complete
chine cycle lasts 250 ns. All op -
conversion time is 30
codes are 16 -bit wide, so that instructions can be packed in a single 'word'. This processor is
Instruction width: Bus width: 8 bit EPROM memory: 512 - 2K x 12
A choice of four oscillator types is available, including a
Addressing:
low -energy oscillator based on a crystal or a ceramic resonator, and an inexpensive RC oscillator. The EPROM versions of the PIC16C5x (indicated by the suffix JW) allow the user to select the oscillator type during
PIC17C42
and has an eight -level stack. The on -chip A -D converter has
Registers: 25 - 72 x 8 (SRAM) Spec. func. registers: 7 Hardware stack: 2 levels
ted.
cycle. As with the 16C5x, two cycles are needed for a jump instruction, The processor recognizes four interrupt sources,
be used on all processors.
sure that the processor is prop-
erly initialized after the power supply is switched on. The
direct, indirect and relative
I/O functions I/O lines: RTC/counter:
10 - 20
8 bit with 8 -bit prescaler
Watchdog timer internal, with
of 8
bits.
The tolerance
General specifications Clock frequency; d.c. - 16 MHz Instruction time: infinite to
Instruction width: Bus width:
250 ns 14 bit
8 bit EPROM memory: 1K x 14 Registers: 36 x 8 (SRAM) Spec. func. registers 15 Hardware stack: 8 levels Addressing: direct, indirect and relative
one machine cycle. At a clock
capable of addressing a program memory of up to 64 K x 16. The internal program memory has a size of 2K x 16 General specifications Clock frequency: d.c. - 16 MHz Instruction time infinite to
Instruction width: Bus width:
the programming of the configuration word. By contrast, the oscillator type selection is fixed by the manufacturer for
RC oscillator Protection: EPROM, via fuse Energy reduction: via sleep mode
I/O functions I/O lines:
13
RTC/counter:
8 bit with
OTP (one-time programmable) versions of the processor. The
PIC16C71
Watchdog timer. internal, with
letters after the type number
This PIC processor is an upgraded
RC oscillator A -D converter:8 channels, 8 -bit Protection: EPROM, via fuse Energy reduction via sleep mode
I/O functions
indicate which oscillators may
PIC16C84
Serial ports
The PIC16C84 is also a static controller, only this type has an EEPROM program memory of 1Kx14 and an EEPROM data memory of 64 bytes Furthermore, the maximum clock fre-
RTC/counter:
low RC
are executed in one machine
Extensions XT and HS indicate a crystal or a ceramic res-
onator; LP indicates power
oscillator;
a
8 -bit prescaler
derivative of the PIC16C5x. It features, among others, an integrated A -D converter. The processor handles 14 -bit wide instructions, which
be used with the processor.
and
10 - 20
8 bit with
Watchdog timer. internal, with
RCO RC] (PIC I8C55,C57
ABC -ART
The 12 -bit wide instructions
claimed to be twice as compact as for other, comparable, 8 -bit processors. Furthermore, PIC processors contain circuitry to reduce power drain and external component count of a complete system.
400 ns 14 bit
Type
EPROM
RAM
I/O
pins
PIC16C54 PIC16C55 PIC16C56 PIC16C57
512x12 512x12 1Kx12 2Kx12
32x8 32x8 32x8 80x8
13
18 28 18
21 13 21
28
quency is lower than that of
EPROM memory. Registers. Spec. func. registers: Hardware stack: Pins:
250 ns 16 bit
8 bit 2K x 16 232 x 8 48
16 x 16 40
I/O lines: max 33 Interrupts: 11 16 -bit counters/timers. 3 16 -bit capture registers 2 10 -bit PWM outputs: 2 1
8 bit with 8 -bit prescaler
Watchdog timer: internal, with RC oscillator Protection EPROM, via fuse Energy reduction: via sleep mode
other PIC processors In pracELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
PIC PROGRAMMER
T \ I
Pi
.
IM
A
LI
ti
\II
L
0000
X1
., ., to
0
uO
U14
R2 R5
R18 R21
R20 R19 R22 R17
U10
UCO
R4
U13
R6
84
8
R2
Co
R9
R3 R6 R11
R113 R1
C5
R3
U3
7
U12
U5
U4
U11
X2
U2
U8
C16
c2,
C17
I
O
C18
CM
I
\
rM111 A
__; imr. A 4( NO.
0-0
.___.
.._,
fr
\
-\
N
..__.
O. 0)11, flibflI \'..L
.
SmS
--'
' ._
'
yVV4\V
-. .
fk-
/
/
.-\,
-e--\ \ ).
e
N
L_
..
7
.0
,
11.--/./
t .0 I fL lOill)., 11 .__.
OM=
0---__, \ - - -0 , ems sk .._ ik ,- , --\ --(/ / .--41, -\ //\ \. It.. est, .,...p 0 i, .- l\----._, l .amme li---lir-. / "! 0j r-jr/rI... -\ - --- L., th) .M. 14.,
\
. \ 71 Thlk1 -'- \L=. '
iir-V- \'
'`
0--.
limm
__.-,.,.,.... .
\_.,.
)II
' ./.__,._ /-. OL s
V
-40
,
ki47:: /
v `-. ._,---,_....1/4._.,
..,,,,,,--,,. 0- \
I
- - -,- / - //-
WI 4111L.
411
el
ale
if
,,
.Lits47ti
r
0,1.1-1 11 ITITh' .
``
-
amome
\
a
ar---la
O
.1
Fig. 2. Track layouts (direct reading) and component mounting plan of the printed circuit board designed for the PIC programmer (PCB avail able ready-made).
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
GENERAL INTEREST
Resistors: R1-R4;R6-R10 = 1041
R5=270i2 R11;R12;R17;R18= 1MS2 R13-R16;R19-R22 = 499kO 1%
Capacitors: C1;C2 = 22pF C3;C7;C10;C11;C12 = 101.1F 16V (radial,
pitch 2.5mm) C5 = 22nF C6;C9;C13;C15 = 220nE C8;C14;C17-C23 = 100nF C16 = 100gF 25V (radial)
Semiconductors: D1 = 1N4148 D2 = 1N4007 U1 = 74HCT32 U2;U4;U8 = 74HC573 U3 = 62256 or 43256 U5 = PIC17C42 (order code 7161) U6 = 74HC08 U7 = 74HC04 U9 = 74HC4040 U10 = 74HCT4066 U13 = LM324N U14 = MAX232 U15 = 7805
Miscellaneous: Q1 = 16MHz crystal. X1 = 9 -way sub -D socket, angled pins, PCB mount.
Ull = ZIF28 socket for wide and narrow ICs (e.g., ARIES, RS no. 403825). U12 = ZIF40 socket (e.g., ARIES, RS no. 403831)
Printed circuit board and software package, order code 940048 (see page 70).
The project software (diskette and PIC17C42) is also available separately as order code 7161 (see page 70).
enable direct connection to the ICs to be programmed. The variable supply voltage is furnished by opamps U13a and U13,1, and the variable programming voltage, by U13b and U13,. Note that the LM324 is supplied direct by the adaptor's output voltage.
Construction The PIC programmer is simple to build on the double -sided, through -plated, printed circuit board of which the artwork is shown in Fig. 2. This board is
Fig. 3. Fully loaded printed circuit board before mounting in DB3 case.
short-circuits which can take hours to programmed PIC17C42 which contains pinpoint and correct. The parts list and the program running on the program-
the component overlay on the PCB mer board. The software on the PC should enable you to populate the pro- does all the communication with the grammer board without problems. programmer, and starts the necessary First, fit the passive components, tak- routines. Since the programmer board ing good care to observe the polarity of is also 'intelligent', the amount of traf-
the electrolytic capacitors. Have a good fic on the serial link is reduced to a think about the ZIF sockets before you minimum. mount them. The idea is to make them After starting the program PIC.EXE
protrude from the front panel of the on the PC, you are first prompted to plastic case. This is easily achieved by inserting the ZIF sockets into a stack of normal IC sockets. Alternatively, use wire -wrap sockets to enable the height of the ZIF sockets above the board to be trimmed accurately. The PCB is designed to fit into a type DB3 plastic en-
closure from LTP. The advantage of this enclosure is that the PCB can be
secured with the aid of two strips,
which go round the problem of the absence of screw holes in the board. The PIC 17C42 (U5) is preferably fit-
enter the PIC type to be programmed. Obviously, only types supported by the programmer can be selected. After the type selection, the program first displays the type of processor, the minimal and maximum supply voltage, the programming voltage, and the name of the file to be burned into the device. Also shown are the options contained in the configuration word. These options differ, depending on the PIC type selected. Finally, COM1: or COM2: allow you to select between these serial
ted into an IC socket, so as to enable it ports on your PC. to be replaced easily with an updated The file to be programmed into the version. All other ICs may be soldered PIC must already be present on the
directly on to the PCB, although the diskette or hard disk - it can not be use of IC sockets is recommended if generated by PIC.EXE. The file format you want to reduce fault-finding time. and available instructions will be dis-
Once all components are accommo- cussed in the 'PIC Programming dated on to the board, the programmer Course' to be featured in future issues
may be connected to the PC's serial port. To keep this link as simple as possible, all necessary handshaking lines have been interconnected. The
of this magazine. First, read the file using the 'File' menu option, and then program it by selecting the option
'Prog'. The configuration is burned into link is established by a 9 -to -9 pin ex- the processor by selecting the menu tension cable without crossed wires. If option 'Fuse'. Mind you, the oscillator your PC has a 25 -way serial port con- type selection is fixed by the manufacnector, use a 25 -to -9 pin adaptor as turer, since it is hardware dependent. supplied with many mouse packages. The 'Blank' option allows you to check whether the PIC to be programmed is empty. The function of 'Quit' is obviControl software
best ordered ready-made through our Readers Services, and comes together ous. An overview of available comwith the PIC programmer's software The control software for the PIC pro- mands may be called up by typing '?'. package (MSDOS program diskette and grammer consists of two parts: (1) an PIC17C42). Solder carefully, and use MSDOS diskette containing the prosolder tin sparingly. This prevents gram to be run on a PC and (2) a ready ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers A
The affordable and complete solution for microprocessor development work.
IF AN
J Programs and emulates all commonly used eproms 27(C)64 to 27(C)512.
ADVERT IS WRONG, WHO PUTS IT RIGHT?
J A 2764 programmed and verified in 50 secs (seven different algorithms), using 38400 Baud serial comms, download/upload at 3kbytes/second. J PC based software includes, hex editor, saving to disk, offset setting, directory & drive setting and controlling programming & emulation.
We do. The Advertising Standards Authority ensures
J Auto reset of target option at start of emulation.
advertisements meet with the strict Code of Advertising Practice. So if you question an advertiser. they have to answer to us. To find out. more about the ASA, please write to Advertising Standards Authority, Department X, Brook House, Thrrington Place. London WC1E 71IN.
J File format conversion utilities and emulator command line version included. J 5v. supply only, programming voltages generated by internal SMPSU.
The PROGULATOR: £180 inc. Further details and a free DEMO DISK from:
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This spare Is donated in the Interests of high standards in advertisements.
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t=ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
II
1;
34
FIGURING IT OUT VARYING INPUTS
PART 14
By Owen Bishop This series is intended to help you with the quantitative aspects of electronic design: predicting currents, voltage, waveforms, and other aspects of the behaviour of circuits. Our aim is to provide more than just a collection of rule -of -thumb formulas. We will explain the underlying electronic theory and, whenever appropriate, render some insights into the mathematics involved. We continue the exploration of equation for a parallel LCR cir- zero: circuit modelling by extending cuit is similar (see Eq. 108 in d2 di it to deal with applied voltages Part 13). Remember that, al--7+ 5000 50 000i =0
55 000C = 400 C = 400/55 000
dt-+
dt
or currents that vary in time. though we are analysing only the To model a circuit with both ca- simplest of series and parallel
equal:
[Eq. 111]
pacitive and inductive elements, we need a second -order differ-
circuits, more complicated cir- The auxiliary equation ofEq. 111
ential equation. In Part 13 we
these cimple circuits by using the
cuits can often be reduced to is
showed that, if the elements are techniques of network reducin series (Fig. 118) and the ap- tion that we have discussed on
930010-XIV-118
7.27 x 10-3.
The coefficient of t0 is D on the
left. There is no term in t0 on the right, so the coefficient is
m2 + 5000m + 50 000 = 0.
zero:
several occasions in previous Solving this by using the quadratic months. formula (Part 13), we find that it has real roots: m1 = -10.02
Particular integral
=
and m2 = -4990. The CF is:
D = 0.
The PI is:
Solving equations with the form i = t(7.27x10-3). of Eq. 109 is done in two stages. i = Ae-10.02t Be -4990t First we solve the equation as if The complete general solution the right-hand side equals zero. where A and B are arbitrary con- is: The method for doing this, based stants which can be determined Ae-10. 02 t +Be -4990 t on the auxiliary equation, was if we are told two boundary condescribed in Part 13. The result ditions. +t(7.27x10-3) obtained is known as the comTo find the particular integral,
plementary function (CF). At we assume that the right-hand [Eq. 113] this stage we can say that: side of the solution has the The first two terms in this genform: eral solution are like those obplied voltage is constant, the complemetary function = 0. tained in Part 13 for a constant Fig. 118
i=Ct+D
equation has the form: ±_R
dt
L dt
applied voltage. Now we have an
Next, we need to find something
LC
i =0 [Eq. 94]
But the right-hand side of the equation is zero only when we have made the simplifying assumption that the applied voltage is constant. This is an assumption that seldom can be
additional term to allow for the else to include in the left-hand where C and D are constants. If fact that the voltage is rampside of the equation, so that the this is so, then: ing. right-hand side equals (1/L)du/dt. In this example we assumed This 'something' is known as the di/dt = C that the right-hand side of the particular integral (PI): and equation has the form Ci + D. d2i/dt2 =0. This was based on the fact that CF + PI = (1/L)du/dt.
on the right-hand side of Eq. 109
Substituting these values in the highest power of t is t1. If t
made. More often, the voltage, u, An example shows how to find Eq. 110:
is of higher power or there are
varies in a regular manner . For the particular integral. Suppose example, it may ramp up or down
that in Fig. 118: R = 500 Q,
at a fixed rate, it may vary si- C = 200µF and L = 100 mH. Let nusoidally, or it may increase u be a voltage that ramps up at or decrease exponentially. We a rate of 20t2. From these parneed to be able to solve equations ameters, R I L = 5000; 1/LC of the form d2i
dt2
R di 1 du ±_._+_ i =_._ 1
L dt
LC
.
L dt
[Eq. 109]
in which u is a function of
Form of RH side
= 400 t
55 000 Ct +50 000D = 400t
[Eq. 112]
= 50 000; (1/L)du / dt = 400 t. The We solve this equation by looking at the coefficients of the pow-
modelling equation is:
ers of t. The highest power of t d is tl. On the left, its coefficient +5000 -d+ 50 000 i = 400 t dt dt is 55 000C; on the right, its co[Eq. 110] efficient is 400. For Eq. 112 to
k
C
kt2
Ct+D Ct2+D+E
k sin t
Ccost+Dsint
k cos t
dt
ekt
be satisfied by all possible values
hand side of Eq. 110 equal to of t, these coefficients must be
Assumed function
kt
2
time.Part 13 shows how this equa- To find the CF, put the right-
tion is obtained. The form of the
0+5000C +50 000(Ct+D)
Cekt
Box 1. Functions for particular integrals (k is a constant).
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
FIGURING IT OUT - PART 14
other functions of t, different assumptions are made. Box 1 lists forms suitable for other cases. We can now proceed, as usual, to find a particular solution (not to be confused with the particu-
of operator D gives: j
kt A
D
f
[Eq. 116] 800
tion obtained when two border conditions are satisfied. Let us assume that, when t = 0, i = 0. Also, when t = 0.01, i = 1 mA. Substituting the conditions for
600
Now comes the interesting point about D. Although we have said
it is not a variable, it can be shown that it can be manipulated in equations and behave as if it were a variable. For exam-
ple, we can factorize the lefthand side of Eq. 116:
400
(D2+1D+
0=A+B
200
B = -A.
The equation becomes:
2
3
20
10
30
40
50
60
t/ms
+t(7.27x 10
)
[Eq. 1141
Substituting in Eq. 114 the values when t = 0.01: 0.001 = A(e-0 1002 - e-49.9)
Operator D
Before we model any further circuits, we will look at a technique
ferent way of symbolizing differentiation. Instead of writing
Similarly, we have the reverse
ity, it is passing through zero at The particular equation is: that instant to reach a relatively i = (1.46x10-6)(e-10.02t_e-49901) high level soon after. Specifying
current increases so rapidly. However, the effects of this die away and the current begins to decrease. After about 10 ms, the
circuit begins to show the effects of the new voltage ramping up from 0 V at t = 0. The effects of this are better shown on
Differentiating u and dividing by
modelling this circuit is: d2i
di
-rs-+ 3-+ zt = sin 3t dt` dt [Eq. 117]
When using operator D, we first find the complementary func-
tion in the usual way. The auxiliary equation is: m2 +3m +2 = 0.
Although we nearly always need
to use the quadratic formula to
solve this equation, there are cases like this one in which it fac-
torizes easily: (m + 1)(m + 2) = 0,
operation, represented by the symbol 1/D, which means 'inte- so that m1 = -1 and m2 = -2. Both roots are real and so the grate': CF is:
+t(7.27x10-3).
zero current at zero time does not
cuit before t = O. This is why the
d2i D(Di)=D t =-2dt 2
A = (7.27x10-3)14979.8 1.46x10-6.
gives: R 1 L = 3 and 1/LC = 2.
di/dt, we write Di. D is not a L produces sin 3t. The equation
0 = A(-10.02 + 4990) +7.27x10-3
when t = 0.01 s. Remember that and
mean that there is no charge on the capacitor and no magnetic flux in the inductor. These must have been present as the result of a voltage applied to the cir-
ample, consider a series LCR circuit as in Fig. 118, but with
To simulate the conditions in that often simplifies finding the which the current begins with no solution of differential equations.
quantity or variable, but an operator, which means 'differentiate'. We usually refer to it as operator D. We are using it to fore and we obtain Eq. 114. represent differentiation ofi with lar solution: respect to t, but it can be used Differentiating Eq. 114: -4990 t i= 0.001025(e-10.021 for any other pair of variables, di -10.021 for example x and y. Using this =A( -10. 02e +t(7. 27x 10 -3) dt symbol, Dx3 = 3x2. The rules of differentiation apply exactly as [Eq. 115] +4990 e-499°1 )+ 7.27 x 10-3 usual. The graph of Eq. 115 for The idea of D is extended to 0
t = 0, this only means that i is zero at that instant. In actual-
cuits in which input voltages vary sinusoidally (or cosinus-
the following values: R = 1.5 Q, C = 1 F and L = 0.5 H. The input voltage , u = -(cos 3t)/6, is sinucharge on the capacitor and no This method is based on a dif- soidal. Calculating coefficients age.
flux in the inductor, we make the first border condition i = 0 when t = 0 as before. The secand A= (0.001- 7.27x10-5)/0.9047 ond condition is that di/dt = 0 when t = 0. In words, the cur= 0.001025. Substituting these values in rent is constant at zero when Eq. 114, we obtain the particu- t = O. This makes B = -A as be-
when we specified that i = 0 when
There is no advantage in using operator D with such an equation, which is easy enough to
oidally) or exponentially. For ex-
steadily, keeping pace with the upwardly -ramping applied volt-
+7.27x10-5 = 0.9047A + 7.27x10-5
to meet the condition that i =1 mA
u
plotted on a longer time scale. We ciable initial 'kick' of Fig. 119. can see that the current increases
+t(7. 27x 10 -3) -4990t
i
Fig. 119
Ae-4990t
A(e-1o.o2t
1
LC-)
solve by the method used above. Operator D really comes into its own when we are modelling cir-
930010-XIV-119
Ae-- 10 02 t
1
i+-R Di+ -LC i=u
1000
lar integral). This is the solu-
t = 0 in Eq. 113:
2
x 4/D = x 5/5 .
It can be seen that, because A is
i = AE -1 +Be -21.
so small, the final expression Note that we do not introduce the
dominates the equation. Current constant of integration when we We make use of operator D for finding the particular function. increases at the rate of 7.27 mA are working with D. The advantage of D is that Representing Eq. 109 in terms per second without the apprethere are three very helpful theorems associated with it. Their proofs are rather lengthy, so we 1 F(D) eax = eax F(a) do not have space here to ex2. F(D) {e* f(x)} = elm F(D + a) f(x) plain them. The theorems are 3a. F(D2) sin ax = F( -a2) sin ax stated in Box 2. They look rather 3b. F(D2) cos ax = F( -a2) cos ax obscure, but they are easy to use as will be shown by this exam-
the right of Fig. 119, which is Box 2. Operator D theorems. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
ple. First, rewrite Eq. 117 in terms
36
GENERAL INTEREST
of D:
Theorem 1 is the appropriate
D2i +3Di + 2i = sin 3t.
choice since the right-hand side [mA]
of Eq. 119 is simply an expo-
[V]t
nential term involving t only in the index of e. To apply the theorem, we have only to write the
Factorizing: 100-
(D2 + 3D + 2)i = sin 3t,
exponential term as it stands,
i=
but to replace D by a. This makes
-02
whence 1
D +3D+22-
the calculation easier than the previous example. In this ex-
- 0.1
sin 3f
ample, a = -0.4545, so we find: t
0
[ms]
Notice how we move the terms in D across from one side of the equation to the other, just as if they were variables. Now look at Theorem 3a in Box 2. This tells
This is the PI. Adding this to -100-
the CF, we obtain the complete solution:
- -0.2 930110-XN-1f
i= Ae-4t÷Be-246t
is a constant), we can replace
Fig. 120
+( -0. 0128 e -414545t
D2 by -a2. In this example, we have t as the variable instead of x. The constant a is equal to 3, so we replace D2 by -32, which is -9: -9 + 3D + 2 =
Given two border conditions, we can find A and B in the usual way
and so obtain the particular solution.
This month, we have modelled only series LCR circuits,
sin 3f C2
1
3D-7
sin 3t
but parallel circuits can be modelled in a very similar way and solved using operator D. [To be continued]
R2
50
R1
Ok
5000u
Having eliminated the D2, it remains for us to eliminate the D. We juggle with the fraction on
the right, multiplying top and bottom by 3D + 7:
i=
Test yourself C1
(3D -7X3D+ 7)
1. Given the complete solution
L1
of Eq. 118 and the border con-
5V
2207
3D+7
-11. 3625-a 4545t
-O. 45452 + 250 x-0.4545 +1000
= -0.0128 e4'4545 t
us that, if we have a function of D which includes D2, and this is multiplied by sin ax (in which a
1
i-
ditions that i = 0 and di/dt
200mH
sin 3t
= 0 when t = 0, find the particular solution.
930010-XIV-121
3D+7 sin 3t = 9D-, -49
2. Given the complete solution of Eq. 119 and the border con-
Fig. 121
ditions that i = 0 when t = 0,
Once again, we have D2 in the de-
and i =10 mA when t =100 ms,
nominator, so we use Theorem
two border conditions. Fig. 120 R /L = 250 and 1/LC =1000. The find the particular solution 3a again and replace D2 with shows the graph of the solution, equation is: and calculate i when t = 250 ms. -9: given i = 0 and di/dt = 0 at t = 0. 2 Note how the curve begins with 3. Given a circuit as in Fig. 118, 3D+7 + 250 --+ 1000 i o sin dt dt zero gradient (di/dt = 0). After the with R = 100 fl, C = 2000 µF, -81-49 initial upsurge, the current setL = 10 mH, and u = 0.08e0.5t, = -11.3625 a-0.4545 t 3f tles down to a sinusoidal form, = -(3D +7).sm. write the modelling equation
i idi
.
130
-(3D sin 3t+7 sin 3t) 130
symmetrical about the x-axis, and [Eq. 119] lagging slightly behind the input The auxiliary equation is: voltage. m2 + 250m + 1000 = 0
and the general solution. Given
that when t = 0, i = 0 mA and di/dt = 4 A s-1, find the particular solution. Calculate the current when t = 100 ms.
The term 3D sin 3t means 'three Exponential input times the differential of sin 3t', In Fig. 121 the input to the op- and its roots are m1 = -4 and which equals 9 cos 3t and the erational amplifier rises expo- m2 = 246 (approximately). The Answers to PI becomes: nentially. The opamp is a voltage CF is: Test yourself (Part 13) follower, so the input to the LCR 1. i = -0.01e-2500t cos 9354t -(9 cos 3t+7 sin 3t) Ae-4t Be -246t. circuit follows the same curve. - 0.03457e -2500t sin 9354t. 130 The switch is set to charge C1 to Underdamped. At 0.0008 s, 5 V. When t = 0, the switch is As before, we use D to find the i = -4.85 mA. Thus, the general solution (CF set to discharge C1. It can be PI. Writing Eq. 119 in terms of + PI) is: shown by the methods describ- D: 2. i =1.0097e -9.11 -0.9097e -9990.9t. ned in Part 12 that: (D2 + 250D + 1000)i After 0.5 ms the current peaks Ae-t +BC2t-(9cos3t+7sin30 = -11.3625e-04545t at 1 A, then falls to 0.406 A 130 .
.
u = 5e -0.4545t.
[Eq. 118]
Eq. 118 has two arbitrary con- The coefficients for the equation stants so it can be solved, given modelling the LCR circuit are
.
t=
_11.3625e -0.4545t D- +250D + 1000
at 100 ms. It falls to 0.01 A after 255 ms.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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42
DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS (PART 1) SOME NOTES ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES The direct conversion or synchrodyne receiver was invented several decades ago, but only with the advent of modern semiconductor technology has it come into its own as a viable design alternative. Although most designs are intended for novices, and lack certain features of high-grade superheterodyne receivers, the modern direct conversion receiver (DCR) is capable of exciting performance. By Joseph J. Carr, B.Sc., MSEE Acase can be made for the assertion that the modern DCR is capable of
the sum IF or the difference IF, while rejecting the other IF, the LO and RF sig-
receivers.
determine sensitivity) and the selectivity of the receiver are accomplished at the IF
nals. Most of the gain (which helps
performing as good as many middle grade
communications
Although that assertion may seem very bold indeed, the results of my literature search and experience building several different models bears it out. While no one, least of all this author, would represent the DCR as capable of the best possible performance, modern designs are no longer in the hobbiest curiosity category. In this two-part article you will find the basic theory of operation, some of the appropriate circuits, and some of the actual designs tried on the workbench.
Basic theory of operation The DCR is similar to the superheterodyne in underlying concept: the receiver radio frequency (RF) signal is translated in frequency by nonlinear mixing with a local oscillator (LO) signal (`heterodyning'). Figure 1 shows the basic block dia-
gram for the 'front end' of both types of receiver. The mixer is a nonlinear element that combines the two signals, FRF and FLo. The output of the mixer contains a number of different frequencies that obey the relationship: Fe = m FR ± n FLO
frequency. In older receivers it was almost universally true that the difference IF frequency was selected (455 KHz and
460 KHz being very common), but in modern communications receivers either or both might be selected. For example, it is common to use a 9 -MHz IF amplifier on high frequency (HF) band shortwave Fig. 1. Block diagram of the heterodyne frequency conversion circuit that forms the basis of both the superheterodyne and direct conversion receivers (DCR). In the DCR, FL() FRP
receivers. On bands below 9 MHz, the sum IF is selected while on bands above 9 MHz the difference IF is selected. A popular combination on amateur radio receivers uses a 9 -MHz IF combined with a 5 to 5.5 -MHz variable frequency oscil-
lator. To receive the 75/80 -meter band to FRF and FLo plus the product frequencies (Fu+FL0), and (FRF FLo). The latter
(3.5 to 4.0 MHz), the sum IF is used. The same combination of LO and IF frequencies will also receive the 20 -meter (14.0
two are called sum and difference in-
to 14.4 MHz) band if the difference IF
products are certainly present, but for
(i.e., 14.0-5 = 9 MHz) is used. In a DCR, on the other hand, only the
termediate frequencies (IF). Other purposes of this discussion are regarded
difference IF frequency is used (see
as negligible. In a superheterodyne radio receiver, a
Fig. 2). Because the DCR LO operates at the same frequency as the RF carrier, or on a nearby frequency in the case of CW
tuned bandpass filter will select either
[1]
Where:
Fe is the output frequency; FRF is the frequency of the received radio signal;
FL, is the frequency produced by the
Volume Control
RF Gain Control
Mixer Input Signal Conditioning
RF
Low -Pass
AMP
Filter
local oscillator; (All frequencies in same units). m and n are integers (0; 1, 2, 3, ...). Local
All frequencies other than FRF and FLU
Oscillator
are product frequencies. In general, we are only interested in the cases where
m and n are either 0 or 1, so the output frequency spectrum of interest is limited
940015 -
I
- 12
Fig. 2. Block diagram of a generic direct conversion receiver.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS - 1
43
and SSB reception, the difference frequency represents the audio modulation of the radio signal. Amplitude modulated (AM) signals are accommodated by zero beating the LO to the radio signal signal making Fix, = FRF(carner)' Thus, only the recovered upper and lower sidebands will pass through the system, and they are at audio frequency.
Blue Pin Bead
Tr1
RF 1
4
Function
it is necessary to offset the LO frequency slightly to recover the signal. For the CW case one must select a comfortable tone using an 800 -Hz note when copying CW,
7
8
Bottom View
For CW signals (morse code on -off telegraphy), and single sideband signals,
(which is an individual preference). In my own case, I am most comfortable
5
3
0000 0 0 06 0
D2
Tr2
RF: < .1.1dBm
LO Input (+7dBm)
I
I
-
I
SBL SBL -
2,5,6,7
LO In
8
8
RF In
1
1
3,4 .
SBL - IX
I I
-
2,5,6,7
Ground
IF Out
LO: .7dBm
SRA SRA -
3,4 *
I
2,5,6,7 8
3,4 1
* Pins 3 4 to be connected together Blue bead indicates Pin 1
940015 -1-13
so will offset the LO from the RF by 800 Hz. For example, when copying a CW
signal at, say, 3650 KHz, the LO will be tuned to either 3649.2 KHz or 3650.8 KHz. In either case, the beat note
Fig. 3. Internal circuit of the SRA-1 and SBL-1 passive double balanced mixers. Inset shows pin -outs on device package.
heard in the output is 800 Hz. Single sideband (SSB) reception requires an off-
set of the order of 1.8 to 2.8 KHz for proper reception.
As was true in the superheterodyne receiver, most of the gain and selectivity
in the DCR is provided by the stages after the first mixer. While the superheterodyne uses the IF amplifier chain for this purpose, followed by second detection and audio amplification, the DCR must use only the audio amplifier chain.
Thus, it becomes necessary to provide some very high gain audio amplifiers and audio bandpass filtering in the DCR design.
One implication of DCR operation is the lack of single signal operation. Both CW and SSB signals will appear on both sides of the zero -beat point (F,F=FLo ex-
actly). While this feature can be a problem, it has at least one charming attribute on SSB reception: the DCR will receive LSB signals on one side of zero beat and USB signals on the other side of zero -beat. There have been attempts to provide single -signal reception of SSB
signals on DCRs' by using audio and VFO phasing circuits (in the manner of the phasing method of SSB generation). That approach greatly increases the complexity of the receiver, which may make other design approaches more reasonable than DCRs.2 The most basic implementation of the
DCR (Fig. 2) required only a mixer stage, a local oscillator and an audio am-
plifier. In fact, if the mixer has a high enough output signal level, and high impedance earphones are used to detect the audio, some designs can make do without the audio amplifier. These are, however,
frequency selection at the front end, the mixer is wide open with respect to frequency, and may be unable to prevent some unwanted signal, or spurious combinations of signals, from entering the receiver circuits. Some designs will include more than one style of filter. For example, a popular combination uses a
single staged tuned resonant circuit at the input of the mixer to select the RF signal to be received and a high-pass fil-
ter - with a cut-off frequency, Fe, of 2,200 KHz - which is designed to exclude AM broadcast band signals. The reason for such an arrangement is that
the AM signal may be quite intense, being of local origin, and is therefore capable of overriding the minor selectivity provided by the tuned circuit.
The RF amplifier used in the frontend is also optional, and is used to provide extra gain, and possibly some selectivity. The gain is needed to overcome losses or inherent insensitivity in the mixer design. Not all mixers require the RF amplifier, so it is frequently deleted in published designs. In general, RF amplifiers are used only in DCRs operating above 14 MHz. Below 14 MHz, signals tend to be relatively strong and man-made noise tends to be much stronger than inherent mixer noise.3
Mixer circuits The principal element in any direct conversion receiver (DCR) is the mixer. The mixer is a nonlinear circuit that exhibits changes of impedance over cyclical excur-
did not work very well. In some DCR designs, there will be optional RF input signal conditioning consisting of either a low-pass filter, high-pass filter, or bandpass filter (as ap-
sions of the input signals. When mixing linear, one signal will ride on the other as an algebraic sum, but the product frequencies are not generated. A mixer that produces product frequencies can be used either in DCRs or superheterodyne receivers. In superheterodyne receiver terminology it is common to call the
propriate) to select the desired signal or reject undesired signals. Without some
frequency translation mixer that produces the IF a first detector, and the
a rarity and the one version that I tried
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
mixer that recovers the audio modulation either a product detector or second detector, even though the same type of circuit can be used for both cases.
There are any number of mixer circuits used in radio receivers, and most of them are candidates for use in direct conversion receivers. As you will see, however, not all mixers are created equal, so some are better suited to DCR applications than others. In nearly all cases, the output circuit of the mixer will be a lowpass filter that passes audio frequencies, but not RF frequencies. Two issues seem to predominate
mixer selection: sensitivity and dynamic range. The former determines how small a signal can be detected, while
the latter determines the ratio between the minimum detectable signal and the maximum detectable signal. There are some passive mixers that produce so much loss, so much noise and require so
much signal strength to operate in the first place that they are simply not suited to DCR design unless adequate pream-
plification is provided. Such detectors can sometimes be put to good use in superheterodyne receivers because they are preceded by the gain of the front-end and the IF amplfier chains, which can be considerable. There are two issues that must be accounted for when selecting or building
the mixer element of the DCR. First, there is always the possibility of radiation of the local oscillator (LO) signal through the antenna. In order to prevent this problem, it is necessary to keep the mixer unilateral, i.e. signal flowing only in one direction. Some mixers are inherently good in this respect, while others are a bit problematical. In cases where
LO radiation might occur it is recommended that an RF amplifier be used ahead of the mixer, regardless of whether or not it is needed for purposes of improving sensitivity. The second problem that must be rec-
44
RADIO AND TELEVISION
and reverse resistance readings obtained with an ohmmeter. Although not an opti-
50 Q at the tap, while still providing tun-
scheme results in superior performance
transformer with a 10-k4 primary and a lower impedance secondary. The audio output of this circuit is quite low, despite being an active circuit, so it must be followed by considerable audio gain (80 to
ing action to select input signals. The
mal match, the resistance matching output network consists of an audio over randomly selecting the diodes. One of the most popular forms of commercial DBM is the Mini -Circuits (P.O.
Box 166, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; phone 718-934-4500) SRA-series and SBL-series devices. The pin pattern for
the shielded case of these mixers is shown as an inset to Fig. 3, while the pin assignments are shown in the associated
table. Note that pin 1 is indicated by a blue bead insulator around the pin, while the other pins will have a different color. Also, on the top of the mixer case the letters `MCL' appear (which is the manufac-
turer's logo), and the 'M' is positioned directly above pin 2. These mixers are used in many published DCR designs, where they have proved an excellent
100 dB).
Considerations for good DCR designs It probably does not surprise many readers that there are some principles of good design that result in superior DCR performance. Some of these principles were
discussed by Campbell; and others4. Even relatively simple DCR designs, in-
cluding those based on the Signetics NE602 integrated circuit double bal-
choice. They are designed for 50-Q input and output impedances, so are relatively easy to match with tuned circuits and LC
modulator' and the popular LM386 audio amplifier, have proven to be very sensitive and free of hum and microphonics, even though that combination is not without critics. Dillon's design, which was tested in the laboratories of the American Radio Relay League
forms of mixer are particularly bad in this respect, while others are consider-
filters. The RF signal must be kept at +1 dBm or below, while the LO signal must be around +7 dBm. At an impedance of 50 Q, the +7-dBm signal level represents about 5 mW, or 500 mV,.,,
(ARRL), proved remarkably free of the problems often associated with simple
ably better. Theoretically any mixer can
(1.4 Vpp ).
DCR designs.6
be used for the front-end of the DCR, however, the simple halfwave rectifier diode envelope detectors are not at all
An active mixer can be built with any of several different integrated circuits, or their discrete equivalents. One approach uses analog multiplier circuits, while another uses simple differential amplifier circuits. The mixer of Fig. 4 is based on the CA -3028A differential IF/RF amplifier IC. The differential input impedance (pins 1 to 5) is of the order of 1 kQ, while the differential output impedance (pins 6 to 8) is 8 kQ. For an input circuit, there-
One method for terminating the mixer is to place a resistor -capacitor (RC) network across the IF OUT terminals of the mixer and ground (see Fig. 5). The SBL1 is designed for 50 Q input and output impedances, so the device is terminated in it characteristic impedance at RF fre-
fore, a transformer is needed that converts the antenna impedance (typically 50 Q) to 1000 Q. This transformer can
the mixer is terminated for any residual
Fig. 4.
Balanced mixer based on the CA
3028A IC device.
ognized is transmission of the RF or LO signals to the output of the mixer. Many
recommended.
Perhaps the best passive form of mixer is the double balanced mixer (DBM) of Fig. 3. This circuit provides superior suppression of the LO and RF sig-
nals in the output, leaving only the sum and difference IF frequencies. This type of mixer uses the same sort of diode ring circuit as the single balanced mixer discussed above, but adds a second transformer to the circuit for the RF signal. In
this circuit, the LO signal is driven in have a tapped primary that matches push-pull across two opposite nodes of
anced
quencies by the 51-Q resistor
(R1).
Because capacitor C1 has a value that produces a high reactance at audio frequencies (AF), and a low reactance at RF, LO and RF signal (which are absorbed by
R1), but AF is transmitted to the lowpass filter.
the diode ring, while the RF signal drives the alternate nodes in push-pull. All of these diode mixers can be made with either hot carrier diodes (preferred) or ordinary silicon small -signal or switching diodes (those in the 1N914 and
1N4148 class are suitable). In either case, performance is improved if the diodes are matched. While matching is
best done on an oscillographic curve tracer, silicon switching diodes can be crudely matched by comparing forward 100n
36 CTCS
C3
C2
hn
I=15
:10u 1n
1
NM C9 C10
T470p Tr2
270p r -C12
(values for 3.5MHz band) MAIN
TUNING
365p
120p
940015 -
Fig. 5. Block diagram of mixer output circuit used in direct conversion receivers.
I
- 16
Fig. 6. Direct conversion H.F. receiver using the NE602 and LM386 integrated circuits.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
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957
46
RADIO AND TELEVISION
a
C4
UT1
500 18rnH
from DBM
to Audio Amplifier
RI
940015 - I -18e
b
Tuning Voltage
C8
*see text
C5 ,,.6
C4
:n
10n
:1O7 940015
I
17
AF OUTPUT
AF
Fig. 7. Direct conversion receiver based on the TDA7000 integrated circuit.
Some practical design approaches
as other designs and, like the typical
The NE602 type of DCR is relatively easy to build, and provides reasonable performance for little effort. The NE602 chip is
NE602 design, uses the internal oscillator for the variable frequency oscillator (VFO). The circuit following this frontend should be of the sort typically found
relatively easy to obtain, and for the
in the NE602 designs. This particular
most part is well behaved in circuits (i.e. it does what it is supposed to do). It has about 20 dB of conversion gain, so can help overcome some circuit losses, and
variant uses the internal operational amplifiers of the TDA7000 to provide active bandpass filtering. Figure 8a shows the passive diplexer used by Campbell'. It consists of several inductor, resistor and capacitor elements that form both low-pass and high-pass filter sections. The values of the induc-
reduces slightly the amount of gain required of the audio amplifier that follows. The NE602 can provide very good sensitivity, on the order of 0.3 µV is relatively easy to obtain, but lacks something in dynamic range. Although the specifi-
C
circuit uses the same balanced front-end
AF
E)
A MIK 100m
ALL <0113TONO TYPE 101315
100.1
100mFI
2-r I a"
an 940015
I
ISc
Fig. 8. a) Diplexer circuit used to terminate
the mixer and filter the audio; b) audio
signals up to -15 dBm, at least one
tors (L1, L2 and L3) are selected with their d.c. resistance in mind, so it is important to use the originally specified components, or their exact equivalents
source recommended a maximum signal level of -25dBm7. At higher input signal
Toko Type 1ORB inductors:
is a
sign is scaled from the 3000 Hz design.
levels, the NE602 tends to fall apart.'
181LY-392J, L2 a 181LY-273J and L3 a
Campbell claims that these filters of-
The newer NE612 is basically the same chip, but has improved dynamic range.
181LY-273J.
While I have not personally tried the newer variety, it is reputed to be a
is shown in Fig. 8b, and is an improved version of the Lewallen circuit. According to Campbell, this circuit pro-
fered a shape factor of 2.1:1, with an essentially flat passband "...with rounded corners, no ripple and no ringing." Campbell implied the use of switching, as shown in Fig. 8c, but did not actually show the circuitry. As shown here,
cations of the device allow it to accept
greatly improved device compared to the NE602.
The Dillon design shown in Fig. 6 uses the push-pull outputs of the NE602 (i.e. both pins 4 and 5), and is superior to the single -ended variety. According to Dillon, the balanced output approach improves the performance, especially in re-
preamplifier for direct conversion receiver; c) audio bandpass filters with three switch selectable bandpass characteristics.
in replicating the project. Campbell used L1
The matched 50-52 audio preamplifier
vides about 40 dB of gain, and offers a noise figure of about 5 dB. The range of input signals that it will accommodate ranges from about 10 nV to 10 mV, with-
out undue distortion. These specifications make the amplifier a good match to the DBM. Like the Lewallen circuit, the
the switching involves use of a pair of ganged SP3P rotary switches. In a short time in the future I will be working on a PIN diode switched variant for a different purpose, and see no immediate reason why it shouldn't work.
gard to AM BCB breakthrough. Also
Campbell circuit uses a grounded base
A complex DCR was designed by
helping the breakthrough problem is the use of a 47-nF capacitor across the output terminals of the NE602. Daulton takes exception to the use of
input amplifier (T,), and an active decou-
Breed, and reported in the amateur radio
pler (T2). But Campbell also adds an
literature as a direct conversion single sideband receiver.' The single sideband (SSB) mode is properly called single
the NE602 as the DCR front-end, and
which can be switched into or out of the circuit, is shown in Fig. 8c. These filters
prefers instead to use the TDA7000 chip. While functionally similar to the NE602, the TDA7000 is more complex and is said to deliver superior performance with respect to dynamic range and signal over-
load characteristics. Figure 7 shows a
DCR front-end circuit based on the TDA7000 after Daulton's design. This
emitter follower/buffer amplifier (T3).
A set of three passive audio filters,
sideband suppressed carrier amplitude modulation, for it is a variant of
are designed for termination in an im-
AM that reduces the RF carrier and one of the two AM sidebands to negligible passes are offered: 1 KHz, 3 KHz and levels. This mode is used in HF transmis4 KHz. The 4-KHz filter is a fifth order sions because it reduces the bandwidth Butterworth design, while the 3-KHz fil- required by half, and removes the carrier ter is a seventh order elliptical design that produces heterodyne squeels on the after Niewiadomskim. The 1000 Hz de - shortwave bands. pedance of 500 52. Three different band -
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS - I
47
receiver as well.
Several different VFO designs are used for
receiver LOs: Armstrong,
Hartley, Colpitts/Clapp and an amplitude limiting design. The first three of these circuits are recognized according to
the nature of their respective feedback networks, while the other is recognized
by the special connection of a transformer. Note that the Colpitts and Clapp
are basically the same circuit, except that the Colpitts uses a parallel tuned LC frequency setting network and a Clapp oscillator uses a series tuned LC network.
VFO circuits consist of an active element (transistor, IC, etc.) and a feedback Fig. 9. Phasing -style direct conversion receiver for improved single sideband reception.
network that must meet the Bark-
hausen criteria for feedback oscillaThere are two methods for generating SSB. The most common today uses a dou-
ble balanced modulator to combine a fixed carrier and the audio signal to produce a double sideband suppressed carrier output signal; the unneeded
sideband is then removed by filtering. The older and more complex variant uses
a phasing method of SSB generation. Breed uses the inverse process to demod-
ulate SSB signals in a clever, but complex, receiver design (Fig. 9). This circuit
splits the incoming RF signal into two components and then feeds them both to
separate mixers. These mixers are driven 90 degrees out of phase by a VFO that produces -45° and +45° outputs. The respective outputs of the mixers are amplified and then fed to bilateral 90° audio phase shift networks where they are recombined. The output of the phase shift network is filtered in a low-pass filter and bandpass filter, to provide the recovered modulation.
Audio circuits The audio chain in the direct conversion
receiver tends to be very high gain in order to compensate for the low output levels usually found on the mixer circuits. The principal job of the audio amplifier is to increase the signal level by
an amount that will create a comfortable
tors: 1) the loop gain of the circuit must be unity or greater, and 2) the feedback
listening level, while also tailoring the must be in -phase with the amplifier bandpass characteristics of the overall input signal. In most circuits, there is receiver to limit noise and other arti- 180 degrees of phase inversion between facts. Although any number of discrete input and output, so the feedback netand integrated circuit (IC) circuits are work must provide an additional 180 desuitable, most designers today tend to grees at the desired frequency of use the IC versions. Figure 10 shows a oscillation. In practical terms, for HF simple LM -386 design, while the pub- VFO circuits these criteria result in a lished literature shows many other de- need for a gain -bandwidth product (F,) in signs as well." a bipolar transistor of 250 MHz or more The LM386 design of Fig. 10 is the and a gain (H,) greater than ten. The single -ended configuration for the high F, prevents unplanned phase LM386 low -power audio stage. This IC device contains both preamplifiers and
changes at higher frequencies within the VFO range. For field effect transistors a
power amplifiers for a nominal output
transconductance of 2,000 siemens or
power of 250 mW. The LM386 series of audio power ICs are easy to use, but because of the high gain needed will oscillate if layout is not correct, or if grounding is not proper. There are two basic circuit configurations for the
more is usually required. In this article I have somewhat arbitrarily selected the
LM386. The differential version was shown in Fig. 6 (Dillon's design), while Fig. 10 shows the more common single ended design. The gain of the circuit can be either 46 dB (x200) when capacitor C2 is used, or 26 dB (x20) when C2 is deleted (leave pins 1 and 8 open -circuited).
Local oscillator circuits The local oscillator (LO) for a continuously tunable receiver of any description is basically a variable frequency oscillator (VFO). Although higher grade re-
Fig. 11. Hartley VFO circuit.
ceivers today typically use frequency synthesis techniques for generating the LO signal, the standard inductor -capacitor (LC) controlled VFO still has appeal for less complex receivers. The VFO used for the LO in receivers is pretty much the
same as the VFO in transmitters, so
)1,5
50011
C2
transmitter VFOs are frequently used. There are some cases, however, where a receiver LO has at least one specification
that is more rigid than the transmitter equivalent: many receivers have a requirement for low FM phase noise. In the Fig. 10. Audio stage based on the LM386 audio integrated circuit.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
main, however, amateur radio applications of direct conversion receivers typically use the transmitter VFO for the
Fig. 12. Colpitts VFO circuit.
48
RADIO AND TELEVISION
ing feedback. The oscillating frequency is set by L1 -C1, although the effects of C2,
C3 -C4 and the gate capacitance of the
In the second and final part of this article we will look at some practical designs of direct conversion receivers.
JFET must also be considered. Figure 13 shows a VFO circuit that uses the transformer core to provide output amplitude stability with a low -noise operation.12 The inductor, which not only
Notes and references:
1. Gary A. Breed, 'A new breed of receiver', QST, January 1988, pp. 16-23.
2. The ARRL Handbook for the Radio helps control frequency but also limits Amateur - Sixty-fifth edition, American amplitude variations, is wound on an Radio Relay League (Newington, CT, Amidon T-68-6 toroidal core. The main USA, 1988). coil (L1) consists of 17 turns of #26 AWG 3. Rick Campbell, KK7B, 'High perforwire, and is tapped at 1 turn for the base mance Direct -Conversion Receivers',
of T1. A feedback coil consists of 2 turns of the same wire on the same form.
Oscillator stability Local oscillator stability is always impor-
tant, but a case can made that it is more so in DCR receivers. Several factors are involved in VFO stability, and if these Fig. 13. Low -noise HF VFO circuit. guidelines are followed result in a stable oscillator more often than not.13 Some junction field effect transistor (JFET) of guidelines that will result in a more stathe MPF102 class to serve in the circuit ble VFO are:
illustrations. In addition, because the NE602 is so popular amongst DCR builders I have also included the three
Avoid excessive temperatures in the oscillator. Also avoid wide variation in temperature. Use only as much feedback as needed to ensure quick starting of the oscillator. Use an output buffer amplifier to iso-
principle forms of oscillator circuit used
with that chip: Hartley, Colpitts and Clapp.
shows a Hartley oscillator circuit. This type of oscillator is identiFigure 11
fied by use of a tapped inductor in the frequency setting network as part of the feedback network. The source of the
signal. The top end of the coil is connected to the resonating capacitor and then to the gate of the JFET. Output can be taken from the drain, gate, or source terminals of the JFET, as well as from either a special tap on L1 or a second winding on the same core as L1. It is common practice to use a small value capacitor at
the source terminal for output so as to lightly load the oscillator. The normal
ideal is to have a capacitance that is large enough to permit fast starting every time the circuit is turned on, but small enough to not seriously load the LC network.
The tuned circuit that sets operating
>>.
'The Beophyte Dillon, WA3RNC, Receiver', QST February 1988, pp. 14-18.
5. Micheal A. Covington, 'Single -chip Frequency Converter', Radio Electronics April 1990, pp. 49-52; Joseph J. Carr, 'NE602 Primer', Elektor Electronics January 1992, pp. 20-25. 6. Ibid. (Dillon). 7. Ibid. (Covington). 8. Ibid. (Daulton). 9. Ibid. (Campbell). 10. S. Niewiadomski, 'Passive Audio Filter Design' Ham Radio September
1985, pp. 17-30; cited in Campbell (opcit.).
the external load.
11. Ray Marston, 'Audio Amplifier ICs', Radio -Electronics. April 1990, pp. 53-57.
serves only the oscillator device (but
See also the National Semiconductor
not the buffer amplifier). Rigidly mount the frequency determining capacitors and inductors. Prefer air core inductors over ferrite or
Linear Data Books, or the data books of other major IC manufacturers for applications information and device data. 12. From an article by L. Gunn, K7HFD, discussed and cited in W. Hayward and D. DeMaw, Solid -State Design for the Radio Amateur, American Radio Relay
powdered iron core inductors; prefer slug -tuned coils over toroids.
Trimmer and main tuning capacitors should be air dielectric types, rather than mica or other materials. Small capacitors in the frequency determining network, or used as coupling
League (Newington, CT, USA, 1977). 13.
These criteria were developed from
W. Hayward and D. DeMaw, Solid -State Design for the Radio Amateur (op-cit.).
from the frequency determining network, should be zero temperature coefficient types (NPO disk ceramics preferred).
Lightly load the frequency determining LC network by using a small capac-
frequency consists of L1 and C1, with L1
itance (1-10 pF) between the tank
being tapped for feedback purposes. In most cases, the tap is between 20 and 40 percent of the total inductance. The coupling capacitor between the LC network and the JFET is a very small value so as to prevent loading. The diode in Fig. 11 is used to provide a limitation on ampli-
circuit and the gate or base of the oscillator transistor.
tude variations. This diode is a small signal silicon diode of the 1N914 or 1N4148
tuning voltage supply that is regulated by a varactor controller device such as
class.
the MVS-460-2/ZTK33B.
shows the Colpitts VFO circuit. This circuit can be configured with a series resonant circuit, in which case it is called a Clapp oscillator. Both types of oscillator are identified by the tapped capacitor voltage divider provid-
40 and 80 meters', 73 Amateur Radio Today August 1992, pp.30-34; John
late the VFO circuit from changes in
Use an IC voltage regulator that
JFET is connected to ground through the tap, so its current becomes the feedback
QST August 1992, pp. 19-28. Roy W. Lewallen, W7EL, 'An Optimized QRP Transceiver', QST August 1980, pp. 14-19; Paul G. Daulton, K5WMS, 'The explorer: HF Receiver for 4.
If an air variable capacitor is used for the main tuning control, then it should be a double bearing model. If a varactor diode is used for the main
tuning control, then it should use a
Figure 12
These guidelines are neither exhaustive
nor absolute, but following them as closely as possible will result in a superior VFO stability. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
49
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
17
b.'
8
e
ft
3,
e
3,60
3
b
Access
50
MINI I/O CARD FOR CASIO FX850/880P A marked difference between large and small computers is the number of possibilities available for communication with peripheral devices. In particular pocket-size personal computers, like the Casio FX850/880P, could do with a few communication extensions. The I/O extension card described in this article adds an RS232 interface and a parallel printer port to the Casio FX850/880 pocket computer. Design by M. Flinrich (hardware) and G.J. Klasens (software) eliminated by the internal protection
OVER the past few decades, calcu-
circuit contained in the gates. The parallel port extension for the printer consists of a latch, ICs, and six logic gates. Gates IC la and IC ib invert
lators have evolved from simple slide rules to fairly powerful miniature
computers. This trend is typified by, among others, the change from a sim-
the WE and CS signal respectively, whereupon IC2b combines these signals into a strobe pulse for the latch.
ple one -row LED display on those early
machines to an extensive graphics
LCD screen on some of the most recent models.
The latch serves to store the eight dataline levels needed for the printer.
Likewise, the possibilities to pro-
gram the calculator have gone through
In addition to the data, the printer
gramming a calculator was restricted to typing long strings of primitive calculation instructions. What were then called advanced machines were capable of storing these instructions on a magnetic tape, which prevented the
Construction
many changes. Until recently, pro-
needs three control signals: STROBE, BUSY and INIT. Three buffers, IC2a, IC2c and IC2d, enable the PC and the Casio to exchange these signals as required.
`program' from being lost when the calculator was switched off.
To make the construction of the interface easier, a printed circuit board was
That has all changed with the ar-
designed. The artwork is given in
rival of higher programming languages like BASIC, Pascal and C. Further, the
programs are now stored in non-
volatile memories (usually static CMOS RAMs). There are even pocket
computers around with a memory of more than 4 MByte.
a 4049, IC lc and ICid, are responsible for the buffering of the two serial signals, TxD (transmit) and RxD (receive) on the Casio extension connector. The zener diode connected across the output of the TxD driver, IC1c, is a protec-
Not surprisingly, users have an increasing need of 'connectivity', i.e, being able to link their pocket com- tive device, which starts to conduct puter to other equipment, including a when the output level of the driver be'normal' PC. Entering and editing pro- comes too high, for instance, as a regrams using the miniature keyboard sult of a supply voltage increase. Since on the pocket computer is far less convenient than on the normal PC. Consequently, many users would like
to have a serial interface that allows data to be exchanged between the PC and the pocket computer. Likewise, a printer port is useful in many cases, particularly if hard copy of calculation
results is required. Fortunately, the Casio FX850/880P has an extension
regulator on to the board, paying due attention to the polarity of these devices. Finally, mount the three digital ICs.
The connector is likely to be a real
protection diodes in the gate is limited, and the voltage level cannot rise above 5.6 V. This prevents peripheral equipment connected to the computer from
knowledge, not available as a standard
being damaged. Conversely, resistor
R2 ensures that the TxD output is
port.
output of another device.
The circuit
The input buffer, ICid, is also protected. Negative voltages at the input
card, Fig. 1, shows that two gates from
Next, mount the diodes and the voltage
a resistor, the current through the problem, because it is, to the authors'
to implement a serial and a parallel
The circuit diagram of the extension
and the other passive components.
the output stage of the driver contains
short-circuit resistant. Furthermore, the current through the zener diode is automatically limited should the output be accidentally connected to the
connector which has all signals needed
Fig. 2. Unfortunately, this board is not available ready-made through our Readers Services. Start the construction by fitting the six wire links, the two sub -D connectors (Ki and K2), the pinheader (K3),
are blocked by diode D2, while resistor R3 serves to establish a 0-V reference
level. High input voltage levels are
component. The only way of getting hold of it is to salvage it from a faulty interface or another electronic device, or to order it as a spare part. A further alternative could be an SMA (surface mount assembly) connector salvaged
from a piece of electronic surplus. These connectors usually have the same raster. Real hobbyists, however, should have a go at making their own
connector by inserting a number of stiff wires, or thin needles, into the connector openings. Next, a small piece of thin plastic sheet is inserted between the two pin rows for isolation. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
MINI I/O CARD FOR CASIO FX850/880P
r
CENTRONICS INTERFACE STROBE
I
2&;&
1
into a solid whole.
3
5V
IC2a
Once the board is complete and inserted into the Casio extension con-
O
nector, it is time to connect it to a
R1
IC2c
K3
1_0 3_0
\D4 \D5 \D6 \D7
K1 6
9
10
11
0...LI2
12
02
INIT
17
18
INIT
19
20
21
0 0 22 024
TxD
\D7 \D6
D3/ D2/ D1/
00/
026
IC1a
28 WE
WE
2
3 1
CS
29
25
10_0 0 0 9
23
Software
BUSY' 11
IC3
16
,_,
12_0
13
14
25_0 27_0
IC2d
BUSY
13_0 15_0
23
mains adapter (8-15 VDC output), and start using it.
INIT 10
5-0 0 7_0 RxD
BUSY
02
30
2
v
113
19
D7'
4
17
06'
8
\ D5
6
15
05'
7
\D4 \D3 \D2 \ DI
8
3
4'
9
12
DT
5
7
14
132'
4
16
D1'
3
\0O
3
18
DO'
4
Num
1n
IC1b CS
0 oiL. 0 oiL.
have just added. The serial port is de-
0 0;ji___ 0 0.15
scribed as COMO in CASIO BASIC. The
commands that can make use of
0 014
COMO are OPEN, CLOSE, PRINT#, INPUT#, SAVE and LOAD. The para-
C1
EN
IC2b
5
meters that may be used with these
74HC573
commands are listed in the user man-
i
J
5V
SERIAL INTERFACE
ICU 16
.."........
1_0
CEO
IC1d D2
RxD 1009 Ot
I I
0
TxD
2
RxD
0 0.2
3
0
8
-0 0_8_0 4
14 R3
I
0
K2
R2
7
I
via the serial and parallel ports you
0(:)7_
r TxD
has built-in software protocols to support communication with peripherals
0 cgiL.
L
!Cie
Fortunately, the Casio FX850/880P
02L.
STROBE
&
8
Casio Connector
I
9
1N4148
556
0
J
5V
IC4
8...15V
7805
IC1 = 4049 C3
IC1
100p 505
A few drops of epoxy resin are then sufficient to turn these components
22p
IC2
16V
ual.
Diskette 1921 which is available
through our Readers Services contains
the program 'Casio", which arranges the serial data traffic between a Casio computer and an MS-DOS PC. This program is invaluable for exchanging data between the Casio and the hard disk in the PC. By virtue of its clear structure and built-in Help function, the program is readily used, even without a manual. The printer port may be enabled by selecting Mode 7 on the Casio (`enable
printer'). Further, all BASIC instructions that have to do with the printer, like LLIST and LPRINT, make use of
IC2 = 74HC08
IC3 100n
930090
11
the parallel port.
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the mini I/O interface for the Casio FX850/880P pocket computer.
Resistors: 2 4741 1 4700
R1;R3 R2
Capacitors: 3 1 1
100nF 10011F 50V radial 2211F 16V radial
C1;C2;C3 C4 C5
Semiconductors: 1 1
1 1 1 1
5V6 0.4W zener diode 1N4148 4049 74HC08 74HC573 7805
D1
D2 1C1
1C2
1C3 1C4
Miscellaneous: 1
25 -way sub -D socket,
angled pins, PCB mounting 1
9 -way sub -D socket,
1
angled pins, PCB mounting 30 -way 2 -row pin header Diskette 1921 (see page 70)
1
Fig. 2. Artwork of the PCB designed for the interface (PCB not available ready-made). ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
K1
K2 K3
aim
DX TELEVISI N
1:
011
A two -monthly column by Keith Hamer and Garry Smith
OCTOBER was a vast improvement on the previous month for reception with a relatively high number of sporadic -E openings for the same year, with
activity on at least nine days. Signals were mostly from Spain, Italy and
gramme region, notably Haardtkopf (channel E55) and Ahrweiler (E56), and also their respective ZDF channels. Several enthusiasts saw the new Dutch station `ZH-TV' on channel E49 showing colour bars with identification.
Portugal with strong, stable pictures of The station is still undergoing experimental tests. excellent quality at times. On October 31st, Bob Brooks (South Towards the end of the month, intense
tropospheric activity dominated the scene, producing spectacular DX recep-
tion in Band III and at UHF. Signals were identified from as far away as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden. Both bands were virtually choc-a-bloc over a period of several days; the opening lasted into the first few days of November. The remainder of November was fairly mundane with only a handful of sporadic -E signals, mainly from Spain and Portugal. However, an unexpected tropospheric opening occurred on the 18th with a deluge of signals from transmitters as far away as Poland and Finland.
Reception reports
is sometimes Regional identification incorporated. The service operates mainly at
UHF, but reception in the United Kingdom the right
could be possible given atmospheric conditions.
and recent examination clearly shows
Garry Smith logged many German stations from regions such as WDR-1 on channels E9 and Ell; West -3 E48 and E55; NDR-1 E11, E43, E50 and E53; NDR-3 E47; WDR-3 E48; RB-1 (Radio Bremen) E22; ZDF E21, E26, E34 and E35; MDR -3 E31 (Inselberg). On the
Canadian TV's maple leaf emblem in the background of a game show. The likeliest transmitter is CKCW-TV located at Moncton, New Brunswick with an ERP of
same day, the Swedish TV4 network was
resolved on channel E50 by Andrew
04.10.93: An early afternoon sporadic -E opening with Spain, Portugal and
Jackson.
Norway.
November 1st and 2nd brought in many more German stations. Andrew
07.10.93: Denmark E3; Norway E2 and
Jackson caught Bayerischer Rundfunk showing the FuBK test card with the transmitter identification `Dillberg' on channel E6, and `Buttelberg' on E55. There were also relays of SAT -1 E42,
E3 and E4; Spain TVE-2 E2; Italy IA;
VOX E39, and RTL+ present on channels
mented that the tropospheric opening
E35 and E36. Bob Brooks noted the
`seemed to go on for ever'. Several 'firsts'
Jackson (Birkenhead)
Finnish 3rd network FuBK test pattern.
Wirral), Andrew Jackson, Tim Tebbs and
com-
Andrew
_num gin
56 kW.
Log for October
E4; Italy IA. 08.10.93: Italy IA. 15.10.93: Denmark E3; Spain TVE-1 E2,
Portugal E3.
18.10.93: Netherlands at UHF via tropospheric reception. 19.10.93: Norway E3; Sweden E3; Italy
Swiss test card on channel E6 from the
were notched up, including a host of
transmitter atop the Rigi during the
IA and IB; CIS R1 and R2; Poland R1; Slovakia R2; Switzerland E2; Germany
Danish and Swedish transmitters, in addition to several unusual ones from deepest Germany. The best reception was on
opening on the 2nd sporting the `+PTT
E2.
SRG-1' identification. The unexpected tropospheric opening on the 18th produced several rare catches for Simon Hamer (New Radnor). These included Polish TVP-1 signals on
20.10.93 - 02.11.93: Tropospheric recep-
November 1st and 2nd, with a host of German stations broadcasting test cards, making regional identification relatively easy.
On the 27th, Andrew identified transmissions from the Danish DR network on channels E7, E10 and E31, plus the TV -2 service on channels E22, E26, E27, E30, E35, E40, E48, E56 and E58. During the same opening, the Swedish transmitter
at Halmstad was received on channel E24. All in all, it was quite a remarkable catch considering that the Pennines were in the reception path! The 28th produced many unusual German ARD-1 stations in Band III. Stephen Michie (Bristol), Garry Smith (Derby) and Tim Tebbs (New Romney) all report high-level colour signals from var-
ious Dutch stations on the 29th. Further afield, various German regional broad-
casts were identified during the same opening,
including WDR-1,
West -3,
NDR-1 and MDR -3.
On the 30th, Tim Tebbs received German transmitters from the SWF pro-
channel R8 from either the Bialystok or Katowice transmitter, plus the YLE-1 test card from the Espoo transmitter in Finland on channel E6. This is the first ever report of this transmitter being re-
tion in Band III and at UHF included: Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Eire.
Log for November
ceived in the United Kingdom. Other
06.11.93: Sporadic -E signals from Spain, Portugal, Corsica and Italy between 1130 and 1400 UTC.
goodies, although Simon has been receiving these fairly regularly, include
18.11.93: Intense tropospheric activity included Poland, Finland, Sweden,
Norway's 2nd network on channel E12, and the Swedish 4th network on channel
Norway,
E50.
Belgium.
Keith Greenwell (Luton) identified Spanish stations at UHF during the late
Receiving alternative ITV
Denmark,
Germany,
Eire,
France, Netherlands, Luxembourg and
October tropospherics. During the same regions opening, scores of French stations were noted, including relays of ARTE at UHF. Over the years, the subject of receiving There were at least four instances of an alternative ITV region has cropped transatlantic TV reception via sporadic - up, sometimes out of curiosity. For inE throughout the 1993 sporadic -E sea- stance, in many parts of Derby, son, but the precise source of the signals, Yorkshire TV from Belmont on channel on channel A2, could not be identified at 25 is available as an alternative ITV rethe time. Fortunately, Peter Chalkley gion with good quality colour, but only a (Luton) recorded some of his reception, handful of potential viewers realize it. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
DX TELEVISION
One problem is, of course, that aerial riggers are reluctant to recommend, or experiment with, an installation which
500 W), and the SFB Broadcasting House (approx. 5 W). On channel R59 (400 W) Telekom are testing four digital TV signals (Videnet) which occupy the bandwidth of only one
may only produce mediocre or varying re-
sults. Despite the technical difficulties involved, most viewers seem to expect
normal TV channel. over the coming months, there will be many more additional tests emerging. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: The following transmitters have been assigned for the first private TV network to oper-
perfect results or none at all! Richard Irving (Holt, Wiltshire) ques-
tions the possibility of receiving good colour reception from the Crystal Palace transmitter on channel 23 at his location
east of Bristol. Unfortunately it is unlikely because under normal reception conditions, high -power TV signals can only be successfully received up to approximately 50-60 miles from the transmitter. As DX -TV enthusiasts know, atmospheric bending can increase this range, but it all depends on the prevailing conditions. With a high -gain aerial and an amplifier, it may be possible to pick up very weak traces of a signal in excess of this distance under 'flat' conditions, but these would not provide 'entertainment' quality viewing. Only when the signal improves would this be possible. In Derby, Channel 4 from the Crystal
Palace outlet is detectable, but signals are very weak and fluttery; turning the aerials to the east produces very weak signals from the Lopik transmitter in the
Netherlands. This is using a standard 18 -element Group A aerial raised to about 10 m, and fitted with a 'Supreme' low -noise amplifier.
When conditions are good, the signals come up in colour, but reception is unpredictable. Signals from Tyne Tees TV (Bilsdale channel 29),
Border TV (Caldbeck channel 28) and Anglia TV (Sandy Heath channel 24) were detectable (in the case of Anglia TV,
in colour) before several local relays came on -air.
For anyone wishing to assess alternative ITV reception at their particular lo-
cation, it is best to obtain a copy of a transmitter list such as the handouts supplied by the BBC, etc., with all four channels listed. The closest transmitter will not always provide the best results. Particular attention should be given to
any local topographical features, and also watch out for local and semi -local re-
lays sharing the same group of channels. If there are signs of an alternative region on the existing aerial, then success may be assured using a dedicated array fitted with an amplifier. For general ex-
perimentation, a wideband aerial is a worthwhile choice because it will respond to the whole of the UHF spectrum.
Service information Netherlands: The Nozema has plans for
an encrypted pay -TV service on the NED-1 and NED-2 networks during the night between 0200 and 0700 local time. This will mean that all the Dutch transmitters will be on -air 24 hours a day. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
ate in the region: Marlow E43; Bergen Part of the Finnish MTV -3 opening sequence.
Spain: There are changes to the identifi-
cation on the GTE test card shown via the 1st network. Instead of `tve' in large letters in the upper half of the pattern, a stylised '1' inside a rectangular outline is shown.
Portugal: The first programme of RTP is now called 'CANAL 1'. The logo in the
left-hand corner is 'Cr with a miniature globe inside the letter 'C'. The second programme is called `TV2', and there is also a logo in the top left-hand corner of the picture.
The unidentified transmissions received on channel E2 this season (with zero offset frequency) originate from a new TV2 transmitter, the ERP and location of which are, at present, unknown. Czech Republic: All transmitters oper-
E57; Schwerin E41 and Zussow E55. All transmitters have an ERP of 100 kW. Various companies have applied to operate the network. These include BabelHilm and Video GmbH, MVTV-Regional Fernseh GmbH i.G.; Pro -7; Rilgen-TV; SAT -1 and Television MecklenburgVorpommern GmbH. Niedersachen: Telekom has a new TV tower in north-western Hannover. The 1 kW transmitter on channel E28 is radiating the FuBK test pattern on weekdays.
Hamburg: Channel E34 is assigned for a new local TV station.
Switzerland: The opening of `S -Plus' from Geneva (E38) and Montreux (Mt. Pelerin E52) has been delayed. `Telecine TCR' on channel E96 ceased operation on
17.09.93 with `S -Plus' taking over the channel on the same day.
All three networks come on air at 0600 UTC with Euronews, the sound channel being in French, German or
ating on channel R4 are to be closed Italian depending on the network. It can down and transferred to UHF channel also be heard in Spanish and English by R55 by the end of 1994.
viewers with stereo receivers by switch-
Germany: A satellite channel dedicated to travel is due to be launched later this year. The broadcasts will be via Eutelsat, and the services will be called 'Reise-TV' (Travel -TV). The broadcasts will originate from outside Germany because the programmes are regarded as advertising. The following information concerns
ing to the second intercarrier sound
various German TV regions:
However, Euronews is already running into financial difficulties with huge losses incurred for 1993. Most of the financial resources for the service, which is also distributed by cable, are believed to come from Swiss banks with the sup-
Bayern: New transmitters assigned for `Deutsches Sportfernsehen' (DSF) are as follows: Munchen channel E37; Regensburg E38, Neu -Ulm E48; Ansbach E49 and Bamberg E54. A local TV service called `TV Weil3-blau' (TV White blue) commenced on 01.09.93 in Munich
using channel E51. Transmissions are between 1200-0100, local time. Text pages with local information are shown outside these times. Berlin/Brandenburg: The regional service '1A Brandenburg' commenced last November via the transmitter at BerlinAlexanderplatz on channel E5 with 100 kW ERP.
In Berlin there are several experimental broadcasts currently undergoing tests. On 200 MHz (Band III) and also on
107.5 MHz (FM radio band) there is a music programme using DAB (digital audio broadcasting). On channels E47 and E49 there are transmissions using the new PAL -Plus system; these originate from Alexanderplatz (approx.
channel as follows:
DRS Net. CH1 in German, CH2 in Spanish;
SSR Net. CH1 in French, CH2 in English;
TSI Net. Chl in Italian, CH2 in French.
port of SSR and SRG which are both shareholders.
Scandinavia: There are plans to introduce a terrestrial channel which can be received 'all over Scandinavia'. Tele-X, as it may be known, could be a joint venture between Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
This month's service information was kindly supplied by Gosta van der Linden and the Benelux DX Club, Netherlands; Reflexion, Germany; Pertti Salonen, Finland; Roger Bunney, UK; Garry Smith, UK; Thomas Pahlke, Germany; Bernd Trutenau, Lithuania.
Please send any news about DX -TV in your part of the world to Keith Hamer, 7 Epping Close, Derby DE3 4HR, England.
54
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers COMMODORE MICRODRNE SYSTEM mini storage
AMSTRAD DMP4000 Entire printer assemblies including
device for C64's 4 times faster than disc drives, 10 times faster than tapes. Complete unit just £12 REF:MAG12P1
printhead, platen, cables, stepper motors etc. Everything bar the electronics and case. Good stnpper!! Clearance price just £5 REF: MAG5 or 2
for £8 REF: MAG8 VIEWDATA SYSTEMS Brandnew units made by TANDATA complete with 1200/75 built in modem, infra red remote controlled keyboard. BT approved, Prestel compatible, Centronice printer port, RGB colour and composite output (works with any TV) complete with power supply and fully cased. Price is just £20 REF: MAG20 Also some customer returned units available at £10 each REF: MAG10 PPC MODEM CARDS. These are high spec plug in cards made for the Amstrad laptop computers. 2400 baud dial up unit complete with leads. Clearance price is £5 REF: MAG5P1
INFRA RED REMOTE CONTROLLERSOnginaiiymadetor hi spec satellite equipment but perfect for all sorts of remote control projects. Our clearance price is just £2 REF: MAG2
TOWERS INTERNATIONAL TRANSISTOR GUIDE. A very useful book for finding equivalent transistors, leadouts, specs etc. E20 REF: MAG20P1
SINCLAIRC6 MOTORS We have a few left without gearboxes. These are 12v DC 3,300 rpm 6"x4', 1/4'OP shaft. £25 REF: MAG25
UNIVERSAL SPEED CONTROLLER KIT Designed by us for the above motor but suitable for any 12v motor up to 30A. Complete with PCB etc. A heat sink may be required. £17.00 REF: MAG17
VIDEO SENDER UNIT. Transmits both audio and video signals from either a video camera, video recorder, TV or Computer etc to any standard TV set in a 100' range! (tune TV to a spare channel) 12v DC op. Price isE15 REF: MAG15 12vpsu is£5 extra REF: MAG5P2
*FM CORDLESS MICROPHONE Small hand held unit with a 500' range! 2 transmit power levels. Reqs PP3 9v battery. Tuneable
to any FM receiver. Price is £15 REF: MAG15P1
LOW COST WALKIE TALKIES Pair of battery operated units
SCHOOL STRIPPERS We have quite a few of the above
MASSIVE WAREHOUSE CLEARANCE
FANTASTIC £20.00 REDUCTION REFURBISHED PC BASE UNITS
COMPLETE WITH KEYBOARD
HEADPHONES 16P These are ex Virgin Mantic. You can have
8 pairs for £2 REF: MAG2P8 PROXIMITY SENSORS These are small PCB's with what look like a source and sensor LED on one end and lots of components on the rest of the PCB. Complete with fly leads. Pa* of 5£3 REF: MAG:
3P5 or 20 for £8 REF: MAG8P4 FIBRE OPTIC CABLE Made for Hewlett Packard so pretty good stuff! you can have any length you want (min5m) first 5m £7 REF: MAG7 thereafter £1 a metre (ie 20m is E22). REF: MAGI Max length 250m.
FROM ONLY £29.00
SNOOPERS EAR? Originall made to clip over the earpiece of
AMSTRAD 1512 BASE UNITS
telephone to amplify the sound -it also works quite well on the cable running along the wall! Price is E5 REF: MAG5P7
GUARANTEED PERFECT WORKING ORDER. A LOW COST INTRODUCTION TO 1HE HOME COMPUTER MARKET.
AMSTRAD 1512SD 1512 BASE UNIT, 5.25" FLOPPY DRIVE AND KEYBOARD. ALL YOU NEED IS A MONITOR AND
DOS PACKS Microsoft version 3.3 or higher complete with all manuals or price just £5 REF: MAG5P8 Worth it just for the very comprehensive manual! 5.25' only.
DOS PACK Microsoft version 50riginal software but no manuals hence only £3 REF: MAG3P6 5.25' only. FOREIGN DOS 3.3-Gennan,French,italian etc £2 a pack with manual. 5.25' only. REF:MAG2P9
MONO VGA MONITOR Made by Amstrad, refurbished E49 REF: MAG49
CTM 644 COLOURMONITOR. Made to workwith the CPC464 home computer. Standard RGB input so will work with othermachi nes.
POWER SUPPLY. WAS £49.00
NOW ONLY £29.00
with a range of about 200'. Ideal for garden use or as an educational toy. Price is £8 a pair REF: MAG 8P1 2 x PP3 req'd.
REF: MA G29
*MINATURE RADIO TRANSCEIVERS A pair of walkie
AMSTRAD 1512DD
talkies with a range of up to 2 kilometres in open country. Units
units which are 'returns' as they are quite comprehensive units they could be used for other projects etc. Let us know how many you need at just 50p a unit (minimum 10).
Refurbished £59.00 REF:MAG59
JUST A SMALL SELCTION of what we have -to see more get our 1994 catalogue (42p stamp) or call in Mon -Sat 9-5.30
HAND HELD TONE DIALLERS Ideal for the control of the Response 200 and 400 machines. £5 REF:MAG5P9
PIR DETECTOR Made byfamous UK alarm manufacturerthese
req'd. £30.00 pair REF: MAG30 .
1512 BASE UNIT AND KEYBOARD AND TWO 5.25" 360K DRIVES . ALL YOU NEED IS A MONITOR
COMPOSITE VIDEO KIT. Converts composite video into
AND POWER SUPPLY WAS £59.00
WINDUP SOLAR POWERED RADIO AM/FM radio com-
measure 22x52(155mm. Complete with cases and earpieces. 2x PP3
separate H sync, V sync, and video. 12v DC operation. £800 REF: MAG8P2.
LQ3600 PRINTER ASS EM BLIES Made by Amstrad they are
NOW ONLY £39.00 REF: MAG39
plete with hand charger and solar panel! £14 REF: MAG14P1
COMMODORE 64 Customer returns but ok for spares etc £12 REF: MAG12P2 Tested and working units are £69.00 REF: MAG69
entire mechanical printer assemblies including printhead, stepper
COMMODORE 64 TAPE DRIVES Customer returns at £4
motors etc etc In fact everything ba r the case and electronics, a good
stripped £5 REF: MAG5P3 or 2 for £8 REF: MAG8P3 PHILIPS LASER 2MW helium neon tube. Brand new full spec £40 REF MAG40. Mains power supply kit £20 REF: MAG20P2. Fully built and tested unit £75 REF: MAG 75. SPEAKER WIRE Brown two core, 100 foot hank £2
are hi spec, long range intemal units. 12v operation. Slight marks on case and unboxed (although brand new) £8 REF: MAG8P5
SOLAR POWER PANELS
REF: MAG4P9 Fullytested and working units a re E12 REF: MAG12P5
COMPUTER TERMINALS complete with screen, keyboard and RS232 input/output. Ex equipment. Price is £27 REF: MAG27
3FT X 1FT 10WATT GLASS PANELS
MAINS CABLES These are 2 core standard black 2 metre mains cables fitted with a 13A plug on one end, cable the other. Ideal for
14.5v/700mA
projects, low cost manufacturing etc. Pack of 10 forE3 REF: MAG3P8
JUG KETTLE ELEMENTS good general purpose heating
NOW AVAILABLE BY MAIL ORDER
SURFACE MOUNT STRIPPER Originally made as some
element (about 21(w) ideal for allsorts of heating projects etc. 2 for £3 REF: MAG3
£33.95
REF: MAG2P1
LED PACK of 100 standard red 5mm leds E5 REF' MAG5P4
UNIVERSAL PC POWER SUPPLY complete with flyleads, switch, fan etc. Two types available 150nei at E15 REF:MAG15P2 (23x23x23mm) and 200w at £20 REF: MAG20P3 (23x23x23mm)
OZONE FRIENDLY LATEX 250m1 bottle of liquid rubber, sets in 2 hours Ideal for mounting PCB's, fixing wires etc £2 each REF MAG2P2 *FM TRANSMITTERhoused in a standard working 13A adapted! the bug runs directly off the mains so lasts forever! why pay E700? or pace is £26 REF' MAG26 Transmits to any FM radio.
(PLUS SZOO SPECIAL PACKAGING CHARGE)
TOP QUALITY AMORPHOUS SILICON CELLS HAVE ALMOST A TIMELESS LIFESPAN WITH AN INFINITE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE
APPLICATIONS, SOME OF WHICH MAY BE CAR BATTERY CHARGING, FOR USE ON BOATS OR CARAVANS, OR ANYWHERE A PORTABLE 12V SUPPLY IS REQUIRED. REF: MAG34
ALSO 1FT X 1FT GLASS SOLAR PANELS 12v 200mA ONLY £15.00. REF: MAG15P3
*FM BUG KIT New design with PCB embedded coil for extra stability. Transmits to any FM radio. 9v battery req'd. £5 REF. MAG5P5
FM BUG BUILT AND TESTED superior design to kit, as supplied to detective agencies etc. 9v battery req'd. £14 REF: MAG14
TALKING COIN BOX STRIPPER originally made to retail at £79 each, these units are designed to convert and ordinary phone into a payp hone. The units we have generally have the locks missing and sometimes broken hinges. Howeverthey can be adapted for their original pupose or used for something else?? Price is just £3 REF: MAG3P1 100 WATT MOSFET PAIR Same spec as 2SK343 and 2SJ413(8A,140v,100w) 1 N channel and 1 P channel, E3 apair REF: MAG3P2
VELCRO 1 metre length of each side 20mm wide (quick way of fixing for temporary jobs etc) £2 REF: MAG2P3
MAGNETIC AGITATORS Cosistmg of a cased mains motor with lead. The motor has two magnets fixed to a rotor that spin round inside. There are also 2 plastic covered magnets supplied. Made for remotelystining liquids!youmay have a use? £3 each REF: MAG3P3 2 for E5 REF: MAG5P6
TOP QUALITY SPEAKERS Made for HI Fl televisions these am 10 watt 4R Jap made 4' round with large shielded magnets. Good quality general purpose speaker. £2 each REF: MAG2P4 or 4 for £6
REF: MAG6P2
TWEETERS 2' diameter good quality tweeter 140R (would be good with the above speaker) 2 for £2 REF: MAG2P5 or 4 for E3 REF: MAG3P4 AT KEYBOARDS Made by Ap ricot these quality keyboards need just a small modification to run on any AT, they work perfectly but you
will have to put up with
1
FREE SOFTWARE! Brand new, UNUSED top quality Fomous brand licensed software discs. Available in 5.25" DSDD or 5.25" HD only. You buy the disk and it comes with free BRAND NEW UNUSED SOFTWARE. We are actually selling you the
floppy disc for yourown "M EGA CHEAP" storage facilities,
if you happen to get software that you want/need/like as well you get a 'MEGA BARGAIN" tol DSDD PKT10 £2.99 REF: MAG3P7 HD PKT10 £3.99 REF: MAG4P3
PKT100 £16.00 REF: MAG16 PKT100 £26.00 REF: MAG26P1
LARGER OANTITY PRICES AVAILABLE ON APPLICATION
component pack bargain 1,000 resistors +1,000 capacitors (all same value) £250 a pack. REF:MAG2P7
1994 CATALOGUE OUT NOW
form of high frequency amplifier (main chip is a TSA55117 1.3GHz synthasser ) but good stripper value, an excellent way to play with surface mount components £1.00 REF. MAGI P1.
MICROWAVE TIMER Electronictimerwith relay output suitable to make enlarger timer etc £4 REF: MAG4P4 PLUG 420? showing your age? pack of 10 with leads for £2 REF, MAG2P 11
MOBILE CAR PHONE £5.99 Weil almost! complete in car phone excluding the box of electronics normally hidden under seat. Can be made to illuminate with 12v also has built in light sensor so display only illumi nates w hen dark. Totally convincing! REF: MAG6P6
ALARM BEACONS Zenon strobe made to mount on an external bell box but could be used for caravans etc. 12v operation. Just connect up and it flashes regularly) E5 REF: MAG5P11
FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL High quality metal cased alarm panel 350x165x80mm. Comes with electronics but no information. E15 REF: MAG15P4
SUPER SIZE HEATSINK Superb quality aluminium heatsink. 365 x 183 x 61mm, 15 fins enamble high heat dissipation. No hdes! £9.99 REF: MAG10P1P
REMOTE CONTROL PCB These are receiver boards for garage door opening systems. You may have another use? E4 ea REF: MAG4P5 LOPTX Line output transformers believed to be for hi res colour monitors but useful for getting high voltages from low ones! £2 each REF: MAG2P12 bumper pack of 10 for £12 REF- MAG12P3.
iff./£££WE BUY SURPLUS STOCK£££££££ TURN YOUR SURPLUS STOCK INTO CASH. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT. WE WILL ALSO QUOTE FOR COMPLETE FACTORY CLEARANCE. COMING SOON
PORTABLE RADIATION DETECTOR
1994 CATALOGUE. PLEASE SEND 42P , A4 SIZED SAE FOR YOUR FREE COPY .NIMUM GOODS ORDER 8500 TRADE ORDERS FROM GOVERNI.GENI. SCHOOLS. UNIVERSITIES, &LOCAL AUTHORITIES WELCOME ALI, GOODE SUPPUED SUBJECT TO BUR CONDITION OF SALE AND UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED GUARANTEED FOR 30 Ass R OHTS SERVED TO CHANGE PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS WITHOUT PRIOR :'TICE "Tr,' SUBJECI TO STOCK QUOTATIONS WILLINGLY GIVEN FOR QUANTITIES HIGHER THAN THOSE STATED
'SOME OF OUR PRODUCTS MAY BE UNLICENSABLE IN THE UK
or 2 foreign keycaps! Price £6 REF.
MAG6P3 XT KEYBOARDS Mixed types, some returns, some good, some foreign etc but all good for spares! Price is £2 each REF: MAG2P6 or 4 for £6 REF: MAG6P4 PC CASES Again mixed types so you take a chance next one off thepile£12REF:MAG12 ortwoidenticalonesfor£20REF: MAG20P4
Pack of 100 £20 REF. MAG20P5
BULL ELECTRICAL 250 PORTI.AND ROAD HOVE SUSSEX BN3 5QT MAIL CORDER TERMS: CASH POOR CHEQUE WITH ofoeR PLUS elvo POST PLUS VAT. PLEASE ALLOW 7 ,10 DAYS FOR DELIVERY TELLPHONE ORDERS WELCOME Tag 027320350X/
FAX 0273 373.077
£49.99 A Hand held personal Gamma and X Ray detector. This unit contains two Geiger Tubes, has a 4 digit LCD display with a Piezo speaker, giving an audio visual indication. The unit de-
tects high energy electromagnetic quanta with an energy from 30 K eV to over 1.2M eV and a measuring range of 5-9999 UR/h or 10-99990 Nr/h. Sup-
plied complete with handbook. REF: MAG50 ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
33NAJ-1113VIIU8
SURVEILLANCE A SMALL SAMPLE OF OUR RANGE ROOM TRANSMITTER RT1 An extremely sensitive miniature transmitter with long battery life. Dimensions: 20 x 20mm
MAINS TRANSMITTER MT4 Can be connected inside any equipment that is mains powered. Dimensions 35 x 20mm
TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER TTS Small enough to conceal within a telephone. Will transmit both sides of a conversation (series connection) Dimensions: 10 x 20mm
TELEPHONE SOCKET TRANSMITTER TSTS
KIT
MODULE
PROFFINISHED
9.95
13.75
19.00
19.75
31.50
46.00
12.75
17.50
25.00
14.74
29.00
Replace your telephone socket with this one within which a transmitter has been concealed.
ROOM AND TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER RTT Operates as a room transmitter, then switches to telephone transmitter mode during telephone calls. Dimensions: 30 x 25mm
AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDER SWITCH TRS2 Record telephone conversations with this interface unit and your own tape recorder.
31.50
45.50
86.00 MEASUREMENT DATA ACQUISITION & CONTROL BOARDS AR -B3001 16 Channel, 12Bit ND Card
16.80
25.90
39.00
Dimensions: 36 x 50mm
AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDER ATR1 Adapt the tape recorder included to record telephone calls automatically.
TELEPHONE TAP ALERT TTA1 Visual warning
34.95
69.00
21.95
31.50
45.00
42.75
69.00
95.00
69.00
89.00
125.00
of any invasions of privacy on your telephone line. Dimensions: 38 x 52mm
RF DETECTOR RFD1 Highly sensitive hand-held detector. Range between 10Mhz and 600Mhz. Silent operation. Dimensions: 70 x 50mm
CAMERA DETECTOR CD8 Detects hidden video cameras (even miniature CCD models). Dimensions: 63 x 38mm
RECORDING BRIEFCASE RBC1 completely
1.1
145.00
discreet recordings at a value for money price.
SHOTGUN MICROPHONE AMPLIFIER SMA Ideal for surveillance. The amplifier will pick up sounds from a long distance.
SIGNALLING TRANSMITTER SIGT Sends a
24.95
36.00
4500
21 95
34.89
45.00
TELEPHONE AMPLIFIER TA5 Connected directly
10.95
16.95
19.95
PROFESSIONAL SOUND TO LIGHT UNIT
21.95
32.49
44.95
continual audio pulse. Can be integrated into alarm, tracking or warning systems. Dimensions, 20 x 50mm to the telephone, this unit will amplify both sides of a telephone call. Dimensions: 25 x 52mm
SK72 Custom built for disco or home use. Audio signal divided into bass, mid and treble bands, with internal microphone and spotlight option. Dimensions 210 x 45mm
MICRO METAL DETECTOR MMD Detect the
presence of ferrous and various non-ferrous metals. Useful for all those DIY jobs. Dimensions: 40 x 25mm
S
9.95
16.95
AR -83201 AR -83204 PCL-711B
PCL-812-PG PCL-813 PCL-818H PCL-814 PCL-816 PCL-860 AR -B2001 AR -B2102 AR -82201 AR -B9221 AR -B9101 PCL-720 PCL-722 PCL-724 PCL-725 PCL-726 PCL-838 PCL-750
PCL-755A PCL-756 PCX-794 PCL-830
8 Channel 12Bit A/D + 3 Channel D/A Card 16 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain 8 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain 16 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain 32 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition Card High Performance 16 Chanel, 12Bit Data Acquisition & Control Card Modular Multifunction 16 Channel, 14Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card Modular Multifunction 16 Channel, 16Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card 4 1/2 Digit Voltmeter (DCV/ACV/DCR) Card 16 Channel Opto-Isolated Digital I/P Card 16 Channel SPST Relay Switch Card 64 Channel Digital I/O Card 3 Port (24 Bit) Digital I/O, 3 Chan Counter/Timer, Prototype Card 16 Channel SSR Switching Card (For AR -89221) 32 Channel Digital I/P + 32 Channel 0/P, 3 Channel Timer/Counter 144 Bits (24'6) of Buffered Digital I/O 24 Bit Digital I/O Card 8 Channel Relay + 8 Channel Isolated Digital I/P 6 Channel 12 Bit D/A Output Card (16 Channel Digital I/P + 16 Channel DIP) Stepper Motor Control (3 Motors), 16 Channel D/IP + 16 Channel D/OP Prototype Development Card Slot Extension Card (XT/AT) PC -Bus 8 Bit Switch/Extension Card PC/XT BUS Expansion System (Master + Slave Cards + 1m Cable) 10 Channels of 16Bit Counter Timer (AMD9513 ' 2)
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
£41
£125 £211
£ 204
COMMUNICATIONS & INTERFACE BOARDS (RS232/RS422/RS423/11S485/IEEE-488) 1-104 4 Port Serial RS232 PC Card PCL-743 Dual Port RS422/485 PC Interface Card PCL-744 Intelligent 8 Port RS232 PC Interface Card with on -board CPU AR -89011 Dual Port RS422/485 PC Interface Card PC -232-485 RS232-RS485 or (232-422) Converter Adaptor, Self Powered PCL-848A IEEE -488 Interface Board
£59 £98 £410 £66 £65 £222
ADAM REMOTE/DISTRIBUTED MODULAR DATA ACQUISITION MODULES ADAM -4011 Analogue Input Module (mV, V, mA, Thermocouple) ADAM -4021 Analogue Output Module (V or mA) ADAM -4050 Digital Input/Output Module ADAM -4060 Relay Output Module ADAM -4520 Isolated RS-232/RS-485 Converter Module
£154 £154 £112 £112 £84
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56
ELECTRONIC FUSE We tend to forget about fuses until one has blown, when it is time to locate and investigate an electrical overload problem. Once that is fixed, a new fuse must be installed. Typically, this will not be handy at the required rating, and the shops are closed. What a drag to serious experimenting! Fortunately, these problems can be overcome with the present circuit. The fuse described here never needs to be replaced, and is as good as new any time the reset switch is pressed.
Design by K. Walraven
MHE little circuit described in this menting with a circuit whose maxi1 article is the electronic version of mum current drain is not accurately the well-known glass fuse, which melts when it carries a current exceeding its `A' (ampere) specification. By melting, the wire in the fuse interrupts the current flow in the circuit, and so protects
an electrical device against damage
caused by overheating. Unfortunately,
the common wire fuse (usually contained in a small glass tube with metal end caps) is not re -usable, and has to be replaced with a new one every time occurs. condition overload an Obviously, this is annoying when faultfinding in equipment, or experi-
known yet. Ideally, a fuse would have
to be resettable, and, you guessed it, that is a feature par excellence of the present circuit.
tor, R3, which is connected as an external part to connector K3.
How it works As shown in Fig. 1, the circuit consists of little more than two transistors and one thyristor. The electronic fuse is in-
serted into the supply line of the
equipment to be protected. The current at which the circuit is actuated is defined with the aid of a single resis-
The operation of the circuit is simple. Darlington transistor T2 functions as a current -controlled switch, its col-
lector -emitter junction carrying the
current flowing into the load con-
nected to K2. Since T1 feeds a current into the base of T2, the 'switch' is normally closed, and the load powered. T1 functions as a current source, with the
base of the transistor held at a constant voltage by LED D 1. Consequently, the emitter resistor of R2 will
supply a constant voltage, which, in turn, results in a constant emitter current (and collector current), of which the magnitude is determined by the value of R2. Here, the constant current is just over 10 mA, which is ample to keep T2 conducting. The load current also flows through
resistor R3. As soon as the current
rises to a value that causes a voltage drop of about 0.6 V across R3, thyristor Thi starts to conduct. This causes
the base of T2 to be pulled to the ground line of the power supply.
Consequently, T2 is switched off, and
breaks the current flow to the load. The current remains broken because the current supplied by T1 is a little above the 'hold' level of the thyristor. The current is interrupted the moment switch Si is pressed, when Thi is switched off. That is, if the load cur-
rent has dropped below the critical
value. If not, the thyristor will start to conduct again.
The fuse value Fig. 1. circuit diagram of the electronic fuse. The fuse actuation level is determined by the value of resistor R3. Once actuated by an overload condition, the fuse can be reset by pressing S1 (a push -to -break contact).
The current level at which the electronic fuse is actuated is simple to cal-
culate using Ohm's law. As already ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
ELECTRONIC FUSE
9
Resistors: R1 = 4417 R2 = 6852
R3 = see text
Capacitors: D1 = red LED T1 = BD140 T2 = DB679 Th1 = TIC106
Miscellaneous: K1;K2;K3 = 2 -way PCB terminal block; raster 5mm S1 = push -to -break button K3
KI
e e 4)1 Pire14-O_+
combinations shown in Fig. 2 are intended as suggestions to help you on the way.
Finally, still on component values, be sure to use a power resistor in posi-
Thi
tion R3 at currents exceeding 500 mA.
O
Opel b ccru
Ti
000 000
O s7
T2
Construction and practical use Consisting of an absolute minimum
Fig. 2. The fuse actuation current can be made variable by connecting a fixed resistor
and a potentiometer in series on connector
number of components, the electronic fuse should be a simple construction project for anyone with a basic knowledge of electronics. The less experienced constructors among you will be pleased to know that artwork is avail-
Fig. 3. Track layout and component mount ing plan of the printed circuit board designed
for the electronic fuse (PCB not available ready-made).
able to make a printed circuit board for the present project - see Fig. 3.
K3.
mentioned, the fuse is actuated at a voltage of 0.6 V across R3. Therefore, the fuse comes into action at a current S2. of 600 mA (0.6 A) with R3 = Similarly, the actuation current is 1
125 mA with R3 = 4.7 S-2, or 50 mA with R3 = 12 IL
R3, but also by the collector -emitter junction of the conducting darlington Unfortunately this printed circuit transistor, T2 (approx. 1 V). In most board is not available ready-made cases, this will not be a problem, but you are well advised to take the drop through the Readers Services. When connecting the electronic into account when the circuit is used fuse, keep in mind that it introduces a to protect a load which operates at low voltage loss in the supply line to the voltages. load to be protected. As already mentioned, a voltage drop is introduced by
Looking at the most commonly used low -power fuse values, the value of R3 will usually lie between 1.2 S2 and 12 S2. The minimum value that may be used is 0.68 S2, which results in a 'trip'
value of 1 A. That corresponds to the
maximum current this circuit can
handle safely. Assuming that the electronic fuse is
built into a power supply for use in your workshop, it is, of course, useful
to make the current limiting action switchable or continuously variable.
The former is achieved by fitting a rotary switch and a number of resistors. A continuously variable fuse actuation level is implemented by connecting a potentiometer in series with R3. Note, however, that most ordinary pots can
withstand a dissipation of about one watt only. Relatively high currents therefore call for a wirewound potentiometer. The resistor/potentiometer ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Fig. 4. Completed prototype with external current -determining resistor and potentiometer fitted to K3.
58
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Books from Elektor Electronics (Publishing) The following books are currently available: £9.95 301 Circuits £9.95 302 Circuits £10.95 303 Circuits £12.95 304 Circuits £14.95 305 Circuitst £ 9.95 SMT Projects Microprocessor Data Book £10.95 £9.95 Data Sheet Book 2 £10.95 Data Book 3: Peripheral Chips £10.95 Data Book 4: Peripheral Chips Data Book 5: Application Notes £10-95
$14.50 $14.50 $17.90 $23.95 $27.70 $14.50 $19.90 $18.50 $19.95 $19.95 $19.95
The books may be obtained from bookshops*, Old Colony Sound Lab (USA and Canadian readers only-for address,
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
see order form on p. 79) or direct from our Dorchester office (private customers only*) on the order form on page 79.
* Orders other than from private customers, for instance, bookshops, schools, colleges, should be sent to Gazelle Book Services Ltd Falcon House
Queen Square Lancaster LA1 1RN England Telephone (0524) 68765; Fax (0524)
63232
t We regret that, owing to technical difficulties beyond our control, publication of this book hass been delayed to the end of March 1994.
59
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60
CAR BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR Design by L. Pijpers is particularly during the autumn and
Itwinter months, when a car battery is
called upon to provide a lot of energy, that more is sometimes taken from it than put
back. The inevitable result is a flat battery. Moreover, during these wetter months
a battery is required to be in tip-top condition to be able to cope with condensation on the sparking plugs. Problems may arise in the warmer months as well, however. It may happen, for instance, that the voltage regulator, the alternator (or, in old
If you have ever tried to start your car and found the battery (almost) as flat as a pancake, you will appreciate this miniature monitor, which fits in the car's cigarette lighter Its LED indicators tell you when the battery voltage drops dangerously low and also when the charging voltage is too high.
cars, the dynamo) or the rectifiers are faulty. Such a fault may result in much too high a charging voltage, which severely lowers the life of the battery, or too low a charging voltage so that the battery
is hardly charged. In all these cases, a battery voltage monitor is indispensable. The monitor described in this article uses three LEDs: green to show that all is well, red to indicate that the charging voltage is too high, and yellow to show that the charging voltage is too low. The circuit in Fig. 1 may be built on a piece of prototyping board or on the DIY printed -circuit board shown in Fig. 3. In
the latter case, the board may be built into a car -type cigarette lighter.
Circuit description The circuit (Fig. 1) is a fairly simple design based on a window comparator, IC1. A window comparator consists of two sep-
arate comparators, each of which monitors whether its input signal is below or above a level preset by the user. The combination of two comparators enables two different levels to be monitored simultaneously. It can, therefore, indicate whether
an input signal is lower or higher than the two threshold levels, or whether the
3 V. This level falls within the window and
is, therefore, considered to be good. From the ratio R1 : R2, it follows that the battery voltage is all right if it is between 11.6 V and 14.4 V. Below 11.6 V it is too low and above 14.4 V it is too high.
To ensure that the monitor does not follow any variation in the battery voltage, the circuit is designed to react only
is exactly twice this value, i.e., 120 mV. This means that only variations in battery voltage greater than 120 mV can cause a switch from one LED to another.
Construction
is needed for the present monitor, since this must show whether the battery volt-
to slow variations. Low-pass filter R1 -C1
suppresses any fast changes, such as
Although the design is aimed at keeping the unit as small as possible, as shown by the printed -circuit in Fig. 3 (not available ready made), it is, of course, not nec-
age is too low, too high, or just right (within the window).
those caused by the car's ignition system,
essary to make it that small, in which
for instance. Such peaks are short-cir-
The upper and lower threshold levels
cuited to earth by C1. Depending on the input signal, one of the three LEDs at the output of ICI lights: the green one (D2) when the battery voltage is between 11.6 V and 14.4 V; the yellow one (D1) when the voltage is too low; and the red one (D3) when the voltage is too high. Apart from low-pass filter R1 -C1, the circuit has another facility that prevents too rapid switching between LEDs: hys-
case it may be constructed on a suitable piece of prototyping board. If the monitor is constructed on the PCB, it can be built into a cigarette -lighter plug.
signal lies between the two, that is, within the so-called window. This is exactly what
are determined by potential divider R3 -R5.
The potential at pin 10 of IC1 is a constant 6 V, derived from a regulator on board IC1. The values of R3 -R5 have been chosen to give a voltage at junction R3 -R4 of 3.6 V and one of 2.9 Vat junction R4 -R5.
This means that the window ranges from 2.9 V to 3.6 V. The input voltage is derived from the battery via potential divider R1 -R2 and is applied to pin 8 of IC 1. The potential at junctionR -R2 is exactly a quarter of the battery voltage. Thus, if the battery volt-
age is 12 V, the input signal at pin 8 is
Note that C1, R 1 , R4 and IC1 are fitted
on to the board as shown in Fig. 4. Keep the terminals of all these components as short as feasible to prevent short-circuits. Cut the terminals of the three flat LEDs to a length of about 5 mm. and solder the
diodes to the board as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
teresis. This is set by potential divider
Next, solder the remaining resistors to
R6 -R7, which has a ratio of 1 : 100. Thus,
the track side of the board as in Fig. 5: start with Rg. Here again, cut the termi-
the potential of 6 V at pin 10 is brought down to 60 mV at pin 9. The hysteresis
nals of these components as short as feaELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
CAR BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR
61
sible. Solder R6 and R3 in place last. Be careful not to cause a short-circuit when soldering R3 'around' R6. Some sleeving around its terminals will help. The risk of a short-circuit is greatest near pin 6 of IC1 and between pins 10 and 11 of the IC. When all components have been fitted, carry out a thorough visual inspection. When this is satisfactory, connect a
V REF U LIMIT
variable power source (0-20 V) to the
INSIDE
board. Increase the voltage slowly from 0 V to 20 V when first the yellow, then the green and finally the red LED should light. If this test is satisfactory, the board
L LIMIT W CENTER BELOW H WINDOW
INH B OUTSIDE
INH A .1.
can be built into the cigarette lighter plug.
Great care has to be taken to prevent short-circuits caused by shifting compo-
nents. It may be necessary to bend the Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the car battery voltage monitor
metal clip slightly outwards so that it fits neatly around the IC. It is recommended to wrap some insulating tape around the
clip and earth it with a short length of BELOW OUTSIDE
wire.
ABOVE
GND
INSIDE
TCA965
INH B
INN A
V REF
V STAB
H WINDOW
U LIMIT
L LIMIT
rir
fp\
W CENTER
L.4? -/-45-130
7c7cly_b2e'
926122X - 12
If the monitor has been constructed on a prototyping board, the same visual inspection and electrical test should be carried out, after which the unit may be fitted in a suitable small enclosure. The current drawn by the monitor depends to large extent on the battery voltage: it is about 10 mA at 5 V, 30 mA at 12 V and 40 mA at 20 V.
The threshold voltages can be altered Fig. 2. Pinout of IC1.
by changing the values of R3 -R5. The potential at junction R4 -R5 is R5/ (R3+R4+R5)
times 6 V. That at junction R3 -R4 is (R4+R5)/(R3+R4+R5) times 6 V. The win-
dow may be moved up or down by alterFig. 3. The PCB for the monitor is not available ready made
ing the scale factor R2/(R1+R2). With values
specified for the present design it is 1/4. Some constructors may find it desirable to use 1% resistors here also.
Parts list Resistors:
atKl;,\N:#7
R1 = 82 'cc -2
`04i,N.k
R2 = 27 ki2 R3 = 4.32 kS2, 1% R4 = 1.371d2, 1% R5 = 5.49 kS2, 1% R6 = 10 kS2 R7 = 100 C2 R8 = 560 12
Fig. 4. Completed PCB (component layout side)
Capacitors: C1 = 4.7 jt F, 10 V, tantalum
Semiconductors: D1 = LED, yellow, flat D2 = LED, green, flat D3 = LED, red, flat
Integrated circuits: IC1 = TCA965
Miscellaneous: 1 off car -type cigarette lighter plug
Fig. 5. Completed PCB (track side) ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
62
BUILDING ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Although ready-made printed circuit boards are available for most projects described in this magazine, there are cases where a 'real' PCB is not necessary. For instance, with smallscale experiments, or if the design is simply not critical as regards component layout. In such cases, prototyping board (also called stripboard or veroboard) is a very useful, easy to handle, alternative.
to test and adjust audio circuits, but do not have a full-blown function generator. Since our main concern in the present article is the construction of a tone generator, a description of its operation is not given. First, let us have a look at the tools and materials needed to build the circuit on prototyping board.
Tools and materials Fortunately, the tools and materials needed to build a circuit on prototyping board are fairly common, and will be found even in the 'poor man's' workshop.
The materials shown in Fig. 2 include a small piece of prototyping board cut to size. The connections be-
tween the components on the board are made in 0.2 mm dia (SWG36) enamelled copper wire. Note that this diameter is given as guidance only connections carrying large currents should be made in thicker wire. Also needed is a soldering iron with a power rating of about 30 W. Obviously, there
is nothing against using a tempera-
ture -controlled soldering station with
adjustable solder temperature (350400 °C). The relatively high solder tem-
perature is needed, among others, to make the enamel lacquer coating at the wire ends melt, so that the copper wire can be tinned and soldered.
By our design staff
A sponge and a plastic flask containing a little water should be kept AS A S many of you will be aware, a everyone will have the time and means handy to enable the tip of the solder circuit board is a key ele- necessary to achieve satisfying results. iron to be cleaned from time to time. If a certain printed circuit board is The flask saves you having to walk to a ment in almost any electronics construction project, since it ensures not available ready-made, or if no art- tap every half hour or so to moisten the compactness, reliability and safety. work is provided, construction on pro- sponge. Several types of small flask or Unfortunately, making a printed cir- totyping board should be considered. bottle may be used. The flask shown in cuit board for a particular circuit is On prototyping board, components are Fig. 2 used to contain contact lens often more difficult and time consum- soldered at the desired locations, and cleaning/storage liquid, and was choing than actually building the project, then interconnected using short sen because of its nozzle and solid i.e., soldering and wiring. None the lengths of enamelled copper wire, sealing cap. Furthermore, you need flat nose pliless, printed circuit boards are pro- which run at the solder side. This duced at home or in the hobbyist's method is well -proven, if only by the ers, solder tin (type 40/60 alloy), PCB workshop by skilful experimenters who fact that nearly all circuits described in solder pins and, of course, the compoare not daunted by the amount of this magazine are built in this way by nents that make up the circuit. A component lead preforming aid is work, which is mostly chemistry and Elektor Electronics design staff before a printed circuit board layout is drawn. useful, but not indispensable. The photography. same goes, basically, for a circuit After etching and cleaning, the
printed circuit board is drilled using a
The circuit diagram
suitable drilling machine. Next, the copper tracks are smoothed with a Construction on a prototyping board is piece of wire wool, and then sprayed best illustrated with the aid of a practiwith solder lacquer to give them a pro- cal example, in this case, building a tective coating. Optionally, a compo- simple generator. Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram nent layout is printed on the of a sine -wave generator which procomponent side of the board. As already mentioned, making one's duces a fairly clean 1 -kHz tone. The own printed circuit boards is time consuming and certainly not easy, and not
board holder that can be used during the testing phase also. Finally, before you start soldering, make a copy of the
circuit diagram on paper, and have a colour felt pen handy. Enlarge the diagram if it is complex.
Practical construction
output level is adjusted with preset Pi. Although the example circuit works at This tone generator is ideal if you want a voltage which is quite safe to touch, ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
BUILDING ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
glue between the spot and the board material, and will cause the spot to come loose (Fig. 3), so that it can be picked up with the tip of the iron, or simply pushed off the board surface. Start the construction by fitting the part with the highest number of terminals, or the largest size. This is done to
prevent lack of space for this component later. For small parts, it is much easier to find a place if you find that one or two have been overlooked. Transistor T1 is selected as the cen-
tral part in the sine wave oscillator, and it is fitted first, observing the size of preset P1. Next, fit capacitor C3 so that one of its terminals is close to the base of Ti (see Fig. 4). Next, bend the
63
Resistors: R1;R2;R3 = 39141 R4 = R5 = 2kS27
P1 = 21625 preset
Capacitors: C1;C2;C3 = 10nF C4 = 100p.F 10\/
Semiconductors: T1;T2 = BC54713
capacitor terminal to the transistor Fig. 1. The example circuit discussed in this article is a simple sine -wave oscillator. Always useful as a signal source for testing audio circuits!
it is always useful to bear in mind the requirements for electrical safety when dealing with higher voltages, such as the mains. Wherever the mains voltage (240 V) is present on a printed circuit board, a minimum isolation distance of 6 mm should be observed between solder points. On prototyping board, this is easily achieved by removing all copper spots within a distance of 6 mm of, for instance, the spots to which the primary terminals of a PCB -mount mains transformer are soldered. The spots to be removed are firmly heated with the solder iron. The heat partly melts the
base terminal, and join the two by soldering (Fig. 5). Mark this connection in the circuit diagram by running the felt pen over the relevant line in the drawing (Fig. 6). Make a habit of marking the interconnections in this way imme-
diately after soldering - it may save you a lot of trouble later. Next, fit preset P1 in the vicinity of the emitter of T1. The connection be-
tween the emitter and the preset is made using a short piece of copper
wire. Make sure the solder iron is hot, apply some fresh solder tin to the tip, and then pre -tin the end of the enamelled copper wire which is still on the reel. Clean the solder tip by wiping it
across the sponge - this is necessary because most of the solder resin will have evaporated at the high temperature. Do not cut off the wire as yet -
Fig. 3. All copper spots within 6 mm distance of a terminal at mains potential should be removed. This is readily achieved by heating spots with the solder iron, and then pushing them off the board.
Fig. 4. Lack of space on a circuit board space may be avoided by first fitting the larger com-
ponents. Since the connections are made with wires, the constructor is free to determine the position of the parts on the board (within limits, of course). Evidently, parts that are interconnected are mounted as close as possible to one another.
a.
MP
40
40 41
41
Fig. 5. Here, you do not need a wire. The conFig. 2. Most of the tools necessary for working with prototyping board will be available in your nection between capacitor C3 and the base toolcase. A water flask, a component wire preforming tool and a circuit board holder are op- of transistor T1 consists of a bent terminal of tional to make construction easier. capacitor C3.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
64
GENERAL INTEREST
MEGAPROM II Eprom programmer 2k (2716) to 8MEG (27080) EPROM, EPROM & FLASH memories on one unit. Program voltage for 12 - 25 volt type Eproms. Plugs into standard printer cable on your IBM PC,Centronies interface is faster than RS232 web no latch up' problems. Software supplied has full screen editor, supports Intel Hex, Motorola S and Bin lies algorithms for over 200 different mom types.
/ r\
Software and unit for only L89.95 RequIres IBM PC and 15-30voit ACJDC power supply. Suitable onnsformer available (6.50 extr
PIC I 6C54/5/6/7 DEVELOPMENT Develop and test PIC16Cxx software on your IBM PC.The powerful integrated package contains a Text EditorAssembler. Disassembler and PIC simulator.All functions are available from within the PICDEV program, The simulator allows you to step through your code or set breakpoints. Register iles can be altered at any time The PICS1M even includes VDT, timer and option reg. Supplied with example programs and user
...(29.95 LOW COST PIC 16C54/56 I.C.E. In Circuit Emulator with Read and Write Ports PJB, 05C2/ClkOut and RTCC manual.
in. Single Step, breakpoints, register change/examine etc. Plugs into centronics port Lptl /2. Maximum speed depends
on computer in use, approx 2 MHz on 386/486. 1.C.E unit supplied with PIC 16C545/6/7 Development software (as above)
L89.95 EPROM/ROM EMULATOR Works with ANY computer with centronics printer port. Fast download. Ideal for ...(39.95 MICRO development.
_No contracts
PC SCOPE Turn your IBM PC into a powerful Storage Oscilloscope, Digital Voltmeter or Sound Sampler. Sample rate 101, - 30K per sec. Converter plugs into punter port with no power required.The ND converter with scope and Only L29.95 voltmeter software (VGA required) ready to plug in and go.. ASM51 + SIMS I Complete Text Editor /Assembler plus Simulator for Microcontrollers 8051/52. Runs on IBM PC Full control Registers & memory. Label generated disassembly. program trace, single-step, go with break
SmartCard
L 1 9 .9 5
many more features
ASM48 + SIM48 As above but for 8048'49 controllers. PLEASE ADD L
L 19.95
....
50 POST A, PACKING
JOHN MORRISON (MICROS) DEPT El 4 REIN GARDENS,TINGLEY, WEST YORKSHIRE, WF3 I JR. TELEPHONE 0532 537 507
BADGER
Multichannel Free view
VISA
D2 -Mac Eurocrypt
Videocrypt
BOARDS
IK-Tjanst P.O. Box 460
Printed Circuit Boards for Amateur Radio Schools Colleges Hobbyists & Industry Clubs Short Wave Listeners
S-901 09 Umea, Sweden Phone + 46 (0)90 13 84 40 Fax + 46 (0)90 13 84 70 BBS + 46 (0)90 13 84 70
A range of Printed Circuit Boards in stock from many of the Projects in Magazines
PRACTICAL WIRELESS U SHORT WAVE MAGAZINE CI ELEKTORU HRT RADIO COMMUNICATION Kits Projects and Materials for manufacturing your own boards. Artwork and Plotting from your own Schematic drawings and also C A D facilities We supply ONE OFF Prototypes Phone between 9.00am and 5.30pm Monday to Friday for helpful advice and assistance Club talks and demonstrations of Printed Circuit Board manufacture QRP involvement etc
021-353 9326 87, Blackberry Lane, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldtield. 1374 4JF (Please mention where you spotted this advertisement)
that would leave you with a short wire which is difficult to handle. Solder the wire end to the emitter or the preset terminal. Next, run the wire to the other point to be connected, cut, and pre -tin the end. Clean the solder iron tip, apply fresh solder tin, and join
the wire to the solder spot (Fig. 7). Mark the connection you have just made in the circuit diagram (Fig. 8). In
reasonably expect the circuit to work spot-on. A careful last check on all connections and component polarities
..... . * ...... ... ........ ..... a . *
*
*
*
*
.
.
(where appropriate) will, of course, give you even more certainty. To test the circuit, connect the
*
at
4
#
.
4.
power supply (in this case, a 9-V battery), and examine the output waveform on an oscilloscope.
.
Fig. 7. Example of an interconnection made in enamelled copper wire at the solder side of the board. Thanks to the isolation formed by a thin enamel coating, wires are allowed to cross freely without affecting the operation of the circuit.
this way, all components are fitted on to the board, and interconnected as in-
dicated by the circuit diagram. The connections with the 'outside world' (battery connections and signal out-
Fig. 6. The 'prototyping board' method works
only if the connections made by soldering are consistently marked in (a copy of) the circuit diagram.
put) are best made with the aid of solder terminals. If there are no more components left (inspect the floor or the carpet also!),
examine the circuit diagram copy to see if all interconnections have been marked. If this is the case, you may
Fig. 8. The second connection made on the
board is marked in the circuit diagram, by running a colour marker pen over the relevant line in the circuit diagram.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
65
READERS' CORNER BOLTON INSTITUTE, ALUMNI ASSOCIATION May I appeal to any readers who are former students of Bolton Institute of Higher Education or who, prior to 1982, attended Bolton College
Emulator miniaturized into a module only 11 mm high that plugs directly into your EPROM socket. Unlike conventional emulators, there is no messy ribbon cable. Once programming is complete and the computer
of Education (Technical) or Bolton Institute of Technology. Indeed, we shall be glad to hear from anyone who during the last fifty years or so, prior to the Institute's creation, pursued a higher -level course in Bolton, e.g., at Bolton College of Art or Bolton Technical College. Bolton Institute is establishing an Alumni
connection removed, the emulator can remain in circuit like a normal EPROM. Because of its non-volatile storage, the emulator can be used with any computer that has a Centronics printer port. No software is needed to run the emulator; just send an ASCII file containing
Association (an association of former students of an educational institution) and we are trying to trace anyone who has studied at the institute, no matter when, as we want to reestab-
reset), followed by the datafile, to the printer port. It can download a 27512 binary file in only 2 seconds.
lish contact with them.
an inbuilt programmer that has an unlimited number of write cycles.
We are inviting all former students to
Consider the MicroRom as an EPROM with
For further information, contact Squarewave
and to join the Bolton Institute Alumni
Electronics, Unit 25, Imperial House, 64 Willoughby Lane, London N17 OSP; telephone/fax +44 (0)81 880 9889. See also advert on page 59.
dents will be invited to celebrate with us. NEW EMULATORS FROM MICROAMPS Dvelopers working with the 8031/51 microcontroller can get a low-cost, full func-
Please write to: Jan Lancaster, Alumni
(110x65 mm), operation up to 16 MHz,
Relations Officer, Bolton Institute, Deane Road,
64 kbytes of battery -backed memory partionable in 4 kbyte blocks between program and on -board or off -board data, 64 k hard-
tion, In -Circuit Emulator from MicroAmps. The ICE51+ features include small size
ware breakpoints in program and external data
PRODUCT NEWS NEW EPROM EMULATOR FROM SQUARE WAVE ELECTRONICS Squarewave Electronics has launched the MicroRom, a revolutionary new type of EPROM Emulator. The MicroRom is a conventional EPROM
COMPONENT RATINGS In resistor and capacitor values, decimal points and large numbers of zeros are avoided wherever possible. Small and large values are usually abbreviated as follows:
memory, single step and software trace together with a host of other facilities. The BICEPS51 In -Circuit Emulator is capable of supporting almost al 8051 derivatives using a new technique that combines the
j_t (micro-)
m (milli-) k (kilo-)
= 10-12 = 10-9 = 10-6 = 10-3 = 103
M (mega-) = 106 G (giga-) = 109
V3 of SpiceAge for Windows gives an order of magnitude of speed rise for logic simulation over SpiceAge 2, previously believed to be the fastest analogue simulator of its type available. V3 benchmarks at 9 seconds on the digital test compared with 120 seconds on V2. Speed gains are also apparent on some ana-
logue circuits. To support this, a new 32 channel logic analyser display is available, more digital models are provided and input ductor models is shipped with V3 and the analogue side is further expanded by a brand new
opamp model especially developed to exploit the linear extrapolation pragmas provided in SpiceAge's polynomial functions. Not only is this topology more accurate than many SPICE models, but is faster to analyse.
For further information, contact Those Engineers Ltd, 31 Birkbeck Road, London NW7 4BP. Telephone +44 (0)81 906 0155; fax +44 (0)81 906 0969. See also advert on page 58.
IMPULSE RESPONSE MEASUREMENT AND PROCESSING The dedicated IMP board from Falcon Acoustics, which is similar in operation to the KEF
less otherwise specified.
for synchronization, some modification may be required.
The direct working voltage of capacitors (other than electrolytic or tantalum types) is assumed to be .150 V. As a rule of thumb, a safe value is about 2x direct supply voltage.
meter unless otherwise specified. Mains (power line) voltages are not listed in the
articles. It is assumed that our readers know what voltage is standard in their part of the world.
Readers in countries that use 60 Hz supplies, Note that nano -farad (nF) is the international way of writing 1000 pF or 0.001 pF. Resistors are1/3 watt, 5% metal film types un-
SPICEAGE 3 FOR WINDOWS FROM THOSE ENGINEERS
best features of an EPROM emulator with a full -function In -Circuit Emulator. The BICEPS51 replaces the EPROM in the circuit on test with 64 kbytes of emulation RAM that can be partitioned in 4 kbyte
Direct test voltages are measured with a 201d2/V
P (Pico-) n (nano-)
phone +44 (0)483 268 999; Fax +44 (0)483 268 397. See also advert on page 41.
Zetex SPICE library of analogue semicon-
Alumni Associations in other countries. We will be arranging reunions, giving information of new developments and sharing news about former students through the Alumni Magazine, the first issue of which was published in January.
tension 3808, or fax us on (0204) 399074.
.
For more information contact Micro AMPS 66 Smithbrook Kilns, Cranleigh GU6 8JJ; tele-
signal bus structures are supported. The
We hope also to establish International
Bolton BL3 5AB, or phone (0204) 28851, ex-
hardware breakpoint capability, cross assembler and real-time trace buffer that can be interrogated 'on the fly'
systems information (such as EPROM size,
data format type, any offsets, high or low
write and let us know what they are doing now
Association. This year we hope the Institute will become Bolton's University, and former stu-
blocks. The device requires a single adaptor to emulate almost all 8051 derivatives. The package comes with high-level debugging,
should note that our circuits are usually designed
and Bowers & Wilkins impulse measurement, generates an impulse which is sent to the loudspeaker via an amplifier (your hi-fi
The international letter symbol U' is used for voltage instead of the ambiguous . The letter V is reserved for 'volts'.
The size of a metric bolt or screw is defined by the letter M followed by a number corresponding to the overall diameter of the thread in mm, the x sign and the length of the bolt or screw, also in mm. For instance, an M4x6 bolt has a thread diameter of 4 mm and a length of 6 mm. The overall diameter of the thread in the BA sizes is: 0 BA= 6.12 mm; 2 BA =4.78 mm; 4 BA = 3.68 mm; 6 BA = 2.85 mm; 8 BA = 2.25 mm.
for 50 Hz. This will not normally cause problems, although if the mains frequency is used ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
66 amplifier?). The output pulse is picked up by
a microphone and fed back into the IMP where it is digitized and then fed into an IBM (compatible) computer via the printer port. The IMP software then analyses the input via Fourier transforms and outputs the results on to the computer screen in graph-
clock for PCs. I have an IBM (compatible)
so that the antenna connector no longer protrudes from the enclosure. This can be overcome by terminating the antenna cable into a coaxial plug and making the entrance hole
PC486 and have, as stated in the article, complemented the CONFIG.SYS file with the following (last) line: DEVICE C:\MSDOS\DCFCLOCK.SYS. I should be pleased if you would tell me: 1. Whereto should the files of the software provided (DCFCLOCK.ASM, DCFCLOCK.DOC and DCFCLOCK.SYS be copied? To the root, the MSDOS or a separate directory? 2. Once the files have been loaded, how is the program called up to initialize the driver and to fill the options P, I, S, B and D? (M. Meersschaut)
slightly larger. Moreover, one of the two earth tags of the UV916H must be connected at a different position.
ical form in the shape of amplitude and phase
response curves. Full control is via the PC. The amplifier output can be sampled via a probe to correct for errors in the pulse spectrum and amplifier response. IM P allows the collection and analysis of 12 -bit analogue data up to 4,095 samples in length and sample rates are selectable at either 61.441 kHz or 1.92 kHz which, along with the internal filtering, allows measurements from several hertz to 20 kHz. Further information from Falcon Acoustics Ltd, Tabor House, Norwich Road, Mulbarton,
Norfolk NR14 8JT, England. Telephone +44 (0)508 78272; fax +44 (0)508 70986.
CORRECTIONS
LETTERS SCART SWITCHING BOX (December 1993) I have a few problems with this project, which I believe have to do with the connec-
tions. Pin 1 of one connector is linked to
The file DCFCLOC .ASM is the assembler list-
pin 2 of the other. The same is true of pins 3 and 19, which are linked to pins 6 and 20 respectively. All other pins are interlinked as one would expect, i.e., pin 5 to pin 5, pin 10 to pin 10, and so on. L. Bastiaenssen
ing of the program, which you no longer need (it is of interest only to dyed-in-the-
wool programmers). The file DCFCLOCK.DOC contains the instructions for the program, which you can read with a word
processing program. It is not necessary to store this file on a hard diksk. The only program that you need to copy to the hard disk is DCFCLOCK.SYS. Place
Ina SCART cable, the wiresfor the video and audio connections are always crossed. That
is why the video output (pin 19) at one end
DIGITAL DIAL (January 1994) An attentive reader has drawn our attention to the fact that the digital dial can not be used in conjunction with the receiver illustrated (a Yaesu Type FRG -7) since the IF of
that receiver is much too high for the dial. [Editor] Sorry for that oversight!
VHF/UHF TUNER (Oct/Nov 1993) The tuner module used in this design is no longer in production with Philips and its availability will thus become a problem. Fortunately, the Type UV916H is an excellent alternative. The snag is, however, that this unit is slightly smaller than the UV816,
Produced and published by ELEKTOR
ELECTRONICS (Publishing)
Editor/publisher Len Seymour Technical Editor J Bulling Editorial & Administrative Offices PO Box 1414 DORCHESTER DT2 8YH England Telephone (0305) 250 995 (National ) or +44 305 250 995 (International ) Fax (0305) 250 996 (National ) or +44 305 250 996 (International )
(pin 20) at the other end. This arrangement ensures that the input of one piece of equipment is always connected properly to the output of another. There is, therefore, nothing wrong with your cable. Note that two pieces of equipment must never be connected simultaneously to K3
VICE = C:\DOS\DCFCLOCK.SYS. Other suf-
fixes may be added for changing certain settings (see DOC file), but even without these the system should work correctly. Note, however, that the receiver circuit must
be connected to the COM port 2 and that the computer must be restarted after the software has been installed. The program will then automatically set the correct time in the internal clock of the PC every minute.
PRECISION CLOCK FOR PCs
[Editor]
(November 1993) I have encountered a problem with the Precision
Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Parm Pashley Road TICEHURST TN5 7HE Telephone (0580) 200 657 (National ) or +44 580 200 657 (International) Fax. (0580) 200 616 (National) or +44 580 200 616 (International)
Head Office P.O Box 75 6190AB BEEK The Netherlands Telephone +31 46 38 94 44 Telex 56617 (elekt n1)
Managing Director. M M J Landman
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
Elektor Verlag GmbH Susterfeld Stral3e 25 5100 AACHEN
Elektuur BV Peter Treckpoelatreat 2-4 6191 VK BEEK Editor. PE L, Kersemakers
Editor E J.A. Krempelsauer
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POLAND Elektor Elektronik 02-777 Warszawa 130 Skrytka Pocztowa 271 Editor W. Marciniak
HUNGARY Elektor Elektromkai foly6rat
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1015 Budapest Batthytiny u 13 Editor: Lakatoa Andrds
R.D Estefint, 32-1°
INDIA Elektor Electronics PVT Ltd Chhotani Building 52C, Proctor Road, Grant Road (E) BOMBAY 400007 Editor: C.R Chandarana
SPAIN Resistor Electronics Aplicada Calle Maudes 15 EntloC. 28003 MADRID Editor: Agustin Gonzales Buelta
Ferreira & Bento Lda. 1000 LISBOA
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Distribution SEYMOUR 1270 London Road LONDON SW16 4DH
International Advertising Office: Elektuur BV P.O Box 75 6199 AB BEEK The Netherlands Telephone: +31 46 38 94 44 Fax. +31 46 37 01 61
dicates where the computer can find that program to CONFIG.SYS (in C:\), e.g. DE-
and K5/K6. Use SCART connector K3 or the phono plugs K5/K6, but not both at the same time! [Editor]
Fax: +31 46 37 01 61
U.K. Advertising Office. 3 Crescent Terrace CHELTENHAM GL50 3PE Telephone' (0242) 510 760 Fax (0242) 226 626
this file in the directory containing the DOS commands (e.g., C ADOS). Add aline that in-
of the cable is linked to the video input
Printed in the Netherlands by NDB, Zoeterwoude
SWEDEN Overseas editions. FRANCE Elektor sari
ISRAEL
Les Trots Tine uls
Elektorcal PO Box 41096 TEL AVIV 61410
Subscriptions:
B P 59; 59850 NIEPPE
Publisher M Avraham
World Wide Subscription Service Ltd
Editor G.0 P. Raedersdorf
Electronic Press AB Box 5505 14105 HUDDINGE
Editor Bill Cedrum
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
67
IF AN ADVERT IS WRONG, WHO PUTS IT RIGHT? We do.
The Advertising Standards
Authority ensures advertise-
ments meet with the strict Code of Advertising Practice.
So If you question an advertiser,
they
have
to
answer to us_
lb find out more about the
ASA, please write to Advertising Standards Authority, Dept X. Brook House, Torrington Place, London \\TIE 711N.
Increase your electronics know-how and skills The speed and intensity with which electronics penetrates our daily lives at home, at work, or in our car, tends to make us forget that we can use electronics creatively by building designs with a practical application and having the satisfaction of a successfully finished project. Elektor Electronics, which is distributed all over the world, can help you achieve these goals. Throughout the year, the magazine features original construction projects, informative articles and news on the gamut of electronics, science & technology, book reviews and information on new products. The past 11 issues contained 80 major and 97 minor construction articles, 21 articles of an educative or instructional nature, and 10 articles dealing with Science & Technology. If you wish to increase your electronics know-how and skills, take out an annual subscription to Elektor Electronics by writing or faxing to
World Wide Subscription Service Ltd Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Farm Pashley Road, Ticehurst East Sussex TN5 7HE, England Telephone (0580) 200 657; Fax (0580) 200 616
ASA This space is donated in the inklcsis of high standards in adwriinemenis.
You will then have the convenience of having the magazine delivered to your home, and the peace of mind that you will not miss any issue. The 1994 worldwide rates for an annual subscription (11 issues) are shown on page 72.
SWITCHBOARD Switchboard allows all PRIVATE READERS of Elektor Electronics one FREE advertisement of up to 108 characters, including spaces, commas, numerals, etc., per month Write the advertisement, which MUST relate to electronics, in the coupon on this page; it MUST INCLUDE a private telephone number or name and address; post office boxes are NOT acceptable. Elektor Electronics (Publishing) can not accept responsibility for any correspondence or transaction as a result of a free advertisement or of any inaccuracy in the text of such an advertisement. Advertisements will be placed in the order in which they are received. Elektor Electronics (Publishing) reserve the right to refuse advertisements without giving reasons or without returning them.
WANTED. Acorn Atom with disk drive, any condition. Please ring (0729) 860 224.
WANTED. Epsom FX800 circuit. Please write to R. Click, 12 Avon Grove, Cheadle, Stoke on Trent, Staffs ST10 1QR.
FOR SALE. Philips scope PM3217, 50 MHz,
calibrated will October 1994, with leads and pouch. £250 o.n.o. Please ring 091 372 0923. HELP! I
need some information about the
Orcad program. I need the file `LIB EDIT' for
Send this coupon to
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) P.O. Box 1414
Dorchester DT2 8YH England Block capitals p ease - one character to each box
3.21 version. Thanks in anticipation. Please write
to Luis M. Pinto, C. de Vila-Nespereira, 4620 Lousada, Portugal. FOR SALE. PDP 11/23 main frame, 3 RLO2 disk, 2 VT320 terms, 12 hard drive disks, working. £250 o.n.o. Please phone (0642) 711 368.
WANTED. Information/manual W.H.Y. for S.E. Labs 2001A frequency response analyser. Please ring (0602) 372 109.
!HELP! Can anyone suggest a source o
0 kV 20 mA fast diodes for my home-brew switch -mode PSU? Phone Alan on 081 800 0982.
WANTED. 27128 EPROMs 21 V. Please phone (0222) 566 413.
WANTED. Information on PCB and schematic programs used in Elektor Electronics. Please write to William Wallace, 934 Sharon Drive, Lebanon, Ohio 45036, USA., or phone (513) 932-1277.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS 03/94 Name and address MUST be given
68 Project
PRODUCT OVERVIE M ARM
No.
ELEKTOR
11396
Price (E) (USS)
EL ECTRUNIC-S
PRINTED -CIRCUIT BOARDS
JANUARY 1987 Top -of -the -range
MARCH 1987 MSX EPROMmer MAY 1987 MIDI signal distribution
OCTOBER 1987 Low -noise microphone preamplifier NOVEMBER 1987 BASIC computer
86111-2 26.45 52.90
87002 11.15 22.30
87012
87058 87192
870
4.05
MARCH 1988 Computer -controlled slide fader Low -noise preamplifier for FM receivers Signal divider for satellite TV receivers
8.10
23.80 47.60
87168
8.50
17.00
87259
18.80
37.60
7.65
15.30
880067
5.90
11.80
APRIL 1988 Fuzz unit for guitars
87255
7.65
15.30
MAY 1988 Plotter
87167 13.50 27.00
JUNE 1988
Wideband active aerial 880043-1 JULY/AUGUST 1988 Frequency read-out for SW receivers OCTOBER 1988 Preamplifier for purists Peripheral modules for BASIC computer NOVEMBER 1988 Bus interface for hi-res LCD screens
LFA-150 -a fast power amplifier Harmonic enhancer
880043-2
7.05 5.60
14.10 11.20
880039 21.60 43.20 880132-1 6.95 13.90 880132-2. 14.40 28.80
880159
5.90
11.80
880074 19.70 39.40 880092-1 9.95 19.90 880092-2 9.20 18.40 880167 7.40 14.80
LFA-150 -a fast
1989 JANUARY 1989 Fax interface for Atari
880109 880178-1 880178-2
8.65 10.65 7.80
21.30 15.60
UPBS-1
2.30
4.60
87291-1
886127
880189 890007-1
890007-2 890007-3
APRIL 1989 Digital Model Train Function generator Triplet Multi -point IR control
87291-2/3 UPBS-1 890013-1 890013-2 890019-1 890019-2
4.95 8.75
17.30
9.90 17.50
7.15 14.30 23.05 46.10 2.55 5.10 9.80 19.60
5.05 2.30 7.80 8.00 4.05 4.75
4.60 15.60 16.00 8.10 9.50
ELV project
MAY 1989 680209 5.30 10.60 RDS decoder Digital Model Train (4) 87291-4 6.15 12.30 DTMF system decoder 890060 7.65 15.30 UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Sine -wave converter S-VHS-to-RGB converter ELV project
JUNE 1989 Echo unit
880092-3e 880092-4e
880098
7.50 7.60 5.70
15.00 15.20 11.40
880184 18.00 36.00
Project
(E)
ELV project
discounted price of £48.15 (USS96.30). FEBRUARY 1990 Initialisation aid for 900007 printers Digital Model Train (11) 87291-8 Reflex MW AM receiver UPBS-1 Video mixer (2) 87304-2 Capacitance meter 900012 MARCH 1990 Audio/video modulator Digital model train (12) Power line monitor Video mixer (3)
JULY/AUGUST 1990 Battery tester Compact 10A power
OCTOBER 1989 CD error detector 890131 RGB-to-CVBS converter NOVEMBER 1989 Digital Model Train (8) DECEMBER 1989 Digital Model Train EPROM simulator Hard disk monitor IC tester LF/HF signal tracer Solid-state preamp
87291-5
87291-7 890166 890186 890183
890170-1' 890170-3'
JANUARY 1990 Video mixer (1) Mini EPROM programmer All solid-state preamplifier Simple AC milli voltmeter
900025 87304-3
5.30 10.60 2.30 4.60 19.10 38.20 8.50 17.00
ELV project 4.10 8.20 5.60 11.20 41.70 83.40
MAY 1990 Acoustic temperature monitor UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Budget sweep/function generator 900040 8.25 16.50 900037D 17.90 35.80 Centronics ADC/DAC PC servicing card ELV project Transistor characteristic 900058 5.60 11.20 plotting
SEPTEMBER 1989 Digital Model Train Resonance meter
886071
87291-9
16.75 33.50
APRIL 1990 4.70 9.40 Digital model train (13) 87291-10 Q meter 900031 7.05 14.10 RS -232 splitter 8.50 17.00 900017-1 900017-2 5.30 10.60 Wiring allocation tester ELV project
JUNE 1990
7.85 4.60
(USS)
890170-1; 1x 890170-2 and 1x 890170-3) are available as a package, ref. 890170-9, at a
JULY/AUGUST 1989 MIDI keyboard interface 8.25 16.50 decoder board 890105-1 controller board ELV project Tracking tester Floppy disk monitor 890078 5.00 10.00 UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Function generator
87291-6
Price
No.
10.10
15.70 9.20
Electronic load simulator 900042 14.10 28.20 MIDI master keyboard Mini EPROM viewer Power zener diode Remotely controlled stroboscope
supply Intermediate projects 7.05 14.10 ELV project
51.10 102.20
10.30 20.60 11.75 23.50 12.95 25.90 ELV project 9.40 18.80 13.80 27.60
Doepfer Elektronik 900030 21.15 42.30 UPBS-1 2.30 4.60
1991 JANUARY 1991 Logic analyser (1): - Busboard PC controlled Videotext decoder (2) SWR meter
900094-4 10.60 21.20 900013
ELV project 3.55 7.10
FEBRUARY 1991 Logic analyser (2): - RAM board 900094-2 18.50 37.00 900094-3 5.00 10.00 - Probe board Multifunction measurement card for PCs 900124-1 28.20 56.40 Doepfer Elektronik MIDI -to -CV interface RDS decoder: - demodulator board 880209 5.30 10.60 - processor board 900060 7.65 15.30 MARCH 1991 The complete preamplifier: - input board 890169-1 26.10 - main board 890169-2 39.35 Electronic exposure timer 900041 10.85 PC -controlled weather station (1) 900124-3 4.40 2-m band converter 900006-1 5.00 APRIL 1991 Logic analyser (3): 900094-5 - control board MIDI programme 900138 changer 910005 8 -bit I/O for Atari 6-m band transverter 910010 Wattmeter: 910011-1 - meter board 910011-2 - display board Moving -coil (MC) preamplifier 910016 Dimmer for halogen lights: 910032-1 - transmitter 910032-2 - receiver PC -controlled semiconductor tester MAY 1991 80C32/8052 Computer Battery tester Laser (1) Moving -magnet (MM) preamplifier Universal I/O interface for IBM PCs
910042 906056
900111 910046
52.20 78.70
21.70 8.80 10.00
18.50 37.00 6.75 12.35 11.45
13.50 24.70
6.45 4.10
12.90 8.20
22.90
10.60 21.20 4.10 4.40
8.20 8.80
ELV project
12.05 24.10 4,10 8.20 ELV project 6.75
13.50
10.85
21.70
JUNE 1991
Universal battery charger 900134 9.40 18.80 Logic analyser - 4 - power supply board 900094-7 8.80 17.60 - Atari interface 900094-6 12.65 25.30 - IBM interface 900094-1 14.40 28.80 Digital phase meter (set of 3 PCBs) 910045-1/2/3 26.15 52.30 Light transceiver UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Variable AC PSU 900104 6.15 12.30 Light switch w. TV IR ric 910048 5.60 11.20 RTC for Atari ST 910006 6.15 12.30
ELV project
ELV project 900045 UPBS-1
13.50 2.30
Mini FM transmitter' 896118 5.00 Sound demodulator for satellite -TV receivers 900057 4.40 Audio power indicator 904004 4.40 Four -monitor driver for PCs 904067 6.15 can not be supplied to readers in the UK
27.00 4.60 10.00 8.80 8.80
JULY/AUGUST 1991 Multifunction I/O for PCs 910029 24.40 48.80 B/W video digitizer 910053 22.60 45.20 Stepper motor board - 2: - power driver board 910054-2 28.50 57.00 Laser - 3 ELV project LED voltmeter 914005 5.60 11.20 Wien bridge 914007 4.10 8.20 Angled bus extension card for PCs 914030 12.05 24.10 Sync separator 914077 4.40 8.80
12.30
SEPTEMBER 1990 High -current hEE tester 900078 6.45 12.90 Infra -red remote control 904085/86 7.95 15.90 Sound generator ELV project OCTOBER 1990 6P -controlled telephone exchange S-VHS/CVBS-to-RGB converter
87304-1
32.00
64.00
890164
8.25
16.50
890170-2'
18.50
37.00
7.65
15.30
900081
21.15
42.30
900055. 14.40 28.80
NOVEMBER 1990
900004
(USS)
DECEMBER 1990 6.15 12.30 Active mini subwoofer 900122-2 Milliohmmeter 910004 5.90 11.80 Phase check for 900114-1/2 9.40 18.80 audio systems PC -controlled VideoELV project text decoder (1) Signal suppressor for 904024 4.40 8.80 all -solid state preamp
SEPTEMBER 1991 Peak indicator for loudspeakers ELV project Timecode interface for slide control: - main board 910055 24.40 48.80 - display board 87291-9a 4.10 8.20 Asymm-symm converter 910072 5.60 11.20
10.60 2120
1990
DECEMBER 1988
power amplifier CVBS-to-TTL adaptor Autonomous I/O controller
(US$)
Video recording amplifier
880041
for SW receivers
MARCH 1989 Power line modem Centronics buffer
Price (E)
FEBRUARY 1989 Digital Model Train VHF receiver
17.40
1988 JANUARY 1988 Stereo limiter
ST and Archimedes MIDI control unit
No.
Low -budget capacitance meter
1987 preamplifier
Project
Price (E)
A number of projects carried in Elektor Electronics are supported by ready-made printed circuit boards (PCBs), self-adhesive front panel foils, ROMs, EPROMs, PALs, GALs, microcontrollers and diskettes, which may he ordered through our Readers Services using the order form printed every month opposite the Readers Services page. The list printed here is complementary to the shorter one opposite the Readers Services page elsewhere in this issue. This two -page overview of all currently available products is regularly updated and appears in the March, June, September and December issues of Elektor Electronics. Items marked with a dot (*) following the product number are in limited supply only, and their availability can not be guaranteed by the time your order is received. Items not listed here or on this month's Readers Services page are not available. The artwork for making PCBs which are not available ready-made through the Readers Services may be found in the relevant article (from March 1990 onwards). Prices and item descriptions subject to change. Prices can be confirmed on request at the time of ordering. Project
No
*The four PCBs required for the preamplifier (2 x
400 -watt laboratory PSU 900082 12.95 25.90 Dubbing mixer EV7000 ELV project Medium -power audio 900098 10.60 21.20 amplifier Programmer for the 8751 900100 8.25 16.50 PT100 thermometer 900106 5.90 11.80
OCTOBER 1991 PC -controlled weather station (2) 900124-2 Digital function generator - main board 910077-1 - display board 910077-2 Audio spectrum shift encoder/decoder 910105 NOVEMBER 1991 Relay card for universal I/O interface 910038 Dissipation limiter 910071 Digital function generator
3.80
7.60
21.75 12.65
43.50 25.30
10.35
20.70
12.95 4.40
25.90 8.80
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Printed circuit boards whose number is followed by a sign are only available in combination with the associated software item, and can not be supplied separately. The indicated price includes the software.
Project
Price
No.
(£)
Project
No.
(US$)
69
Price (£)
(US$)
ROMS - EPROMS - PALS - GALS - MICROCONTROLLERS Article/Project'
- sine converter 910077-3 - R/T converter 910077-4 Class -A power amplifier (1):
15.00 12.35
880092-1 880092-2 UPBS-2
9.95 9.05 3.80
Timer for CH systems
30.00 24.70 19.90 18.10 7.60
Printer sharing unit 920011 Sound sampler for Amiga 920074 Difference thermometer 920078 Low -power TTL-toRS232 interface 920127
14.70 6.75 5.30
29.40 13.50 10.60
3.55
7.10
ECEMBER 1992 DECEMBER 1991 Class -A power amplifier (2): 880092-3 7.50 15.00 7.60 15.20 880092-4 Economy power supply 910111 9.40 18.80 al. programmable filters 910125 6.75 13.50 Amiga mouse/joystick 914078 4.10 switch 8.20 Safe solid-state relay 914008 3.80 7.60 Slave mains on/off control Mark -2 914072 6.45 12.90 Wideband antenna amplifier ELV project
8.25 8.50
16.50 17.00
5.00 6.45 10.60
10.00 12.90 21.20
21.15 42.30 10.00 20.00
FEBRUARY 1992 Audio/video switching
Measurement amplifier Mini square wave generator RAM extension for mini Z80 system Switch -mode power supply
910130 910131-1 910144
11.75 14.40 13.50
23.50 28.80 27.00
910151
5.30
10.60
910073
2.35
4.70
920001
4.40
8.80
MARCH 1992 8751 emulator 920019 A-D/D-A and I/O for I2C bus 910131-2 AF drive indicator 920016 Centronics line booster 910133 FM tuner (tuner board) 920005 LC meter 920012 MIDI optical link 920014
12.05
24.10
6.15 5.60 5.90 21.15 8.80 6.15
12.30 11.20 11.80 42.30 17.60 12.30
APRIL 1992 80C32 SBC extension 910109 2 -metre FM receiver 910134 Comb generator 920003 AD232 converter 920010 Automatic NiCd charger UPBS-1 LCD for L -C meter 920018 Milli -ohm meter adaptor 920020
13.50 10.30 8.50 12.35 2.30 4.70 4.40
27.00 20.60 17.00 24.70 4.60 9.40 8.80
May 1992 1.3-GHz prescaler 914059 Compact mains supply 920021 FM tuner - 3 (PSU) 920005-2 GAL programmer 920030 NICAM decoder 920035
5.00 7.35 8.80 11.15 15.00
10.00 14.70 17.60 22.30 30.00
JUNE 1992 4 -Megabyte printer buffer 910110 Audio -video processor - 2 I2C display 920004 FM tuner - 4: - mode control board 920005-3 - synthesizer board 920005-5 Guitar tuner 920033 Multi -purpose Z80 card 920002
JULY 1992 12VDC to 240VAC inverter - main board 920039-1 - power board 920039-2 Audio DAC - 1 920063-1 Optocard for universal PC I/O bus 910040 Audio -video processor - 3 FM tuner - 5: - keyboard/display 920005-4 - S -meter 920005-6 RS232 quick tester 920037 Small projects: Water pump control for solar power system 924007 Simple power supply 924024 Wideband active telescopic antenna 924102 SEPTEMBER 1992 EPROM emulator - II 910082 Audio/video processor - 4 Audio DAC - 2 920063-2 OCTOBER 1992 Audio DAC - 3 920063-3 Mains sequencer 920013 Wideband active antenna 924101 RDS demodulator 880209 NOVEMBER 1992
34.10 68.20 29.40 58.80 19.40 38.80 7.95 15.90 6.10 8.20 6.45 12.90 12.35 24.70 20.00 40.00 6.45 12.90
37.60 ELV project 4.70 9.40 18.80
5.60 11.20 10.85 21.70 10.00 20.00 20.25 40.50
11.15 22.30 6.45 12.90 8.50 17.00
12.95 25.90 ELV project 14.40 3.80 5.00
28.80 7.60 10.00
7.35 14.70 5.00 10.00 3.25
6.50
10.00
20.00 ELV project 18.80 37.60
26.45 17.35 3.25 5.30
52.90 34.70 6.50 10.60
JANUARY 1993 PAL test pattern generator (incl. GAL 6211) 920129+ 15.30 30.60 Multi -core cable tester 926079 - matrix board 17.05 34.10 - slave unit 926084 6.20 12.40 - master unit 926085 8.25 16.50 FEBRUARY 1993 U2400B NiCd battery charger 920098 8.75 17.50 Digital -audio enhancer 920169 14.25 28.50 12C opto/relay card 930004 11.00 22.00 Watt-hour meter (PCBs -1 and -2, and EPROM 6241)920148+ 37.25 74.50 MARCH 1993 Linear sound pressure meter Electrically isolated RS232 interface
Order code
Description
2/91
561
series 2/90 3/90 6/90 10/90
572 583 5861 5921
1 x 16L8 1 x 2764 1 x 27128 1 x 2764 1 x 27128 1 x 27128 1 x 2764 1 x 2764
5941 5951 5961
2/91 4/91
(series)
Price (£)
(US$)
10.30 11.75 10.85 11.75 11.75 15.30 15.30 15.30
20.60 23.50 21.70 23.50 23.50 30.60 30.60 30.60
see under Cr ISKETTES below
5971 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50 5981 1 x 2764 15.30 30.60 Multifunction I/O card for PCs 7-8/91 5991 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50 Amiga mouse/joystick switch 12/91 6001 1 x GAL 16V8 8.25 16.50 Stepper motor board 6/91 6011 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50 4-MByte printer buffer (6/92 and 4/93) 6041 1 x 27C64 15.30 30.60 8751 emulator (incl. system disk 5.25 in.) 3/92 6051 1 x 27C64 29.40 58.80 EMON51 (incl. course disk 1661) (series) 6061 1 x 27256 20.00 40.00 Connect 4 12/91 6081 1 x 2764 15.30 30.60 EMON51 (incl. course disk 1681) (series) 6091 1 x 27256 20.00 40.00 FM tuner 7/92 6101 1 x 27C256 15.30 30.60 Multi -purpose 280 card: GAL set 6/92 6111 2 x GAL 16V8 11.15 22.30 Multi -purpose Z80 card: BIOS 6/92 6121 1 x 27128 15.30 30.60 TV test pattern generator (80C32 SBC) 3/93 6151 x 27256 15.30 30.60 1.2 GHz multifunction frequency meter 12/92 6141 1 x 27C256 11.45 22.90 Digital audio/visual system 12/92 6171 < 27C256 10.30 20.60 Digital audio/visual system (software package) 2/93 6181 EPROM. GAL. and disk 30.50 61.00 PAL test pattern generator 1/93 6211 1 x GAL 20V8 9.40 18.80 Watt-hour meter 2/93 6241 1 x 27256 10.00 20.00 Four fold DAC 7-8/93 6251 1 x GAL 10.75 21.50 Multipurpose display decoder 7-8/93 6261 1 x 2764 11.50 23.00 Digital hygrometer 11/93 6301 1 x 2764 14.50 29.00 8751 programmer 11/90 7061 1 x 8751 46.40 92.80 Microcontroller NiCd charger 10/93 7071 1 x ST62E15 10.00 20.00 Maxi micro clock (clock) 7-8/93 7081 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00 Maxi micro clock (darkroom timer) 7-8/93 7091 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00 Maxi micro clock (cooking timer) 7-8/93 7101 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00 Mini micro clock (clock) 9/93 7111 1 x ST62T15 11.50 23.00 Mini micro clock (darkroom timer) 9/93 7121 1 x ST621-15 11.50 23.00 Mini micro clock (cooking timer) 9/93 7131 x ST62715 11.50 23.00 VHF/UHF TV tuner 11/93 7141 1 x 87C51 25.75 51.50 * For pre -1990 project EPROM5 see the December 1992 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office 6/91 2/91
1
1
1
930006 920138
MAY 1993 FM stereo signal generator920155 VHF/UHF receiver 926001 Philips preamplifier 930003 Workbench PSU 930033 920075-1
JUNE 1993 Spectrum VU meter 920151 GAL programmer upgrade930060 Digital frequency readout for VHF/UHF receiver 926001-2 Inexpensive phase meter - main board 930046 - meter board 920018
14.00
7.00
10.25 20.50
APRIL 1993 Audio power meter 930018 10.25 Video digitizer for PCs (incl. disk 1831) 930007+ 37.00 Infrared receiver for 80C32 single -board computer (incl. disk 1791) 920149+ 14.50 4MB printer buffer card 920009 27.50
DISKETTES Article/Project`
Issue
20.50 74.00
29.00 55.00
23.00 19.00 7.50 21.50 4.70
46.00 38.00 15.00 43.00 9.40
13.00 4.50
26.00 9.00
11.50
23.00
9.00 4.75
18.00 9.50
JULY/AUGUST 1993 Active 3 -way loudspeaker system Maxi micro clock Four -fold DAC for PCs SMD soldering station VHF -low converter I2C bus fuse 15 on I PCB)
930016 21.50 43.00 930020 15.50 31.00 930040 Koller Electronic 930065 9.50 19.00 926087 15.50 31.00 934016 8.00 16.00 Voice operated recording 934039 6.00 12.00 General transformer PCB 934004 6.50 13.00 Plant humidity monitor 934031 4.50 9.00 Plant humidity monitor (supply) 934032 4.00 8.00
SEPTEMBER 1993 Fuzzy logic multimeter -1920049-2 20.00 40.00 Linear temperature gauge 920150 7.05 14.10 PC -aided transistor tester 920144 9.75 19.50 Harmonic enhancer 930025 13.50 27.00 ITC alphanumerical display (incl. disk 1851) 930044+ 14.25 28.50 Mini micro clock 930055 7.50 15.00 950-1750 MHz converter UPBS-1 1.95 3.90 OCTOBER 1993 Stereo mixer UPBS-1 1.95 3.90 MIDI channel monitor 930059 14.00 28.00 Ah meter with digital display 930068 14.00 28.00 Autoranging frequency readout 930034 12.50 25.00 ROM -gate switchover for Atari ST 930005 30.25 60.50 Microntroller-driven NiCd battery charger (incl. programmed ST62E15) 920162+ 25.50 51.00 Fuzzy logic multimeter - 2 (incl. disk 1721) 920049-1+ 23.75 47.50 r-oi November 1993 to March 1994 foams see page 70 of this issue
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Multifunction measurement card for PCs The digital model train Darkroom clock Video mixer Four -sensor sunshine recorder µP -controlled telephone exchange RDS decoder MIDI programme changer Logic analyser Logic analyser (IBM interface) MIDI -to -CV interface
1993
1992 JANUARY 1992 CD player 910146 Fast precise thermometer 910081 Low -frequency counter - input board 910149-1 - display board 910149-2 Mini Z80 system 910060 Prototyping board for IBM PCs 910049 PC -controlled weather 900124-5 station (3)
unit 12C interface for PCS
Digital audio/visual system (incl. EPROM 6171) 920022+ 1.2 GHz multifunction frequency meter (incl. EPROM 6141) 920095+ Output amplifier for ribbon 920135-1 loudspeakers 920135-2 Peak -delta NiCd charger 920147 IDC-to-boX header adaptor924049 924047 Mini keyboard for Z80 800552 pP system 924071 924055 Mains power -on delay
Issue
Order code
EPROM emulator II 9/92 129 Multifunction measurement card (MMC) for PCs 2/91 1461 Logic analyser: IBM software & GAL IC 7-8/91 1491 Logic analyser: Atari software & GAL IC 7-8/91 1501 Plotter driver (D. Sijtsma) 9/91 1541 8 -bit I/O interface for Atari ST 4/91 1571 Tektronix/Intel file converter 4/91 1581 B/W video digitizer for Archimedes 7-8/91 1591 Timecode interface for slide controller 9/91 1611 Real-time clock for Atari ST 6/91 1621 24 -bit colour extension for video digitizer 11/91 1631 PC -controlled weather station (3) 1/92 1641 (supersedes 1551 and 1561) 8051/8032 assembler course (IBM version) (series) 1661 A-D/D-A and I/O for I2C bus 3/92 1671 8051/8032 assembler course (Atari version) series 1681 AD232 converter 4/92 1691 GAL programmer (upgrade: June 1993) 5/92 8 6/93 1701 Multi -purpose Z80 card 6/92 1711 Fuzzy Control One 10/93 1721 Pascal routines for MMC for PCs 10/92 1751 Speech/sound memory 12/92 1771 PC -aided transistor tester 9/93 1781 Int ra-red receiver and DTMF decoder for 80032 single -board computer 3 & 4/93 1791 I2C opto/relay card 2/93 1821 Video digitizer for PC5 4/93 1831 GAL programmer for Amiga 6/93 1841 ITC alphanumerical display 9/93 1851 Philips preamplifier 5/93 1861 GAL programmer (excl. Opal Jr. disks) 6/93 1881 X2404 -to -8751 interfacing 6/93 1891
Disk size
Price (0)
(US$)
5.25 -inch 5.25 -inch 5.25 -inch 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch 3.5 -inch 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch
6.75 7.65 19.40 19.40 11.15 7.65 7.65 11.15 7.65 7.65 11.15 7.65
13.50 15.30 38.80 38.80
5.25 -inch
7.65
22.30 15.30 15.30 22.30 15.30 15.30 22.30 15.30
15.30
order as 1821 (see below) 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch 5.25 -inch (3 x) 5.25 -inch 5.25 -inch
5.25 inch 5.25 inch 3.5 inch
7.65 7.65 11.15 7.65 7.75 9.70 7.65 7.50
15.30 15.30 22.30 15.30 15.50 19.40 15.30 15.00
7.50 15.00 5.25 inch 7.65 15.30 5.25 inch 14.50 29.00 3.5 inch 11.00 22.00 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00 5.25 inch 10.75 21.50 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00 For pre -1991 project diskettes see the December 1992 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office 5.35 -inch
SELF-ADHESIVE FRONT PANEL FOILS Article/Project*
Issue
Order code
Price (0)
Wattmeter Universal NiCd battery charger Logic analyser Digital phase meter Variable AC power supply Timecode interface for slide controller Digital function generator 4 -Megabyte printer buffer Economy power supply Measurement amplifier CD player FM tuner 4 -Megabyte printer buffer insertion card LC meter Digital audio/visual system
4/91 6/91
910011-F 900134-F 900094-F 910045-F 900104-F 910055-F 910077-F 910110-F 910111-F 910144-F 910146-F 920005-F 920009-F 920012-F 920022-F1 920022-F2 920022-F3 920033-F 920035-F 920038-F 920063-F 920095-F 920098-F 930033-F 930046-F
(US$)
9.70 19.40 6.45 12.90 (series) 10.30 20.60 6/91 11.75 23.50 6/91 16.45 32.90 9/91 8.80 17.60 10/91 10.60 21.20 6/92 11.45 22.90 12/91 10.60 21.20 2/92 8.80 17.60 1/92 12.05 24.10 (series) 13.20 26.40 3/93 8.25 16.50 3/92 11.45 22.90 (series) 10.00 20.00 19.40 38.80 28.80 57.60 Guitar tuner 6/92 8.80 17.60 NICAM decoder 5/92 8.25 16.50 12VDC-to-240VAC inverter 7/92 16.15 32.30 Audio DAC 10/92 10.00 20.00 1.2GHz multifunction frequency meter 12/92 13.80 27.60 U2400B NiCd battery charger 2/93 8.75 17.50 Workbench PSU 4/93 17.00 34.00 Inexpensive phase meter 6/93 17.25 34.50 " For 1990 project front panel foils see the September 1993 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office
70
READERS SERVICES Except in the USA and Canada, all orders, except for subscriptions and past issues (for which see below), must be sent BY POST to our Dorchester office using
the appropriate form opposite. Please note that we can not deal with PERSONAL CALLERS, as no stock is carried at the editorial and administrative office. Readers in the USA and Canada should send orders, except for subscriptions (for which see below), to Old Colony Sound Lab, Peterborough, whose full address is given on the order form opposite. Please include shipping cost according to total order value. For surface delivery in the USA, if order is less than $50, include $3; $50+, $4. For Canada surface, if less than US$50, include US$5; US$50+, US$7.50. For air or other deliveries, please inquire. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. All other customers must add postage and packing charges for orders up to £25.00 as follows: UK and
Eire £1.95; surface mail outside UK £2.45; Europe (airmail) £2.95; outside Europe (airmail) £3.70. For orders over £25.00, but not exceeding £100.00, these
p&p charges should be doubled. For orders over £100.00 in value, p&p charges will be advised.
SUBSCRIPTIONS & PAST ISSUES Subscriptions and past issues, if available, should be
ordered from Worldwide Subscription Service Ltd,
Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Farm, Pashley Road, TICEHURST TN5 7HE, England. For subscriptions, use the order form on the opposite page. Prices of past issues (except July/August and December), including
postage for single copies, are £2.70 (UK and Eire); £3.00 (surface mail outside UK); £3.20 (air mail Europe); £3.95 (airmail outside Europe). Prices of past July/August and December issues, including postage for single copies, are £3.75 (UK); £4.00 (surface mail
outside UK); £4.25 (airmail Europe); and £5.00 (airmail outside Europe).
PAST ARTICLES Photocopies of articles from January 1978 onwards can be provided, postage paid, at £1.95 (UK and Eire), £2.10 (surface mail outside UK), £2.45 (airmail Europe), or £2.70 (airmail outside Europe). In case an article is split into instalments, these prices are applic-
able per instalment. Photocopies may be ordered from our editorial and administrative offices.
No.
PROJECT
Price Price
Workbench PSU Inexpensive phase meter Mini preamplifier AF rms voltmeter
930033-F 930046-F 930106-F 930108-F
17.00 34.00 17.25 34.50 Not available 17.25 34.50
EPROMS / PALS / MICROCONTROLLERS Amiga mouse/joystick 6001 switch (1 x GAL 16V8) 4 -Megabyte printer buffer 6041 (1 x 2764) 8751 emulator 6051 incl. system disk (MSDOS) 6081 Connect 4 (1 x 27C64) EMON51 (8051 assembler course) (1 x 27256 +disk 1661) 6061 EMON51 (8051 assembler course) (1 x 27256 +disk 1681) 6091 6101 FM tuner (1 x 27C256) Multi -purpose Z80 card: 6111 GAL set (2 x GAL 16V8) Multi -purpose Z80 card: 6121 BIOS (1 x EPROM 27128) 1.2 GHz multifunction frequency meter(1 x 27C256) 6141 Digital audio/visual system 6171 (1 x 27C256) TV test pattern generator 6151 (1 x 27256) DiAV system. Package: 1 x 27512; 2 x GAL; 1 x 6181 floppy disk (MSDOS) PAL test pattern generator 6211 (1 x GAL 20V8-25)
8.25 16.50 15.30 30.60
29.40 58.80 15.30 30.60 20.00 40.00
tronics are usually available from appropriate advertisers in this magazine. If difficulties in the supply of components are envisaged, a source will normally be
advised in the article. It should be noted that the source(s) given is (are) not exclusive - other suppliers may also be able to help.
Maxi micro clock (darkroom timer) Maxi micro clock (cooking timer)
BOOKS
Mini micro clock (clock)
For book availability, see advertisement on page 58.
SHELF BOX Elektor Electronics shelf box
£2.95
$6.00
FRONT PANELS PROJECT
Maxi micro clock (clock)
No.
910055-F Timecode interface Digital function 910077-F generator 4 -Megabyte printer 910110-F buffer 920005-F FM tuner 920009-F 4MB printer buffer card 920012-F LC meter 920033-F Guitar tuner 920035-F NICAM decoder 12VDC to 240VAC 920038-F inverter 920063-F Audio DAC Dig. audio/visual system 920022-F1 920022-F2 920022-F3 1.2 GHz multifunction 920095-F frequency meter U2400B NiCd battery 920098-F charger
Price Price (£) (US$) 8.80 17.60 10.60 21.20
11.45 22.90 13.20 26.40 8.25 16.50 11.45 22.90 8.80 17.60 8.25 16.50 16.15 32.30 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 19.40 38.80 28.80 57.60 13.80 27.60
8.75 17.50
Mini micro clock (darkroom timer) Mini micro clock (cooking turner)
VHF/UHF TV tuner (1 x 87C51) Microntroller-driven UART (1 x ST62T10) PIC programmer (1 x PIC17C42 and 1 x disk)
1711 1721 1751 1771 1781
IR receiver and DIME decoder 1791 for 80C32 SBC 1811 800535 assembler course 12C opto/relay card
Video digitizer for PCs GAL programmer for Amiga 12C alphanumerical display Philips preamplifier GAL programmer (excl. Opal Jr. disks) Precision clock for PCs
1821 1831 1841 1851 1861
7.65 15.30 7.75 15.50 9.70 19.40 7.65 15.30 7.50 15.00 9.00 18.00 8.80 17.60 7.65 15.30 14.50 29.00 11.00 22.00 8.50 17.00 8.50 17.00
1891
10.75 21.50 8.50 17.00 8.50 17.00
1921 1931
10.75 21.50 34.25 68.50
1881 1871
Mini I/O card for Casio FX850/880P
11.15 22.30 15.30 30.60
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
11.45 22.90
Printed circuit boards whose number is followed by a + sign are only available in combination with the associated software item, and can not be supplied sepa-
10.30 20.60
rately. The indicated price includes the software. 13.00 26.00
30.50 61.00 9.40 18.60
17.05 34.10 10.00 20.00 10.75 21.50 11.50 23.00 14.50 29.00
NOVEMBER 1993 Fuzzy logic multimeter - 3 (four boards) Precision clock for PCs incl. disk (1871) VHF/UHF TV tuner boards -1 and -2, and 87C51 (7141) Output amplifier with AF bandpass filter Electronic load Digital hygrometer incl. EPROM (6301) Power MOSFET tester
920049
Not available
930058+
12.25 24.50
930064+
57.25114.50
930071 930088
6.75 13.50 Not available
930104+
28.00 56.00 32.50 65.00
930107
14.50 29.00
26.00 52.00 42.25 14.50 30.75 46.40
84.50 29.00 61.50 92.80
7081 7091 7101 7111 7121 7131
10.00 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50
20.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00
7141
25.75 51.50
DECEMBER 1993 535 card w. EPROM emulator 930103+ incl. GAL and PAL (6311) AF rms voltmeter 930108 I2C power switch 930091 Medium power HEXFET amplifier 930102 Microcontroller driven UART 930073 SCART switching box 930122 Low -power NBFM transmitter 914114 Photographic workshop light 930116 Stereo PWM output amplifier 934076
JANUARY 1994 Digital dial RDS decoder incl. EPROM (6331)
47.50 95.00 12.25 24.50 6.25 12.50
12.75 25.50 4.75
9.50
14.25 28.50 Not available Not available Not available
930161
12.75 25.50
930121+
23.75 51.50
incl. GAL (6341) 930128+ Telephone -controlled switch incl. EPROM (6271) 934054+
36.25 72.50
12C tester 7151
17.25 34.50
7161
50.00100.00
DISKETTES Plotter driver (D. Sijtsma) I/O interface for Atari Tek/Intel file converter B/W video digitizer Timecode interface RTC for Atari ST 24 -bit colour extension for video digitizer PC controlled weather station - 3 (supersedes disks 1551 and 1561) 8051/8032 Assembler course (IBM version) 8051/8032 Assembler course (Atari version) (3.5") AD232 converter GAL programmer (3 disks; upgrade: June 1993)
Multi -purpose Z80 card Fuzzy Control One Pascal library for MMC Speech/sound memory PC -aided transistor tester
SIM - an 8051 simulator
800535 assembler course (1 x EMON52 EPROM and 6221 1 x disk 1811) 6241 Watt-hour meter (1 x 27256) Four fold DAC (1 x GAL) 6251 Multipurpose display decoder 6261 (1 x 2764) Telephone -controlled switch 6271 (1 x 2764) Relative humidity meter 6301 (1 x 2764) 535 card w. EPROM emulator 6311 (1 x PAL; 1 x GAL) Copybit eliminator ( x GAL 16V8 and 1 x MACH110) 6321 6331 RDS decoder (1 x 27C64) 6341 12C tester (1 x GAL 6001) 8751 programmer (1 x 8751) 7061 Microcontroller NiCd charger 7071 (1 x ST62E15)
Price Price (£) (US$)
X2404 -to -8751 interfacing
20.00 40.00 15.30 30.60
1
COMPONENTS Components for projects appearing in Elektor Elec-
No.
PROJECT
(£) (US$)
1541 1571 1581 1591 1611 1621
11.15 22.30 7.65 15.30 7.65 15.30 11.15 22.30 7.65 15.30 7.65 15.30
1631
11.15 22.30
1641
7.65 15.30
1661
7.65 15.30
1681 1691
7.65 15.30 7.65 15.30
1701
11 15 22.30
A list of all PCBs, software products and front panels available through the Readers Services is published in the March, June, September and December issues of Elektor Electronics.
FEBRUARY 1994 800535 single -board computer Copybit eliminator incl. MACH and GAL Mini preamplifier
37.25 74.50
924046
14.10 28.20
930098+
46.25 92.50 29.25 58.50
930106
Bidirectional RS232 -to 14.00 28.00 Centronics converter 930134 24 cm FM ATV transmitter PCB available from author
MARCH 1994 PIC programmer incl. software set 7161 100W AF amplifier - adaptor board - amplifier board - protection board Mini I/O card for Casio FX850/880P
940048+
64.75129.50
930039 920135-1 920135-2
8.25 16.50 19.40 38.80 7.95 15.90
930090
Not available
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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June 1993
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
SURVEILLANC13 PIU11ESSI4KAL 01JALIT7' KITS
No. I for Kits
Whether your requirement for surveillance equipment is amateur, professional or you are just fascinated by this unique area of electronics SUMA DESIGNS has a kit to fit the bill. We have been designing electronic surveillance equipment for over 12 years and you can be sure that all our kits are very well tried, tested and proven and come complete with full instructions, circuit diagrams, assembly details and all high quality components including fibreglass PCB. Unless otherwise stated all transmitters are tuneable and can be received on an ordinary VHF FM radio.
Genuine SUMA kits available only direct from Suma Designs. Beware inferior imitations! UTX Ultra -miniature Room Transmitter Smallest room transmitter kit in the word! Incredible 10mm x 20mm including mic. 3-12V operation. 500m range £16.45 MTX Micro -miniature Room Transmitter Best-selling micro -miniature Room Transmitter Just 17mm x 17mm including mic. 3-12V operation. 1000m range
£13.45
STX High-performance Room Transmitter Hi performance transmitter with a buffered output stage for greater stability and range. Measures 22mm x 22mm including mic. 6-12V operation, 1500m range £15.45 VT500 High -power Room Transmitter
Powerful 250mW output providing excellent range and performance. Size 20mm x 40mm. 9-12V operation. 3000m range
£16.45
VXT Voice Activated Transmitter Triggers only when sounds are detected. Very low standby current. Variable sensitivity and delay with LED indicator. Size 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £19.45 HVX400 Mains Powered Room Transmitter Connects directly to 240V AC supply for long-term monitoring. Size 30mm x 35mm. 500m range £19.45 SCRX Subcarrier Scrambled Room Transmitter Scrambled output from this transmitter cannot be monitored without the SCDM decoder connected to the receiver. Size 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £22.95 SCLX Subcarrier Telephone Transmitter
Connects to telephone line anywhere, requires no batteries. Output scrambled so requires SCDM connected to receiver. Size 32mm x 37mm. 1000m range
£23.95
SCDM Subcarrier Decoder Unit for SCRX
Connects to receiver earphone socket and provides decoded audio output to headphones. Size 32mm x 70mm. 9-12V operation
£22.95
ATR2 Micro Size Telephone Recording Interface Connects between telephone line (anywhere) and cassette recorder. Switches tape
automatically as phone is used. All conversations recorded. Size 16mm x 32mm. Powered from line
£13.45
*** Specials *** OLTIUDLRX Radio Control Switch
Remote control anything around your home or garden, outside lights, alarms, paging system etc. System consists of a small VHF transmitter with digital encoder and receiver unit with decoder and relay output, momentary or alternate, 8 -way dil switches on both boards set your own unique security code. TX size 45mm x 45mm. RX size 35mm x 90mm. Both 9V operation. Range up to 200m. Complete System (2 kits) £50.95 Individual Transmitter DLTX £19.95 Individual Receiver DLRX
£37.95
UTLX Ultra -miniature Telephone Transmitter Smallest telephone transmitter kit available. Incredible size of 10mm x 20mm! Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use. £15.95 All conversation transmitted. Powered from line. 500m range TLX700 Micro -miniature Telephone Transmitter Best-selling telephone transmitter. Being 20mm x 20mm it is easier to assemble than
UTLX. Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use. All conversations transmitted. Powered from line. 1000m range
£13.45
STLX High-performance Telephone Transmitter High performance transmitter with buffered output stage providing excellent stability and performance. Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use. All conversations transmitted. Powered from line. Size 22mm x 22mm. 1500m range £16.45
TKX900 Signalling/Tracking Transmitter Transmits a continous stream of audio pulses with variable tone and rate. Ideal for signalling or tracking purposes. High power output giving range up to 3000m. Size 25mm x 63mm. 9V operation £22.95 CD400 Pocket Bug Detector/Locator LED and piezo bleeper pulse slowly, rate of pulse and pitch of tome increase as you approach signal. Gain control allows pinpointing of source. Size 45mm x 54mm. 9V operation £30.95 CD600 Professional Bug Detector/Locator Multicolour readout of signal strength with variable rate bleeper and variable sensitivity used to detect and locate hidden transmitters. Switch to AUDIO CONFORM mode to distinguish between localised bug transmission and normal legitimate signals such as pagers, cellular, taxis etc. Size 70mm x 100mm. W operation £50.95
ammo Crystal Controlled Room transmitter Narrow band FM transmitter for the ultimate in privacy. Operates on 180 MHz and requires the use of a scanner receiver or our QRX180 kit (see catlogue). Size 204a95 mmx 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £40.95
PLX180 Crystal Cointrolled Telephone Transmitter As per QTX180 but connects to telephone line to monitor both sides of conversations.E45 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range 0 IISX180 Line Powered Crystal Controlled Phone Transmitter As per CILX180 but draws power requirements from line. No batteries required. Size 32mm x 37mm. Range 500m £35.95
QUM Crystal Controlled FM Receiver For monitoring any of the 'Q' range transmitters. High sensitivity unit. All RF section supplied as a pre -built and aligned module ready to connect on board so no difficulty setting up. Outpt to headphones. 60mm x 75mm. 9V operation
£60.95
A build-up service is available on all our kits if required. UK customers please send cheques, POs or registered cash. Please add £1.50 per order for P&P. Goods despatched ASAP allowing for cheque clearance. Overseas customers send sterling bank draft and add £5.00 per
MIX -1 11141 Micro Broadcaster Not technically a surveillance device but a great idea! Connects to the headphone output
order for shipment. Credit card orders welcomed on 0827 714476.
of your Hi-Fi, tape or CD and transmits Hi-Fi quality to a nearby radio. Listen to your favourite music anywhere around the house, garden, in the bath or in the garage and you don't have to put up with the DJ's choice and boring waffle. Size 27mm x 60mm.
OUR LATEST CATALOGUE CONTAINING MANY MORE NEW SURVEILLANCE KITS NOW AVAILABLE. SEND TWO FIRST
9V operation. 250m range
CLASS STAMPS OR OVERSEAS SEND TWO IRCS.
£20.95
a A
I
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
II
74
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS is available from, among others: CRICKLEWOOD ELECTRONICS LIMITED
40 Cricklewood Broadway, London NW2 3ET Telephone 081 450 0995 Fax 081 208 1441 THE ELECTRONIC SHOP Electronic components, test
L.F. HANNEY
AAGE NIELSEN
TABACCARIA BRITANICA
Your electronic component specialist for Avon, Wilts & Somerset. 77 Lower Bristol Road, Bath, Avon, Telephone 0225 424811
1 Sortedam Dosseringen DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, Telephone 01 39 30 10 Fax 031 39 05 02
Praca do Duque da Terceira 19 1107 Lisboa, Portugal Telephone 932 4752
D.P. HOBBS (NORWICH) LTD
equipment, telephone accessories, computer accessories, microphones, disco lighting, speakers, turn tables, mixers, meters, stylus.
Electronic component specialists. Amateur radio equipment. 13 St. Benedict Street,
29 Hanging Ditch, Manchester M4 3ES, Telephone 061 834 1185
Telephone 0603 615786
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Bandung 40116 Indonesia
OMNI ELECTRONICS
Stock a wide range of electronic components. 174 Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 5DX, Telephone 031 667 2611
BEBEK ELECTRONICS
Hirsimetsantie 26 SF -15200 Lahti 11 Finland Telephone (18) 33 99 46
INDEX OF ADVERTISERS Advertising Standards Authority Badger Boards B K Electronics Bull Electrical Canal Bridge Audio CIL Cirkit Distribution Cricklewood Electronics Display Electronics Electronics - the Maplin Magazine ElectroValue Elektor Electronics Elinge Komponent Service ESR Electronic Components Ice Technology lnstrutek (UK) J P Distribution Labcenter Maplin Electronic Supplies MicroAmps Morrison Micros Number One Systems Ltd Pico Technology Ltd POWERware Speaker Builder Squarewave Electronics Stewart of Reading
33
64
40, inside back cover 54 55 59
Swift Television Publications Suma Designs Those Engineers Tsien (UK) Ltd Viewcom Electronics White House Systems
37 73 58 45
8, 9 45
41 33
24 39 33
38, 58, 74 64 25
Inside front cover 55
59 29
Back cover 41
64 4
49 37 33 59 41
ADVERTISING SPACE for the April 1994 issue may be reserved not later than Thursday 10 February 1994 by Elektor Electronics (Publishing) Advertisement Office 3 Crescent Terrace Cheltenham GL50 3PE England Telephone (0242) 510 760 Fax (0242) 226 626 to whom all correspondence, copy instructions and artwork should be addressed.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers POWER AMPLIFIER MODULES -TURNTABLES -DIMMERS LOUDSPEAKERS -19 INCH STE ED OMP MOS-FET POWER AMPLIFIERS HIGH POWER, TWO CHANNEL 19 INCH RACK
THOUSANDS PURCHASED BY PROFESSIONAL USERS
-
R U.
SERVICE * LARGE CA41
60p STAMPED FOR CATALOGUE *
1;t1"1 Illjf1 al1.111111441 SUPPLIED READY BUILT AND TESTED. These modules now enjoy a world-wide reputation for quality, reliability and performance at a realistic price. Four models are available to suit the needs of the professional and hobby market i.e. Industry, Leisure. Instrumental and Hi-Fi etc. When comparing prices, NOTE that all models include toroidal power supply, integral heat sink, glass fibre P.C.B. and drive circuits to power a compatible Vu meter. All models are open and short circuit proof.
THOUSANDS OF MODULES PURCHASED BY PROFESSIONAL USERS OMP/MF 100 Mos-Fet Output power 110 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 1 OOKHz
-3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 45ViuS, T.H.D. typical 0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB. Size 300 x 123 x 60mm.
PRICE £40.85 - £3.50 P&P
OMP/MF 200 Mos-Fet Output power 200 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 1 OOKHz
THE RENOWNED MXF SERIES OF POWER AMPLIFIERS
-3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 50VIuS,
s
FOUR MODELS:- MXF200 (100W + 100W) MXF400 (200W + 200W) MXF600 (300W + 300W) MXF900 (450W + 450W)
T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB. Size 300 x 155 x 100mm.
PRICE £64.35 + £4.00 P&P
ALL POWER RATINGS R.M.S. INTO 4 OHMS, BOTH CHANNELS DRIVEN FEATURES: *Independent power supplies with two toroidal transformers * Twin L E D Vu meters *
OMP/MF 300 Mos-Fet Output power 300 watts
Level controls * Illuminated gala switch * XLR connectors * Standard 775mV inputs * Open and short circuit proof * Latest Mos-Fets for stress free power delivery into virtually any load * High slew rate * Very low distortion * Aluminium cases * MXF600 & MXF900 fan cooled with D C loudspeaker and thermal protection
R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
-3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 60V/uS, T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB. Size 330 x 175 x 100mm.
USED THE WORLD OVER IN CLUBS, PUBS, CINEMAS, DISCOS ETC
SIZES:- MXF200W19'xH3',e" (2U)xD11"
PRICE £81.75
MXF400 W 19"x145'4" (3U)x131 2"
MXF600W19"xH5'," (3U)vD13"
£5.00 P&P
OMP/MF 450 Mos-Fet Output power 450 watts
MXF900 W19"x115',." (3U)xD14.,t"
R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
PRICES:-MXF200 £175.00 MXF400 £233.85 MXF600 £329.00 MXF900 £449 15
, 300, Slew Rate 75V/uS,
-3dB, Damping Factor
T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB, Fan Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2 Second Anti -Thump Delay. Size 385 x 210 x 105mm.
104
SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. F12.50 EACH
PRICE £132.85 + £5.00 P&P OMP/MF 1000 Mos-Fet Output power 1000 watts R.M.S. into 2 ohms, 725 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz -3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 75V/uS, T.H.D. typical 0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB, Fan Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2 Second
Advanced 3 -Way Stereo Active Cross -Over, housed in a 19' x 1U case Each channel has three level controls bass, mid & top. The removable front fascia allows access to the programmable DIL switches to adjust the cross -over frequency: Bass -Mid 250/500/800Hz, Mid Top 1 8/3/5KHz, all at 24dB per octave Bass invert switches on each bass channel. Nominal 775mV input/output Fully compatible with OMP rack amplifier and modules
Anti -Thump Delay. Size 422 x 300 x 125mm.
PRICE £259.00 + £12.00 P&P
Price £117.44 + £5.00 P&P ,It
=I :1=1.7 I< I
41-1=
NOTE: MOS-FET MODULES ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO VERSIONS: STANDARD - INPUT SENS 500mV, BAND WIDTH 100101x. PEC (PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT COMPATIBLE) - INPUT SENS 775mV, BAND WIDTH SOKHz. ORDER STANDARD OR PEC.
* ECHO & SOUND EFFECTS*
STEREO DISCO MIXER with 2 x 7 band L & R graphic equalisers with bar graph
LOUDSPEAKER
MANY OUTSTANDING FEATURES:- including Echo with repeat & DJ Mic with talk -over LED Vu meters.
speed control,
GRILLES, CROSS-OVERS AND HIGH POWER, HIGH
switch, 6 Channels with individual faders
FREQUENCY BULLETS AND HORNS, LARGE (A4) S.A.E. (60p STAMPED) FOR COMPLETE LIST.
plus cross fade, Cue Headphone Monitor. 8
Sound Effects. Useful combination of the
following inputs:- 3 turntables (mag), 3
McKenzie and Fane Loudspeakers are also available.
mica, 5 Line for CD, Tape, Video etc.
Price £144.99 + £5.00 P&P
LARGE SELECTION OF SPECIALIST LOUDSPEAKERS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING CABINET FITTINGS, SPEAKER
SIZE: 482 x 240 x 120mm
EMINENCE:- INSTRUMENTS, P.A., DISCO, ETC
: it : ALL EMINENCE UNITS El OHMS IMPEDANCE 8" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME8-100 GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, EXCELLENT MID, DISCO. Join the Piezo revolution! The low dynamic mass (no voice coil) of a Piezo tweeter produces an improved RES. FRED. 72Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 4KHz, SENS 97dB. PRICE £32.71 - C2.00 P&P transient response with a lower distortion level than ordinary dynamic tweeters. As a crossover is not required these units can be added to existing speaker systems of up to 100 watts (more if two are put in series. FREE 10" 100 WATT R.M.S. MEI 0-100 GUITAR, VOCAL, KEYBOARD, DISCO, EXCELLENT MID. RES. FREQ. 71Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 7KHz, SENS97dB. PRICE C33.74 + £2.50 P&P EXPLANATORY LEAFLETS ARE SUPPLIED WITH EACH TWEETER. 10" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME10-200 GUITAR, KEYB'D, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT HIGH POWER MID. TYPE 'A' (KSN1036A) 3" round with protective wire mesh. Ideal for RES. FREQ. 65Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3.5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE C43.47 - C2.50 P&P bookshelf and medium sized Hi-Fi apeakers. Price £4.90 + 50p P&P. 12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LE GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, DISCO, STAGE MONITOR. PRICE £35.64 + £3.50 P&P TYPE 'B' (KSN1005A) 3'/" super horn for general purpose speakers, RES.FRED. 49Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 100dB.
12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LT (TWIN CONE) WIDE RESPONSE, P.A., VOCAL, STAGE disco and P.A. systems etc. Price £5.99 + 50p P&P. PRICE £36.67 h 03.50 P&P TYPE 'C' (KSN1016A) 2"x5" wide dispersion horn for quality Hi-Fi sys- MONITOR. RES. FRED 42Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 10KHz, SENS 98dB. 12" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME12-200 GEN. PURPOSE, GUITAR, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT MID. tems and quality discos etc. Price £6.99 - 50p P&P. RES. FREQ. 58Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE £46.71 £3.50 P&P I
TYPE '0' (KSN1025A) 2"x6" wide dispersion horn. Upper frequency 12" 300 WATT R.M.S ME12-300GP HIGH POWER BASS, LEAD GUITAR, KEYBOARD, DISCO ETC.
response retained extending down to mid -range (2KHz). Suitable for high RES. FRED. 47Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS 103dB. PRICE £70.19 + £3.50 P&P 15" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME15-200 GEN. PURPOSE BASS, INCLUDING BASS GUITAR. quality Hi-Fi systems and quality discos. Price £9.99 r 50p P&P. RES. FRED. 46Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE £50.72 £4.00 P&P TYPE 'E' (KSN1038A)31'." horn tweeter with attractive silver finish trim. 15" 300 WATT R.M.S. ME15-300 HIGH POWER BASS, INCLUDING BASS GUITAR. Suitable for Hi-Fi monitor systems etc. Price £5.99 -r 50p P&P. PRICE C73.34 -r C4.00 P&P RES. FREQ. 39Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 103dB. LEVEL CONTROL Combines, on a recessed mounting plate, level control and cabinet input jack socket. 85x85mm. Price £4.10 + 50p P&P. EARBENDERS:- HI-FI, STUDIO, IN -CAR, ETC ALL EARBENDER UNITS 8 OHMS (Except EB8-50 & EB10-50 which are dual impedance tapped a 4 & 8 ohm)
BASS, SINGLE CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND 8" 50watt EB8-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR. RES. FREQ. 40Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 7KHz SENS 97dB. PRICE C8.90 - C2.00 P&P 10" 50WATT EB10-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR. RES. FREQ. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS. 99dB. PRICE £13.65 £2.50 P&P
lb/ FLIGHT CASED LOUDSPEAKERS A new range of quality loudspeakers, designed to take advantage of the latest speaker technology and enclosure designs. Both models utilize studio quality 12" cast aluminium loudspeakers with factory fitted grilles, wide dispersion
10" 100WATT EB10-100 BASS, HI-FI, STUDIO.
constant directivity horns, extruded aluminium corner protection and steel ball corners. complimented with heavy duty black covering. The enclosures
RES. FREQ. 35Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 96dB. RES. FREQ. 26Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 93dB.
I
£3.50 P&P
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FULL RANGE TWIN CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND 60WATT EB5-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
POWER RATINGS QUOTED IN WATTS RMS FOR EACH CABINET FREQUENCY RESPONSE FULL RANGE 45Hz - 20KHz
RES. FRED. 63Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 92dB.
PRICE £9.99 I- C1.50 P&P
6'I2" 60WATT EB6-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
ibl FC 12-100WATTS (100dB) PRICE £159.00 PER PAIR ibt FC 12-200WATTS (100dB) PRICE £175.00 PER PAIR
RES. FRED. 38Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 94dB.
8" 60WATT EB8-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MILTI-ARRAY DISCO ETC.
SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. £12.50 PER PAIR
PRICE £10.99
1.50 P&P
RES. FRED. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 18KHz, SENS 89d13.
PRICE £12.99 + £1.50 P&P 10" 60WATT EB10-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI ARRAY DISCO ETC. RES. FRED. 35Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 12KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE £16.49 - £2.00 P&P
OPTIONAL STANDS PRICE PER PAIR £49.00 Delivery £6.00 per pair
THREE SUPERB HIGH POWER CAR STEREO BOOSTER AMPLIFIERS 150 WATTS (75 75) Stereo, 150W Bridged Mono 250 WATTS (125 125) Stereo, 250W Bridged Mono 400 WATTS (200 x 200) Stereo, 400W Bridged Mono ALL POWERS INTO 4 OHMS I
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PRICES, 150W £49.99 250W £99.99 controls * Remote on -off * Speaker & 400W £109.95 P&P £2.00 EACH thermal Drotectio POSTAL CHARGES PER ORDER E.1.00 MINIMUM. OFFICIAL BAR ORDERS FROM SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, GOVT. BODIES, PLCes ETC. PRICES INCLUSIVE OF V.A.T. SALES COUNTER. VISA AND ACCESS ACCEPTED BY POST, PHONE OR FAX.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
PRICE £30.39
12" 1 00WATT EB12-100 BASS, STUDIO, HI-FI, EXCELLENT DISCO.
are fitted as standard with top hats for optional loudspeaker stands.
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signal trace
amplifier AF
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J1
CONTENTS
seLEKTUR ELECTRONICS
I
In next month's issue
Headphone amplifier Mains transmission equipment Stroboscope light Direct conversion receivers - Part 2 Halogen light dimmer A lower frequency receiving system Figuring it out-Part 15: Sine waves and others and others for your continued interest
PROJECT: 100 W high -end a.f. power amplifier Design by T. Giesberts
10
NEW COURSE: 800535 hardware/assembler
50
34 56 62
Front cover The PIC (Programmable Integrated Controller) is a (fairly) new RISC -based (Reduced Instruction Set Coding) microcontroller manufactured by Microchip Technology Inc. The article on page 26 describes a programmer that enables a large number of PIC16Cx and PIC17Cx devices to be loaded with your own application programs. Software development for these controllers will be the subject of a short course starting in this magazine later this year.
© 1994 Elektuur
ABC
4
15
26
March 1994 Volume 20 Number 220 ISSN 0268/4519
Software by Dr. M. Ohsmann PROJECT: PIC programmer Design by M. Rose PROJECT: Mini I/O card for the Casio FX850/880P Design by M. Fanrich (hardware) and G.J. Klasens (software)
AF signal tracer - p. 5
COURSE: Figuring it out-Part 14: Varying inputs By Owen Bishop PROJECT: Electronic fuse Design by K. Walraven Building electronic circuits By our design staff
100 W AF power amplifier - p. 15 60
PROJECT Car battery voltage monitor Design by L Pipets OMMIJNICATIONS
42 52
Direct conversion receivers - Part 1 By Joseph J Carr, BSc, MSEE DX Television By Keith Hamer and Garry Smith
PROJECT: AF signal tracer Design by K. Feigl PIC programmer - p. 26 $
Buyers' guide 74 Component ratings 67 Index of advertisers 74 Letters 65
Readers' services 70-71 Switchboard 67 Terms of Business 72
AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRO_ LAT/ONS
CONSUMER PRESS
N-
8
Electronic fuse - p. 56
Elektor Electronics is published mo ithly, except in August, by Elektor Electronics (Publishing), P.O. Box 1414, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 8YH, England. The magazine is available from newsagents, bookshops, and electronics retail outlets, or on subscription at an annual (1994) post paid price of £27.00 in the United Kingdom; air speeded: £3400 in Europe; £43.00 in Africa, the Middle East and South America; £4500 in Australia, New Zealand and the Far East; and $57.00 in the USA and Canada. Second Class Postage paid at Rahway N.J. Postmaster: please send address corrections to Elektor Electronics, c/o Mercury Airfreight International Ltd Inc., 2323 Randolph Avenue, Avenel, New Jersey, N.J. 07001.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
4
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
AF SIGNAL TRACER Design by K. Feigl In the design, fault-finding and repairing of audio equipment several pieces of test instrument are either required or just downright useful. One of these is a signal tracer as described in this article. It consists of a signal generator and a processor with which the injected signal can be detected (and made audible) at a number of locations in the equipment on test. he tracer is based on the assumption
that all that is required is knowing whether the signal passes through the equipment or, if not, where it fails.
Rectangular or sinusoidal The unit provides either a rectangular or a sinusoidal signal. The former is gener-
impedance. The test lead of the generator is connected to K2. The tracer/detector section is formed by IC3, whose input is via K3 and whose level is adjusted by P6. It is a straightforward, standard application of an LM386.
sistors R4 and R8 ensure that this switching is not abrupt and that the transistors
do not become saturated. The result is that the edges of the signal are not steep
and that the tops of the signal are not chopped off: in other words, a waveform that is very close to a sine wave. The operating point of the generator is set with P1. The lower the output level, the better the waveshape. A good compromise is an output level of about 30 mV (measured with a multimeter in position a.c.). The distortion is then fairly modest. The frequency of the generator, deter -
The test signal is made audible via a small loudspeaker, LS1. Power is derived from a 9-V mains adap-
ated by IC2 and the latter by T1 -T2. Selection
tor or battery. The supply line is stabi-
between the two is with S2b, while S2a se-
lized by regulator ICI.
lects an appropriate indicator LED. The output level of the generator is set with P5. Transistor T3 provides a low output
The sine wave generator consists of transistors T1 and T2, which switch one another on and off in turn. Emitter re -
7805
01
S1
K1
'Clqq
1N4001
10p
100n
C2
C1
100n
1000p 10V
10V
BT1
9V
5V .LF15
:100n 14
1C2
0
100n
R14
C14
min
C18
C15
NMI 100n 100n
IC2b 5
P6 1001J
10V
100k LOG.
LS1
852
250mW C16
TOOn
C17
77n 940006-11
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the a.f. signal tracer. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
6
TEST & MEASUREMENT
K3 C11
C10
+0
C6
Btl
-0 AC1 012 C2 C3
0
0
Ls1
C8 T2
A
C
B
0 0 0s2
R2
D
000 E
R6 C7
5
R3 R4
P2
P3
P4
09 01.0-0 n
131
Ai r:co
C150.011Ct
R1
P6 022
1.1
Fig. 2. Printed circuit board for the a.f. signal tracer.
cuit board in Fig. 2. Populating of the board with reference to Fig. 2 and the parts list is straightforward. Figure 3 shows a correctly completed board. This type of instrument is, of course, best housed in an easily held small enclosure. Suggested front and rear panel foils are shown in Fig. 6. Two test leads are needed, and each of these may be made from two lengths (about 30 cm = 12 in) of flexible, insulated cir-
cuit wire, terminated at one end into test pins and at the other into a phono plug.
For most purposes, a battery supply
A
is fine. The unit draws a current of 30-60 mA, provided that the volume con-
trol is not set permanently to maximum (when the current exceeds 100 mA).
Calibration Preset PI is intended for setting the level/dis-
tortion of the sine wave generator. This is
done as follows: connect a multimeter (a.c. mV range) to K2, turn P5 to maximum and set S2 to position sine wave. Adjust PI till the meter reads 30 mV. If an oscilloscope is available, adjust P1 for Fig. 3. Completed printed circuit board.
minimum distortion at a usable output voltage
mined by the values of R5, R6, C7 and C8, is roughly 1 kHz. The rectangular -signal generator comprises four Schmitt trigger/inverter stages and also produces a frequency of 1 kHz. The signal consists of short bursts about 1 s lopng with a mark:space ratio of about 50%. IC2d is the generator proper, while IC2, sets the length of the signal bursts. Fine adjustment of the frequency is provided by P2 and P3. The outputs of IC2a and IC2d are combined by IC2, and in-
verted by IC2b. Preset P4 sets the level of the rectangular signal to about that of the sine wave, so that overdriving at switch over is obviated. When S2 has been set as appropriate, the output level of the unit can be set as required with P5. The signal is then available at K2 via emitter follower T3.
(25-35 mV).
Interconnect K2 and K3; switch S2 between sine wave and rectangular wave and turn P4 until the two signals sound equally loud. The tone and length of the burst may be set to individual taste with P2 and P3 respectively.
Parts list Resistors:
Construction
RI,
The tracer is best built on the printed cir-
R4, R7, R8 = 1
R2 = 180 SI
R3 = 1.2 k52
kit
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
A.F. SIGNAL TRACER
R5, R6 = 1.5 kQ R9 = 100 k52 R10 = 1 MO R11 = 330 1c1 R12 = 2.2 R13 = 10 IcQ R14 = 1052
Potentiometers: P1 = 250 Q preset P2 = 500 k4 preset P3 = 1 MQ preset P4 = 10 IcQ preset P5, P6 = 100 k52 log (16 mm dia)
Capacitors: C1 = 1000µF, 10 V (if mains adaptor is used, rating must be 25 V) C2, C3, C5 -C9, C13 -C16 = 100 nF C4 = 101.1F, 10 V, radial
C10 = 10 nF C11 = 1.51.1F, MKT (polytheraphtalate) C12 = 470 nF C17 = 47 nF C18 = 100 aF, 10 V, radial
Semiconductors: D1 = 1N4001 D2 = LED, 3 mm, yellow D3 = LED, 3 mm, green T1, T2, T3 = BC547
Fig. 4. General view of the a.f. signal tracer with top panel removed.
Integrated circuits: ICI = 4805 (7805 if mains adaptor is used) IC2 = 4093 IC3 = LM386
Miscellaneous: Mains adaptor socket for board mounting or (9-V) battery holder and clip K2, K3 = phono socket for board
mounting S1 = SPST switch S2 = double -pole change -over switch LS1 = loudspeaker, miniature, 852, 0.25W
Enclosure, ESM 14/3 (available from
Faultfinding Always start tracing a fault with an inspection of the outside of the equipment. Often, the fault lies in the mains cable or in the mains fuse. On the inside of the unit, look for visible damage: burnt wiring, blackened resistors and leaking electrolytic capacitors quickly point to a likely source of the failure. If nothing untoward is visible, check for short or open circuits, starting with the power supply. With the aid of a multimeter, look for defect fuses, or a possible short circuit of the collector -emitter junction of power transistors.
If these checks do not point to a likely fault, a signal trace should be carried out. Switch on the equipment (it is assumed that the power supply is OK) and in-
ject a signal from the tracer into one of the equipment inputs. Next, using the tracer, try to follow the signal from input to output. Where the signal fails to be detected Is the source of the defect. If, for example, the signal is present at the input of an operational amplifier or transistor and not at its output, the device is almost certainly the culprit. It may still take some time (and cause a few headaches) before the ultimate reason for the defect is found.
Maplin Electronics)
+8,..12V
SIGNAL TRACER
POWER
ED SIGNAL TRACER
oo VOLUME
940006-F
Fig. 6. Suggested front and rear panel layouts for the a.f. signal tracer. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
8
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0.44 2.82 1.22
0.60 0.82 0.52
0.48 0.49 1.88 2.18
407101 4075E0 4077E0 4078BT 408191 409387 409481 450897
1.51
4510131
1.74 5.15 1.10 5.17 3.04
4511BT 451287 451487 451687 4518B7 452OBT 452187 452287 452867
6.01
4572UB 0.70 4573P
POA
458013
B.84
45818 4582B 45838 45840
3.85 3.85 0.86 0.57 0.49
0.65
a38 0.76 0.38 0.45 0.56 0.86 0.78 0.74 41
1
1.06 1.06
008 078 184 0.98 0.84 0.59 0.38
0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38
018 0A5 0.95
255 1.35 1.35
0.68 2.20 1.02 Y18 1.18 1.07 1.22 0.88
4534BD POA
74164 74165 74188 74174 74175 74180 74184 74185 74191 74192 74193 74221 74259 74265 74273 74278 74279 74283 74298 74365 74387 74393 74403 74423
1.53 1.23 1,29 POA 1.76 1.41 1.41
1.65 1.23
232 1.46 POA 3.56 1.38 1.26 POA 0.70 1.06
741_0190
7415191 74L0192 74L0193
0.36 0.34 1.82
2.05 2.05 2.60 0.49
549 0.49 0.48
054 74LS194A 0.57 74151950 0.57 741_0194
74LS196 74LS197 74LS221 7415224 7410240 7445241 7415242 74LS243
0.68
058 144 20.24 D.42
74L5248
0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.44 0.6B
7410251 74L0253 7415256 7410257
0.32 0.44 0.78 0.34
741506
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.51
74LSO7
051
741_5259
741508 741509 74L510
7410260 7410266 7440273 7410275 7415279 7440280 7410283 7410290 7410292 7410293 7415294 7445295
741525 741527 74L828 741030
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.24 0.36 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.58 0,18 0.18 0.24 0,18
741531
1.58
741_032
0.20 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.32
204 POA POA
740244 74LS245 741_0247
74L5 SERIES 741_000 74LSO1
74LSO2 741_503 741_504 74LSD5
74LS11
741512 741013 741814 741515 741520
74LS257A 0.46 74LS258
0.44
74LS258A 0.48 0.48 0.22 0.42 POA 0.33 0.86 0.45 0.48 16.85 0.38 17.82
741_0794
74LS795 74LS796 74L0797 7415848
PO0 3.85 POA
P00 POA 1.98
POA POA POA POA POA POA
74HC SERIES
746000 746002 744003 749004 7450004 745C05 749008 745010 745011 746014 7450140 748020 745C21 7411027
746030 745032 74H042 74H051
745058 745073 746074 741-1C75
746075 74H077 746C85
0.19 0.19 0.24 0.19 0.24 0.20 0.20 0.29 0.20 0.25 0.34 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.48 0.29 0.42 0.34 0.25 0.40 0.40 0.51
0.48 0.28 0.44 0.39 0.35 0.40 0.40
164 74407243 076 1.64 74401244 0.57 0.94 74407245 0.52 1.19 74407251 ass 1.66 74407253 0.51 0.92 74607257 a54 098 74407258 072 7440620 182 74401259 078 7440623 152 74607273 0.68 7440633 182 74401280 198 744C640 1.32 74407283 7440643 1.32 74407297 0,82 7440645 1.40 74407299 1.64 74H0646 1.77 74407354 1.28 7460648 1.77 74407356 1.28 7460651 1.47 74601365 a54 74H0652 1.47 74407366 0.80 7440658 4.49 74407367 as4 7460659 4.49 74907368 0.80 7440664 409 74HC1373 0.44 7440665 4.49 74607374 0.55 7440670 1.10 74401377 054 7440677 378 74401390 0.68 7490678 5.91 74401393 088 7460680 3.83 74607394 am 7490682 4.21 74401423 162 7490684 5.70 74607533 1.44 74110688 0.87 74407534 0.75 7490690 1.62 74407540 0.64 7440691 1.62 74407541 0.64 7490692 1.73 74407563 0.98 1.73 74607564 7440693 0.78 7490696 1.48 74407573 as4 7460697 1.24 74601574 064 7440698 1.24 74401583 0.00 7440699 1 24 74607597 1.52 74404002 035 74401640 134 74404015 1.07 74HC7643 134 74904016 0.44 74407645 1.11 74904017 0.42 74407646 2.40 74604020 0.52 74407648 1.90 74404022 0.56 74907651 1.64 74404024 0.50 74407652 0.00 74604028 0.58 74407670 1.10 74404040 0.50 74407673 1.64 74604046 1.54 74607688 1.10 74604049 0.48 744074002 0.39 74604050 ass 749074015 1.13 74604051 164 744014016 0.52 74404052 0.68 744014017 ass 74404053 0.68 749074020 0.74 7440405301.10 744074024 ass 741104060 0.47 744074040 0.70 74110574
749C589 7440590 7440592 7440593 7440595 7460597
74604061
2.52
74904066 0.46 7440406600 54 74604067 4.72 74904072 045 74404075 0.32 74404078 0.46 74404094 064 74404316 058 74904351 189
746014046 210 746014051 744014052
0.96 0.96
746014053 084 744014059 2.24 744074060 0.84 746014066 0.66
74914 74F20 74F27 74F30 74F32 74937 74938 74F40 74F51
74664 74974 74F85 74988 749109 749112 749113 746114 74E125 749126 749132 74F138 74F139 749148 749151 749153 749157 749158 749160 74F160A 749161 749162 749163 749164 749166 749168 74F169 749174 749175 749181 749182 749189 749190 749191 749192 749193 749194 74F195 749219 749224 74F240 74F241 746244 749245 749251 74F251A 74F253 749257 74F257A 749258 74F259 74F260 746289 746273 749280 74F283 74F299 74F323 74F350 74F352 74F353 746365 74F366 746367 74F368 74F373 74F374 746377 749378 749381
7400251
160 78512
528 7400253
ass 78015 ass 7905
0.41
0.28 7400258 0.28 7400273 0.28 7400283 0.41
0.44 0.66 0.44 0.32 .
1.48 0.41
0.58 0.72 1.30 1.30
0.60 0.98
ass 0.58 0.58 D.94 D.58 D.62 D.58
7400373 7400374 7400377 7400540 7400541 7400573 7400574 7400646 7400648
1.10 7905A 1.40 7905FA
0.94
032 0.98 0.98
a98
0.90/200V01L 0.38 Freq.= MHz
7912 7912A 7912FA 7915 7918 7924
1.38 1.38 791120
P00 79412A0P
609 00V OIL 1.60 20,24,32,40 & 50 80/2000 SIL 1.96 Price: 54.20 each 35A/100V Sqr 2.98 KBP01002 1.64 Tfl_ Output 2.98 14pin DIL Layout KBPC3502 W005- 1A/50V Sealed Metal 0.32 4pin Pkg W02G- 1.5A 040 Freq.= MHz 2W02 1MHz £8.90 ea. 2KBB1OR/SIL 00: 0.66 2KBB20R/SIL 0.70 4,4.9152.6,8,9.8304, 68001500/50 a35 10,12,15,16, B80C1500SIL 0 60 18.432. 19.5508, SKB6008/60A POA 20. 24. 25 5 313MHz Price: £3.521x. CRYSTALS
a42 POA 79M05 79M05A 0.42 0.65 79M05FA 740 SERIES 79M12 0.50 0.60 74000 056 79M120 R041(RC18/U) 0.50 74002 ass LM3177 156 ` rest MHz 74008 0.56 LM317MP 1543200 1.60 055 74010 0.56 LM317LZ 2.000000 1.66 4.45 74014 0.56 1_M338K 1.49 74C20 0.98 UA7EIGUIC 1.02 3276800 0.98 0.98 U07901.110 1.02 74030 1.10 150 3 579545 74032 0.68 R041954 3.686400 1.02 74042 188 DIODES 4.000000 1.02 74048 298 1.10 4.096000 74C73 1.28 142986RB 18.20 4.194304 1.10 74074 094 143881 2.54 4.433519 10 74C76 1.26 1539970 6.55 4.608000 1.10 74085 186 154001 0.04 4.915200 110 74090 1.29 154002 5.000000/6 152 74093 2.10 1 44003 1.10 5 068800 74095 150 144005 0.04 5 242880 1.20 740150 5.40 144007 5.888200 1.80 740151 3.94 154148 0.03 6000000 1.02 740154 5.82 1N4149 0.06 6.144000 1.02 740157 3.80 194150 0.08 0400000 1.84 740164 254 1N4446 0.06 6.552000 1.40 740185 2.54 154728A 0 24 6.553 600 21 740221 1447350 0.24 7.372800 0.78
' ''''
740374 74C901
740902 740903 740906 740907 740908 740911 740912 740914 740915 740922 740923 740925 740926 740929
1
1
-
1547360
024 8.000000
1N4740A
1115380B
0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48
9.30 146287A
0.11 0.11 1.55
2.08 2.08 2.08 1.18
1647430
1N4744A 1447560 18 1N52268 1.52 1452329 1.10 1452349 1
1.10 2.20 14.42 14.42 1.16 2 74
6.80 6.80
145337E1
145349B 1"3, n 2,
1453576 1453658 1653668 111537081
8.867230 9.830400 10.00000 10.69500 12.0
13.87500 14.00000 14.31818/S 14.74560/5 14 74580 15:00000/5 16 00000 16.00000/5 18.43200/6 19.66080/5
404213 0.3232 4597CP 6.90
45988 6.90 45998 5.50 4041UB 0.32 47200 POA 47200 P00 4043B 0,38 47238 POA 40446 0.36 47248 1 90 40456 0.94 4731VP ass 4046B 0.42 4737VP 18.28 40478 018 4738VP 1850 404813
40498
052 4750VD 28.50
0.24 4752VP 29.25
404908 018 4753VP P00 40505
405113 405213
40535 40545 4055B
022 4754VP POA 034 40085 1.98 0.33 0.34 0.68 0.62 0,48 2,98 0.38 0.42
40097 40098 40100 40101 40102 40103 40105 40105 40107 40108 40109 40110 40114 40116 40117 40147
0.62 0.62 2.48 POA 1.20 0.88 1.82 0.30 0.42
453807 4541E0 454307
1.05 1.05 1.02
4555BT POA 455601 458587
1.05
0.95
4010687 053 4024497 1.35
4037391 234 74 SERIES 7400 7401
7402 7403 7404 7405 7408 7406A 7407 7407A 7408 7409 7410 7412 7413 7414 7418 7417 7420 7425 7426 7427 7430 7432 7437 7438 7440 7442
0.36 0.30 0.34 0.34
741021 741522 741524
741533 741537
74038 741040 74LS42 741044
0.
74L047
2.11
74048
0.55 0.54
741549
1,38
74051
741_086
0.19 0.19 0.32 0.40 0.48 0.22 0.24 0.28 0.68 0.72 0.42 0.32 0.39 0.39 0.38 0.27
74L090 74L091
POA
744.392
P00
741593 741095
0.44 0.48 0.82 0.28
741_5295A
7415298 74L0299 74L0321 7413322
1.11
1.15 0.98
183
3.82 POA
74L33220 POA 7413323 3.24 7415347 2.86 7410348 1.98 7415352 1.68 7415353 1.88 7445363 2.10 74L0364 POA 74LS365 0.30 741_0365A 0.34 741_0366 0.36
746086 74HC93
7440107 7440109 7460112 7490113 7480123 7450125 74501213
7450131 7450132 7450133 7450137 7450138 7450139 7450141 74140147 74110148 74110151
040
as°
0.47 0.52 0.32 0.32 0.76
74604511
034
74604543 0.81
0.31 0.61 0.61
1.01 1.01 1.01
055 0.40
7450153 7450154 7450155 7480157 7450158
aso
74501130
164
7450161
0.42
7419074075
74607266 a84 74607074 1.99 74407292 1.10 74407294 1.10
0.36
749014094 0.84
0.55 749014316
74904514 118 74604515 1.42 74604518 050 74404520 0.72 74604534 0.00 74604538 0.68 74607001 74407002 74407032
74H014067 4.93
741-1014351
0.68 1.04
744074510 154 744074511 749074510 744074515
0.94 1.64 2.50
749074516 181 749074520 0.90 744074538
1.02
744077007 0.39 744017046 180 7440740102 2.43 7490140103 1.48 7440740104 2.71 7460740105 1.82
ass 74000 0.92 POA POA 1.50 0.64 1.14 1.28
74502 74503 74504 74508 74509
74s, 74511
130 74032 1.48 74022 1.30 0.62 0.82 0.92 1.58 3.88
930 145401 910 145402
74S SERIES
74040 74551
74564 74574
1 N825
1.80
ob.,
5082-2800
0.42 50822810 0.42 5082-2835 6 AA119 0.98 00144 48 00215 0.48 0.78 AAZ18 0,25 BAV10 036 8AV45 03 BAW62 0.98 804/16 1.12 BB204 1.08 05212 2.42 131340513 0.98 85809 0.73 81179 1.95 81260.200
1. I
0.66
1.40
0.44 0.60 0.72 0.58 0.58 0.48 0.08
498 0.06 0.32 2.48 0.22 0.60 0.42
s . &des
11033/0
0.204800 0.307200 1.000000 1.843200 2.000000
2097152 2.457800 2.500000 3.000000
406613 0.270000 405613
40598 4060B 4063B
0.72 0.63 0.85 0.37 0. 0.
741554 741555 741573
74073A 74074
74L03660 0.42
0.29 741_0367A 0.34 741_0368 0.36 74LS368A 1.72 7415373 0.38 7415374 0.44 7415375 0.42 7410377 0.68 7410378 0.98 7415379 0.99 741_0367
0.98 0.69 0.42 0.47
744040102 1.10 744040103 1.10 749040105 1.40
74HC SERIES SURFACE MOUNT
a22 74HCO3M
746355 749395 74F399 0.32 749412 a32 74F413 032 74F432
74HC04M
74F521
74HCT SERIES
744COOM
744002M
7088
745112
POA 745124 POA 740132 0.98 740133 POA 740134 POA
24s,,
4076B 0.42. 40818 0.18740241 406713 406813
1.85
0.20
4069UB 0.21 4070B 4071B 40728
0.21
40735 40758
0-20
0.20 0.20
"9
401130
40161
0.20 40162 0.21 4078B 40163 40174 4082B 0.20 40175 40800 0-38 40181 40868 0.38 40192 0.98 40193 40898 0.24 40194 4093B 40948 038 40195 409513 0.70 40240 4096B 1.10 40244 2,75 40245 40978 4098B 040 40257 40990 042 40373 4104P 1.01 40374 41608 0.85 45026 41618 0.85 45027 41748 1.27 45028 41750 1.14 45040 1.43 45041 41940 44099 11.05 45100 44106 16.45 45106 4411P 21.58 45109 44129P P00 45138 441291_ POA 45145 441 2VP POA 45146 44166 P00 45151 4419P POA 45152 4429PB POA 45156 4433P POA 45157 4443P POA 45158 4447P POA 45159 4468P POA 45406 4469P P00 45407 4489P POA 45411 4490P 3.20 45414 4495P 527 45428 4497P 1158 45433 4499P 624 45440 45008 19.45 45441 45016 0.32 4077E1
45025 45038 4504B 4505B 4506B 45060 45080 45105 451113
45128
"8 0.38 1.12
P08
1.24 1.04 2.62 12.48 1.80 1.23 0.54 0,54 0.54 0.54 0,34 0,47
0.
0.37
74078
59
744585
0.59 0.49 0.77 0.55
0,62 0.74 1,82 2.24 2.62 1.36 1.36 0.54 1.10 1.10 4,42 5.99 4,49 POA POA POA 7.98 POA POA 10.04 POA 19.50 21.45 15.80 14.38 11.94 POA 2.73 6.47 POA 15.60 POA POA POA POA
1.53 0.98
4" SERIES SURFACE MOUNT
7451
7454 7470 7472 7473 7474 7475 7476 7480 7483 7485 7486 7490 7490A 7491
7492
401101310.32
1.87 0.57 0.72 38 59 0.53 0.67 0.72 1.26 1.10 0.58 0.53 0.76 1.34 2.56 0.67
74920 7493 7493A 7495A 7497 74104 74107 74110 74116 74118 74119 74121 74123 74125 74126 74128 74132 74145 74150 74151
74155
401207 032 74157 401381 0.4574158 401507 0.84 74159
741583
0.3574083A
74451.20 7447 7447A
7415740 741075 741076 741076A 79LS77
P08
042 400107 a32 741518 1.14 400281 0.32 74153 1.14 401101 0.32 74154 1.14 0.54 0.44 0.38
72
.70 .
5.23 0.67
160 POA 3.10 POA
P00 0.98 0.94 0.67 0.98 1.19 0.86 1.16 1.86 0.80 0.80 0.90 2.16
74096 741_0107
74LS1070 0.38 74LS109
3.48
7415386 74LS390 74LS393 74LS395
0.9111
0.46 0.40 0.66
74LS3950 0.94 7415396 P08 74L0398 74L5399 7410423 74L5445 7410450
POA 0.81
0.98 POA 10.68
7410481A 7.16
7415112
7445465 7410467 74LS468 74LS469
0.28
74L51120 0.34 74LS113
0.32
741,01130 0.38 74LS114 0.32 741_0114A 0.36 74LS122 0.39 741_0123 0.36 74LS125 0.28
74LS125A 0.32 0.32 741_0126A 0.36 74LS132 0.29 741_0133 0.18 741_0136 0.38 7410137 0.98 741.0138 0.31 7415 t39 0.34 7410145 0.66 74LS147 2.88 74L0148 0.83 741_0151 0.32 7440153 0.32 7410154 1.12 74LS155 0.34 741E0156 0.38 74LS157 0.38 7410158 034 74LS160 048 741_5126
74LS1600 0.54 7415161 146 74151610 0.49 741_0162
0.48
74L01620 1.07 741_0163
0.42
741S163A 0.47 741_5164
0.74
7415165 74LS166 7415168
3.98
0.28
741_3985
74LS1090 0.32
0.81
1.57
040
7410381A 4.96
3.82 7.78 7.78 8.10
74LS469A 6.70 74LS490 2.85 74LS491A 12.82 741_0502 POA 74LS540 0.80 7415541 0.80
740569 7410573 7410574 7415590 7415592
740593 7410595 7410597 7415621 7410622
740623 7410624 74LS625 74LS626 74LS627 7410628 74LS629 74L0631 74LS639 74LS640 74L5641
P00 1.34 1.34 4.85 5.28 5.79 4.85 4.95
P00 P00 2.98 2.10 5.37
P00 P00 1.78 1.98 POA PO0
038 038 7415641-1 118 7410642 0.98 7410642-1 POA 74LS643 POA 74LS644 POA
0.34 0.59
741_0645
559 575
741_0646
74L5645-1
7415652
1.12 1.28 5.85 POA
7450162 74E10183 74110164 74110165
7450166 7450173 7460174 7450175 7460181 7450182 7450190 7490191 7440192 7450193 74110194
a64 a42
0.42 0.55 0.88 0.76 0.42
036
1.84
059
0.87 0.52
077 054
0.67
7440195 7450221
044
74110237 74110238
0.73 0.64 0.44 0.44 0.80 0.88 0.43 0.44 0.35 0.52 0.47 0.73 0.65 0.36
7450240 7490241 7440242 741-1C243
7450244 7490245 7440251 7440253 7440257 7440258 7490259 7440266 7440273 7490279 7440280 7440283 7490298 7440299 7490323 7460354 7440356 7490365 7440366 7440367 7440368 7440373 7440374 7490375 7440377 7440386 7440390 74H0393 74H0423 7490521 7440533 74110534
7490540 7440541 7440563 7490564 7440573
154 0.51
7460702 0.220.32. 7440700
a22
74110730
0.26
0.22 744008M
a22
0.22
0.26 0.26 0.26
026
7450102 0.22 7450742 0.46 7490773 036 7460774 0 26 0.36 7440175 7460185 0.60 7440186 0.36 7440793 0 58 74907107 0.40 74407109 0.42 74407112 0.42 74407123 0.64 741107125 0.56
74407126 056 74407132 0.50 74401137 0.52 74401138 032 74901139 0.45 74607147 0.68 0 52
74607153 0.44 74401154 1 24 173 74401157 0.44 1.06 74401158 0.48 1.58 74601160 056 0.89 0.58
0.55 0.65
741-1C1161
0.56
74607162 0.84 0.41 74601163 056 0.52 74607164 0.52 0.97 74601165 0.52 0.52 74401166 0 52 0.44 74401173 0.52 0.44 74407174 0.52 0.76 74601175 0 52 0.51
744071E11
3.24
744C10M 744014M 746020M 745030M 745032M
.
74601182 0.96 74HC4066W 0.84 7400139 a38 74407190 0.64 74404538M 0.78 7400151 0.29 0.41
0.64 0.95 0.95
089
74407191
ass ass
74F SERIES
74601192 0.94 74407193 0.64 74900 74401194 1.13 74501195 1.16 24,4
ass 74401221 0.60
0 64
0.98
24,6
74401237 0.94 74F07 74401238 0.51 74,8 74607240 0.55 74910 0.55
74,1
74405730 an 74601242 0.76
74912
0.64
74407241
BYV28-100 0.99 78 B1032.50 180 1.26 008805 0.80 1/2 DS16C 0.40 0.
1 20 740140 0.32 746524 P08 249152 0.32 74F533 1.20 749157 012 749534 1.20 749163 2.80 0 36 749537 1. 60 740174 092 0.36 74F538 1.60 740175 1.35 0.36 74F539 1.80 740182 3.28 0. 36 741540 1,98740189 214 7440740 0.36 74F541 1.913 745195 2.40 74HC75M 0.34 749543 3.98 740240 100 74HC85WM 0.65 74F544 P00 1.12 74HC86M 136 749545 POA 740244 1.77 7440123AM 0.46 74F547 POA 740257 1.22 7440125M 146 749573 2.92 740258 1.22 7440132M 0.42 749574 2.92 745260 0.70 7440138M 0.38 749579 7.96 740273 2.44 7440139M a38 749804 4.84 74274 2.42 74HC154WM 0.64 749620 POA 749280 0.96 7440157M 538 749621 POA 740283 1.90 7440161M 0.48 746623 POA 740374 2.18 749C164M 0.48 749646 515 740394 2.10 7440165M 157 749676 POA 740412 270 7440173M 0A8 749821 3.98 740436 2.62 7460174M 0.38 74F823 P00 745437 282 744C221AM 0.65 746825 POA 740472 232 74HC240WM 0.55 746827 745734 252 74HC244WM 0.55 746841 4.48 744C245AW as2 749843 VOLTAGE 4.93 7440251M 0.42 749845 POA REGULATORS 7460259M ass 7491244 3.75 741-10273WM ass 78008AP 1.15 741-1C367WM 0.53 7400 SERIES 7805 0.28 744C373WM ass 78050 a32 0.38 780590 741-10374WM ass 740000 0.45 0.49 7806 74HC390M as7 740002 528 0.40 7808 053 740004 74HC393M 018 0.40 7809 74HC540WM a76 740008 a32 0.40 7812 74HC541WM a76 740010 a28 0.40 78120 74HC573WM 1.09 740011 012 0.40 7812070 74HC574WM 0.84 740014 0.32 0.40 7815 744C688WM 0.84 740020 0.28 740032 0.40 0.48 74604017M 7818 0.28 048 7824 74HC4020M 0.48 740074 028 74H04040M 0.44 7400109 0.64 78L05 0.24 7400112 1.68 0.81 74404046M 781050 0.28 74404060M 0.48 7400138 055 78L05ACLP 0.40
a26 7440204
7440703 7460704 7440708 7460710 7440711 7460114 7450120 7440721 7460127
74601151
P08 745139
0.28
528 0.28
074 0.74 0.28 0.28
028 as2
7400153 7400157 7400158 7400163 7400169 7400174 7400175 7400191 7400240 7400241 7400244 7400245
055 0.68 0.65 0.81
0.65
050 1.98
0.65
050 118 0.92
032 0.92 1.10
1
10
1.10 1 02 120. 1.10 1.20 11'860
1:882
MV1404 MV209
0A200 00202 0047 0090 P645368 P640470, 8EC53A ZPD2.7V
5'09 86 7
' A'
20
8.000000 10.00000 11.05920 15.90 12.00000 120 14.00000 010 16 00000 am 20 00000 0 14 24' 00000 0.14
ass
0.06 8.192000 10.00000 ZENER DIODES 11.00000 MISC. 12 28800 15.00000 BZY93C7V5 2.66 17.73497 BZY93015 2136 18.00000 8ZY93018R 2.66 20.00000 BZY93020 266 21.00000 BZY93024V 2.66 24 00000
620930338 2.66 B2T030120 0.40 BZX610902 0.09 BZX610240 0.09 ZENER DIODES 400mW 2.4V to 75V Price' 6p each ZENER DIODES 500mW 2.4V to 200V ice: 6p each '
ZENER DIODES 1.3 WATT 2 7V to 200V Price:10p each
ZENER DIODES 3.0 WATT 7.5V to 270V Price 40 each 78L050CZ 028 ZENER DIODES 5.0 WATT 7E11E12 0.28 781120 0.28 3.30 to 200V 78L12A0Z 130 Price:42p each 7E115 0.28 528 ZENER DIODES 78L24 STUD MOUNT 1.10 78L56 20 WATT 78M05 a32 78M05A 0.36 7.5V to 75V £4.84 ea. 78M12 012 78M12A 0.36 BRIDGE 78M130 0.65 RECTIFIERS 78M15 032 78005 0.48
Pk,
57 00f- Frequency
SPG8540AN 0.005 to 600kHz
225 149 1.14 2.25
240 1.14 2.25 1.14 1.52
.i s,
225 252 225 225
4.20 3.4C
360 2.6C
STATIC RAM 2114-3L
3.4C
66,26644LpP-1102
22440C
62256LP-12 62256LP-10 CDM6116063 CDM61170E3 HM1-6116.5 4513-6116-5 HM6116LP-2 5616116LP-3
4.95 4.98 5.30
1-1M6117LP-3
5.70
580 4.3E
3.60 2.6C
260
HM66204L-12 15.80 KM62256ALP-10 4.95 1451640-101 2.40 P2114AL-2 140 P2114AL-4 140 P0D5101P 3.30 UPD43256AGU101_ 8.33 5.60 4.70
UPD432560-12 UPD4360C-15 UVPROMS
, 9.2,
270128-25 270640-15 270256-15 270256-25 027256 2705120-12 27010000-12 2704096-12
3.98 3.98 3.98 3.90 5.40 6.46 8.92 POF,
HM270101G-20 9.80 H42701024HG10 1563 ."'"verters 44270649P -20T 140 TDK CE -0344 560 4427064G-15 4.2C 4.20 3W5R 15-15 27:50 4427064G-20 IPL S.010 23.40 44462532P 4,08 4448271280-25 4.58 1 Watt DC/DC 56482764G asc 5V input 01351put M2716-191 150 DIL 8 SIL by M5L2732K 4.4C M51_2764K 130 Newport NMA0505z5V MBM27064-20/210 DC to DC
4.9C
MBM270128-30 4.2C MBM27C258-30 5.10 NM027C2560-25
PM903
4.90
N610270640-25 3.68 TMS2516JL-45 4.52 TMS27128JL-25 4.60
10102716k-45 4.60 0P0272560/210 5.60
UPD27320/21V 090
44:00 0P0270256D-15 5.80 46:00 UPD27C512D-15 636 UPD27064G25 4.90 RESISTORS
PM951
EEPROMS
METAL FILM 66
1.58
ups -I 8.
996'9"
PmFrarable for
DC/DC Converters by Computer Products 3.71 PM623 2460 065 PM671 2610 171 PM672 2,70
0.55
040
16pin DIL Plastic
899 195
1
1.6C 4.2C
18.50
16.384,19.8808 & 20MHz Price: 63.92 e4'
8.23
225
120
HM628128LP-80
9'99 - Mhz 12. 14.31818. 16,
1.20 6.9 1.40 NMA0509E9V 1.68 NMA0512E12V NMA0515.1.15V P1i8e:07.9000.
1.92 1.92
2.8C
733 HM6264ALP-12 330 HM6260ASP-20 198 HM6267P-35 557
1.64
0.85 1.10
4.60
MK41164-54 MK45644-15 NMC37644-15 UPD41464C-12 UPD414640-15 UPD416C-2 UPD416C-3 UP04460-1
HM62256LP-10
EXO 3C SERIES Elpin- DIL Plastic Package
0.064 to 78810-8
HC49/U4H
3.275800
3.58 3.579595 B7261-200 3.88
Programmable Crystal Oscillators
0.92 SPG8650BN 2.40 0.00083 to 100kHz
20.00000/5
2211840/S 24.00000/S 27.64800/S 30.00000/5 00000/5 48.000000
30, 32. 31768, 3133' 40 & 50MHz Price: £4.45 ea.
1.00 SPG8540BN 1.34 1.20 9.0993 t01MHz 1.10 sp 1.90 - Ga44°CN
1052529
1N825A 0.44 19827
a44
KM4402560Z-10 6.95
ass 3.010200v SIL 0.57 3.6864,4,8,10,12,16, M5M44649-15
74002997909
0.70 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.28 1.28 1.28 4.32 4 48 3.50 0.78 0.76 4.48 1.80 4.98 3.40 3.20 740240 3.20 740244 3.20 740373
2.24 4.38 POA 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.72 0.62 0.66 0.62 0.62 0,66 0.62 POA 0.78 7.48 0.84
0.48
0.28 0.32 0.60 0.55 0.30 0.36 0.78 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35
a25w 1% 28064-25 100 to 1M 3p each 28054-15 N.B Min Qty. Order 280256-20 P s per value 280256-1500 X281600 METAL FILM X2816AP-25 PRECISION 0.25 WATT 0.1% X2864AP-35 24001 9se 24002 100R to 255K Price: £0.94 each 24018 HIGH PRECISION 280040-20
380
E24 Series
Min. 5 c280256-15
Series24001
10.90 25.89 27.50 213.5C
5.10
010 12.20 1.62
110
240042.9E
NON -INDUCTIVE WIRE WOUND
0.15 WATT 0.1%
540 4.40
59011
144
93006 93046
1.12 1.28
MISC. MEMORIES Temp.Coett.3ppm 2.66 10R,50R,100R250R, 6341-1J 4.58 2.25 10K 1006 AM2145-4500 5.44 Price:'E3.85 each 22.8500
2.25 2.25 2 80
HIGH PRECISION NON -INDUCTIVE WIRE WOUND 0.33 WATT 0.1%
0M270281PC 3.9E 1017130LA-100P POA
10171324A -100P POA
CRYSTALS MISC.
MB8414E 4.90 MCM40278C3 280 Temp.Coeff.3ppm 6043/T 2.40 19,5R.10R,20R5OR N82012804 1.000000 599 price: £0:60 each 9825153N 5.80 N82S181AN 6 OS MINI CYLINDER NM06504.1-9 3.40 1008,1201, 2508 0.032788 088 1.45 NMC93066 500R,1 K, 24, 5K, P5101L-1 3.9C 10K 20K WATCH TBP180030N 1.74 0.032768 582 Price: 0.15 ...h TBP24S104 190 MEMORIES CRYSTAL 709240010N 3.11 OSC. MODULES TC5501P 3.50 DYNAMIC RAM TC5504AP-2 3.40 7C5516PL-15 4.20 "In OIL 4164-10 1.40 Plastic pkg 705517AP-2 4.20 416012 TTL Output 1 20 105565PL-15 3.60 4164-15 120 T MS0014.101_ 4 Pins spaced at 3.40 240 corners of 8pinDIL 41255-8 41256-10 200 me 41256-12 2A0 CAPACITORS 41264-15 224 4, 4.9152, 8, 10, SURFACE MOUNT 41464-12 4.45 12, 15 8 20 Price:22.ss ea. 41464-10 4A5 Multilayer Ceramic 2.80 63 VOLT 4464-10 3.90 Case Size 1206 4142568-70 24. 32, 40 8 44025692-10 8.85 L211W1.2514.16' 50MHz 440256-8 5.00 Price 83.40 ea. 511000-85 805 10092209 3309 47pF HM484113AP-15 8pin DIL 100pF 220pF 33009 sem, Metal 450 470p9 100059 2200pf Package HM48415AP-20425 3300pF 4700pF HCMOS Output HY53C2564.5-80 10000, 150 22000p9 33000p9 H75304641S-80 13.2mm sq. Price'. 150 each Pins spaced 41 395 corners of 8pinDIL 906511000-85 8.45 4700009 100000pF Price: 18p each '
'
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
9
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers MICROPROCESSOR & SUPPORT ICs 7.40
1001140EC 1003XP 0141DC
9'8.76
80
63
420 6321P 63485CP32/Sm 19 95 10.07 63803X8 3.98 6502 5.40 6502A 4.40 65208 440 6522 526 6522A 4 43 6551 4-43 6551A 6500282 65002P3
,0
65C102P2
700
6502282
4.80
65051E-1 65051E-2 68000P-10 680008-16 680008-8 68008P-8 68010P-12 6802P 6803AP 6805E3E 6810P 6821P 6840P 68448 68458 6845SP
3 80 ,I'38
5.84-
898 18206.50
785 POA 3.40 POA 10.98 POA
152 3.40 4-86
5I40 POA 4.30
68A0OP
688098 688218 688408
198 2.56
68A5OP
2.98
68809P 680218
198 1.968
28
6884016
8080A
496
808584-2
5..98
8086 8086-2
3.40
80028612/8ga 4850 80C286-8/plcc 24.40 80085A 800858.2 8118-5CH 93L34DC
4 95 5'94
AM25LS258819 AM251_52569P AM2602PC
2'88
760
i08
HD1-0165-5
90146818AP 8D3-6402-9 H03-6440-9 HD3-6495-9 HD44883 H046505SP H046802P HD6321P
SAB8155-P SAB8259AP
10.96
420 6.16 8.89 8.89 9.52 9.85 5.50 4.20
HD63485PS32 3250 HD63B03XP
8068000-8 H06845SP HD68A52P HD68821P H13-7159.5 H13 -7159A-5
HM10422
2820864 136402818E
11.95 11.59 6.92 5.60 4.29 20.98 23.40 14.30 17.06 10.20 7.75 10.80
M6402IPL M6403IPL 440 MS2600P.15 7.80 NS82504 7.80 NS6250N-B M5M82C51AP 420 M5M82C54P-6 5.40 MA880318H1 2P 4.56
MAB8035HL-6P 5A8 1.98 MC10103P 3.21 MC10115L 1.98 MCI 011 5P MC146805E2P 9.18 MC68000P12/113 POA 13068010810/12 POA 2.47 MC6802P 878 MC6809P
MC6821 P
1.80
MC6840P 13068448 M06845P MC6850P M068705R3P
5.05 18.40 7.38 3.35 25.35 7.02 MC68AOOP 7.62 M068A09P 6.60 MC8314P 3.00 MCM6810P 5.35 MCM68A1OP 3.40 MM532009 10.64 MM581678N MM581748N 14.80 13135827401' 9.18 3.39 MSM5832R5 MSM80C35RS 4.90
MSM80C39/SMD6.45 3.95 MSM80085A MSM80C85A-2 5.98 MSM80C86 7.60 4.60 MSM81C55 3.58 MSMB2C51A 3.98 MSM82C53-2 M5782C53-5 3.58 6.36 4.20 MSM82054-2 3.98MSM82C59A-2 3.98 3.30 13513820848 82 MSM82C84/4.2 3.60 12.60 MSM82C88 '
2.68 2'30 AM26LS31DC 2 30 813264$31 PC 1 26 AM275191 ADC 10.20 AM275281PC 625. 8132964620 12.36 -
AM296500 AM2966PC AM29826DC
8M68504 AM8238PC
AM9050000 AM9050CPC 8139102080 AM9114BOM AM9551PC AM96L02PC AY.543136 AY -5-81313-006
C1164.6MD C82318
95 60 2
9.
3.35 6.45 6 45 ii1198
59.00
C8253 CA8008515
0282085 0082086H-5
662 9.74
CG80C286-12 48.50
C080028816 65.00 COM8136 COM81C17 01:32C54 CRT -8004-001
058205 D3232 D8086 D8086-2
6.45
115 6.42
142
D8288 D820284-12
0820284-8 D820288-10 D820288-12 D820288-8 287484 DM96019
148 9.60 7.85
1am 11E5
251 221
D51231-20 051232
980428643C2/p136.20 N82359 3.68 N82649 3.68 N825126AN 3.25 10 04 9825181F 4.68 9516450N NS16550AFN 12.60 N508009-1 10.80 P8032AH 4.29 P8051AH 11 20
8805284/Basic 23.45 PE1080A
P80858-2 P8085811-2 88088 P80C31BH
P80086AL-2 P8185 P8205 P8212
88226 P8251A P8253 P8255A-5 P8259
3.90 5.98 5.98 4.80 4.54 12.60 18.10 2.00 2.40 2.
0
1.98
.68
6.36 2 34 6.54 6.44 4.44 3.26 3.20
CL7611DCPA CL7621DCPA 0L7622 CL7650CPD
CL765OSCPD 627 CL7652BCPD CL7652CPD CL7660CPA CL766OSCPA CL7662CPA CL76638CJA CL7663BCPA CL7664CPA CL7665ACPA CL7673CPA CL8052ACPD CL8068AJD
555 -TIMER
0.20
6341-1J 741-OPAMP
P08
TM59901NL 14.16CL8069CCS0 214 TMS9902ANL
15 94 ADOPO7CN
TMS9914ANL 23.10 8252011' 740 AD524 TMS9928ANL TMS9995JDL 6085 AD554JH
0.18
2.8
320 9.98 3.20 2.64 3.60 4.10
P82054 P82054-2 PALI 048CN 190 PALI 2H6CN 1.90 PAL16R4BCN 2.17 PAL2ODOCNS 4.35 PAL20X8CNS 3.32 PALCI6L8Q-2520 5.10 PALC20U3Z-45COS
8.24 8.24 1.40 3.80
440 6.78 5.10 7.95 4.98 1.38 8.73 11.38 3.75
POA 21.52 POA POA 1.80 POA 8.92
CL8069DCS0 2E8
LM340T5 LM343H LM346N LM348DP LM3489 LM350T LM351N LM3589 LM359N LM360H LM361M/SMD
0.30 8.80 3.96 0.40 0.40 6.85 2.60 0.32
LM3631-4-100
1650
4E8 7.72 6.40
3.52 LM369DN LM369DRC 3.70 1.20 LM3809 7.88 LM381AN LM385Z-1.2 2.20 2 20 LM385Z-2.5 LM386M-1/SMD 1.65 LM3869 -I 1.40
CL8069DCZR 2.88 1.80 256 LM38651.3 L8211CPA 2.60 CL8212CPA 248 LM386N-4 1.98 AD537,H 842 LM387A5 5.90 UA96368CP CM7170IPG A0548J9 425 198 UA9637A M7207AIPD 642 LM3889-1 198 AD578JN 6 42 LM3899 3.40 UA9638CP M7207IPD 1 60 1.98 A0581JH M72091P8 3.75 LM3900N UA9639CP AD581KCSA/SM09.97 CM7211AMIPL 4.68 LM3909N 2.64 p04 A0585A0 POA 0M9151 440 M7211MIPL 4E8 LM3914N PDA AD592CN 0 30 M7212AM1PL 3.88 LM3939 12.64 AD594AD 0.30 POA 458 LM393P UPB8238 M72131PD 10.20 498 8259582 5.98 UPB8282C M7216A1J1 22.44 LM394CN 2.76 498 UP88284AD M7217AIPI 920 LM39992 A0707JN 7.85 CM7217BIJI 10 42 LM399H 214 UPD70108C-10 9 10 A0711JN M72171.11 10.42 LM4250J 11E2 a28 UPD70108C-0 6.95 AD712JN 3-72 M7218AIJI 6.85 LM55509 AD7245.1N/KN POA 7.48 UPD701160-10 1290 M7218AIPI 885 LM565CN 2.80 UP2701160-8 9.20 AD741KN 5'65 M721801J1 6.85 LM710CH 9 80 0PD71055C 4.38 A07523KN M7218EUL 14.76 LM7230H 2E0 AD7537JN 32.98 UPD7201AC 11.68 898 7M723CN 0.70 CM7224IPL AD7537LN POA 2.65 M722681.13 2E12 LM733CN POA 5 42 AD7542KN UPD765AC M722651PL 23.54 LM7410J-14 220 AD7543JCWE POA UP2765AC 5.42 M72491DM POA LM741CN 045 46.15 4.76 AD7578KN 240 LM747CH 2.40 UP0780C-1 0M75551BA 80844AN 875 CM7555IPA 0.84 LM747CN 090 ADC0804LCN 420 UPD8155HD 1.85 LM7800P 2.40 UPD8251 AFC 4.08 ADC0820CCN 22A0 M64031PL 10E0 LM79GCP 2.40 L272 3.32 8200834009 10.80 2.82 UPD8253G-2 2.10 LM833N ADC804LCWM 12.10 UPD13253C-5 3.32 a10 LS285AB 240 L272M UPD8286C POA ADC84KG-10 12 66 L293E 3.60 3.90 LS288B 2 L297A 12.52 ADC908HP UPD8741AD 4.69 LS7210 9.40 A5080809 POA 13.98 2.72 UPD8749HC L4805CV 220 LT1006CNB 720.10MHz 9.10 ADG201AKN 4.58 L487 3.15 LTIOIOCT ADOPO7CN 2.32 7.32 720-8MHz 3.15 LT1028048 17.20 L7028 12.90 84001502 V30-10MHz 2.94 LT1032CN 4.70 3.60 LA6250 730-8MHz 9.20 AY -3-1270 9.14 POA LTI 070CT 7.80 AY -54013 3.20 4A8358 7610308 POA LT1083CP 8.82 AY -5-1013A 5.24 ,...,88.,0 VC0106146 8.60 POA LT1086CT 3 60 L885.20 Z0800110PSC 16.90 AY.3-1015D LTC1052 7.97 AY -5-1250 POA 2.16 Z0868112PSC 3.20 LC7132 POA LTC485CN8 POA AY -5 -3600 -PRO 9.96 LC7522 4.40 Z180-MPU POA 470490 Z8001B-CPU 11.96 1386109 POA M5218AL POA 1-68 LC7555 1.40 BA6208 Z8018008VSC 8.25 POA LD111ACJ POA M5220 083048 1.25 2808 -CPU 051 LF13508D 18.20 M5238L POA 166 CA3046(SMD) 0.89 LF311H POA Z80A-CTC 10.80 M5298P 3.15 083054 Z808-D8RT 0 54 LF347N 2.40 M706131 1.25 CA3059 1.20 Z80A-DMA 195 LF351N 0.98 MAX1232CNG POA 1.28 CA30713AT 2.42 LF353N Z80A-P10 086 MAX1232CPA 3.57 Z80A-510/0 3.40 083079 LF3559 1.82 MAXI 259CPE POA 28013 -CPU 1.52 C83080E 0'70 LF356N 1.82 MAX162ACNG POA 3.00 CA3081 Z80B-CTC 0'66 LF357139 4.98 MAX232ACPE 4.84 CA3089E 422 5.80 498 MAX232CPE 2.80 2.16 LF357N ZEI0B-DMA POA CA3094AE 120 MAX232EWE 380 2.20 CA3096AE 3.48 LF398N 28013-PIO 2.80 3 98 MAX2329 182 0830960E 450 1.48 MAX280CPA 6.94 2E0 LF412CN 2.98 CA3097E Z800008B6 108 MAX452CPA 5.38 CA3120E P08 LF441CN a75 MAX627CPA 2.98 TELECOM & SPECIA CA313OBT 1920 LF442CN 0A9 MAX660CPA 572 FUNCTION ICs .CA3130E 1.10 LF444CN 2.71 MAX690ACPA 6.58 6200890-018 370 0831408E 1.34 LH0002CN 10.80 MAX694CPA POA 707W02020 525 CA3140E 0 44 LH0032CG POA 33.60 MAX697CPE 733W50124 5.25 C83146E 090 LM101AH 5.65 MAX7219CNG 7.15 AMA1503GX13 4.68 083160E 125 LM100N 9.24 MAX8211CPA 2.28 1.80 0832400 13881505 LM1I 1H 6.74 MAX901BCPE POA CLA25106/PLCC 5.95 CA3240E1 20.9168 LM136009 3.40 MC1377P 4.93 GA050010015 3.20 08324E 0.98 LM1370051 3.40 MCI 413P 0.74 KS-49258/PLCC 5.92 CA32608 1.68 LLmM139 11.38 3.40 MC14411P MJ1454BB 7.65 CA3280AE 5 94 17.60 139119 MC14416L 8.60 M05175N 3.80 083280E 3312 LM1458N 4.82 0.82 M014495P 00-147-7 2.40 085550E 020 LM14969 295 MC145406P 2.10 8B2352303 4.35 087410E 018 LM1801N 7. MC1455P 0 40 84340108 6.80 0S5503-KD POA 4.80 MC1455P1 0.60 3.60 0079256 PC18 LM1889N 7.40 MC1458P 0.32 OMV16BP5 7.98 016903 P08 LM1894N 4.16 MC1488L 2.40 OMVI8C 6.95 D800800LCN 410 LM218H 15.75 MCI 488P 638 OMV18CN1 7.85 DAC0832LCN 10.67 4132391' 3.90 M014898 0.80 OMV18CW1 7.85 DACO8CP 2.60 N 1.25 MC1489AL 2.25 QMV25C DACO8EP 164 LM29039 1.25 MC1489AN 0 80 OMV62AW1 69.9042 DAC1008LCN 10.73 LM2904N 425 MC1489L 2.20 S4534-AMI 420 DAC1222LCN 20 40 LM2917N-14 6.10 MC1489P 0.38 SA336931 2,95 DG201ABK 3.83 LM291751-6 5.80 MC14959 220 5.40 DG211 1 56 LM29400T15 2.95 1301550E 332 3.40 DG508ACJ SCM66115P 3.98 LM29400T5 12.40 M01648P 2.50 56578050 4.55 0050801 7.50 1301 6588 1278 125 413290407 SP1450B 5,76 DS148851 0-36 LM301AN 0.36 MCI 709CP1 1.20 ULAIRB029E1 6.80 DS14C88M/SMD 1.65 LM30714 1 39 MC1723CP 1.20 ULA2ORK008E119.72 00140886 1.65 LM308N 1.65 MCI 741CP 045 XR-75683 3.60 00140898N 1.65 LM310N 2.98 MC3242AP 7.54 ZNA2L029J-BS 3.80 HAI 2017 1.44 LM31114 0.88 0.64 13033018 2NPCM1J135 8 95 HA13426 11.96 LM3119-14 2.15 MC3302P 0.60 4817723 OPTO 1.10 LM312H 8.95 MC3340P 1.60 ELECTRONICS HD75189P POA LM3I 7AT 260 MC3357P 3.20 8EF4754V 22.20 LM317T 0.52 MC3403P 1.40 4N25 0.60 811-0201-5 3.60 LM317T-SGS 052 MC3446AP 675 0.60 HI I -508A-5 1121 LM318N 2.98 MC3479P 7.92 0.40 HI1.549-5 POA Lm310, 41'35 5.80 284 MC3523U 4538 056 HI1-574AKD-5 42.50 LM32OLZ-12 0.34 MC4024P 12 78 69139 1.60 1113-0201-5 3.20 LM324AN 3.66 MCT2 0.84 CNX36 0.38 H13 -0509A-5 7.15 4133241 2.47 130761 1.18 0.64 320 LM3249 06517-3 0 64 MF1OCCN 885 CNY21N POA HIILI P08 LM325N 9.40 ML924 4.90 0.40 110574 -AK 18.20 DF°8 LM3301N 2.60 MM53099 5.76 HCPL-2200 CL7104-16CPL 26.08 LM3342 598 2.20 MM53105N 4.98 HCPL-2231 5.98 CL7107COH/PLCC LM3352 2.48 MM80C95N 1.44 HCPL-2602 5.68 5.20 LM336Z-2.5 1.48 138757012 POA HCPL-2630 3.68 CL7109CPL 9.85 LM3362-5.0 1.48 MUX24E0 160 HCPL-2730 3.45 CL7116CPL 6.74 Li3337, 1.15 MUX24FP 9.60 HCPL-2731 3.20 0L71170PL 674 LM339AN 2.98 MV500DP 105 HCPL-4200 5.98 CL71260PL 674 L13330N 0.60 MV601D8 3.36 ILD74 1.44 CL7135CPI 8.98 LM340AT12 108 MV8870DP 552 ILO1 1.60 CL7136CPL 894 LM3407-5 0.48 NE50209 1a84 IL074 2.25 CL7137CPL 6.94 LM340T12 0.48 NE5275 3.71 2.25 CL7606CJN 1224 LM340T15 '0074 am NE532N 060
NE536H NE5530N NE5532AN NE5532N NE5534AN NE555N NE556/SMD NE556N NE5589 NE564N NE565N NE567N NE568N NE570N NE571N NE589N NE592/SMD NE5929 NE592N14 NE602AN NE6029 NE604AN NE6059 NE612AN NJM455613 NJM4558DX OPO7CJ 0PO7CN OPO7CP OPO7EP OP11GP OP177FP OP27GP OP42FZ OP77GP OPO7CN PM7548HP
4.90 3.82
TL071CP TL072ACP
1.58
TL07209
050
D53487N DS34C86N
320 4.80
DS36319 D536329 281 DS3633N 053634N 2.81 DS3691N 4.96 00386214 7'38 DS5000-32-12 47.50 00136406 120 DS8820AN 295 008832/4 0088361.1
00883714 DS8838N EF6803A-116 EF6803P EF6821P EF68B09P EF68821P EP610PC-35
2.40 2.40
380 3.80 1130
3.18 1.44
POA
54 7
PALC22V10H-3505 8.34 PCD8584P 8.28 PCF8566P 8.28 PCF8566T 8.28 PCF8570P PCF8573P PCF8574P 5.90 PCF85747 PCF8591P 9.35 5.70 R6502AP R6520P R6522 R6522AP R65CO2P2 R65CO2P3 R65CO2P4 R65C102P2 R65021P2 R65C22P2
SA080032P
4.40 4.40 5.80 5.84 6.90
805 665 5.94 4.80 5.95
1a2 1.02 1.80
a80
TL072CP 0.50 75108 2.85 751,A TL074ACN 1.80 184 TL074CN 0.84 75108B 0.20 208 0.48 TL081 CP 0.70 751098 2.46 TL082CP 0.49 75110A 0.38 1,36 75113 0.48 TL084CN 2.28 302 TL27L2CD/SMD 1.98 75114 142 3.04 TL497ACN 3.44 75115 2.94 1.60 4.03 78118 TL507CP 0.65 3.30 2.04 TL7702ACP POA 75121 2.60 78122 2.04 4.60 TL7705ACP ROA 2.04 140 747705CP 3.10 75136 TL7709ACP 425 440 TL7770-SC 1 80 3.82 2.65 75150 5.10 140 TL783CKC I 60 TLC2201CP 3.74 751508/ 0.92 2.65 2.85 75152 2.98 TLC2274CN 6.36 2.54 751 2 40 TLC25I CP 1.75 8.24 TLC2652CP 4.92 7515,ki 1 75 TLC2654CP 4.84 75155 8.60 120 TLC271CP 0.84 75157 2.87 4.40 TLC272CP 1.30 1.20 75159 545 2.40 1.20 TLC274CN 5.98 TLC339CN 1.98 3.60 75161A 647 TLC372CP 1.40 751828 095 7.5g TLC551CP 3.68 095 3.68 TLC555CP 015 75173 3.10 3.60 5.85 TLC556CN 1.58 75174 320 5.24 TLC7524CN 3.71 75174NG 368 TLE2061CP 2.89 220 75175 TLE2062CP 3.40 7517, 7.44 180 TLE2064CN 3.45 751766 2 07 2.28 2.42 75,708/. ass TLE2161CP 4.98 TMS3477NL 5.96 75177 18.20 2.60 7.14 78178 RC413654 0.98 TPIC2406NE 2 60 RC4193N TPIC2802KV 8.40 75182 POA 2.60 RC4194N 3.28 75183 2 85 TPIC62599 R04207GN 1 92 TP1C6273N 328 75188 0.40 0.90 TP1065959 328 75189 R04558 0.85 POA 904558P 0.60 T0C426CPA 751898 0.85 REF01 CP 3.33 TSC500CPE POA 78381 REFO1HP TSC7106CPL 6.81 3.33 75365 2.72 REFO2CP 3.98 TSC7116CPL 5.25 78487A 3.26 REFO3GP TSC71260PL 535 784808 3.69 664 TSC7660CPA 1.40 REF25Z 1.12 75451 4.92 025608 POA L110968 754518 048 SAA1027 6.51 U20666 2.64 75452 028 U24006 SA51043P 7.98 5.56 7545215 048 58830498 992 U6648 5.95 75453 0.64 SAA502513 7.65 UA2240PC 1.40 754538 0.64 06709CP 0.85 75,4 58860028 10.80 0,64 UA709PC SA55605 3.40 0.85 75,48 0.98 UA715HC 4.50 7,82 SED2000FVA 9.60 0.98 0.70 75483 SFC2301ADC 6.78 UA723CP 10 UA733CJ SFC274113C 2.9875,88 3.60 UA741MP SG3524N 1 30 75469 51766001 1.92 UA741TC 0. 8 78470 POA SU 452 6.7 UA748CP 0.36 75471 1.68 SL2364C UA748TC 0.52 78472 3.97 148 POA UA77000UIC POA 78473 5431176 1 48 5448628 UA798TC 3.80 78474 2.98 225 2.80 UCN5800A 2.40 5449028 75477 2 10 SL56002P 3.00 UCN5801 A 2.60 75491 0.68 11092981A SL627000P 3.30 2.00 75ALS176 2.88 5.47 00N2982A 546700028 75845192 2.88 1.6575ALS193J SN5281CN POA 0056118A 3.22 SN55451BJG POA UGN3501M 7501154 2.88 7501408 ULN2001AN SOC12 0.20 2.73 SPI648DG 0.44 75,185 ULN2002A 5.53 3.98 POA ULN2003AN 0.44 75G188 584534 1 20 58474028 446 ULN2004AN 1.40 75,188.8 1.32 SP86290P 3.44 ULNI2024A 1.40 750189AD 1.32 ULN2032A 140 75400176 58866028 4.96 260 TA7215P 7.20 ULN2803AN 0.84 TRANSISTORS TA7256P 2.60 UM5100 POA THYRISTORS UM5101 3.80 TA7368P POA 8 TRIACS XR2211CP TA7658P POA POA T878005AP POA XTR110KP 9.95 160. 78820084 11112131 POA 4.60 40406 go, 40673 2.40 TA8410K 291445 2.80 0.17 ZN414Z TA8449P POA 1.04 1301078/13 1.84 130106A/15/C 0.17 78865981' 29415E POA 0.18 7888618 ZN423 220 BC109B/C 048 TBA120.5 ZN425E-8 5.97 BC140-16 0.60 EIC146t01 0 58 7082400 2N426E-8 POA 3.68 0.40 TB8570 7N428E-8 POA 6.95 BC149 0.34 TBA820MT POA ZN429E-8 264 BC157 4.76 50158 0 34 168920 POA ZN449E BC169C 0.14 TBA990 POA
UPB8286C 4.982.60 UPD7201C 6.802.60 AD64"40
UPD80C39HC 8.42284 5.84CM7556IPD 1
6.95L4960
"8
2808-DARTLF357M/SMD
2808-510LF411CN
-
04704LM18819
1
au
TC91066P TCA335A
708965 TCM1520AP TCMI 531P TCM1705AN TCM31059
T0M50879 TCM5089,4
1081083 72810858 72810850 TDA1151 TDA1170S TDA1515A TDA1521A T281 576 TDA1578A TDA2595 TDA3048N TDA3505 TDA3810
POA POA POA POA POA POA 9.42 2.40 2.40 2.60
ass 3.80 1.10 2.80 4.98 4.37 3.90 3.60 a 32 1.85 POA POA
60179
TD8440 TD84510 TDA4563 TD84660 TDA7010T
804865X/0X/2X2 804860X/DX/002
1E737052
TDA8702 TEA1045 TEA1060 TEA5620 TIPC2801KV TL026CP TL062CN TL062C8 TL064CD TL064C9 TL06410/SMD TL071A0P
3.38 3.38 POA POA 2.52
622 POA
420 POA
840 1.84
0.52 0.52 0.98 0.88
008 008
6C1828
0.08 0.06 0.08
BC182L BC182L8
008 008
130183
801830 BC183L BC184 00184/3 8C184L BC184LC BC212-18 BC212A
0.08 0.08
008 0.08
008 0.08 0.08 0.08
802126 00212E BC212LB 130213
BC213L BC214 BC214L
BFW10 BFX48 BFX85 8E088 BFX89 8E050 BF752 BFY90
SIS AMI SIS AMI
80286-16MHz 80386DX-40MHz 8048650-25MHz 8048600-33MHz 80486DX-50MHz 80486002-66MHz
038
BSR60 BSX20 BSX21
0.52 0 48 0.38 0.48 1.85
110 4.94
0.11
0a8
00327
0.08
13G328
ape
80337 BC337-25
0.08 0.08
00489
024
BC490
605466
0.30 0.22 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.05
130547
008
805478 005476
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
150516
80517 BC546 BC546A
BC547C BC548 BC5488 130549
805498 130550
BC550B BC550C BC556 005568 BC5566
TEAL
FD -2351 -IF
E90 1.14 1.77 0.39 0.68
/113 J175 J270
092 0.48
JA101 MBD501
1.10 1.10
MJE13070 MJE340 MJE350
0.68
131E520
0.80
MP03638 MPSA06 MPSA13 MPSA53 MPSA92 MPS005 MTP8P08
018
1.10
0.12 0.12 0.32
024 2.21
2.80 1.80 1.85 0.65
00147 0019 0C45
0.08
PN3643
0.92 0.18
aoe
T10106%4
078
a80 0.80
aeo
0.08 TICP206D 0.08 T1CV106D 0.08 718115 0.08 TIP121 0a8 718145 0.08 TIP2955 0.08 TIP30 0.08 7183055 0.08 TIP31A 008 TIP328 TIP47 0.08 72751A10 0.22 11'010453
60557 005570 00558 80558A BC55813
BC559A BC559B BC260A BC560C
001840 130771
am
82131 80135
0.44 0.98 0.52
022418 130242C 152243
0. 8
BD516
60675 0.52 0.54 0.56
130676
00679 82680
1.90 1.12
827430 BDT85 6006715 13D796
BF195.0 8E199 BF200 BF2566 BF256C SF259 BF324
BF961 BF981
6E982 BFG65 BFR53-2GHz BER91-5GHz BFR91A-6GHz
140 2.96
270510
0.18
0.98 0.92 0.18 0.26 0.18
028 a38
IC SOCKETS LOW PROFILE
No. Pin Gold Tin Gold of spacTurn 95r sldr Pins -mg Pin Tail Tan 6 D.3 18p 6p 18p 8 0.3 18p 6p 18p 14 0.3 31p Sp 31p
0.3 33p 10p 33p
16 18
0.3 39p 1 1 p 39p
20 0.3 45p 12p 45p 22 0.3 54p 14p 24 0.3 54p 14p 24 0.6 54p 14p 28 0.6 80p 16p 32 0.6 65p 22p 40 0.6 70p 22p
se
" 0-6 85p
0 48 0.90
0 75 2609 0.9 260p
64
64
120
7x1IBATI.2x328/ESA)
092 092
0.20 0.22 0.16 0.26 0.68
BF494 8E759
0.55 0.68 1.37 0.88 0.48 0.88 0.38 0.40 0.80 0.92
VP0104443 VP0104N2 VP010493 ZTX212 ZT9237 ZT Z7X313L ZTX320
0.40
BF451
024
799085
BF421
BF450
0.61
7966AF0
2.78 3.60 0.08 0.22 0.16 0.38 0 38
£65.00 £75.00 £115.00 6245.00
260 x 220 260 x 220
£ £
66 00
£165.00 £212.00
£29600
80287-8 80287-10 80287 -XL
8038750-33MHz
INTEL INTEL INTEL INTEL
Pirce £
p
120.00 129.00 £40.00 £48.00 £62.00 662.00
MEMORIES SIMM 1Mx9x9 CHIP 7Ons SIMM 1Mx9x3 CHIP 70ns SIMM 4Mx9x9 CHIP 7045 SIMM 4Mx9x3 CHIP 7Ons SIMM 256Kx9 CHIP 8Ons
P.O.A. P.O.A. P.O.A. P.O.A. P.O.A.
SOFTWARE 1.44MB 3.r
130.00 1.44MB 3.5' £30.00
MICROSOFT ORIGINAL WINDOWS 3.1
GRAPHIC CARDS ov915 VI. -BUS Window Am!. W: I MB I:75.00 TVGA 89000E New Trident 1MB SV6A£40.00 ET -4000 1MB SVGA £60.00
KEYBOARD & MICE 7849R 102 UK KB Board. Regular Size£24.00 IMSI SYSTEM MOUSE 3 Button Serial £10.00 Znix 3 BUTTON MOUSE MS COMPATIBLE 10.00 BTC
2HD/2FD/2S/1P/1G with cables
06100
IMPORTANT All prices quoted are Excluding V.A.T.
1 2MB 5.25' £35.00 MITSUBISHI MF355C/258MG 1.44MB 3.5' £29.00 MITSUBISHI MF504C/318MP 1.2MB 5.25' £3500
1334
1.62
108
FD-55GFR
IDE
180
0072 0078 0091M 0081Z
256K 32MB
19msec 3.5' LP 15msec 3.5" LP 13msec 3.5' LP
0E87333243
I/0 CARDS
0.92 0.28
CO -PROCESSORS
ALPS
al
034
80107 60170 90250
BUW46 60211 811211A BUZ47A IRFZ14 IRFZ20
BC307
FLOPPY DISK DRIVES
CIRRUS .5324 TRIDENT TSENG LAB
1.59 0.34
13T136-600
756(87).2032(73E0
INTEL AMD INTEL INTEL INTEL INTEL
170MB 250MB 340MB
059 a30
155X61
0.08 0.12
CONNER HARD DISK DRIVES CP-30174 30254 CP-30344
0.49
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
32MB
128K
1.20
006
80237 02239
MICROPROCESSORS
HI3-201.5TEAL P08
a24
BC182 BC182A
PERSONAL COMPUTER - HARDWARE& SOFTWARE MOTHER BOARDS - VESA LOCAL BUS (Without CPU & DRAM) Processor Chip BIOS Cache Max Expansion BoardSize Intel Set RAM Memory Slots in mm
DS34C079 4.80CP 3.334926 0034865
75107 75107A
UM684513 4.95751808 UM9151-3 POA75172NG
P8259ALM2901 P8274 P8279-5 P8282 P8285
1.32 1.98 POA 4.98
manamm
TMS77C01NL 10.7475138 TMS9900NL 24.4075140
9$AA502513
DP822851
DP8238N DP8304BN DP83119
N1800286.120 29.54
065 P81554/2 892 5.60 5.48 8.00 POA
08202A 08254-2 082848
N80028810/9 24.50
382 TIL100
3.59 TIL111 0.60 SA682054-2.P 412 TIL113 0.60 SAB82C55A-2-P 4.80 TIL117 SC80C4514on6413.60 TIL1 19 SCN2661bc1428 3.35 TIL311 SC N266100428 3.35 TLP504A 1.58 PALI 6R4-15CN 2.98 TLP5214GB 4.20 496 TL16C552FN 1258 TORX173 TMP7002NL-2 4.97 TOTX173 4.96 TMP8085AP-2 5.98 LINEAR & MISCS 8 TMS3477NL 8.78 TMS3700NSB 3.40 8.78 3630BM/BB TMS3702ANS POA 7.55 49620/BB TMS3835ANS
0.64 1 48
£15'00
Postage & Packing Charge of 63.00 is applicable to all goods under the heading of 'Personal Computer Hardware & Software'. Postage & Packing will be charged at cost for all destinations outside the United Kingdom.
PLEASE SEE PREVIOUS ISSUES FOR OTHER ITEMS & FEB/MAR 1992 ISSUES FOR LEDs,DISPLAYS & RELAYS.
VIEWCOM ELECTRONICS 77 UPPERTON ROAD WEST PLAISTOW, LONDON E13 9LT PLEASE PHONE/WRITE FOR ITEMS NOT LISTED
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
PLEASE ADD £1.10 P & P and then 17.5% VAT. OFFICIAL ORDERS from Govt. & Educational Establishments are accepted. VAT at 17.5% is chrageable to all orders received from EC Member Countries unless VAT Number is quoted. OVERSEAS orders, postage AIR/SURFACE will be charged at cost. VAT is not applicable for EXPORT orders from Non -EC Member Countries. Stock items by return of post. N.B. All prices are subject to change without notice & stock availability.
Retail Shop: 139, New City Road, Plaistow, London E13 9PX
10
800535 HARDWARE/ASSEMBLER COURSE PART 1: NTRODUCTION AND FIRST PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES Welcome to the first instalment of a four-part course on programming the 800535 microcontroller. The present 'short' course is a sequel to the eight -part 8051/8032 assembler course featured about two years ago in this magazine. Hardware and software peculiar to the 800535 processor will be discussed in an educational/didactic way, based on examples: an assembler and a communication program are available as 'courseware' on a diskette. The hardware you need to follow this course is the 800535 single -board computer featured in last month's magazine.
HE present course has an 'easy' called EMON52 and EASM52 respeclevel for those of you who tively, and may be found on the
have followed the 8051/8032 assembler course (Ref. 1), because both the monitor EPROM (EMON51) and the assembler (EASM51) can be used
straight away on the 800535 single board computer described last month (Ref. 2). None the less, a new, extended
inputs and a common 8 -bit analogue (ADC). converter to -digital
Remarkably, this port may also be used as a digital input port.
Furthermore, there is a powerful
timer and compare/capture unit. The available interrupt options have been considerably extended, and a new bau-
drate generator has been added. The polarity of the RESET signal has been changed from positive on the 8051 to negative on the 800535 (pin 10). The new features are introduced in the following sections, using example programs where appropriate. Some of you may wonder why we keep referring to the 800535 proces-
Software by Dr. M. Ohsmann
THE
Siemens, and has a number of extra features over the 8051. To start with, the C535 has two additional bidirectional ports, P4 and P5. It also offers an analogue input port sporting eight
sor, when it is a derivative from the `original' 80515 or 80535. Unfortu-
courseware disk, order code 1811 (see Readers Services page). Note in partic-
nately, the NMOS 80535 and the CMOS SAB80C535 are not pin -com-
EPROM programmer which is compatible with that file format.
the 535 are, however, virtually identi-
ular that the new software supports patible. Pin 4 (PE) and pin 37 (Vcc) the Intel Hex file download option, have different functions on the 80535. which is a big asset if you have an For all other functions, the C535 and
monitor program and assembler were developed to take full advantage of the The way ahead: 800535 extra features offered by the 800535 compared with the 8051. These extra The 800535 is an Intel MCS-51 comfeatures are summarized in Table 1. patible derivative of the 'generic' 8051. The new monitor and assembler are The SAB80C535 is manufactured by Improved assembler (EASM52), offering - Intel -Hex file download option; DW command to generate 16 -bit address constants; - DI command to generate 16 -bit integer constants; - EQU command capable of processing bit operations. II A new system monitor (EMON52) offering - 800535 and 800537 interrupt chaining; - Intel -Hex file downloading. A new PC communication program (V25COM) source code, offering - an Intel -Hex file download option. EPROMEMU, a program to support the Elektor Electronics EPROM Emulator II. k A new MENU program for fast object code development and downloading. Assembly code (.A51) files of all example programs discussed during the course. Complete source code files (Turbo Pascal or MCS-51 assembler) of all utility programs. II
Table 1. Overview of new features on the 800535 course disk.
cal, with the exception of the POWER DOWN and IDLE modes. In this course we restrict ourselves to the 800535.
SFRs, power -save and PCON As with other `upgrade' versions of the 8051, the new hardware options of the
800535 are realized by special functions registers (SFRs). The SFRs con-
tained in the 800535 are listed in
Table 2. Note that some of the SFRs familiar from the 8052 have been renamed, although the `old' name is also given.
The CMOS 800535 processor offers two ways of reducing power consumption, which are of particular interest if the controller is used in battery -operated equipment. To actuate the power save modes, certain bits must be set in
the PCON special function register. The meaning of these bits is illustrated in Fig. 1.
The IDLE mode allows the CPU proper to be actually halted, while the peripherals, like timers, counters and
interrupt circuits remain active. The ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
800535 HARDWARE/ASSEMBLER COURSE - 1
800535 PROGRAMMING SFR PCON (871-1)
SMOD
PDS
7
6
IDLS 1 5
-
GF1
GFO
PDE
IDLE
4
3
2
1
0
You need the following to be able to follow the 800535 hardware/assembler
87H
course:
Symbol
Position
Function
SMOD
PCON.7
When set, the baud rate of the serial channel in mode 1, 2, 3 is doubled.
PDS
PCON.6
Power -down start bit. The instruction that sets the PDS flag bit is the last instruction before entering the power down mode.
IDLS
PCON.5
Idle start bit. The instruction that sets the IDLS flag bit is the last instruction before entering the idle mode.
PCON.4
Reserved
GF1
PCON.3
General purpose flag
G FO
PCON.2
General purpose flag
PDE
PCON .1
Power -down enable bit. When set, starting of the power -down mode is enabled.
IDLE
PCON .O
Idle mode enable bit. When set, starting of the idle mode is enabled.
Hardware: An 800535 single -board computer as described in Elektor Electronics February 1994. - Art IBM PC or compatible with a serial port on COM1: or COM2:.
Software: - Courseware disk (5.25 inch, 360K MSDOS format). - EMON52 system EPROM, fitted on 800535 SBC.
920152-11
The courseware disk and EPROM are available as a set under order code 6221. The disk is also available separately under order code 1:s:1, For prices and ordering information, see page 70.
Fig. 1. Functions of the bits contained in the PCON register.
JOIN THE COURSE!
The CPU is taken out of the IDLE mode
the IDLE and IDLS bits are normally set with the aid of an ORL instruction.
with the aid of an interrupt, which is 'serviced' by an appropriate software
by first setting the PDE bit, and then
routine. After the RETI (return from in-
the PDS bit. In POWER -DOWN mode,
where all hardware would stop func-
terrupt) instruction at the end of that routine, the CPU continues with the instruction that follows the one that caused it to go into IDLE mode. The
the processor is totally 'inert', and can be actuated again by a reset only. The data contained in the SFR and the on-
tioning if the POWER -DOWN mode
(IDLE) and 5 (IDLS) in the PCON regis-
only be actuated if the PE input of the 800535 (pin 4) is held low. If not, these modes are disabled. The hardware dis-
watchdog timer is, however, stopped.
IDLE mode is controlled by bits 0 ter. First, the IDLE preparation bit, IDLE, must be set, then the IDLE -SET
The POWER -DOWN mode is selected
were selected, and there is no way of restarting the CPU except by switching
board RAM remain intact. Both the the supply off and on again. IDLE and the POWER -DOWN mode can
Testing the power -down modes
able option of the power -down modes is To be able to use the example protions is used rather than just one in- provided to eliminate any risk of them grams discussed during this course, struction to prevent the IDLE mode being selected by accident as a result follow this procedure: being selected by accident. Since the of a crashing program. This is, obviPCON register is not bit -addressable, ously, essential in no -break systems, Hardware Connect the 800535 single -board computer to a 5-V power supply and the COM1: serial port on your PC as
bit, IDLS. A sequence of two instruc-
shown in Fig. 2. All jumpers must be fitted on the board. The EPROM socket on the SBC board should contain the EMON52 EPROM (order code 6221). Switch on the PC and the SBC.
800535
100mA
COMPUTER 5V
Supply
T1
RESET
V24
GND - K6 Pin 2
K4 Pin 8
2 (3)
K4 Pln 10
3 (2)
K4 Pin 2
5 (7)
To PC +- K6 Pin 1
9.w sub.0
K3 Pin 5 = P3.2 = INT Pin
25-w sub -0
ANO = K6 Pin 3
T2 Interrupt 920152.12
Software Copy all files contained on the course diskette, order code 1811, to the hard disk, into a suitably named subdirectory, for instance, C: \ 800535 or C: \ COURSE. Next, load the ASCII file MENU.PAR into your word processor,
and change the first line so that it contains the name of your favourite word processor ('editor'), complete with the
associated path. The author used the editor contained in Turbo Pascal. Save
the changed file under its old name, i.e., MENU.PAR. Fig. 2. Schematic showing the interconnections between the hardware needed to follow the course.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Next, go to the course subdirectory, and start MENU by typing
COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
MENU 535XMP01 (return)
The menu should appear in the righthand top corner of the screen. First, select 'Assemble', with the aid of the vertical arrow keys, and press return. The first example program is assembled, and the files 535XMP01.OBJ and 535XMPOI.LST are written. Return to
the main manu, and select the V24 (download) option. Press the RESET key connected to the SBC, whereupon the 800535 should report with EMON52 -- version 0.1 (2.7.1992) RAMTOP=44
Next, start the actual download operation by typing CONTROL -D. Start the program by entering command
X 4100. Watch the ammeter on your power supply. After a couple of reports reading 'ACTIVE', the 800535 is switched to low -power mode, indicated by the text 'IDLE', and the current con-
sumption dropping to about 20 mA. Generate an external interrupt -0 by pressing switch T2. This should cause the processor to wake up, and the current consumption to rise to about 40 mA. Shortly afterwards, the CPU returns to IDLE mode.
The IDLE mode is initiated by the instructions contained in lines 25 and the assembly code file 535XMP01.A51. Two lines marked by 26
of
PO
80H *
Port 0
SP
81H
DPL
82H
DPH
83H
PCON
87H
TCON TMOD
88H *
TLO
TL1
8AH 8BH
THO
8CH
TH1
8DH
Stack pointer Data pointer low Data pointer high Power control register Timer control register Timer mode register Timer 0 low byte Timer 1 low byte Timer 0 high byte Timer 1 high byte
P1
90H *
Port 1
SCON SBUF
98H
99H *
Serial control register Serial buffer
P2
AOH *
Port 2
IENO
A8H *
Interrupt enable register 0 (1E)
IPO
Interrupt priority register 0
IEN1
A9H BOH * B8H *
IP1
B9H
IRCON
COH *
CCEN
C1H
CCL1
C2H
CCH1
C3H
CCL2
C4H
CCH2
C5H
CCL3 CCH3 T2CON CRCL
C6H
P3
CRCH
89H
C7H
C8H * CAH CBH
Port 3
Interrupt enable register 1 (IP) Interrupt priority register 1 Interrupt request control register Compare/capture enable register Compare/capture register 1 low byte Compare/capture register 1 high byte Compare/capture register 2 low byte Compare/capture register 2 high byte Compare/capture register 3 low byte Compare/capture register 3 high byte Timer 2 control register Compare/reload/capture register low byte (RCAP2L) Compare/reload/capture register high byte (RCAP2H) Timer 2 low byte Timer 2 high byte Program status word A -D converter control register A -D converter data register D -A converter program register
CCH
POWER DOWN mode to be actuated. Check what happens if jumper JP2 is omitted, and the above experiment is
TL2 TH2 PSW ADCON
repeated. Or: the interrupt is enabled
ADDAT
D9H
in line
DAPR P6
DAH DBH
ACC
EOH *
Accumulator
Imagine, the main program has just
P4
E8H *
called monitor subroutine STXT, is in-
B
FOH *
terrupted, while the interrupt routine
P5
F8H
Port 4 B register Port 5
the label PDOWN could cause the
24, and disabled again in
line 27. What happens if you leave out line 27? Press the interrupt key several times while the program runs.
CDH
DOH *
D8H *
Port 6
itself calls STXT.
Baudrate generator and system clock
Table 2. List of 800535 special function registers. The SFRs marked with an asterisk (*) are
bit -addressable. Where appropriate, the corresponding 8051 SFR denotation is given in brackets. SFRs marked with a plus sign (+) are new, or have been assigned new functions.
All programmers who used the 8051 (or 8032) with a 12 -MHz quartz crystal
were unable to have the serial interface running at exactly 4,800 baud, because the bit clock was derived from the system clock (12 MHz/12 =
1 MHz). This problem is solved by a special baudrate generator contained
in the 800535. Consequently, one
timer is freed for other purposes. The baudrate generator is switched on with bit 7 in the ADCON special function
register. A simple bit set command may be used for this purpose since
ADCON is bit -addressable. As with the
baud rate generator based on Timer 1, bit 7 in the PCON register is used to
ADCON EQU
OD8H
PCON
EQU
087H
B4800
ANL PCON,#01111111B SETB ADCON.7
;clear bit 7 in PCON ;baudrate generator on at 4800 bd
RET
B9600
ORL
PCON,#10000000B
SETB ADCON.7
;set bit 7 in PCON ;baudrate generator on at 9600 bd
RET
Fig. 3. EASM52 listing of baudrate generator test program.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
A
p
A
Page
OSCILLOSCOPE LIVE CHOP
TiePie engineering
0.00
46.6 U
6.00 U A
4.u0 2.00
4uA.0
4.0 psec
/
10.0 psec
0.00
0
33,3 26.6
manufactures a complete range of computer -controlled measuring instruments Connecting these units to a PC (MS DOS 3 0 or higher) results in a number of comprehensive test instruments - oscilloscope;
- voltmeter;
20.0 msec
-2,00
50.0 msec 0.1 msec
-4,00
20.0
- spectrum analyzer; - frequency meter; - transient recorder.
13.3
0.2 msec
-6.00
0.5 nsec 1.0 MSEC
-8.00
6.66 0.00
2.0 nsec 5.0 msec .6.66
-10.0
t.00(psec)
12.00
10.0
msec
20.0 msec
FREEZE
ONE SHOT
MODE
TIME/DIV
TIME-MAG,
TIME-OUT j HYSTERESIS
CHI SET
CH2 S 50.0 msec
COMMENT
SLOPE
0.1
sec
0.2
sec
CH 1
READ DISK j WRITE DISK
All measured data can be stored
on disk or run off for documentation Because of the many trigger possibilities, a variety of signals can be measured, while the powerful software enables a
multitude of measurements to be carried out in a straightforward manner Application areas include service, medical research, automatic test systems, research and development, and education 1
I
A
II
1
P
1
Connect the HANDYPROBE to the parallel printer port
of the PC and start the software Measuring can be carried out at once The HANDYPROBE does not need an external power supply Some technical parameters 0 5-400 V software select input range, one input channel; 8 bits resolution (overall accuracy 2%), A complete software
program consisting of a digital storage oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, voltmeter and a transient recorder is provided The HANDYPROBE is
eminently suitable for servicing and educational purposes
The TP5008 is an interface card that provides an analogue
output in addition to two input channels This output in combination with the two inputs may be used for the setting up of a complete control loop The output may also be used as a
function generator The TP5008 has a
resolution of 8 bits and a sampling rate of 200,000 samples/ sec (200 kHz) The input range may be set to 0.5-20 V full-scale deflection The output range covers 1.25-2.5 V.
The TP5008 is fitted with BNC connectors and is delivered complete with a user manual and software. Separately available are 1.1-1.10 probes and 1 100 oscilloscope probes 197
The HANDYSCOPE is connected to the parallel printer port This makes it possible to carry out measurements
with a laptop or notebook PC Because of its high resolution (12 bits), the HANDYSCOPE is a very accurate instrument The measuring rate is 100,000 samples/sec
Either of the two channels can be set independently over a range of 0 5-20 V (with a 1 10 probe up to 200 V) The advanced software enables many measurements to be carried out Two probes (switchable 1 1-1 10) are provided The HANDYSCOPE is constructed as a small table model with two BNC connectors The length of the cable linking the PC and the HANDYSCOPE
is 18 m, which can be extended to 3 8 m
The TP208 is an interface card with a measuring speed of 2x20 Megasamples/sec (8 bits) Phenomena shorter
than one millionth of a second can still be measured well The completely digitized triggering ensures very stable triggering with many trigger possibilities The TP208 has an
input range of 5 mV/div to 20 V/div in 12 steps and an auto calibration function Since both channels may be sampled simultaneously, phase differences can be measured very accurately Even single phenomena can be measured since each channel has a 32 KByte memory Comprehensive 595 software is provided (All prices are exclusive of VAT and P841,)
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Industrial Estate
St Ives, Cambs PE17 4WJ England
Telephone (0480) 460 028 Fax 10480) 460 340
14
COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
select between 4,800 (bit=0) and 9,600
baud (bit=1). The listing in Fig.
3
shows how to program the baud rate
****** EASM52 ASSEMBLER LISTING (535XMP01) ****** LINE LOC OBJ T SOURCE 1 0000 535XMP01.A51 Testing 800535 POWERDOWN Modes ;
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 4100 4103 4105 4108 410B 410D 4110 4113 4116 4119 411C 411E
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
4121.12 4124 75 4127 43 412A 43 412D 75 4130 80 4132 4132 43 4135 43
32 33 34 35 36 37
4138 4138 413B 413E 413F 413F
IE
ACC PCON P3
on the serial interface.
Note that this program takes into
;
EQU EQU EQU EQU
0A8H OEOH 087H OBOH
account that PCON is not bit -address-
able: to prevent the 'other' bits in the register from being affected, masking instructions ANL and ORL are used.
90 74 75 12 79 90 12 90 75 12 D9 90
41 01 30 02 06 41 41 01 30 02 EF 41
38 [2] START [1]
40 [2] 00 [2] [1]
49 [2] 64 [2] F4 [2] 21
LP2 LP1
[2]
00 [2] [2]
3F [2]
41 64 [2] A8 87 87 A8 D9
81 01 20 00
[2] [2] [2] [2] [2]
87 02 [2] 87 40 [2]
PDOWN
90 41 53 [2] INTO 12 41 64 [2] 32
OD OA 49 44 4C 45 2E 2E 2E
[2]
ORG MOV MOV MOV
4100H DPTR,#INTO A,#1
;
COMMAND,#ccLINK MON R1,#6 DPTR,#TXT1 STXT DPTR,#500 COMMAND,#CcLTIME MON DJNZ R1,LP1 MOV DPTR,#TXTO LCALL STXT MOV IE,#1000000113 ORL PCON,#000000018 ORL PCON,#00100000B MOV IE,#0 SJMP LP2 LCALL MOV MOV LCALL MOV MOV LCALL
ORL ORL
PCON,#0000001OB PCON,#01000000B
MOV DPTR,#TXT2 LCALL STXT RETI
TXTO DB 13,10,'IDLE...',0
Chain interrupt routine
Send text 6 times Text ACTIVE Send 0.5 sec Wait
Continue loop Send text IDLE Switch on interrupts EA,IEO Prepare for IDLE mode and actuate Switch off interrupts
;
; ;
;
Start power down mode Interrupt routine Send text Finish interrupt
TXT1 DB
'
ACTIVE
',0
file), one of the texts will be legible. The
baud rate may be defined either by changing the appropriate parameter in MENU.PAR, or by calling V24COM (or V25COM), followed by the appropriate parameter, directly from the DOS prompt.
In some cases, peripheral ICs require the system clock (quartz clock divided by 12). To have the 800535
;
00
38 4149 20 41 43 54 49 56 45 20 20
The course diskette contains a program called 535XMP02.A51 which, when assembled, downloaded and run on the 535 SBC, transmits texts alternately at 4,800 and 9,600 baud. If you start the download program V24 (or the new version, V25) with the corresponding speed parameter (see .DOC
supply the system clock at pin 30
;
00
39 4153 OD OA 49 TXT2 DB 13,10,'INTERRUPT E0',13,10,0 4E 54 45 52 52 55 50 54 20 45 30 OD OA 00 40 4164 41 4164 MONITOR INTERFACE 42 4164 COMMAND EQU 030H MONITOR: command location 43 4164 MON EQU 0200H MONITOR: jump address 44 4164 ccSTXT EQU 002H Send text 45 4164 ccLINK EQU 040H Interrupt chaining 46 4164 ccLTIME EQU 0218 DPTR delay in milliseconds 47 4164 48 4164 75 30 02 [2] STXT MOV COMMAND,#ccSTXT 49 4167 02 02 00 [2] LJMP MON 50 416A END ********* SYMBOL TABLE (18 symbols) ********** IE :00A8 ACC :00E0 PCON :0087 P3 :0080 START :4100 LP2 :4108 LP1 :410D PDOWN :4132 INTO :4138 TXTO :413F TXT1 :4149 TXT2 :4153 COMMAND :0030 MON :0200 ccSTXT :0002 ccLINK :0040 ccLTIME :0021 STXT :4164 ;
;
(P1.6), set bit 6 in the ADCON register, and write a 1 to P1.6. The latter is necessary to enable the output function of the port line, which is controlled via an internal logic -AND combination. Thus, write
;
;
;
;
Fig. 4. Assembler code listing of 535XMP01 found on your course disk. This program is used to demonstrate the operation of the two power -down modes of the 800535 microcontroller.
SETB SETB
ADCON.6
P1.6
and take the system clock from the P1.6 line. To be continued.
References: 1. 8051/8032 Assembler course. Elektor Electronics February through November 1992. 2
800535 Single -board computer.
Elektor Electronics February 1994.
Fig. 5. 800535 single board computer described in Ref. 2. The board should be fitted with the EMON52 system EPROM, no. 6221.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 WATT HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER Design by T. Giesberts rrhe simplified circuit diagram in Fig. 1 1 clearly shows the symmetrical design of the amplifier. The input stage is formed
by differential amplifiers T1, T3, whose gain is limited to about 40 dB (x100). The stage is coupled to differential amplifiers T2, T4, whose gain is around 10 dB (x3). These amplifiers are linked via optoisolators to drivers T12, T13, which form the link between the input and output stages. The zener symbol between the drivers indicates a variable zener transistor, which enables the accurate setting of the quiescent current through the output transistors. The output stage consists of transistors T18 and T17, each of which drives two parallel -connected power transistors:
This article describes a completely updated and higher -power version of the 'Medium power a.f. amplifier' published in this magazine just over three years ago(1). At the suggestion of many readers, the new amplifier also incorporates a number of features of the 'Output amplifier for ribbon loudspeakers' published two years later(2). It provides 100 W into 8 CI and does not use an output relay.
T18, T19 and T20, T21 respectively.
The optoisolators provide suppression of the on/off switching clicks, which, owing
to the absence of an output relay, is essential. The POWER ON DELAY (which is part
of a protection circuit on a separate PCB)
ensures that the LEDs in the optoisolators light up only gradually after switch -on.
Consequently, the optotransistors in the collector circuits of T12 and T13 come into conduction slowly, resulting in the power
supply to the output transistors building up gradually. This arrangement effectively
prevents annoying clicks at switch -on. When the mains is switched off, the LEDs go out rapidly, resulting in an abrupt removal of power from the output transistors. Consequently, the output stage gets
no time to produce irritating switch -off phenomena. The protection circuit uses no relay
and relies on the current through the emitter resistors of the output transis-
TECHNICAL DATA
tors and the output voltage for correct op-
eration. If, for whatever reason,the current rises unduly or a direct voltage appears at the output, two actions take place:
the optoisolators are cut off, so that the power to the output stages is removed instantly, and the supply lines are shorted
Input sensitivity Input impedance
46.5 kfl
Output power (0.1% THD)
100 W into 8 SI
175Winto4Sl
able means of safeguarding the amplifier from compression and distortion at large drive voltages. Not shown in Fig. 1 is a thermal protection circuit, which, again via the optoisolators, removes the power from the
Music power (500 Hz burst: 5 periods on, 5 periods off) Power bandwidth (50 W into 8 C2) Slew rate Signal-to-noise ratio (1 W into 8 12) Harmonic distortion (B = 10 Hz - 80 kHz) at 1 W into 8 at 90 W into 8 n
output transistors if the temperature of these devices rises unduly.
Intermodulation distortion
to earth with the aid of triacs, A somewhat drastic, but very effective and reli-
Amplifier circuit The circuit diagram of the amplifier (single
channel) in Fig. 3 is, in large parts, similar to that of the 'Output amplifier for ribbon loudspeakers' (2). The differences lie ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
1 V r.m.s.
(50 Hz : 7 kHz; 4 : 1) Dynamic 1M distortion (block 3.15 kHz with 15 kHz sine wave) Damping factor (8 SI output)
105 W into 8 SI 185 W into 4 52
1.5 Hz - 220 kHz >50 V ps-1 >102 dB (A weighted)
<0.0025% (1 kHz) <0.0015% (1 kHz) <0.015% (20 Hz - 20 kHz) <0.002% (1 W in to 8 0) <0.003% (50 W into 852) <0.0025% (1 W into 8 S2 <0.0015% (100 W into 8 S2) >1000 (1 kHz) >290 (20 kHz)
16
AUDIO & HI -11
mainly in the much higher supply voltage (2 x 42 V instead of 2 x 15 V) and the
much lower peak output current. Other, smaller, differences are a number of al-
tered component values, new types of transistor in various positions, lower value
fuses, fewer parallel -connected emitter resistors for the output transistors and an additional capacitor, Cp3, in the feedback loop. Also, the separate sense lines to the loudspeaker(s) are no longer there, and the connections between IC3 and the supply lines have been broken (D9 and D10 are omitted), because the supply voltage for the DC correction is now provided
by an auxiliary supply. At the input, there is a combination of a high-pass section, C1 -R1, and a lowpass section, C2 -R2. The first filter prevents any direct voltage entering the ampli-
fier, while the second restricts the upper
limit of the input bandwidth to about 300 kHz. The signal is applied to differential am-
plifiers T1 and T3. Since the maximum permissible supply voltage of the excellent dual transistors MATO2 and MATO3 is too low, these types had to be replaced by a 2N2914 and a BFX36 respectively.
Frequency compensation of the input stage is provided by networks R5 -C3 and R10 -C4. The open -loop bandwidth of the
amplifier is around 14 kHz. The gain of the amplifiers is determined by the ratio of their collector and emitter resistors. Current sources T5 and T6 guarantee
Fig. 1. Simplified circuit diagram of the amplifier (one channel).
stable operation of Ti and T3. This is augIC2
15V
15V
7805
5V
and D2 stable with the aid of a third current source: T9.
2x BC557B
CI
to-
T5 2/205J 5V
BC516
BD140
30V
0
22
1 N4004
The optoisolators for the power -on delay
1 N4001
BC 547B
04
01311
and T4b. Their LEDs are controlled by the external protection circuit via B1 and B2. The collectors of predrivers T12 and T13 are connected via T14 and T15. The latter
82
61
00n
BC
are inserted in the collector leads of T2b
BC547B
mim
15V
547B 08
MEI IC1
1N4148
D7
0+
1130 131
15V
O
194148
TT TIC263M BD679 Al
BC547B T,0
2205
1N4148
Temperature C
R29
R18
22052
1N4148
0®
Al Tri2
TIC263M 92
1132 133
7
C10
220,
0
The next stage consists of dual transistors T2 and T4, which are controlled by current sources T7 and T8. Again, the current through LEDs D3 and D4 is held stable by current sources T10 and T11. Diodes D1 -D4 must be of the same type with a forward voltage of 1.55-1.65 V to
ensure that the operating points of the various transistors remain unchanged.
02
30V
mented by the arrangement of holding the current through reference LEDs D1
16V
transistors form a zener transistor, the voltage across which, and thus the quiescent current through the output transistors, is set as appropriate with P1. Each of the two halves of the output stage, a super emitter follower, consists of a driver, T16 and T17, and two power transistors, T18, T19 and T20, T21 respect-
ively. The power transistor pairs are con-
nected in parallel, but have their own emitter resistors. Transistor T22 monitors
the voltage drop across the emitter re-
220n
930039 - 13
Fig. 2. The protection circuit does not use relays.
sistors via potential divider R44 -R45. If the
total peak output current exceeds 18 A, T22 switches on, which causes the external protection circuit to be actuated. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
I
the collector line of each of the power tran-
fuses blow, D5 and D6 light to indicate this. In practice this will happen hardly
that the amplifier remains loaded adequately at high frequencies.
sistors. The + and - taps in these lines are connected to the triacs (+ and -) in the protection circuit-see Fig. 2. If the
ever, because the primary fuse will almost certainly blow first. Boucherot network R47 -C12 ensures
Output power is supplied to the loudspeaker(s) via inductor LI, which limits the rise time of the signal when the load
A 6.3 A fuse has been incorporated in
Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the amplifier (one channel). The double dashed lines (e.g., D1 -T5) indicate that thermal coupling is required. Transistors T14 -T21 must be mounted on a common heat sink. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
18
AUDIO & HI-FI
celerates the action of the feedback cir-
keep the base impedances at the left-hand and right-hand halves of the differential amplifier equal to ensure optimum common -mode suppression. An additional stabilized voltage is produced with the aid of IC4 to limit the off-
cuit. Network R75 -R76 -C23 -C24 serves to
set voltage at the output to a minimum.
is capacitive, and potential divider R48 -R51.
The ratio R49: R50 determines the feedback factor. The feedback voltage at the
junction of these resistors is applied to the bases ofTlb and T3b. Capacitor Cfb ac-
The voltage is used to compensate the base currents of the input stage via R55 and R74 to such a degree that the direct voltage at the basis is virtually nil. Integrator IC3 removes any residual direct voltage (caused by, for instance, temperature changes). Its output is used to ad-
just the base voltage of T1 and T3 via R53 -C21, R54 and R73.
Protection circuit
Tr1
0-0
R5
R1
ESE
42V
5
R6
ESE
POWER ON DELAY
5W
0-0
2x 30V
00
Switch -on click. When the power is switched
C1
C2
10m 50V
10m 50V
on, C3 is charged slowly via R4. After a short while, darlington T7 -T8 comes on, whereupon the LEDs in the optoisolators begin to conduct gradually. When the potential across C3 has risen to 1.7-1.8 V, the diodes light brightly. This situation remains because D5 holds the base volt-
0 0
B1 = B200C35000
300VA
5W
C3
C4
10m 50V
10m 50V
R3
R7
DTI 5W
R4
5
R8
(:7
The protection circuit, whose diagram is shown in Fig. 2, serves a number of functions.
-C)
EEI
5W
42V
5W 930039 - 15
Fig. 4. Circuit diagram of the power supply.
age of T7 at a fixed level. Switch -off click. As long as the mains is
switched on, T1 conducts every half period (since it is connected directly to the secondary of the mains transformer via D1 and D2), whereas T2 and T3 are off. When the mains is switched off, T2 and T3 are switched on within half a period. Schmitt trigger T4 -T6 changes state, where-
upon T5 conducts and T7 and T8 are cut off, so that the optoisolators are deactuated. This state is indicated by the light-
42V T1 F1
BC560C
1A6T
Over -current. Current monitor T22 in the
R3
ISM
1
Ri
1% R6
350V
amplifier is linked to terminal A via the auxiliary circuit (Fig. 5). If the output cur-
R5
350V
R7
s-
ing of D11.
131 Ci
K2
rent of the amplifier rises unduly, T3 switches
17
C8
EMS 1%
470n 630V
1117BC:OC
4x 1N4007
D1
D3
D2
D4 D5
R8
Re1
R9
R10
R11
mounted on the heat sink of T14 -T21. The
=I.7.=
C9
r1
1000p
24V
35V
Re1 = V23056 -A105 -A101 Tr1
4
Ki
15 MIM 22n
C7
C6
15V
7815
015V
R13
72n
22n
3VA3
IC1
22n
C3
B80C1500
D7
C2
-I. NM
O
C1
100n
770p
25V00
40V D6
42V
0
R12
on, whereupon the optoisolators are de actuated as described earlier. At the same time, triacs Trii and Trig are switched on by T11 via D8 and short-circuit the supply lines. If this drastic action is not acceptable, D8 may be omitted. Temperature. Transistor T12 functions as a temperature sensor diode which is
15V
015V
EEE 930039 - 14
-
voltage across the transistor is compared by ICI, with a preset (P1) reference voltage. If the sensor voltage drops (temperature rises) below the reference potential, ICI, changes state and the optoisolators are deactuated via D6. Once the temperature has dropped below a safe value, the amplifier is switched on again. Direct voltage. If there is a direct voltage greater than ±0.6 V at the output of the amplifier (point D), either T9 or T10 is switched on via low-pass section R23 -C8. In either case, the negative input of ICI], is pulled to earth and its output changes from low to high. This results in the triacs being switched on via D9 and T11. At the same time, D7 causes the Schmitt trigger to change state, resulting in the optoisolators being deactuated. This function may be disabled by omitting D7 and Dg.
Fig. 5. Diagram of the auxiliary circuit. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
19
Fig. 6. Printed circuit board for the auxiliary circuit (scale 1:1).
Power supply
but the -15 V line by a simple zener diode,
The power supply for the amplifier (see Fig. 4) is a traditional design. A double pole mains switch and switch -on delay circuit are followed by the usual combination of transformer, bridge rectifier and electrolytic smoothing, buffer and reservoir capacitors. The series resistors limit the peaks in the charging currents of the electrolytic capacitors and, together with these capacitors, form an effective mains filter.
D6, since that line is further stabilized in the amplifier by a Type LM337 regulator (IC4). Mains on indication is provided by
on, the amplifier is powered immediately via K2, but the current to it is limited severely by R8 -R11. This means that the elec-
trolytic capacitors in the main power supply are charged relatively slowly and that the mains fuse does not have to cope with a substantial surge. Within a short
R13 and D7.
The section based on T1 and T2 acts as a monitor for the current protection. It is inserted between amplifier output A and
while, C9 is charged via R6, C8 and D1 -D4
terminal A on the protection board. The circuit transforms the potential measured by current sensor T22 into a much lower voltage (relative to earth) suitable for the protection circuit. The design of the mains on delay cir-
to such an extent that the potential across it is sufficient to energize relay Rel. Parallel -
connected resistors R8 -R11 are then short-
circuited by the relay contact and full power is applied to the amplifier. Diode D5 limits the voltage across C9 while R7 ensures that 'a. c. resistor' C8 is
cuit between K1 and K2 is straightforward.
Auxiliary circuit
As soon as the mains at K1 is switched
The auxiliary circuit (see Fig. 5) consists of a ±15 V supply and a mains on delay. The ±15 V supply is provided by Tr 1, Bland various capacitors. The +15 V line
'NV
F ,S
oalt).
SZ$
is stabilized by a Type 7815 regulator,
-171!
otsto.
°CIS>
!li=b
lit 01:30.
Ms
F2
=
0a
lao-ne vl
I
S
C12
a
T.
avro
TA"DHP'q!
c.0110
n/irsa
cr,,o
11:8
4
Pc'ai(N 5_1
Fig. 7. Component layout of the PCB for the protection circuit (scale 1:2). ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Fig. 8. Component layout (scale 1:2) of the PCB for the amplifier (one channel).
20
AUDIO
PARTS LIST (ONE CHANNEL) AUXILIARY CIRCUIT
Resistors:
C6 = 220 µF, 16V C8 = 100µF, 10 V, radial, bipolar Cg = 39 nF C10 = 220 nF
R1; R2; R4 = 1 kS2
R3; R5 = 10 k4 R6 = 220 S2 1 W; e.g., PRO1 (Philips) R7 = 1 MO, 350 V; e.g., SFR25H (Philips) R8-1211 = 180 D, 5W R12 = 2.2 kD, 1 W; e.g., PRO1
Semiconductors:
C1 = 10 µF, 25 V radial C2 = 100 nF ceramic C3 = 470 µF, 40 V, radial C4 -C7 = 22 nF, ceramic C8 = 470 nF, 630 V Cg = 1000 µF, 35 V, radial
D1,D2 = 1N4004 D3 = 1N4001 D4 = 5.6V, 0.4 W D5 = LED green D6 -D9 = 1N4148 (fit w. connectors on PCB pins) D10 = LED orange D11 = LED, red, high efficiency Ti; T2; T4; T10 = BC547B T3 = BC516 T5; T6; T7 = BC557B T8 = BD 140 + heatsink T9 = BC547A T11 = BD679
Semiconductors:
Integrated circuits:
B1 = B80C1500 D1 -D4 = 1N4007 D5 = 24 V, 1.4W D6 = 15 V. 0.4 W D7 = LED green, low current T1 = BC560C T2 = BC550C
ICI = CA3240 IC2 = 7805
R13 = 8.2 kt-2
Capacitors:
Miscellaneous: Trii;Tri2 = TIC263M
3 off screw -mount spade terminal for PCB mounting 1 off PCB Ref. 920135-2 (see page 70)
Integrated circuits: ICI = 7815
AMPLIFIER BOARD
Resistors: Miscellaneous: K1; K2 = 2 -way PCB terminal block,
pitch 7.5 mm Tr1 = 15 V, 3.3 VA, e.g., VTR3115
(Monacor/Monarch) Ref = V23056 -A105 -A101 (Siemens) F1 = 1A6 T w. PCB holder PROTECTION BOARD
Resistors: R1 = 82 kS2 R2 = 1 MD
R3; R7; Rg; R25; R26 = 100 k4 R4 = 15 kS2
R5 = 100 t2 R6; R22 = 1 k4 R8 = 47 R10 = 1.5 MD R11 = 3.9 MD R12: R13 - 56 kD R14; R27 = 4.7 k4
R15= 104 R16; R17 = 390 D, 1W
RI; R34; R35; R75 = 562 D, 1% R2; R76 = 47.5 MI, 1% R3; R4; R8; Rg = 2.49 k4, 1% R5; R10 = 10 52
R6; R7; R11; R12 = 24.9 D, 1% R13; R14 = 249 D, 1% R15 = 820 R16 = 18.2 MI, 1% R17; R18 = 4.71d2 R19; R20; R23; R24 = 187 D, 1% R21; R22; R25: R26 = 18.714 1% R27 = 133 t2, 1% R28: R29 = 390 R30; R31 = 23.2 D. 1% R32 = 470 t2 R33; R44 = 330 t2 R36 -R39; R50 = 56.2 D, 1% R42: R43; R61; R62; R64; R65; R66; R69
= 0.22 D, 5 W, low -inductance
R40; R41; R60; R63; R67; R68; R70:R71
= not used R45= 180D
R19 = 3.3 Ict-2
R46 = 4-7 kQ R47 = 4.7 52, 5W R48; R51 = 100 4
R20 = 180 k4
R49 = 1.47 k4, 1%
R21 = 22 MD R23 = 10 Ic4 R24 = 220 kS2 R28; R29 = 22012, 1 W R30 -R33 = 1.2 D, 5 W
R52; R53; R72 = 56 k4 R54 = 12 MD R55; R74 = 1.8 MD R56 = 270 R57 = 1 ki2 R58; R59 = 8.2 k4 R73 = 18 MD RL (in L1) = 2.2 D, 5 W
R18= 15
P1 = 50 kQ preset H
Capacitors: C1 = 220 µF, 25 V C2; C7 = 100 nF C3 = 470 µ F, 6.3 V
C4= 1 aF
PI = 500 D multiturn, vertical preset (Bourns 3296Y) P2 = 2 kD multiturn, vertical preset (Bourns 3296Y)
Capacitors: C1; C23 = 2.2 µF, 50 V, MKT
C2 = 820 pF, polystyrene C3, C4 = 1.5 nF C5 -C8 = 47 µF, 10V Cg; C10 = 560 pF, polystyrene C11; C20; C21 - 1
F
C12 = 100 nF C13 = 5.6 nF C14 -C17 = 10 000 9F, 50 V, radial, for
PCB mounting C18; C19 = 1000 µF, 25 V, radial
C22 -10 0', 25 V C24 = 4.7 nF C11, = 220 pF, polystyrene (mount at
track side)
Semiconductors: D1 -D4 = LED, red (VF= 1.6 V) D5 = LED, red (high efficiency) D6 = LED, green (high efficiency) D7; D8 = 1N4148 Dg; D10 = not used T1; T2 = 2N2914 T3; T4 = BFX36 T5 = BC560C T6 = BC550C
T7 = BC141-16 T8 = BC161-16 Tg = BF256C T10; T11 = BF256A (interconnect gate
and source; cut off gate) T12; T17 = MJE15031 T13; T16 = MJE15030 T14; T15 = BD 139
T18; T19 = 2SC2922 (Toshiba) T20; T21 = 2SA1216 (Toshiba)
T22 = BF869 (interchange base and collector)
Integrated circuits: ICI4C2 = 4N35 IC3 = OP77 IC4 = LM337
Miscellaneous: L1 = 10 turns (15 mm dia.) of 1.5 mm dia. enamelled copper wire K1 = phono socket for PCB mounting (or two PCB pins). F1;F2 = 6.3 A (with fuseholder). 5 off spade terminal, screw type. 1 off heat sink max. 0.5 K W-1. 2 off heat sink for T12 and T13 1 off PCB Ref. 920135-1 (see page 70) POWER SUPPLY & ENCLOSURE
Tr1 = ring core transformer, sec. 2x30V, 300 VA, e.g., 71017 (Amplimo or ILP) B1 = B200C35000 (200 V/35 A bridge) R1 -R8 = 0.1 II, 5 W C1 -C4 = 10 000µ F, 50 V
1 off mains socket 1 off mains switch 2 off phono socket (gold-plated) 2 off loudspeaker terminal or banana socket Enclosure : e.g., ESM Type ET38/13 (300 mm deep) (Maplin)
C5 = 10 a F, 10 V, radial ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
discharged rapidly when the supply is switched off.
Construction The printed -circuit board for the auxiliary circuit is shown in Fig. 6, and the component layout of the PCB for the protection circuit and the amplifier in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 respectively. The latter two were shown full-scale in Ref. 2 and Ref. 1
respectively. There is no board for the power supply of Fig. 5, so this must be
constructed on a prototyping board. The PCBs are available ready made through our Readers' Services.
Ref. 2, which includes a template for drilling the heat sink. The following description will concentrate on the more impor-
Building the auxiliary circuit is straight-
tant details only and on the aspects re-
forward and consists merely of populating the board with reference to Fig. 6 and the parts list. The same applies to the protection circuit. Do not forget the heat sink for T8 and use heavy duty terminals for the connections to the triacs. As far as the amplifier board is concerned, a full description was given in
sulting from the modifications in the present amplifier over that in Ref. 2. Mount most of the components on the board, but, for convenience's sake, leave the large electrolytic capacitors till a little later. Although different types of dual transistor are used in the T1 -T4 positions, they are also housed in a TO -78 enclosure and they are pin -compatible with the
18 NOV 9312:09:23
RECISION DEFAULT THD+N(%) vs FREO Hz)
AUDIO
I AUDIO PRECISION THDVSLVL THD+N % vs measured
...m...
1
MEMIEE=mamilliME=Mgrai
MI=
MIMI
.
I -
-
I
ill
I I I
0.1 1
H
IIM
,
.
0.010
MEN
MI
,
011.=
mm
0 010
A p fi
4P
Ell MalliM
ll. MC= .1111MMEI=
01
18 NOV 9312:24:48
LEVEL(W)
1
1111.=11=MMIli
1
-I I i
Ill
.
0 001
I
..
0.001
ii==MO
,.
..'
(inns
0005 100
20
1k
10k
10m
20k
200
Characteristic B
Characteristic A
AU )10 PRECISION PWR-BAND LEVEL(W) vs FREO(Hz)
100
10
0.1
18 NOV 9313:09:19
Elektor GB2FFT
AMP1(dBr) vs FREO Hz)
18 NOV 9311:27:22
0.0
500
Ap
Ap -20.00
-40.00
100
-60.00
-80.00
.100.0
10
.120.0
-140.0
.
1
-160.0 20
100
1k
10k
20k
0.0
500.0
1-00k
Characteristic C
The results of the measurements on the prototype are, without exception. very good. Noise and residual distortion are far removed from the human limits of observation. Pulse response and damping factor are almost ideal, although that is a strong word to use. Listening tests confirm the measured values, Even the most demanding recordings from our record library were repro-
duced without any discernible hitch. The four characteristics shown above.
1.50k
2.00k
250k
300k
400k
Characteristic D
obtained with an Audio Precision Analyser,
of the curve is the clipping point.
Characteristic C shows the maxiCharacteristic A shows the total mum power at a distortion of 0.1%; it
illustrate these statements.
harmonic distortion plus noise (THD + N) over the frequency range 20 Hz to 20 kHz at an output power of 50 W. Characteristic B illustrates the distortion at 1 kHz as a function of the drive level over the frequency range 22 Hz to 22 kHz. It is clear that between 10 W and 20 W the limits of the analyser were reached.
The sharp bend at the nght-hand side
will be seen that within the audio range the power is completely independent of frequency
Characteristic D gives the Fourier analysis of a 1 kHz signal at an output of 1 W into 8 CI with the fundamental fre-
quency suppressed. The attenuation of the 2nd harmonic is about 125 dB, while the 3rd harmonic is lost in the noise.
Box 2. Four characteristics illustrating certain measurements on the prototype amplifier. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
350k
AUDIO & HI -Fl
earlier types. The types of transistor used
and source.
in the T7 and T8 positions are also pin -com-
Since the board was originally intended for a BC550C, the collector pin of T22 (a
Resistor RL must be mounted centrally inside air -cored inductor L1. The coil consists of 10 turns of 1.5 mm diameter enam-
BF869) must be inserted into the hole
lled copper wire wound on a 15 mm di-
originally meant for the base, and the base pin into the original commector hole. Take
ameter tube. Make small loops at the ends of the wire so that the coil can be mounted
to be modified slightly before they can be
care not to short-circuit these pins.
fitted. Since their gate must not be connected to the board, the relevant pin must be linked to the source pin and as much of it cut off as possible. The result is a FET with only two pins which are to be
The same sort of thing needs to be done with T12 and T13. Since the types now used
on the board with small bolts and nuts. There are no holes provided for Cfb: this capacitor should be soldered at the
patible with the earlier types, but they are slightly larger, which adds to the density on the board. Field-effect transistors T10 and T11 need
inserted in the holes intended for the drain
are housed in a TO -220 case, they must be mounted on the board the wrong way around, that is, with the metal plane at the inside.
track side of the board directly across R49. Diodes D9 and D10 must not be used
in the present amplifier. Fit PCB pins in the holes intended for these diodes and
K1
11111111111111111111
LS1
c4=0 (piowp
00 -1-
F.'"-=,-""---\
.101,
00E. =
00
*1 6=6
Yrd I
F
Tr1
CII
cima,
7!M :3 IM
LE "2
4
S 316
?
4:4Q4e1
5!c11
NtiEl N
00
-
B1 1.2111141
-
ti
cmooilgoili:Ic
>=.
°
sa
"
ak
"'
irlg
1F
3C0,0110 -au JL
a,
ERROR gelsoleeM
N
op koelplaat
930039 - 16
Fig. 9. Wiring diagram for the amplifier (one channel). ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
100 W HIGH -END POWER AMPLIFIER
References:
are no longer used, terminal FB2 must
not short-circuited by the water. Adjust P1 on the protection board until D10 on the same board just lights. Then, fit T12 to the heat sink. Bear in mind that the
be linked to the junction L1 -R47, and FB1
temperature of the heat sink even in normal
to the earth terminal of the loudspeaker
operation becomes at least 20 °C higher END than ambient.
2. 'Output amplifier for ribbon loudspeakers', Elektor Electronics, November/December 1992.
link them to the ±15 V supply on the auxiliary circuit board. Since sense lines to the loudspeaker(s)
(clamp together with the loudspeaker
1. 'Medium power a.f. amplifier', Elektor Electronics, October/November 1990
cable in the spring -loaded terminal).
If car -type fuses of 6.3 A are unobtainable, use a glass fuse mounted in a traditional holder soldered on to the screw type terminals.
Use flat car -type connectors for terminating the supply lines and also for the
output lines (these come at the underside of the board).
The board is intended to form a (lateral) 'T' with the heat sink. Screw the power transistors and T14 -T17, mounted on the amplifier board, to the heat sink:
use insulating washers in all cases. Do not yet fit T12 to the upper half of the heat sink: see under `Alignment'. A completed single -channel amplifier module is shown in Fig. 10. Its wiring diagram is given in Fig. 9. Use heavy-duty wire (4mm2 cross-section) for the power
lines, output lines to the loudspeaker(s) and the lines between the amplifier board
and the triacs on the protection board. Use screened cable for the input lines. Such cable is also recommended to link points A on the three boards. It proved impossible to obtain an enclosure suitable for housing two amplifier modules to form an integrated stereo amplifier; the prototype stereo amplifier therefore consists of two individual mono amplifier modules.
Fig. 10. Completed single -channel (mono) amplifier module.
11.,e4r'''
Alignment Set P1 to maximum resistance: check this with an ohmmeter. Switch on the mains, and measure the voltage at the various points shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. If these are all as specified, measure the voltage across one of the emitter resistors of T18 -T21 with a digital voltmeter and
adjust P1 until the meter reads 22 mV (which corresponds to a quiescent current of 200 mA per transistor). Next, again with a digital voltmeter, measure the direct voltage at the base of T1 or T3; adjust P2 to make the reading exactly zero. Then, measure the output voltage of IC4, which must be between 0 V and -11 V.
If the voltage is more negative, reduce the values of R55 and R74 by about 10% (after switching off the amplifier!).
Next, check the output voltage of IC3 (pin 1). After the amplifier has been switched
on for a little while, this voltage should remain within ± 10 V. If this is not the case, reduce R73 to the next lower E12 value. Finally, connect T12 via a short length
of cable to terminals C and earth on the protection board. Place the transistor in a dish of warm water (about 60 °C), mak-
ing sure that the device's terminals are ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Fig. 11. Mono amplifier module seen from top with cover of enclosure removed.
24
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(unless stated) are removed from often brand new equipment and are fully tested, aligned and shipped to you with a 90 day guarantee and operate from standard voltages and are of standard size. All are IBM-PC compatible (if 31/2" supported). £29.95(B( 3.5" Panasonic JU363/4 720K or equivalent 3.5" Mitsubishi MF355C-L. 1.4 Meg. Laptops only' £29.95(B) 3.5" Mitsubishi MF355C-D. 1.4 Meg. Non laptop £29.95(B( 5.25" EXTRA SPECIAL BRAND NEW Mitsubishi MF50113 360K. Absolutely standard fits most computers £22.95(B) * Data cable included in price. £175.00(E) Shugart 800/801 SS refurbished & tested £275.00(E( Shugart 851 double sided refurbished & tested Mitsubishi M2894-63 double sided switchable hard or soft sectors- BRAND NEW £250.00(E) Dual 8" drives with 2 mbyte capacity housed in a smart case with built in power supply! Ideal as exterior drives! £499.00(F) End of line purchase scoop! Brand new NEC D2246 8" 85 megabyte of hard disk storage! Full CPU control and industry
14" Forefront Model MTS-9600 SVGA multisync with resolution of 1024 x 768.0.28 pitch. "Text" switch for word processing etc. Overscan switch included. Ideal for the PC 386 or PC -286 with SVGA card added. Also compatibe with BBC, Amiga, Atari (including the monochrome high resolution mode), Ar-
POWER SUPPLIES Power One SPL200-5200P 200 watt (250 w peak).Semi open frame giving +5v 35a, -5v 1.5a, +12v 4a (8a peak), -12v 1.5a, +24v 4a (6a peak). All outputs fully regulated with over voltage protection on the +5v output. AC input selectable for 110/240 £85.00 (B) vac. Dims13" x 5" x 2.5". Fully guaranteed RFE. Power One SPL130. 130 watts. Selectable for 12v (4A) or 24 v (2A). 5v @ 20A. ± 12v CI 1.5A. Switch mode. New. £59.95)B) Astec AC -8151 40 watts. Switch mode. +5v @ 2.5a. +12v @ £22.95(B) 2a. -12v @ 0.1a. 6-1/4" x 4" x 1-3/4".New Greendale 19ABOE 60 watts switch mode.+5v @ 6a,±12v 1a,+15v @ 1 a. RFE and fully tested.11 x 20 x5.5cms. £24.95(C) Conver AC130. 130 watt hi -grade VDE spec.Switch mode.+5v 15a, -5v C4 1a,±12v ft 6a.27 x 12.5 x 6.5cms.New. £49.95(C) Boshert 13090.Switch mode.ldeal for drives & system. +5v @ 6a, +12v @ 2.5a, -12v (4 0.5a, -5v ft 0.5a. £29.95(B) Farnell G6/40A. Switch mode. 5v @ 40a.Encased £95.00(C) Farnell G24/5S. As above but 24v ft 5a. £65.00(C)
BBC Model B APM Board
THE AMAZING TELEBOX!
VGA, digital/analog, switch selectable. Sound with volume control. There is also a special "Text" switch for word processing, spreadsheets and the like. Compatible with
IBM PC's, Amiga, Atari (excluding the monochrome high resolution mode), BBC, Archimedes etc. Good used condition (possible minor screen burns) 90 day guarantee. 15" x 14" x 12". Only
£139(E)
Philips 9CM073 similar (not identical) to above for EGA/CGA PC and compats. 640 x 350 resolution. With Text switch with amber or green screen selection. 14" x 12" x 13-1/2" ...£99(E) KME 10" high definition colour monitors. Nice
tight 0.28" dot pitch for superb clarity and'
£100 CASH FOR THE MOST NOVEL DEMONSTRATABLE APPLICATION!
standard SMD interface. Ultra hi speed transfer and access time leaves the good old ST506 interface standing. In mint condition £299(E) and comes complete with manual. Onl
chimedes etc. In good used condition (possible minor screen £159(E) burns). 90 day guarantee. 15" x 14" x 12" Only 14" Philips Model CM8873 VGA multisync with 640 x 480 resolution. CGA, EGA or
modern styling. Operates from any 15.625 khz sync RGB video source, with RGB analog and
composite sync such as Atari, Commodore Amiga, Acorn Archimedes & BBC. Measures only 13.5" x 12" x 11'. Also works as quality Tv witn our Hud
BBC Model B type computer on a board. A major purchase Telebox. Good used condition. 90 day guarantee. Only £125 (E) £145 (E) allows us to offer you the PROFESSIONAL version of the BBC KME as above for PC EGA standard computer at a parts only price. Used as a front end graphics Brand new Centronic 14" monitor for IBM PC and compatibles QUALITY COLOUR TV!! system on large networked systems the architecture of the BBC at a lower than ever price! Completely CGA equivalent. Hi-res Mitsubishi 0.42 dot pitch giving 669 x 507 pixels. Big 28 Mhz
Converts your colour monitor into a
board has so many similarities to the regular BBC model B that bandwidth. A super monitor in attractive style moulded case.Full we are sure that with a bit of experimentation and ingenuity many 90 day guarantee. Only £129(E) useful applications will be found for this board!! It is supplied NEC CGA 12" IBM-PC compatible. High complete with a connector panel which brings all the I/O to 'D' quality ex -equipment fully tested with a 90 The TELEBOX consists of an attractive fully cased mains and BNC type connectors - all you have to do is provide +5 and day guarantee. In an attractive two tone powered unit, containing all electronics ready to plug into a host ± 12 v DC. The APM consists of a single PCB with most major ribbed grey plastic case measuring 15"L x of video monitors made by manufacturers such as ic's socketed. The ic's are too numerous to list but include a 13"W x 12"H. The front cosmetic bezel has
TV SOUND & VIDEO TUNER!
MICROVIT EC, ATARI, SANYO, SONY, COMMODORE, 6502, RAM and an SAA5050 teletext chip. Three 27128 been removed for contractual£69 PHILIPS, TATUNG, AMSTRAD and many more. The composite EPROMS contain the custom operating system on which we video output will also plug directly into most video recorders, have no data, On application of DC power the system boots and allowing reception of TV channels not normally receivable on provides diagnostic information on the video output. On board most television receivers (TELEBOX MB). Push button controls DIP switches and jumpers select the ECONET address and on the front panel allow reception of 8 fully tuneable 'off air' UHF enable the four extra EPROM sockets for user software. Appx. colour television or video channels. TELEBOX MB covers vir- dims: main board 13" x 10". I/O board 14" x 3". Supplied tested tually all television frequencies VHF and UHF including the with circuit diagram, data and competition entry form. HYPERBAND as used by most cable TV operators. Composite and RGB video outputs are located on the rear panel for direct connection to most makes of monitor. For complete compatibility SPECIAL INTEREST
reasons. Only ......
monitors, complete with composite video & sound inputs. Attractive teak style case. Perfect for Schools,Shops,Disco, Clubs. In EXCELLENT little used condition with full 90 day guarantee.
20"....£135 22"....£155 26"....£185 (F) CALL FOR PRICING ON NTSC VERSIONS!
Only £29.95 or 2 for £53 (B)
- even for monitors without sound - an integral 4 watt audio amplifier and low level Hi Fi audio output are provided as Trio 0-18 vdc bench PSU. 30 amps. New Fujitsu M3041 600 LPM band printer standard. Telebox ST for composite video input monitors £32.95 DEC LS/02 CPU board £36.50 Rhode & Schwarz SBUF TV test transmitter Telebox STL as ST but with integral speaker 25-1000mhz. Complete with SBTF2 Modulator Telebox MB as ST with Multiband tuner VHF -UHF -Cable. Calcomp 1036 large drum 3 pen plotter & hyperband For overseas PAL versions state Thurlby LA 160B logic analyser
(E)
20", 22" and 26" AV SPECIALS
Superbly made UK manufacture. PIL all solid state colour
Superb Quality 6 foot 40u
19" Rack Cabinets
£ 470 £2950
Massive Reductions Virtually New, Ultra Smart! Less Than Half Price!
£ 150 £6500
£ 650 £ 375
£69.95 1.5kw 115v 60hz power source Top quality 19" rack cabinets made in UK £ 950 £69.95 Anton Pillar 400 Hz 3 phase frequency converter 75Kw POA by Optima Enclosures Ltd. Units feature designer, smoked acrylic lockable front Newton Derby 400 Hz 70 Kw converter POA RGB Telebox also suitable for IBM multisync monitors with RGB Nikon PL -2 Projection lens meter/scope £750 door, full height lockable half louvered back analog and composite sync. Overseas versions VHF & UHF call. Sekonic SD 150H 18 channel Hybrid recorder £2000 door and removable side panels. Fully adSECAM / NTSC not available. HP 7580A A1 8 pen high speed drum plotter £1850 justable internal fixing struts, ready Kenwood DA -3501 CD tester, laser pickup simulator £ 350 punched for any configuration of equipment mounting plus ready mounted integral 12 way 13 amp socket switched mains distribuBRAND NEW PRINTERS Brand new and boxed 230 volts uninterruptable power supplies tion strip make these racks some of the most versatile we have from Densei. Model MUK 0565-AUAF is 0.5 kva and MUD Microline 183. NLQ 17x17 dot matrix. Full width. £139 (D) ever sold. Racks may be stacked side by side and therefore 1085-AHBH is 1 kva. Both have sealed lead acid batteries. MUK Hyundai HDP-920. NLQ 24x18 dot matrix full width. £149 (D) require only two side panels or stand singly. Overall dimensions are internal, MUD has them in a matching case. Times from Qume LetterPro 20 daisy. Qume QS -3 interface. £39.95 (D) are 77-1/2"H x 32-1/2"D x 22"W. Order as: interrupt are 5 and 15 minutes respectively. Complete with full Centronics 152-2 9 x 7 dot matrix. Full width. £149 (D) Rack 1 Complete with removable side panels.. ..... £275.00 (G) operation manuals MUK £249 (F) MUD £525 (G) Centronics 159-4 9 x 7 dot matrix.Serial. 9-1/2" width £ 99 (D) Rack 2 Less side panels £145.00 (G)
5.5 or 6mhz sound specification. Telebox RGB for analogue RGB monitors (15khz) Shipping code on all Teleboxes is (B)
No Break Uninterruptable PSU's
1992 Winter Issue of Display News now available - send large SAE - PECKED with bargains! .000. :OM% :
000
WOO Me 000
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All prices for UK Mainland. UK customers add t7.5% VAT to TOTAL order amount. Minimum order £10. PO orders from Government,Universities,Schoots & Local Autho 'ties welcome -minimum account order £30. Carnage charges (A)=£2.00. (Al )=£3.75. (B)=£5.50. (C)=£8.50. (0).£11.50. (E)=£14.00 (F)=C18.00 (G)=Call . Scotland surcharge: call. All goods supplied subject to our standard Conditions of Sale and unless otherwise stated guaranteed for 90 days. At guarantees on a retum to base basis.Rights reserved to change prices & specifications without prior notice. Orders subject to stock. Quotations willingly given for higher quantities than those stated. Bulk surplus always wanted forcash.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
ESR ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Station Road, Cullercoats,
DEPT. EE
Tyne & Wear NE30 4PQ Fax. 091 252 2296 Tel. 091 251 4363 74LS-Series 741500 741S01
741502 741503 741504 741505 741008 741509 74LS10 7410107 7415109 741511 741S112 7415113 7415114 741512 7415122 7410123 741S125 741S126 741513 7410132 741_0133
7415136 741_3138
7415139 741_514
7415145 7415147 7410148 741015 7413151
7415153 741S154 741_5155
7415156 7410157 7413158 7410160 74L5161
4000
£0.17
4001 4002
00.21
£0.14
4011
£0.23 £0.21
£0.17 £0.21 £0.21 £0.21
£0.14 £0.31 £0.31 £0.21 £0.21
£0.14 £0.21
£0.18 £0.16 £0.24 £0.25 £0.18 £0.56 0 .26 £0.70 £0.14 £0.25 £0.25 £0.70 £0.25
£0.36
741_0162 741_0163 741_5164
£0.25 £0.25 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.26
74LS165
£0.443
74[S170
£0.30 £0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.25 £0.24
7410173 7415174 7415175 7415190 741_0191
7410192 74L5193 741S195 741_4196 741_0197
741520 741521 741_522
7410221 741S240 741_3241
74LS242
74[S243 74[S244 7410245 7415247 74LS251
74[S257 7410258 741526 741_0266 741_027
7415273 741_5279
741530 741532 7415365 74LS367 74LS368 74[S37 7410373 7410374 741_5375
7415377
74[S378 741_538
741S390 7415393 7410395 741_5399
741540 74LS42 74LS47 74[S51 741_5670 741_573 741_574 741_575
74[S76 74L583 741585 741586 741090 74LS92 74LS93
f 0.42 £0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.16 £0.14 £0.14 £0.36 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.32 £0.33 £0.32 £0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.32 £0.25 £0.14 £0.14 £0.21 £0.21 £0.21
£0.14 £0.32 £0. 32
£0.34 £0.32 £0.62 £0.14 £0.25 £0.24 £0.26 £0.62 £0.14 £0.25 £L1.14
£0.69 £0.17 £0.19 £0.25 £0.31
£0.35 £0.20 £0.23 £0.35 £0.25
ENAMELLED COPPER WIRE
All 2oz Reels 14 SWG £0.63 £0.67 16 SWG £0.67 18 SWG £0.72 20 SWG £0.76 22 SWG £0.80 24 SWG £0.89 26 SWG 28 SWG £0.91 £0.93 30 SWG £0.93 32 SWG £0.99 34 SWG £1.04 36 SWG £1.10 38 SWG £1.22 40 SWG
4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4012 4013 4014 4015
4016 4017 4018 4019
4020 4021
4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031
4033 4034
4035 4040 4041
4042 4043 4044 4046 4047
£0.17 £0.32 £0.17 £0.31
£0.19
0.23 £0,16 £0.16 £0.21
£0.30 £0.31
£0.18 [0.27 £0.27 £0.19 £0.31 £0.31
£0.32 £0.16 £0.21
£0.36
£0.17 £0.70 £0.56 £1.24 £0.31 £0.29 £0.31 £0.22
£0.28 (0.35 £0.31
£0.25 £0.20 £0.20
4051
E0.36
4052 4053 4054
£0.25 £0.25 £0.56
4055
L0.34
40E7
4072 4073 4075 4076 4077 4081
4082 4085 4086 4089 4093 4094 4095 4097
4098 4099 4502 4503
4508 4510 4511
4512 4514 4515 4516 4518 4520 4521
4526 4527 4528 4529 4532 4534 4538 4538 4541
4543 4555 4556 4560 4568 4572 4584 4585 4724 40106 40109 40163 40174 40175 40193
253703 2N3704 2N3705 2N3706 2N3771 253772
253904
4049 4050
4071
2N2222A 2N2646 2N2904A 2N2905A 2N2907 2N2926 2N3053 2N3054 2N3055 253440 253702
L0.59
£0.31
4066 4067 4068 4069 4070
251E193
252218A 252219A
£0.18 £0.22
4048
4063
2N1613 2N1711
253773 253819
£0.15
£0.29 £0.18 £1.91
£0.16 £0.20 £0.17 £0.20 £0.17 £0.17 £0.17 £0.30 £0.17 £0.14 £0.17 £0.28 £0.26 £0.55 L0.18 £0.31
£0.56 £1.20 £0.38 £0.38 £0.31
£0.90 £0.26 [0.32 [0.32 00.77
[0.98 £0.31
£0.27 £0.26 £0.62 £0.40 £0.39 £0.40 £0.44 £0.32
2N3820 2N3905
253906 2N4036 255296 255321 256107 AC126 AC127 AC128 AC187 AC188 ACY17 AD149 AD161
AD162 BC107 BC107B 5C108 BC108A BC108C BC109 BC109C BC114 BC115 8C116 BC118
f1.18
£1.96 £0.25 £0.24 £0.32 £0.70 £0.31
£0.50 £0.46 £0.34 £0.36 £0.60
£0.31
8C186
£0.26 £0.29 £0.28 £0.25 £0.16 £0.80 £0.25 £0.23 £0.20 £0.16 £0.27 £0.90 £0.62 £0.50 £0.09 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £1.44
13C204C BC20613
£1.51
BC307
£0.57 £0.57 £0.60 £0.30 £0.30 £0.28 [0.45 £0.37 £3.84 £1.67 £0.92 £0.92 £0.14 £0.15 £0.13
£0.14 EJ ,6 £0.14 £0.41 £0.41 £0.41 £0.41
BC171
£0.11
BC171B 5C172 BC172B BC177
£0.16 £0.13 £0.13
BC1831B BC184 BC184L
EIC212L.
8C212LB BC213 BC213LC BC214 BC2141 BC237B 5C238C BC239C BC251 BC252
BC2616 BC262B BC267B
BC441 BC461
£0.36 £0.12 £0.12 £0.28 £0.16 £0.16
BC1831_
BC209A BC212
£0.31
BC154 BC157 BC159 BC160 BC170 BCI 70B
BC179 BC182 BC1821 BC182LB BC183
134208
5C308
£0.36 £0.36 £0.36 £0.25 £0.27
13C178
BC207C
£1.79 £0.40 £0.58 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10
BC132 BC134 BC135 BC140 BC141 BC142 BC143 BC149
£0.31
£0.34 £0.21
£0.18 £0.18
£0.17 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08
BC327 8C328 BC337 BC338 BC414C BC463 BC478 BC479 BC490 BC516 BC517 8C527 BC528 BC537 BC546C BC547C BC548C BC549C 1345504 BC556A BC557C
845584 BC559C BC5608 BC637 BC638 BC639 BC640 BCY70 BCY71
BCY72
80135 00136 80137 80138 80139
60166
(313187
40201
40202 30203 BD204 BD222 BD225
00232 80237 130238
802408 13024313
BD244A
00246 80441 130442
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
791_12
79L15 7805 7812 7815 7905 7912 7915 LM3172 LM723 L200CV LM323K LM338K
£0.24 £0.24 £0.24 £0.28 £0.28 £0.28 £0.28 £0.28 £0.28 £0.38 e0.38 £0.38 £0.56
£0.29
f1.16
£2.70 £5.52
OPTO DEVICES 5mrn Red LED 5mm Green LED 5mm Yellow LED 5mm Orange LED 3mm Red LED 3mm Greer, LED 3mm Yellow LED 3mm Orange LED 5mm Flashing Red 5mm Flashing Green 5mm Bi Colour 5mm Tri Colour 5mm Plastic Bezel 3mm Plastic Bezel
0 3" 7 Segment Display Red common anode common cathode
£008 £008
£0.08 £0.08 £0.09 £0.09 £0.10 £0.13 £0.13 £0.24 £0.24 £0.30 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.13 £0.40 £0.40 £0.29 £0.32 £0.32 £0.24 £0.22
0.20
£0.20 £0.20 £0.20 £0.08 £0.09 £0.08 £0.10 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08 £0.09
0D534 8D535 5D536 8D646 BD648
£0.47 £0.48 £0.65 £0.52 £0.52 £0.53 £0.42 £0.80 £1.78 £0.46 £0.50 £0.47 £0.50
130650 130707 B D807 BOX32
808330 BDX34C BDX53C BDX54C BF180 8E182
£0.31 £0.31 £0.31
B F185
£0.19 £0.19 £0.35 £0.33 £0.33 £0.36 £0.38 £0.13 £0.19 £0.29 £0.36 £0.29
8E194 8E195 8E244 BF257 8E259 BF337 8E355 06423 B F451
B F459
8E469 8FX29 BFX84 BFX85 BFY50
£0.31 £0.31
£0.29 £0.26 £0.28
BEY51 B FY52
55107
£0.21 £0.21
BS170 BSW66
£1.35 £1.70 £1.82 £1.73 £1.80 £2.32 Cl .76 £2.24 £1.36
83126 BU205 BU208A BU326A BU500 BU508A BU526 131_1806
£0.78
133884 I RF540 1RF740
£1.60 £1.63
MJ11015 MJ11016
£2.11 £2.11 £1 .60 £1.52 L0.40
£0.21 £0.21 £0.21 £0.21 £0.21
MJ2501 MJ3001 MJE340 MJE350 MPSA1 3
£0.42 £0.12
£0.20 £0.20 £0.20
MPSA42 MRF475
0.17 £6.21
TIP121
£0.35 £0.37 £0.37 £0.37 £0 46 £0.46
£0.22 £0.22 £0.23 £0.24 £0.82 £0.42 £0.35 £0.39 £0.40 £0.40 £0.40 £0.40 £0.40 £0.42 £0.38 £0.32 £0.32 £0.37 £0.50 £0.53
£106 £0.41 £0.41
TIP122 TIP125 TIP127 TIP132 TIP137 TIP142
£1.08
£1.12 £0.63 £0.31 £0.63
116147 7162955 211.29C
TIP3055
£0.31 £0.32 £0.32
TIP3OC
TIP31C TIP32C TIP33C TIP41A TIP42C TIP47
0.72
TI P48
TIP50 VN1OKM VN66AF ZTX300 ZTX500
£0.36 £0.38 £0.48 £0.62 £0.53 £0.44 £1.50 £0.16 £0.16
THYRISTORS P0102AA TIC1060 TIC116D TIC126D
Z0105DA £0.42 TIC206D £0.65 TIC226D £0.73 131-A08-6008 E0.84 TIC236D £0.96 DIAC £0.20
78L05 78112 78115 79L05
£0.33 £0.72 £0.72 £0.72 £0.72 £0.72 £0.08 £0.08 £0.08
£0.21
BD140 BD150C BD165
TRIACS
£2.48
£1.00 £0.37 [0.33 £0.46 £0.34 £0.34
LINEAR ICs
TRANSISTORS
4000 Series
£0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14 £0.14
£0.09 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.08 £0.12 £0.13 £0.13 £0.50 £0.54 £0.36 £0.48 £0.04 £0.05 £1.14 £1.14
£0.30 £0.40 £0.66 £0.77
£0.28
CA741 CE
22 2E
CA747CE CA3046 CA3080 CA3130
£0.39 £0.37 £0.72 £0.98 £0.98 £0.56 £1.22 £1.70 £0.43 £0.96 £0.25
EC 25
£0.22
453130E CA3140 CA3240 ICL7621
ICM7555 ICM7556 LM301A LM348N
£0.36
LM358N
£0.27 £2.57 £1.12 £2.70 £0.48 £1.60
LM380N LM381
[M386 LM387
LM3925
E0.79 £0.28 £0.31
LM393N LM748CN LM1458 LM3900 LM3914 LM3915 MC3340 MC4558
£0.26 £0.72 £2.70 £2.70 £1.60 £0.36 £1.56 £0.36 £0.36 £0.80 £0.66 £0.77 £0.68 £0.39 £1.35 £0.35 £0.42 £0.46 £0.32 £0.34
NE531
NE556N NE567N NE5532 NE5534
TBA1205 TBA810S TBA820M TDA2030 TL061
TL062 TL064 TL071 CP
TL072CP TL074CN
0.48
£0.33 £0.34 £0.46 £0.64 £0.48
TL081
1_082CP TL084CN IJA733 1/152004 ZN4142 Z5425E 25426E Z94275 25428E ZN435E ZN448E
£1 .04
£4.68 £2.61
£8.82 £6.12 £5.31 £7.92
EPROMS & RAMS
M85 Box 150x 100 x 60mm £2.50
16V
25V
0 47
10 22 47 10 22 47
100 220 470 1000 2200
£0.05
£005
£0.06 £0.06 £0.09 £0.15 £0.22 £0.37
4700
£0.05 £0.05 £0.06 £0.09 £0.12 £0.19 £0.29 £0.57
£0.07 £0.11
£0.15 £0.15 £0.16 £0.19 £0.22 £0.25
100V
450V
£0.05 £0.05 £0.05 £0.05 £0.06 £0.09
£0.07 £0.06 £0.06 £0.08 £0.08
£0.15 £0.18 £0.30 £0.48
£0.11 £0.11 £0.31
£0.57
£1 .11
16V
25V
63V
100V
£0.09 £0.12
£0.11
£0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.12 £0.13 £0.16
£0.15 £0.10 £0.10 £0.10 £0.12 £0.17 £0.20
£0.13 £0.18 £0.24
£0.21 £0.42 £0.69
£0.40
£1.05
10 2.2
47 10 22 47
100 220 470 1000
2200 4700
£0.09
£0.10 £0.10 £0.13 £0.21
£0.33 £0.52 £0.90
£0.64
D CONNECTORS Socket
£0.30 £0.39 £0.90 £0.49 £0.50 £0.30 £0.33 £0.36 £0.36
450V
£0.19 £0.22 £0.34 £0.48 £1.06 £1.33 £2.46
£0.19 £0.20 £0.36 £0.64 £1.39
£0.601100
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63V
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[2.80
ELECTROLYTIC AXIAL CAPACITORS uF
1 pF 1nF £0.06 1n2i2n7 £0.07
Parallel Printer Lead 2m RS232 Lead (all pins) Male Male RS232 Lead (all pins) Female Male Centronics 36 Way Lead Male Male
45.61 L5.61
3amp 250v 6 4rran ip mounting £0.58 SPST Toggle £0.60 SPOT Toggle £0.64 SPOT CO Tog £0.68 DPDT Toggle DPDT CO Toggle £0.76 D PDT CO Toggle £1.20 (biased) D PDT CO Toggle £1.20 (biased 1 way) £0.15 OPDT mini slide Rotary Waler 1P -12W. 2P 6W 3P -4W, 4P -3W £0.78 £2.70 Key Switch SPST £0.25 Push to make £0.28 Push to break £0.63 Latching Push Sqr
3n3 -4n7 0.12 10n & 12n E0.07 Polystyrene 160V 5% 47pF to 10nF
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CA311E CA324 CA555
26
PIC PROGRAMMER The latest buzz in Programmable Logic Land is `PIC', a RISC based microcontroller manufactured by Microchip Technology Inc. Read all about it in this article! A programmer is described which enables a large number of PIC16Cx and PIC17Cx devices to be loaded with your own application programs. And there is more good news: software development for PIC controllers will be the subject of a short course to be featured in this magazine in the near future.
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS 28 -pin processors:
PIC16C52; -55; -56; -57; -71; -84
40 -pin processors: Processor:
PIC17C42
EPROM or OTP
version Code memory and configuration word
Programs:
ZIF type (28 -pin and 40 -pin) On -board in
IC sockets:
Software:
PIC17C42
Support: RAM memory: Communication:
PIC 16C56,
via MS-DOS PC 32KByte via RS232 interface
PIC 16C57,
PIC 16C71,
PIC16C84 and PIC17C42. These ICs
are connected to the programmer via two zero -insertion force (ZIF) sockets. The PIC17C42 is fitted into a 40 -way ZIF socket, while the other PICs fit into a 28 -way ZIF socket. If you do not envisage ever programming either a
PIC16C or a PIC17C device, the relevant ZIF socket may be omitted without problems.
The programmer is controlled by software that runs on an MSDOS PC, in conjunction with the pre-programmed PIC17C42 in the programmer circuit itself. The latter PIC takes
Design by M. Rose
care of the communication with the
PC, and generates the supply and programming voltages for the PIC to be programmed. The direct voltages used
THE sheer market force and impact of microcontroller families such as the MCS-51 and 68xx, manufactured by semiconductor 'giants' like Intel and Motorola, would make you almost forget that there exist competing companies in this field. One of these companies is Microchip Technology in the USA., who produce a remarkable family of microcontrollers designated
injection systems, police radar detec- in the programmer circuit are 'tailored' tors and anti -block brake systems. with the aid of the PWM (pulse -width One of the intentions of this article modulation) outputs of the PIC17C42. is to make the advanced hobbyists and This obviates the need of a host of dismall-scale programmer familiar with rect voltage sources usually found in PIC devices, and what better way to do programmers. this than to describe a compact and inexpensive programmer? Once you have The hardware
built the programmer and completed the course on PIC software develop- The circuit diagram of the PIC prowith the type prefix 'PIC'. ment, you are ready to use these inter- grammer is given in Fig. 1. First, let us PIC processors were developed for esting devices in a vast range of discuss the digital section of the ciruse in widely different surroundings processor -controlled applications. cuit. The two ZIF sockets that receive and conditions. In the office environthe PIC devices to be programmed are ment, for instance, you may find them The programmer marked U11 and U12. The operation of lurking in photocopying machines, the circuit is not so easy to explain in typewriters and barcode scanners. The programmer circuit is designed one go because the PIC devices that Computer peripheral manufacturers such that it can be used for a large can be programmed have slightly difuse PICs in printers, scanners and number of PIC devices. The hardware ferent programming sequences. These disk drives. In the telecomms sector, remains limited to an absolute mini- sequences will, therefore, be described PICs are found in a wide range of mum thanks to the use of ... a PIC mi- separately for each processor. equipment, including fax machines crocontroller! The programmer is and cellular telephones. The automo- capable of burning the following de- PIC17C42 tive industry, too, employs PICs in fuel vices: PIC16C54, PIC16C55, The PIC17C42 has an internal ROM ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
PIC PROGRAMMER
C7
10,
5V
O
5V
26 C11
116
25
e
U14
0,
X1 R2OUT
8- R2114
0.2
L MUT 4
U4
16V
T2IN
T1OUT
T1 IN
R1OUT
R1IN
MAX232
C2.
21,
16V
-
PCO/ADO
PA1/RT
PC1/A D1
PC2/AD2
PC4/AD4
12 4
POO/AD8
10
10
PD2JAD10
PIC 17C42 P03/A011
PB1/CAP2
10
161/
15
PB2/PWM1
PO4/A012
PB3/PWM2
PD5/AD13
P06/A014
PB4/TCLK12
16
A5
R E1 /OE
PB7
PE2/111
MCLRNPP
AD2 AD
AD6
8
13
A6
AD]
9
12
Al
TEST
9
A2 3
A4
4
ADO 5
R4
38
U2
P-L10k
37
AEW
9
6
10
r>
18
4
A03
10k
16
5
29 28
A9
/.\
02
4
D3
411^
21
D5
A9
O6
A10
07
Al2/111.3 613/
\AL21
13
414
\407
12
2
A03
16
AD4
1]
AD5
18
ADfi
19
A07/
Al2 R/W
413 A10
y
CE
OE
I10
20
U1a 27
22
2
EN
Ud
74HC573
ADW
D
0,
19
ADO
18
AD1
6
403
15
ADO
10
AD5
12
AD)
9
\ A33
CD
72;" '
AD2
15
2
5
C1
AD1
13
A11
612
14
9
D4
RAM 32K
25
A10
15
RI lox
5
A4
600
12 O1
74HC573
V
11 DO
U3
AO
\ A5 \ A6
EN
0
120
A
A2
U1b
/02g
OSC1
28
A
ADS
6
REO/ALE
PB6
18
A4
4
5V
AO
PD)/4015
P95/TCLK3
17
15
6
PD1/0.09
PBOHCAP1
13
A3
7
A135
PC7/AD7
2
12
A2
6
ADO
PC6/AD6
0-8--
Al
17
>
D
A135
4
PC5/A135
11
18
4
ADO
"
0.2
AO
3
ADO
PC3/.4133
PA3
10
19
AD1 2 3
PA2
23
2
ADO
2
PAO/INT
ADO
22p
13 12
10
U6a A10
2 3
&
U6c
V 41
fi
&
U7a
1N4148
74HC573 IC3
5 9
U7b
U6b
10:16V U9 CTR12
10i
ff >0
0-
5V
-72
5
CTI
6 2L 13 8
9
T=0
10
12 2
14 2
15
PCO/ADO PC1 /AD1
AD3
U12
PC2/A132
PAO/INT
1
PC3/A03
U10a
U6d
0901
749C4040
MCLR
28
U10b
PC5/A05
PA2
25
PC6/ADS
PA3
24
PC7/AD7
RTCC
12
28- OSC2 ADO
6
J ADI
PC6 PAO
PC5 PCO
PA2
/
PC3
PA3
O
PC2
ZIF28 A134
0
/A05
U7d
PC7
PA1
/A02 U7c
U11
PC1
PBO PCO
7
RA4/RX/137
23
5
22 2
/AD)
PB2
PB7
PB3
PB6
14
P55
U7e
PA5MUCK
40- PDO/A138
0--
U10c 81
39- PD1/AD9 PI30//CAP1
38- 1.132/40I 0
26 25
19
24 23
22 21 11
ADO/
12
A131/
13
AD2 /
zo
37
RIO
19
3
fi
18
35
PB1
/ADO
PA1 /R7
PCOIA04
P'33"'" ZIF40 P134/41312
PB2/PWMI
P05/4013
PE3/PWA12
7
34- P136/8814
6
33- P137/A1315
PM/70_102 PB5/TCLIO
15
30 29
U10d 10
23
1
32
C5
Ulf
2
REO/ALE PB6
REVITE
P B
PE2NTR
10
AD3/
15
A04/
16
AD5/
17
A06/
8 AD]/
MCLRNPP
- 27TEST OSC1
/CLIMT
9
20
a. 110
R11
R12
O
C6
R/4 P
U 3d
R13
220n
7805
V
0
VDD
12
499
R15
U15
X2
M
C10 R16
C8
00n
00n
111 = 74HCT32
U6 = 74HC08 U7 = 74HC04 U10 = 74HCT4066 U13 = LM324
220n
Al' R18
5V
113
9
20
EMI
U13c
9
220n PWM2
10
R2
EMI C14
100n
220n
VPR
j? 14 Tel Ton?
.120;123
20
2
UB
T.17 900048 - 11
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the PIC programmer. The circuit is a 'hybrid', i.e., a combination of digital and analogue electronics.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
28
GENERAL INTEREST
(read-only memory) which contains a is achieved by analogue switch Ulm) program that enables the processor to switching on the supply voltage of the program itself. To enable the it to make PIC17C42, and closing thoc about 1µs use of this programming routine, the later to put the programming voltage
processor must be given access to a
small RAM (random access memory) area. This RAM is formed by U3, a 32-
using the same hardware settings as the PIC16C54/56, but a different pro-
gramming algorithm. This is fairly complex, but fortunately we need not on the reset input of the processor. bother about that because everything Next, the programming operation is is taken care of by the system software contained in the PIC I7C42 (which is started. supplied ready -programmed through the Readers Services). PIC16C55/57
KByte static memory type 62256 or 43256. Two octuple registers type 74HC573 (U2 and U4) act as a latch These processors come in 28 -pin DIL which allows 16 -bit RAM address loca- enclosures, and differ only in respect of
tions to be stored. The signals needed the size of their memory. Contrary to to store data into the memory are the PIC17C42, the PIC16Cxx devices found on port connections PDO and do not require an external memory for PD1 of the PIC microcontroller, U5. the programming sequence - data is During the programming operation, simply placed word -by -word into the the control signals appear at port con- PIC16Cxx by the controller in the pro-
The analogue circuitry
Apart from digital circuitry, Fig. 1 also shows a fair amount of analogue electronics. To begin with, there is a serial port based on the MAX232 single -chip RS232 interface. A big advantage of the MAX232 is its on -chip voltage connections PC6 and PC7 of U12, the con- grammer circuit. Since the 28 -pin socket is also used verter which supplies the symmetrical troller to be programmed. The control signals are combined logically by two to program 18 -pin PICs, a number of voltages needed to comply with reOR gates, UlA and U113, contained in a signals on the socket must be config- quirements as regards voltage swing 74HCT132. A very special configuration is found
urable. The connection with U5, the on an RS232 link. This converter al-
main processor, is established by clos- lows the programmer's power supply to around register U8. It may strike you ing Ulop. At the same time, the connec- be kept simple. Indeed, all that is
as odd that this memory is nearly al- tion with the programming voltage needed is a standard 7805 which can ways in high -Z mode, while its inputs must be broken. This is achieved with easily supply the 50 mA or so drawn by
and outputs are interconnected. This the aid of switch U100. the programmer. A heat -sink is not The programming cycle is started as needed on the 7805. is not a mistake! While the IC is in The 7805 is powered by a mains high -Z mode (also called 3 -state), the soon as the supply voltage and the pro`short-circuited' input and output con- gramming voltage are applied to the adaptor with an output voltage benections carry the bit patterns to be tween 15 V d.c. and 20 V d.c. The minstored in the RAM. The information imum value is required to ensure the conveyed over the bus may also be proper programming voltage, while the copied into the register by controlling maximum value must be observed to prevent the 7805 from being destroyed by a too high input voltage. The parts
the C input (pin 11). This happens with one byte only: the configuration word. As long as U8 is in high -Z mode, the contents of the register remain `hidden'
list mentions a 12-V mains adaptor. Most of these adaptors supply a considerably higher output voltage than the nominal value when the load cur-
in the IC. The PIC17C42 to be programmed reads the configuration stored in this register with the aid of a
pulse on port PC3. Only during this pulse is the register released from its high -Z state. Since the outputs of U5 and U3 are then at high impedance, the
rent is relatively low. Just to make sure
it is suitable for the job, the adaptor's output voltage should be checked with the programmer connected. If you use processor to be programmed. This is an adaptor with an internal regulator, achieved with the aid of U101) and U 1 oc be sure to set this for an output voltage
contents of U8 appear on the multiplexed data/address bus during this respectively. between 15 and 20 V. short read pulse. In other words, U8 The programming algorithm used The desired programming voltage, acts as a one -byte wide memory with a enables selected bytes to be pro- Vprog, and the supply voltage, VDD, depth of one location, and is used for grammed individually, and to be read are regulated by the PWM1 and PWM2 intermediate storage of the processor back for verification. This allows the outputs of the P1C17C42, U5. These configuration word. main microcontroller, U5, to keep track outputs are connected to two active
The processor configuration word is of the complete programming sequence second -order low-pass filters, and opbuilt by the software which runs on the (which includes blank check, program- erate at a frequency of about 64 kHz. MSDOS PC, and serves to define pro- ming and verification) in a simple man- The roll -off frequency of the filters built
gramming parameters including the
type of clock generator used, and
ner.
whether or not the PIC is to be pro- PIC16C54/56 tected from being read out.
The programming status information may be found on pins PCO and PC1
of the PIC17C42 to be pro-
these controllers, the signal arrangement on the ZIF socket is modified. Switch UIOA is opened because pin 9 is to be used for the programming For
grammed. These outputs are low dur- voltage. As with the 16C55/57, the ing the programming operation. If the supply voltage is applied to the socket programming sequence is successfully via 'Clot), while Uice connects the procompleted, PCO goes high. If not, PC I gramming voltage. The programming
from four opamps contained in an LM324, U13, is set at about 1 kHz. The
filtered output voltage has a value between 0 and 5 V depending on the duty factor of the PWM signal. Despite the simplicity of the filter sections, the di-
rect output voltages are sufficiently stable, accurate and virtually free of
ripple. The filter is followed by a d.c. amplifier wired for a gain of three. In this way, a variable output voltage of goes high. algorithm is identical to that of the between 0 V and 15 V is obtained. In The programming cycle is started by 16C55/57. practice, VDD is usually between 4 V applying a programming voltage (Vpp) and 6.5 V, while VPROG lies between of 12.5 V to the reset input, MCLR, PIC16C71/84 12 V and 13.5 V. The output impedwhile the test input is made high. This These processors are programmed ance of the opamps is low enough to ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Advanced Property Man gmen Seamless integration with simulation an PCB design.
r
Non -Linear & Linear Analogue Simulation. Event driven Digital Simulation with
modelling language. Partitioned simulation of large designs
with multiple analogue & digital sections. Graphs displayed directly on the schematic. `,1111
lose
DELTA'.! ') ))11 BEF)>W1m
Ft1.1
polio 000000
47,
10,400Holisoic.o.ii
tl
t
6°*0. o
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r soome,
a
PACKIII),ES
),A1)1 o
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DILI)) I)
°
Alit Loam toismonamaziamaaammutarans
I L20
MA) )) IV F1
ECII
1-
apcenLien Electron i C S
o Multi -Layer and SMT support. o Unlimited Design Capacity. o Full DRC and Connectivity Checking. o Advanced Multi -Strategy Autorouting. o Output to printers, plotters, Postscript, Gerber, DXF and DTP bitmaps. C Gerber View and Import capability.
Write, phone or fax for your free demo disk, or ask about our full evaluation kit. Tel: 0274 542868. Fax: 0274 481078.
14 Marriner's Drive, Bradford BD9 4JT.
Proteus software is for PC 386 compatibles and runs under MS-DOS. Prices start from £475 ex VAT; full system costs £1495. Call for information about our budget, educational & Windows products. All manufacturers' trademarks acknowledged.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
30
GENERAL INTEREST
PIC PROCESSORS - PORTRAIT OF A FAMILY tice, a maximum of about 10 MHz is achieved, which re-
Below is a short discussion of the block diagram of the generic PIC16C5x processor. For full data on all devices in the
EPROM 512 X 12 TO 2048 X 12
PIC family, consult the
4111
1I
PC
44.4
RTCC
STACK
DISABLE
WA rcHDOG
2
books.
INSTRUCTION REGISTER
DT TIME OUT
'CODE PROTECT'
General specifications Clock frequency: d.c. - 10 MHz Instruction time infinite to
2
OSCILLATOR TIMING 8 CONTROL
CLKOUT
WDT/RTCC PRESCALER
2
PIC16C5x
cycle length of 400 ns.
OSC
SELECT
(*)
Microchip Technology data -
sults in a minimum machine
OSCI OSC2 MCLR
coNFIG ORATION EPROM
PIN
STACK 2
"SLEEP"
The PIC16C5x from Microchip Technology Inc. is a family of low-cost, 8 -bit wide, fully static
INSTRUCTION DECODER
Instruction width: Bus width:
T5 "OPTION"
OPTION PEG.
I DIRECT ADDRESS
DIRECT RAM ADDRESS
8 bit EPROM memory: 1K x 14 Registers: 36 x 8 (SRAM) Spec. func. registers: 15 Hardware stack: 8 levels Addressing: direct, indirect and relative
1. FROM W GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER
CMOS microcontrollers with on -chip EPROM. The core of
FILE STATUS (131
the processor has a RISC structure, and has an instruction set
RTCC (II)
FSR (IA)
18
1
of 33 instructions. A feature of the RISC structure is that the
Awe;
w
fl
ALA
CPU is capable of executing one instruction per machine
FROM W
cycle, except the jump instructions, which take two machine
TRISA
DATA BUS FROM W
IS
/4
cycles.
RAO-RAT
/8
FROM W
MIME
TRISC
I
I/O functions I/O lines: RTC/counter:
17
/a
8 -bit prescaler
RC oscillator Protection: EPROM, via fuse Energy reduction: via sleep mode
ONLY)
940048 -12
have a very compact structure.
Consequently, machine code generated for the PIC16C5x is
The internal power -on reset circuit and start-up timer en-
indicates a simple RC oscillator. The fourth oscillator option is the use of an already avail-
able clock signal, which may
usual hardware for this purpose may, therefore, be omit-
The 17C42 is largely similar to
the other processors in the family. However, it has no fewer than 55 instructions, each of which is executed in
General specifications Clock frequency: d.c. - 20 MHz Instruction time: infinite to
four channels, a sample -and hold function, and a resolution is
frequency of 16 MHz, a ma-
200 ns 12 bit
±1 LSB, while the complete
chine cycle lasts 250 ns. All op -
conversion time is 30
codes are 16 -bit wide, so that instructions can be packed in a single 'word'. This processor is
Instruction width: Bus width: 8 bit EPROM memory: 512 - 2K x 12
A choice of four oscillator types is available, including a
Addressing:
low -energy oscillator based on a crystal or a ceramic resonator, and an inexpensive RC oscillator. The EPROM versions of the PIC16C5x (indicated by the suffix JW) allow the user to select the oscillator type during
PIC17C42
and has an eight -level stack. The on -chip A -D converter has
Registers: 25 - 72 x 8 (SRAM) Spec. func. registers: 7 Hardware stack: 2 levels
ted.
cycle. As with the 16C5x, two cycles are needed for a jump instruction, The processor recognizes four interrupt sources,
be used on all processors.
sure that the processor is prop-
erly initialized after the power supply is switched on. The
direct, indirect and relative
I/O functions I/O lines: RTC/counter:
10 - 20
8 bit with 8 -bit prescaler
Watchdog timer internal, with
of 8
bits.
The tolerance
General specifications Clock frequency; d.c. - 16 MHz Instruction time: infinite to
Instruction width: Bus width:
250 ns 14 bit
8 bit EPROM memory: 1K x 14 Registers: 36 x 8 (SRAM) Spec. func. registers 15 Hardware stack: 8 levels Addressing: direct, indirect and relative
one machine cycle. At a clock
capable of addressing a program memory of up to 64 K x 16. The internal program memory has a size of 2K x 16 General specifications Clock frequency: d.c. - 16 MHz Instruction time infinite to
Instruction width: Bus width:
the programming of the configuration word. By contrast, the oscillator type selection is fixed by the manufacturer for
RC oscillator Protection: EPROM, via fuse Energy reduction: via sleep mode
I/O functions I/O lines:
13
RTC/counter:
8 bit with
OTP (one-time programmable) versions of the processor. The
PIC16C71
Watchdog timer. internal, with
letters after the type number
This PIC processor is an upgraded
RC oscillator A -D converter:8 channels, 8 -bit Protection: EPROM, via fuse Energy reduction via sleep mode
I/O functions
indicate which oscillators may
PIC16C84
Serial ports
The PIC16C84 is also a static controller, only this type has an EEPROM program memory of 1Kx14 and an EEPROM data memory of 64 bytes Furthermore, the maximum clock fre-
RTC/counter:
low RC
are executed in one machine
Extensions XT and HS indicate a crystal or a ceramic res-
onator; LP indicates power
oscillator;
a
8 -bit prescaler
derivative of the PIC16C5x. It features, among others, an integrated A -D converter. The processor handles 14 -bit wide instructions, which
be used with the processor.
and
10 - 20
8 bit with
Watchdog timer. internal, with
RCO RC] (PIC I8C55,C57
ABC -ART
The 12 -bit wide instructions
claimed to be twice as compact as for other, comparable, 8 -bit processors. Furthermore, PIC processors contain circuitry to reduce power drain and external component count of a complete system.
400 ns 14 bit
Type
EPROM
RAM
I/O
pins
PIC16C54 PIC16C55 PIC16C56 PIC16C57
512x12 512x12 1Kx12 2Kx12
32x8 32x8 32x8 80x8
13
18 28 18
21 13 21
28
quency is lower than that of
EPROM memory. Registers. Spec. func. registers: Hardware stack: Pins:
250 ns 16 bit
8 bit 2K x 16 232 x 8 48
16 x 16 40
I/O lines: max 33 Interrupts: 11 16 -bit counters/timers. 3 16 -bit capture registers 2 10 -bit PWM outputs: 2 1
8 bit with 8 -bit prescaler
Watchdog timer: internal, with RC oscillator Protection EPROM, via fuse Energy reduction: via sleep mode
other PIC processors In pracELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
PIC PROGRAMMER
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Fig. 2. Track layouts (direct reading) and component mounting plan of the printed circuit board designed for the PIC programmer (PCB avail able ready-made).
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
GENERAL INTEREST
Resistors: R1-R4;R6-R10 = 1041
R5=270i2 R11;R12;R17;R18= 1MS2 R13-R16;R19-R22 = 499kO 1%
Capacitors: C1;C2 = 22pF C3;C7;C10;C11;C12 = 101.1F 16V (radial,
pitch 2.5mm) C5 = 22nF C6;C9;C13;C15 = 220nE C8;C14;C17-C23 = 100nF C16 = 100gF 25V (radial)
Semiconductors: D1 = 1N4148 D2 = 1N4007 U1 = 74HCT32 U2;U4;U8 = 74HC573 U3 = 62256 or 43256 U5 = PIC17C42 (order code 7161) U6 = 74HC08 U7 = 74HC04 U9 = 74HC4040 U10 = 74HCT4066 U13 = LM324N U14 = MAX232 U15 = 7805
Miscellaneous: Q1 = 16MHz crystal. X1 = 9 -way sub -D socket, angled pins, PCB mount.
Ull = ZIF28 socket for wide and narrow ICs (e.g., ARIES, RS no. 403825). U12 = ZIF40 socket (e.g., ARIES, RS no. 403831)
Printed circuit board and software package, order code 940048 (see page 70).
The project software (diskette and PIC17C42) is also available separately as order code 7161 (see page 70).
enable direct connection to the ICs to be programmed. The variable supply voltage is furnished by opamps U13a and U13,1, and the variable programming voltage, by U13b and U13,. Note that the LM324 is supplied direct by the adaptor's output voltage.
Construction The PIC programmer is simple to build on the double -sided, through -plated, printed circuit board of which the artwork is shown in Fig. 2. This board is
Fig. 3. Fully loaded printed circuit board before mounting in DB3 case.
short-circuits which can take hours to programmed PIC17C42 which contains pinpoint and correct. The parts list and the program running on the program-
the component overlay on the PCB mer board. The software on the PC should enable you to populate the pro- does all the communication with the grammer board without problems. programmer, and starts the necessary First, fit the passive components, tak- routines. Since the programmer board ing good care to observe the polarity of is also 'intelligent', the amount of traf-
the electrolytic capacitors. Have a good fic on the serial link is reduced to a think about the ZIF sockets before you minimum. mount them. The idea is to make them After starting the program PIC.EXE
protrude from the front panel of the on the PC, you are first prompted to plastic case. This is easily achieved by inserting the ZIF sockets into a stack of normal IC sockets. Alternatively, use wire -wrap sockets to enable the height of the ZIF sockets above the board to be trimmed accurately. The PCB is designed to fit into a type DB3 plastic en-
closure from LTP. The advantage of this enclosure is that the PCB can be
secured with the aid of two strips,
which go round the problem of the absence of screw holes in the board. The PIC 17C42 (U5) is preferably fit-
enter the PIC type to be programmed. Obviously, only types supported by the programmer can be selected. After the type selection, the program first displays the type of processor, the minimal and maximum supply voltage, the programming voltage, and the name of the file to be burned into the device. Also shown are the options contained in the configuration word. These options differ, depending on the PIC type selected. Finally, COM1: or COM2: allow you to select between these serial
ted into an IC socket, so as to enable it ports on your PC. to be replaced easily with an updated The file to be programmed into the version. All other ICs may be soldered PIC must already be present on the
directly on to the PCB, although the diskette or hard disk - it can not be use of IC sockets is recommended if generated by PIC.EXE. The file format you want to reduce fault-finding time. and available instructions will be dis-
Once all components are accommo- cussed in the 'PIC Programming dated on to the board, the programmer Course' to be featured in future issues
may be connected to the PC's serial port. To keep this link as simple as possible, all necessary handshaking lines have been interconnected. The
of this magazine. First, read the file using the 'File' menu option, and then program it by selecting the option
'Prog'. The configuration is burned into link is established by a 9 -to -9 pin ex- the processor by selecting the menu tension cable without crossed wires. If option 'Fuse'. Mind you, the oscillator your PC has a 25 -way serial port con- type selection is fixed by the manufacnector, use a 25 -to -9 pin adaptor as turer, since it is hardware dependent. supplied with many mouse packages. The 'Blank' option allows you to check whether the PIC to be programmed is empty. The function of 'Quit' is obviControl software
best ordered ready-made through our Readers Services, and comes together ous. An overview of available comwith the PIC programmer's software The control software for the PIC pro- mands may be called up by typing '?'. package (MSDOS program diskette and grammer consists of two parts: (1) an PIC17C42). Solder carefully, and use MSDOS diskette containing the prosolder tin sparingly. This prevents gram to be run on a PC and (2) a ready ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers A
The affordable and complete solution for microprocessor development work.
IF AN
J Programs and emulates all commonly used eproms 27(C)64 to 27(C)512.
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advertisements meet with the strict Code of Advertising Practice. So if you question an advertiser. they have to answer to us. To find out. more about the ASA, please write to Advertising Standards Authority, Department X, Brook House, Thrrington Place. London WC1E 71IN.
J File format conversion utilities and emulator command line version included. J 5v. supply only, programming voltages generated by internal SMPSU.
The PROGULATOR: £180 inc. Further details and a free DEMO DISK from:
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t=ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
II
1;
34
FIGURING IT OUT VARYING INPUTS
PART 14
By Owen Bishop This series is intended to help you with the quantitative aspects of electronic design: predicting currents, voltage, waveforms, and other aspects of the behaviour of circuits. Our aim is to provide more than just a collection of rule -of -thumb formulas. We will explain the underlying electronic theory and, whenever appropriate, render some insights into the mathematics involved. We continue the exploration of equation for a parallel LCR cir- zero: circuit modelling by extending cuit is similar (see Eq. 108 in d2 di it to deal with applied voltages Part 13). Remember that, al--7+ 5000 50 000i =0
55 000C = 400 C = 400/55 000
dt-+
dt
or currents that vary in time. though we are analysing only the To model a circuit with both ca- simplest of series and parallel
equal:
[Eq. 111]
pacitive and inductive elements, we need a second -order differ-
circuits, more complicated cir- The auxiliary equation ofEq. 111
ential equation. In Part 13 we
these cimple circuits by using the
cuits can often be reduced to is
showed that, if the elements are techniques of network reducin series (Fig. 118) and the ap- tion that we have discussed on
930010-XIV-118
7.27 x 10-3.
The coefficient of t0 is D on the
left. There is no term in t0 on the right, so the coefficient is
m2 + 5000m + 50 000 = 0.
zero:
several occasions in previous Solving this by using the quadratic months. formula (Part 13), we find that it has real roots: m1 = -10.02
Particular integral
=
and m2 = -4990. The CF is:
D = 0.
The PI is:
Solving equations with the form i = t(7.27x10-3). of Eq. 109 is done in two stages. i = Ae-10.02t Be -4990t First we solve the equation as if The complete general solution the right-hand side equals zero. where A and B are arbitrary con- is: The method for doing this, based stants which can be determined Ae-10. 02 t +Be -4990 t on the auxiliary equation, was if we are told two boundary condescribed in Part 13. The result ditions. +t(7.27x10-3) obtained is known as the comTo find the particular integral,
plementary function (CF). At we assume that the right-hand [Eq. 113] this stage we can say that: side of the solution has the The first two terms in this genform: eral solution are like those obplied voltage is constant, the complemetary function = 0. tained in Part 13 for a constant Fig. 118
i=Ct+D
equation has the form: ±_R
dt
L dt
applied voltage. Now we have an
Next, we need to find something
LC
i =0 [Eq. 94]
But the right-hand side of the equation is zero only when we have made the simplifying assumption that the applied voltage is constant. This is an assumption that seldom can be
additional term to allow for the else to include in the left-hand where C and D are constants. If fact that the voltage is rampside of the equation, so that the this is so, then: ing. right-hand side equals (1/L)du/dt. In this example we assumed This 'something' is known as the di/dt = C that the right-hand side of the particular integral (PI): and equation has the form Ci + D. d2i/dt2 =0. This was based on the fact that CF + PI = (1/L)du/dt.
on the right-hand side of Eq. 109
Substituting these values in the highest power of t is t1. If t
made. More often, the voltage, u, An example shows how to find Eq. 110:
is of higher power or there are
varies in a regular manner . For the particular integral. Suppose example, it may ramp up or down
that in Fig. 118: R = 500 Q,
at a fixed rate, it may vary si- C = 200µF and L = 100 mH. Let nusoidally, or it may increase u be a voltage that ramps up at or decrease exponentially. We a rate of 20t2. From these parneed to be able to solve equations ameters, R I L = 5000; 1/LC of the form d2i
dt2
R di 1 du ±_._+_ i =_._ 1
L dt
LC
.
L dt
[Eq. 109]
in which u is a function of
Form of RH side
= 400 t
55 000 Ct +50 000D = 400t
[Eq. 112]
= 50 000; (1/L)du / dt = 400 t. The We solve this equation by looking at the coefficients of the pow-
modelling equation is:
ers of t. The highest power of t d is tl. On the left, its coefficient +5000 -d+ 50 000 i = 400 t dt dt is 55 000C; on the right, its co[Eq. 110] efficient is 400. For Eq. 112 to
k
C
kt2
Ct+D Ct2+D+E
k sin t
Ccost+Dsint
k cos t
dt
ekt
be satisfied by all possible values
hand side of Eq. 110 equal to of t, these coefficients must be
Assumed function
kt
2
time.Part 13 shows how this equa- To find the CF, put the right-
tion is obtained. The form of the
0+5000C +50 000(Ct+D)
Cekt
Box 1. Functions for particular integrals (k is a constant).
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
FIGURING IT OUT - PART 14
other functions of t, different assumptions are made. Box 1 lists forms suitable for other cases. We can now proceed, as usual, to find a particular solution (not to be confused with the particu-
of operator D gives: j
kt A
D
f
[Eq. 116] 800
tion obtained when two border conditions are satisfied. Let us assume that, when t = 0, i = 0. Also, when t = 0.01, i = 1 mA. Substituting the conditions for
600
Now comes the interesting point about D. Although we have said
it is not a variable, it can be shown that it can be manipulated in equations and behave as if it were a variable. For exam-
ple, we can factorize the lefthand side of Eq. 116:
400
(D2+1D+
0=A+B
200
B = -A.
The equation becomes:
2
3
20
10
30
40
50
60
t/ms
+t(7.27x 10
)
[Eq. 1141
Substituting in Eq. 114 the values when t = 0.01: 0.001 = A(e-0 1002 - e-49.9)
Operator D
Before we model any further circuits, we will look at a technique
ferent way of symbolizing differentiation. Instead of writing
Similarly, we have the reverse
ity, it is passing through zero at The particular equation is: that instant to reach a relatively i = (1.46x10-6)(e-10.02t_e-49901) high level soon after. Specifying
current increases so rapidly. However, the effects of this die away and the current begins to decrease. After about 10 ms, the
circuit begins to show the effects of the new voltage ramping up from 0 V at t = 0. The effects of this are better shown on
Differentiating u and dividing by
modelling this circuit is: d2i
di
-rs-+ 3-+ zt = sin 3t dt` dt [Eq. 117]
When using operator D, we first find the complementary func-
tion in the usual way. The auxiliary equation is: m2 +3m +2 = 0.
Although we nearly always need
to use the quadratic formula to
solve this equation, there are cases like this one in which it fac-
torizes easily: (m + 1)(m + 2) = 0,
operation, represented by the symbol 1/D, which means 'inte- so that m1 = -1 and m2 = -2. Both roots are real and so the grate': CF is:
+t(7.27x10-3).
zero current at zero time does not
cuit before t = O. This is why the
d2i D(Di)=D t =-2dt 2
A = (7.27x10-3)14979.8 1.46x10-6.
gives: R 1 L = 3 and 1/LC = 2.
di/dt, we write Di. D is not a L produces sin 3t. The equation
0 = A(-10.02 + 4990) +7.27x10-3
when t = 0.01 s. Remember that and
mean that there is no charge on the capacitor and no magnetic flux in the inductor. These must have been present as the result of a voltage applied to the cir-
ample, consider a series LCR circuit as in Fig. 118, but with
To simulate the conditions in that often simplifies finding the which the current begins with no solution of differential equations.
quantity or variable, but an operator, which means 'differentiate'. We usually refer to it as operator D. We are using it to fore and we obtain Eq. 114. represent differentiation ofi with lar solution: respect to t, but it can be used Differentiating Eq. 114: -4990 t i= 0.001025(e-10.021 for any other pair of variables, di -10.021 for example x and y. Using this =A( -10. 02e +t(7. 27x 10 -3) dt symbol, Dx3 = 3x2. The rules of differentiation apply exactly as [Eq. 115] +4990 e-499°1 )+ 7.27 x 10-3 usual. The graph of Eq. 115 for The idea of D is extended to 0
t = 0, this only means that i is zero at that instant. In actual-
cuits in which input voltages vary sinusoidally (or cosinus-
the following values: R = 1.5 Q, C = 1 F and L = 0.5 H. The input voltage , u = -(cos 3t)/6, is sinucharge on the capacitor and no This method is based on a dif- soidal. Calculating coefficients age.
flux in the inductor, we make the first border condition i = 0 when t = 0 as before. The secand A= (0.001- 7.27x10-5)/0.9047 ond condition is that di/dt = 0 when t = 0. In words, the cur= 0.001025. Substituting these values in rent is constant at zero when Eq. 114, we obtain the particu- t = O. This makes B = -A as be-
when we specified that i = 0 when
There is no advantage in using operator D with such an equation, which is easy enough to
oidally) or exponentially. For ex-
steadily, keeping pace with the upwardly -ramping applied volt-
+7.27x10-5 = 0.9047A + 7.27x10-5
to meet the condition that i =1 mA
u
plotted on a longer time scale. We ciable initial 'kick' of Fig. 119. can see that the current increases
+t(7. 27x 10 -3) -4990t
i
Fig. 119
Ae-4990t
A(e-1o.o2t
1
LC-)
solve by the method used above. Operator D really comes into its own when we are modelling cir-
930010-XIV-119
Ae-- 10 02 t
1
i+-R Di+ -LC i=u
1000
lar integral). This is the solu-
t = 0 in Eq. 113:
2
x 4/D = x 5/5 .
It can be seen that, because A is
i = AE -1 +Be -21.
so small, the final expression Note that we do not introduce the
dominates the equation. Current constant of integration when we We make use of operator D for finding the particular function. increases at the rate of 7.27 mA are working with D. The advantage of D is that Representing Eq. 109 in terms per second without the apprethere are three very helpful theorems associated with it. Their proofs are rather lengthy, so we 1 F(D) eax = eax F(a) do not have space here to ex2. F(D) {e* f(x)} = elm F(D + a) f(x) plain them. The theorems are 3a. F(D2) sin ax = F( -a2) sin ax stated in Box 2. They look rather 3b. F(D2) cos ax = F( -a2) cos ax obscure, but they are easy to use as will be shown by this exam-
the right of Fig. 119, which is Box 2. Operator D theorems. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
ple. First, rewrite Eq. 117 in terms
36
GENERAL INTEREST
of D:
Theorem 1 is the appropriate
D2i +3Di + 2i = sin 3t.
choice since the right-hand side [mA]
of Eq. 119 is simply an expo-
[V]t
nential term involving t only in the index of e. To apply the theorem, we have only to write the
Factorizing: 100-
(D2 + 3D + 2)i = sin 3t,
exponential term as it stands,
i=
but to replace D by a. This makes
-02
whence 1
D +3D+22-
the calculation easier than the previous example. In this ex-
- 0.1
sin 3f
ample, a = -0.4545, so we find: t
0
[ms]
Notice how we move the terms in D across from one side of the equation to the other, just as if they were variables. Now look at Theorem 3a in Box 2. This tells
This is the PI. Adding this to -100-
the CF, we obtain the complete solution:
- -0.2 930110-XN-1f
i= Ae-4t÷Be-246t
is a constant), we can replace
Fig. 120
+( -0. 0128 e -414545t
D2 by -a2. In this example, we have t as the variable instead of x. The constant a is equal to 3, so we replace D2 by -32, which is -9: -9 + 3D + 2 =
Given two border conditions, we can find A and B in the usual way
and so obtain the particular solution.
This month, we have modelled only series LCR circuits,
sin 3f C2
1
3D-7
sin 3t
but parallel circuits can be modelled in a very similar way and solved using operator D. [To be continued]
R2
50
R1
Ok
5000u
Having eliminated the D2, it remains for us to eliminate the D. We juggle with the fraction on
the right, multiplying top and bottom by 3D + 7:
i=
Test yourself C1
(3D -7X3D+ 7)
1. Given the complete solution
L1
of Eq. 118 and the border con-
5V
2207
3D+7
-11. 3625-a 4545t
-O. 45452 + 250 x-0.4545 +1000
= -0.0128 e4'4545 t
us that, if we have a function of D which includes D2, and this is multiplied by sin ax (in which a
1
i-
ditions that i = 0 and di/dt
200mH
sin 3t
= 0 when t = 0, find the particular solution.
930010-XIV-121
3D+7 sin 3t = 9D-, -49
2. Given the complete solution of Eq. 119 and the border con-
Fig. 121
ditions that i = 0 when t = 0,
Once again, we have D2 in the de-
and i =10 mA when t =100 ms,
nominator, so we use Theorem
two border conditions. Fig. 120 R /L = 250 and 1/LC =1000. The find the particular solution 3a again and replace D2 with shows the graph of the solution, equation is: and calculate i when t = 250 ms. -9: given i = 0 and di/dt = 0 at t = 0. 2 Note how the curve begins with 3. Given a circuit as in Fig. 118, 3D+7 + 250 --+ 1000 i o sin dt dt zero gradient (di/dt = 0). After the with R = 100 fl, C = 2000 µF, -81-49 initial upsurge, the current setL = 10 mH, and u = 0.08e0.5t, = -11.3625 a-0.4545 t 3f tles down to a sinusoidal form, = -(3D +7).sm. write the modelling equation
i idi
.
130
-(3D sin 3t+7 sin 3t) 130
symmetrical about the x-axis, and [Eq. 119] lagging slightly behind the input The auxiliary equation is: voltage. m2 + 250m + 1000 = 0
and the general solution. Given
that when t = 0, i = 0 mA and di/dt = 4 A s-1, find the particular solution. Calculate the current when t = 100 ms.
The term 3D sin 3t means 'three Exponential input times the differential of sin 3t', In Fig. 121 the input to the op- and its roots are m1 = -4 and which equals 9 cos 3t and the erational amplifier rises expo- m2 = 246 (approximately). The Answers to PI becomes: nentially. The opamp is a voltage CF is: Test yourself (Part 13) follower, so the input to the LCR 1. i = -0.01e-2500t cos 9354t -(9 cos 3t+7 sin 3t) Ae-4t Be -246t. circuit follows the same curve. - 0.03457e -2500t sin 9354t. 130 The switch is set to charge C1 to Underdamped. At 0.0008 s, 5 V. When t = 0, the switch is As before, we use D to find the i = -4.85 mA. Thus, the general solution (CF set to discharge C1. It can be PI. Writing Eq. 119 in terms of + PI) is: shown by the methods describ- D: 2. i =1.0097e -9.11 -0.9097e -9990.9t. ned in Part 12 that: (D2 + 250D + 1000)i After 0.5 ms the current peaks Ae-t +BC2t-(9cos3t+7sin30 = -11.3625e-04545t at 1 A, then falls to 0.406 A 130 .
.
u = 5e -0.4545t.
[Eq. 118]
Eq. 118 has two arbitrary con- The coefficients for the equation stants so it can be solved, given modelling the LCR circuit are
.
t=
_11.3625e -0.4545t D- +250D + 1000
at 100 ms. It falls to 0.01 A after 255 ms.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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Increase your electronics know-how
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The value of an annual subscription
If you wish to increase your electronics know-how and skills, take out an annual subscription to Elektor Electronics by filling in the order form on page 71 or writing or telephoning to the address below. You will then not only have the convenience of having the magazine delivered to your home and the peace of mind that you will not miss any issue, but you will also save money compared with buying the magazine from a bookstall: the price of a subscription g'rger in Britain for the 11 annually published issues is the same as the average price of 10 issues bought from a bookstall. Rates are shown on page 72. N
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POWER AMPLIFIER MODULES -TURNTABLES -D MERSLOUDSPEAKERS-19 INCH STEREO RACK AMPLIFIERS OMP MOS-FET POWER AMPLIFIERS HIGH POWER, TWO CHANNEL 19 INCH RACK
THOUSANDS PURCHASED BY PROFESSIONAL USERS
1
SUPPLIED READY BUILT AND TESTED. These modules now enjoy a world-wide reputation for quality, reliability and performance at a realistic price. Four models are available to suit the needs of the professional and hobby market i.e. Industry, Leisure, Instrumental and Hi-Fi etc. When comparing prices, NOTE that all models include toroidal power supply, integral heat sink, glass fibre P.C.B. and drive circuits to power a compatible Vu meter. All models are open and short circuit proof.
THOUSANDS OF MODULES PURCHASED BY PROFESSIONAL USERS OMP/MF 100 Mos-Fet Output power 110 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
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PRICE £40.85 + £3.50 P&P
OMP/MF 200 Mos-Fet Output power 200 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
THE RENOWNED MXF SERIES OF POWER AMPLIFIERS
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FOUR MODELS:- MXF200 (100W + 100W) MXF400 (200W + 200W) MXF600 (300W + 300W) MXF900 (450W + 450W)
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PRICE £81.75 - £5.00 P&P
OMP/MF 450 Mos-Fet Output power 450 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
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OMP X03 STEREO 3 -WAY ACTIVE CROSS -OVER
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PRICE £132.85 - £5.00 P&P OMP/MF 1000 Mos-Fet Output power 1000 watts R.M.S. into 2 ohms, 725 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz -3dB, Damping Factor >300, Slew Rate 75V/uS, T.H.D. typical 0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB, Fan Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2 Second Anti -Thump Delay. Size 422 x 300 x 125mm.
Advanced 3 -Way Stereo Active Cross -Over, housed in a 19" x 1U case Each channel has three level controls
bass, mid & top. The removable front fascia allows access to the programmable DIL switches to adjust the cross -over frequency: Bass -Mid 250/500/800Hz, Mid -Top 1 8/3/5KHz, all at 24413 per octave Bass invert switches on each bass channel. Nominal 775mV input/output Fully compatible with OMP rack amplifier and modules
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NOTE: MOS-PET MODULES ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO VERSIONS: STANDARD - INPUT SENS 500mV, BAND WIDTH 100KH3. PEC (PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT COMPATIBLE) - INPUT SENS 775mV, BAND WIDTH 50KHz. ORDER STANDARD OR PEC.
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plus cross fade, Cue Headphone Monitor. 8
Sound Effects. Useful combination of the
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Price £144.99 + £5.00 P&P
LARGE SELECTION OF SPECIALIST LOUDSPEAKERS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING CABINET FITTINGS, SPEAKER
EMINENCE:- INSTRUMENTS, P.A., DISCO, ETC
SIZE: 482 x 240 x 120mm
ALL EMINENCE UNITS 8 OHMS IMPEDANCE 8" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME8-100 GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, EXCELLENT MID, DISCO.
Join the Piezo revolution! The low dynamic mass (no voice coil) of a Piezo tweeter produces an improved RES. FREQ. 72Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 4KHz, SENS 97dB. PRICE C32.71 + C2.00 P&P transient response with a lower distortion level than ordinary dynamic tweeters. As a crossover is not required 10" 100 WATT R.M.S. MEI 0-100 GUITAR, VOCAL, KEYBOARD, DISCO, EXCELLENT MID. these units can be added to existing speaker systems of up to 100 watts (more if two are put in series. FREE RES. FRED. 71Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 7KHz, SENS97dB. PRICE £33.74 + £2.50 P&P EXPLANATORY LEAFLETS ARE SUPPLIED WITH EACH TWEETER. 10" 200 WATT R.M.S. MEIO-200 GUITAR, KEYB'D, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT HIGH POWER MID. TYPE 'A' (KSN1036A) 3" round with protective wire mesh. Ideal for RES. FREQ. 65Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3.5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE £43.47 + £2.50 P&P bookshelf and medium sized Hi-Fi apeakers. Price £4.90 + 50p P&P. 12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LE GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, DISCO, STAGE MONITOR. PRICE £35.64 + £3.50 P&P RES.FREO. 49Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 100dB. TYPE 'B' (KSN1005A) 31/2" super horn for general purpose speakers,
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TYPE 'D' (KSN1025A) 2"x6" wide dispersion horn. Upper frequency TYPE 'C
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12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LT (TWIN CONE) WIDE RESPONSE, RA., VOCAL, STAGE
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response retained extending down to mid -range (2KHz). Suitable for high quality Hi-Fi systems and quality discos. Price £9.99 50p P&P. TYPE 'E' (KSN1038A) 33/4" horn tweeter with attractive silver finish trim. Suitable for Hi-Fi monitor systems etc. Price £5.99 50p P&P. RES. FREQ. 39Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 103dB. LEVEL CONTROL Combines, on a recessed mounting plate, level control and cabinet input jack socket. 85x85mm. Price £4.10 + 50p P&P. EARBENDERS:- HI-FI, STUDIO, IN -CAR, ETC
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ALL EARBENDER UNITS 8 OHMS (Except EB8-50 a EB10-50 which are dual impedance tapped ,¢ 4 & Et ohm)
BASS, SINGLE CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND 8" 50watt EB8-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR. RES. FREQ. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 7KHz SENS 97dB. PRICE £8.90 + £2.00 P&P 10" 50WATT EBI 0-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR. RES. FREQ. 40Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS. 99dB. PRICE £13.65 - £2.50 P&P 10" I OOWATT EBI 0-100 BASS, HI-FI, STUDIO.
A new range of quality loudspeakers designed to take advantage of the latest speaker technology and enclosure designs Both models utilize studio quality
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RES. FRED. 35Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 96dB.
RES. FRED. 26Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 93dB. RES. FRED. 63Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 92dB.
PRICE 09.99 + C1.50 P&P 6',2" 6OWATT EB6-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC. RES. FRED. 38Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 94dB. PRICE C10.99 - 1.50 P&P 8" 6OWATT EB8-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MILTI-ARRAY DISCO ETC. RES. FRED. 40Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 18KHz, SENS 89dB. PRICE 012.99 + C1.50 P&P 10" 60WATT EB10-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI ARRAY DISCO ETC. RES. FRED. 35Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 12KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE C16.49 + C2.00 P&P
AbS FC 12-100WATTS (100dB) PRICE £159.00 PER PAIR ibi FC 12-200WATTS (100dB) PRICE £175.00 PER PAIR SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. £12.50 PER PAIR
OPTIONAL STANDS PRICE PER PAIR £49.00 Delivery £6.00 per pair
THREE SUPERB HIGH POWER CAR STEREO BOOSTER AMPLIFIERS 150 WATTS (75 75) Stereo, 150W Bridged Mono 250 WATTS (125 125) Stereo, 250W Bridged Mono 400 WATTS (200 200) Stereo, 400W Bridged Mono ALL POWERS INTO 4 OHMS r
r
Features: * Stereo, bridgable mono * Choice of
400W £109 95 P&P £2 00 EACH
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FULL RANGE TWIN CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND 5'4" 60WATT EB5-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
POWER RATINGS QUOTED IN WATTS RMS FOR EACH CABINET FREQUENCY RESPONSE FULL RANGE 45Hz - 20KHz
PRICES 150W C49 99 250W £99 99
PRICE £30.39
12" 100WATT EB12-100 BASS, STUDIO, HI-FI, EXCELLENT DISCO.
are fitted as standard with top hats for optional loudspeaker stands.
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PRICE £1 4.85 - C1.00 P&P FM MICRO TRANSMITTER 100.108MHz, VARICAP TUNED. COMPLETE WITH VERY SENS FET MIC, RANGE 100-300m, SIZE 56 x 46mm, SUPPLY 9V BATTERY.
PRICE 08.80
high & low level inputs * L & R level
£1.00 P&P
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controls * Remote on -off * Speaker & thermal protection
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8051 TOOLS
WINTER 1993/94
£225
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8051 BOOK
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A very good text on the 8051 architecture, programming and application. The book is supplied with free (un-supported) 113M/PC based assembler and simulator. Other tools mailable
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PHILLIPS PM5193 Programmable synthesizer/ Function Generator 0.1MHZ - 50MHZ IEEE -488. As new £1500
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The latest scanning receivers and accessories
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New section of entertainment and accessories including disco equipment, audio mixers, car
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New range of telephone equipment and accessories
Published December 1993
1617
BRUEL a 1110ER Vibration Exciter System Consisting of Exciter Control 1047: Power Amp 2708 & Exciter Body 4802 (up to 1780M - 400160
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
42
DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS (PART 1) SOME NOTES ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES The direct conversion or synchrodyne receiver was invented several decades ago, but only with the advent of modern semiconductor technology has it come into its own as a viable design alternative. Although most designs are intended for novices, and lack certain features of high-grade superheterodyne receivers, the modern direct conversion receiver (DCR) is capable of exciting performance. By Joseph J. Carr, B.Sc., MSEE Acase can be made for the assertion that the modern DCR is capable of
the sum IF or the difference IF, while rejecting the other IF, the LO and RF sig-
receivers.
determine sensitivity) and the selectivity of the receiver are accomplished at the IF
nals. Most of the gain (which helps
performing as good as many middle grade
communications
Although that assertion may seem very bold indeed, the results of my literature search and experience building several different models bears it out. While no one, least of all this author, would represent the DCR as capable of the best possible performance, modern designs are no longer in the hobbiest curiosity category. In this two-part article you will find the basic theory of operation, some of the appropriate circuits, and some of the actual designs tried on the workbench.
Basic theory of operation The DCR is similar to the superheterodyne in underlying concept: the receiver radio frequency (RF) signal is translated in frequency by nonlinear mixing with a local oscillator (LO) signal (`heterodyning'). Figure 1 shows the basic block dia-
gram for the 'front end' of both types of receiver. The mixer is a nonlinear element that combines the two signals, FRF and FLo. The output of the mixer contains a number of different frequencies that obey the relationship: Fe = m FR ± n FLO
frequency. In older receivers it was almost universally true that the difference IF frequency was selected (455 KHz and
460 KHz being very common), but in modern communications receivers either or both might be selected. For example, it is common to use a 9 -MHz IF amplifier on high frequency (HF) band shortwave Fig. 1. Block diagram of the heterodyne frequency conversion circuit that forms the basis of both the superheterodyne and direct conversion receivers (DCR). In the DCR, FL() FRP
receivers. On bands below 9 MHz, the sum IF is selected while on bands above 9 MHz the difference IF is selected. A popular combination on amateur radio receivers uses a 9 -MHz IF combined with a 5 to 5.5 -MHz variable frequency oscil-
lator. To receive the 75/80 -meter band to FRF and FLo plus the product frequencies (Fu+FL0), and (FRF FLo). The latter
(3.5 to 4.0 MHz), the sum IF is used. The same combination of LO and IF frequencies will also receive the 20 -meter (14.0
two are called sum and difference in-
to 14.4 MHz) band if the difference IF
products are certainly present, but for
(i.e., 14.0-5 = 9 MHz) is used. In a DCR, on the other hand, only the
termediate frequencies (IF). Other purposes of this discussion are regarded
difference IF frequency is used (see
as negligible. In a superheterodyne radio receiver, a
Fig. 2). Because the DCR LO operates at the same frequency as the RF carrier, or on a nearby frequency in the case of CW
tuned bandpass filter will select either
[1]
Where:
Fe is the output frequency; FRF is the frequency of the received radio signal;
FL, is the frequency produced by the
Volume Control
RF Gain Control
Mixer Input Signal Conditioning
RF
Low -Pass
AMP
Filter
local oscillator; (All frequencies in same units). m and n are integers (0; 1, 2, 3, ...). Local
All frequencies other than FRF and FLU
Oscillator
are product frequencies. In general, we are only interested in the cases where
m and n are either 0 or 1, so the output frequency spectrum of interest is limited
940015 -
I
- 12
Fig. 2. Block diagram of a generic direct conversion receiver.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS - 1
43
and SSB reception, the difference frequency represents the audio modulation of the radio signal. Amplitude modulated (AM) signals are accommodated by zero beating the LO to the radio signal signal making Fix, = FRF(carner)' Thus, only the recovered upper and lower sidebands will pass through the system, and they are at audio frequency.
Blue Pin Bead
Tr1
RF 1
4
Function
it is necessary to offset the LO frequency slightly to recover the signal. For the CW case one must select a comfortable tone using an 800 -Hz note when copying CW,
7
8
Bottom View
For CW signals (morse code on -off telegraphy), and single sideband signals,
(which is an individual preference). In my own case, I am most comfortable
5
3
0000 0 0 06 0
D2
Tr2
RF: < .1.1dBm
LO Input (+7dBm)
I
I
-
I
SBL SBL -
2,5,6,7
LO In
8
8
RF In
1
1
3,4 .
SBL - IX
I I
-
2,5,6,7
Ground
IF Out
LO: .7dBm
SRA SRA -
3,4 *
I
2,5,6,7 8
3,4 1
* Pins 3 4 to be connected together Blue bead indicates Pin 1
940015 -1-13
so will offset the LO from the RF by 800 Hz. For example, when copying a CW
signal at, say, 3650 KHz, the LO will be tuned to either 3649.2 KHz or 3650.8 KHz. In either case, the beat note
Fig. 3. Internal circuit of the SRA-1 and SBL-1 passive double balanced mixers. Inset shows pin -outs on device package.
heard in the output is 800 Hz. Single sideband (SSB) reception requires an off-
set of the order of 1.8 to 2.8 KHz for proper reception.
As was true in the superheterodyne receiver, most of the gain and selectivity
in the DCR is provided by the stages after the first mixer. While the superheterodyne uses the IF amplifier chain for this purpose, followed by second detection and audio amplification, the DCR must use only the audio amplifier chain.
Thus, it becomes necessary to provide some very high gain audio amplifiers and audio bandpass filtering in the DCR design.
One implication of DCR operation is the lack of single signal operation. Both CW and SSB signals will appear on both sides of the zero -beat point (F,F=FLo ex-
actly). While this feature can be a problem, it has at least one charming attribute on SSB reception: the DCR will receive LSB signals on one side of zero beat and USB signals on the other side of zero -beat. There have been attempts to provide single -signal reception of SSB
signals on DCRs' by using audio and VFO phasing circuits (in the manner of the phasing method of SSB generation). That approach greatly increases the complexity of the receiver, which may make other design approaches more reasonable than DCRs.2 The most basic implementation of the
DCR (Fig. 2) required only a mixer stage, a local oscillator and an audio am-
plifier. In fact, if the mixer has a high enough output signal level, and high impedance earphones are used to detect the audio, some designs can make do without the audio amplifier. These are, however,
frequency selection at the front end, the mixer is wide open with respect to frequency, and may be unable to prevent some unwanted signal, or spurious combinations of signals, from entering the receiver circuits. Some designs will include more than one style of filter. For example, a popular combination uses a
single staged tuned resonant circuit at the input of the mixer to select the RF signal to be received and a high-pass fil-
ter - with a cut-off frequency, Fe, of 2,200 KHz - which is designed to exclude AM broadcast band signals. The reason for such an arrangement is that
the AM signal may be quite intense, being of local origin, and is therefore capable of overriding the minor selectivity provided by the tuned circuit.
The RF amplifier used in the frontend is also optional, and is used to provide extra gain, and possibly some selectivity. The gain is needed to overcome losses or inherent insensitivity in the mixer design. Not all mixers require the RF amplifier, so it is frequently deleted in published designs. In general, RF amplifiers are used only in DCRs operating above 14 MHz. Below 14 MHz, signals tend to be relatively strong and man-made noise tends to be much stronger than inherent mixer noise.3
Mixer circuits The principal element in any direct conversion receiver (DCR) is the mixer. The mixer is a nonlinear circuit that exhibits changes of impedance over cyclical excur-
did not work very well. In some DCR designs, there will be optional RF input signal conditioning consisting of either a low-pass filter, high-pass filter, or bandpass filter (as ap-
sions of the input signals. When mixing linear, one signal will ride on the other as an algebraic sum, but the product frequencies are not generated. A mixer that produces product frequencies can be used either in DCRs or superheterodyne receivers. In superheterodyne receiver terminology it is common to call the
propriate) to select the desired signal or reject undesired signals. Without some
frequency translation mixer that produces the IF a first detector, and the
a rarity and the one version that I tried
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
mixer that recovers the audio modulation either a product detector or second detector, even though the same type of circuit can be used for both cases.
There are any number of mixer circuits used in radio receivers, and most of them are candidates for use in direct conversion receivers. As you will see, however, not all mixers are created equal, so some are better suited to DCR applications than others. In nearly all cases, the output circuit of the mixer will be a lowpass filter that passes audio frequencies, but not RF frequencies. Two issues seem to predominate
mixer selection: sensitivity and dynamic range. The former determines how small a signal can be detected, while
the latter determines the ratio between the minimum detectable signal and the maximum detectable signal. There are some passive mixers that produce so much loss, so much noise and require so
much signal strength to operate in the first place that they are simply not suited to DCR design unless adequate pream-
plification is provided. Such detectors can sometimes be put to good use in superheterodyne receivers because they are preceded by the gain of the front-end and the IF amplfier chains, which can be considerable. There are two issues that must be accounted for when selecting or building
the mixer element of the DCR. First, there is always the possibility of radiation of the local oscillator (LO) signal through the antenna. In order to prevent this problem, it is necessary to keep the mixer unilateral, i.e. signal flowing only in one direction. Some mixers are inherently good in this respect, while others are a bit problematical. In cases where
LO radiation might occur it is recommended that an RF amplifier be used ahead of the mixer, regardless of whether or not it is needed for purposes of improving sensitivity. The second problem that must be rec-
44
RADIO AND TELEVISION
and reverse resistance readings obtained with an ohmmeter. Although not an opti-
50 Q at the tap, while still providing tun-
scheme results in superior performance
transformer with a 10-k4 primary and a lower impedance secondary. The audio output of this circuit is quite low, despite being an active circuit, so it must be followed by considerable audio gain (80 to
ing action to select input signals. The
mal match, the resistance matching output network consists of an audio over randomly selecting the diodes. One of the most popular forms of commercial DBM is the Mini -Circuits (P.O.
Box 166, Brooklyn, NY, 11235, USA; phone 718-934-4500) SRA-series and SBL-series devices. The pin pattern for
the shielded case of these mixers is shown as an inset to Fig. 3, while the pin assignments are shown in the associated
table. Note that pin 1 is indicated by a blue bead insulator around the pin, while the other pins will have a different color. Also, on the top of the mixer case the letters `MCL' appear (which is the manufac-
turer's logo), and the 'M' is positioned directly above pin 2. These mixers are used in many published DCR designs, where they have proved an excellent
100 dB).
Considerations for good DCR designs It probably does not surprise many readers that there are some principles of good design that result in superior DCR performance. Some of these principles were
discussed by Campbell; and others4. Even relatively simple DCR designs, in-
cluding those based on the Signetics NE602 integrated circuit double bal-
choice. They are designed for 50-Q input and output impedances, so are relatively easy to match with tuned circuits and LC
modulator' and the popular LM386 audio amplifier, have proven to be very sensitive and free of hum and microphonics, even though that combination is not without critics. Dillon's design, which was tested in the laboratories of the American Radio Relay League
forms of mixer are particularly bad in this respect, while others are consider-
filters. The RF signal must be kept at +1 dBm or below, while the LO signal must be around +7 dBm. At an impedance of 50 Q, the +7-dBm signal level represents about 5 mW, or 500 mV,.,,
(ARRL), proved remarkably free of the problems often associated with simple
ably better. Theoretically any mixer can
(1.4 Vpp ).
DCR designs.6
be used for the front-end of the DCR, however, the simple halfwave rectifier diode envelope detectors are not at all
An active mixer can be built with any of several different integrated circuits, or their discrete equivalents. One approach uses analog multiplier circuits, while another uses simple differential amplifier circuits. The mixer of Fig. 4 is based on the CA -3028A differential IF/RF amplifier IC. The differential input impedance (pins 1 to 5) is of the order of 1 kQ, while the differential output impedance (pins 6 to 8) is 8 kQ. For an input circuit, there-
One method for terminating the mixer is to place a resistor -capacitor (RC) network across the IF OUT terminals of the mixer and ground (see Fig. 5). The SBL1 is designed for 50 Q input and output impedances, so the device is terminated in it characteristic impedance at RF fre-
fore, a transformer is needed that converts the antenna impedance (typically 50 Q) to 1000 Q. This transformer can
the mixer is terminated for any residual
Fig. 4.
Balanced mixer based on the CA
3028A IC device.
ognized is transmission of the RF or LO signals to the output of the mixer. Many
recommended.
Perhaps the best passive form of mixer is the double balanced mixer (DBM) of Fig. 3. This circuit provides superior suppression of the LO and RF sig-
nals in the output, leaving only the sum and difference IF frequencies. This type of mixer uses the same sort of diode ring circuit as the single balanced mixer discussed above, but adds a second transformer to the circuit for the RF signal. In
this circuit, the LO signal is driven in have a tapped primary that matches push-pull across two opposite nodes of
anced
quencies by the 51-Q resistor
(R1).
Because capacitor C1 has a value that produces a high reactance at audio frequencies (AF), and a low reactance at RF, LO and RF signal (which are absorbed by
R1), but AF is transmitted to the lowpass filter.
the diode ring, while the RF signal drives the alternate nodes in push-pull. All of these diode mixers can be made with either hot carrier diodes (preferred) or ordinary silicon small -signal or switching diodes (those in the 1N914 and
1N4148 class are suitable). In either case, performance is improved if the diodes are matched. While matching is
best done on an oscillographic curve tracer, silicon switching diodes can be crudely matched by comparing forward 100n
36 CTCS
C3
C2
hn
I=15
:10u 1n
1
NM C9 C10
T470p Tr2
270p r -C12
(values for 3.5MHz band) MAIN
TUNING
365p
120p
940015 -
Fig. 5. Block diagram of mixer output circuit used in direct conversion receivers.
I
- 16
Fig. 6. Direct conversion H.F. receiver using the NE602 and LM386 integrated circuits.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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46
RADIO AND TELEVISION
a
C4
UT1
500 18rnH
from DBM
to Audio Amplifier
RI
940015 - I -18e
b
Tuning Voltage
C8
*see text
C5 ,,.6
C4
:n
10n
:1O7 940015
I
17
AF OUTPUT
AF
Fig. 7. Direct conversion receiver based on the TDA7000 integrated circuit.
Some practical design approaches
as other designs and, like the typical
The NE602 type of DCR is relatively easy to build, and provides reasonable performance for little effort. The NE602 chip is
NE602 design, uses the internal oscillator for the variable frequency oscillator (VFO). The circuit following this frontend should be of the sort typically found
relatively easy to obtain, and for the
in the NE602 designs. This particular
most part is well behaved in circuits (i.e. it does what it is supposed to do). It has about 20 dB of conversion gain, so can help overcome some circuit losses, and
variant uses the internal operational amplifiers of the TDA7000 to provide active bandpass filtering. Figure 8a shows the passive diplexer used by Campbell'. It consists of several inductor, resistor and capacitor elements that form both low-pass and high-pass filter sections. The values of the induc-
reduces slightly the amount of gain required of the audio amplifier that follows. The NE602 can provide very good sensitivity, on the order of 0.3 µV is relatively easy to obtain, but lacks something in dynamic range. Although the specifi-
C
circuit uses the same balanced front-end
AF
E)
A MIK 100m
ALL <0113TONO TYPE 101315
100.1
100mFI
2-r I a"
an 940015
I
ISc
Fig. 8. a) Diplexer circuit used to terminate
the mixer and filter the audio; b) audio
signals up to -15 dBm, at least one
tors (L1, L2 and L3) are selected with their d.c. resistance in mind, so it is important to use the originally specified components, or their exact equivalents
source recommended a maximum signal level of -25dBm7. At higher input signal
Toko Type 1ORB inductors:
is a
sign is scaled from the 3000 Hz design.
levels, the NE602 tends to fall apart.'
181LY-392J, L2 a 181LY-273J and L3 a
Campbell claims that these filters of-
The newer NE612 is basically the same chip, but has improved dynamic range.
181LY-273J.
While I have not personally tried the newer variety, it is reputed to be a
is shown in Fig. 8b, and is an improved version of the Lewallen circuit. According to Campbell, this circuit pro-
fered a shape factor of 2.1:1, with an essentially flat passband "...with rounded corners, no ripple and no ringing." Campbell implied the use of switching, as shown in Fig. 8c, but did not actually show the circuitry. As shown here,
cations of the device allow it to accept
greatly improved device compared to the NE602.
The Dillon design shown in Fig. 6 uses the push-pull outputs of the NE602 (i.e. both pins 4 and 5), and is superior to the single -ended variety. According to Dillon, the balanced output approach improves the performance, especially in re-
preamplifier for direct conversion receiver; c) audio bandpass filters with three switch selectable bandpass characteristics.
in replicating the project. Campbell used L1
The matched 50-52 audio preamplifier
vides about 40 dB of gain, and offers a noise figure of about 5 dB. The range of input signals that it will accommodate ranges from about 10 nV to 10 mV, with-
out undue distortion. These specifications make the amplifier a good match to the DBM. Like the Lewallen circuit, the
the switching involves use of a pair of ganged SP3P rotary switches. In a short time in the future I will be working on a PIN diode switched variant for a different purpose, and see no immediate reason why it shouldn't work.
gard to AM BCB breakthrough. Also
Campbell circuit uses a grounded base
A complex DCR was designed by
helping the breakthrough problem is the use of a 47-nF capacitor across the output terminals of the NE602. Daulton takes exception to the use of
input amplifier (T,), and an active decou-
Breed, and reported in the amateur radio
pler (T2). But Campbell also adds an
literature as a direct conversion single sideband receiver.' The single sideband (SSB) mode is properly called single
the NE602 as the DCR front-end, and
which can be switched into or out of the circuit, is shown in Fig. 8c. These filters
prefers instead to use the TDA7000 chip. While functionally similar to the NE602, the TDA7000 is more complex and is said to deliver superior performance with respect to dynamic range and signal over-
load characteristics. Figure 7 shows a
DCR front-end circuit based on the TDA7000 after Daulton's design. This
emitter follower/buffer amplifier (T3).
A set of three passive audio filters,
sideband suppressed carrier amplitude modulation, for it is a variant of
are designed for termination in an im-
AM that reduces the RF carrier and one of the two AM sidebands to negligible passes are offered: 1 KHz, 3 KHz and levels. This mode is used in HF transmis4 KHz. The 4-KHz filter is a fifth order sions because it reduces the bandwidth Butterworth design, while the 3-KHz fil- required by half, and removes the carrier ter is a seventh order elliptical design that produces heterodyne squeels on the after Niewiadomskim. The 1000 Hz de - shortwave bands. pedance of 500 52. Three different band -
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
DIRECT CONVERSION RECEIVERS - I
47
receiver as well.
Several different VFO designs are used for
receiver LOs: Armstrong,
Hartley, Colpitts/Clapp and an amplitude limiting design. The first three of these circuits are recognized according to
the nature of their respective feedback networks, while the other is recognized
by the special connection of a transformer. Note that the Colpitts and Clapp
are basically the same circuit, except that the Colpitts uses a parallel tuned LC frequency setting network and a Clapp oscillator uses a series tuned LC network.
VFO circuits consist of an active element (transistor, IC, etc.) and a feedback Fig. 9. Phasing -style direct conversion receiver for improved single sideband reception.
network that must meet the Bark-
hausen criteria for feedback oscillaThere are two methods for generating SSB. The most common today uses a dou-
ble balanced modulator to combine a fixed carrier and the audio signal to produce a double sideband suppressed carrier output signal; the unneeded
sideband is then removed by filtering. The older and more complex variant uses
a phasing method of SSB generation. Breed uses the inverse process to demod-
ulate SSB signals in a clever, but complex, receiver design (Fig. 9). This circuit
splits the incoming RF signal into two components and then feeds them both to
separate mixers. These mixers are driven 90 degrees out of phase by a VFO that produces -45° and +45° outputs. The respective outputs of the mixers are amplified and then fed to bilateral 90° audio phase shift networks where they are recombined. The output of the phase shift network is filtered in a low-pass filter and bandpass filter, to provide the recovered modulation.
Audio circuits The audio chain in the direct conversion
receiver tends to be very high gain in order to compensate for the low output levels usually found on the mixer circuits. The principal job of the audio amplifier is to increase the signal level by
an amount that will create a comfortable
tors: 1) the loop gain of the circuit must be unity or greater, and 2) the feedback
listening level, while also tailoring the must be in -phase with the amplifier bandpass characteristics of the overall input signal. In most circuits, there is receiver to limit noise and other arti- 180 degrees of phase inversion between facts. Although any number of discrete input and output, so the feedback netand integrated circuit (IC) circuits are work must provide an additional 180 desuitable, most designers today tend to grees at the desired frequency of use the IC versions. Figure 10 shows a oscillation. In practical terms, for HF simple LM -386 design, while the pub- VFO circuits these criteria result in a lished literature shows many other de- need for a gain -bandwidth product (F,) in signs as well." a bipolar transistor of 250 MHz or more The LM386 design of Fig. 10 is the and a gain (H,) greater than ten. The single -ended configuration for the high F, prevents unplanned phase LM386 low -power audio stage. This IC device contains both preamplifiers and
changes at higher frequencies within the VFO range. For field effect transistors a
power amplifiers for a nominal output
transconductance of 2,000 siemens or
power of 250 mW. The LM386 series of audio power ICs are easy to use, but because of the high gain needed will oscillate if layout is not correct, or if grounding is not proper. There are two basic circuit configurations for the
more is usually required. In this article I have somewhat arbitrarily selected the
LM386. The differential version was shown in Fig. 6 (Dillon's design), while Fig. 10 shows the more common single ended design. The gain of the circuit can be either 46 dB (x200) when capacitor C2 is used, or 26 dB (x20) when C2 is deleted (leave pins 1 and 8 open -circuited).
Local oscillator circuits The local oscillator (LO) for a continuously tunable receiver of any description is basically a variable frequency oscillator (VFO). Although higher grade re-
Fig. 11. Hartley VFO circuit.
ceivers today typically use frequency synthesis techniques for generating the LO signal, the standard inductor -capacitor (LC) controlled VFO still has appeal for less complex receivers. The VFO used for the LO in receivers is pretty much the
same as the VFO in transmitters, so
)1,5
50011
C2
transmitter VFOs are frequently used. There are some cases, however, where a receiver LO has at least one specification
that is more rigid than the transmitter equivalent: many receivers have a requirement for low FM phase noise. In the Fig. 10. Audio stage based on the LM386 audio integrated circuit.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
main, however, amateur radio applications of direct conversion receivers typically use the transmitter VFO for the
Fig. 12. Colpitts VFO circuit.
48
RADIO AND TELEVISION
ing feedback. The oscillating frequency is set by L1 -C1, although the effects of C2,
C3 -C4 and the gate capacitance of the
In the second and final part of this article we will look at some practical designs of direct conversion receivers.
JFET must also be considered. Figure 13 shows a VFO circuit that uses the transformer core to provide output amplitude stability with a low -noise operation.12 The inductor, which not only
Notes and references:
1. Gary A. Breed, 'A new breed of receiver', QST, January 1988, pp. 16-23.
2. The ARRL Handbook for the Radio helps control frequency but also limits Amateur - Sixty-fifth edition, American amplitude variations, is wound on an Radio Relay League (Newington, CT, Amidon T-68-6 toroidal core. The main USA, 1988). coil (L1) consists of 17 turns of #26 AWG 3. Rick Campbell, KK7B, 'High perforwire, and is tapped at 1 turn for the base mance Direct -Conversion Receivers',
of T1. A feedback coil consists of 2 turns of the same wire on the same form.
Oscillator stability Local oscillator stability is always impor-
tant, but a case can made that it is more so in DCR receivers. Several factors are involved in VFO stability, and if these Fig. 13. Low -noise HF VFO circuit. guidelines are followed result in a stable oscillator more often than not.13 Some junction field effect transistor (JFET) of guidelines that will result in a more stathe MPF102 class to serve in the circuit ble VFO are:
illustrations. In addition, because the NE602 is so popular amongst DCR builders I have also included the three
Avoid excessive temperatures in the oscillator. Also avoid wide variation in temperature. Use only as much feedback as needed to ensure quick starting of the oscillator. Use an output buffer amplifier to iso-
principle forms of oscillator circuit used
with that chip: Hartley, Colpitts and Clapp.
shows a Hartley oscillator circuit. This type of oscillator is identiFigure 11
fied by use of a tapped inductor in the frequency setting network as part of the feedback network. The source of the
signal. The top end of the coil is connected to the resonating capacitor and then to the gate of the JFET. Output can be taken from the drain, gate, or source terminals of the JFET, as well as from either a special tap on L1 or a second winding on the same core as L1. It is common practice to use a small value capacitor at
the source terminal for output so as to lightly load the oscillator. The normal
ideal is to have a capacitance that is large enough to permit fast starting every time the circuit is turned on, but small enough to not seriously load the LC network.
The tuned circuit that sets operating
>>.
'The Beophyte Dillon, WA3RNC, Receiver', QST February 1988, pp. 14-18.
5. Micheal A. Covington, 'Single -chip Frequency Converter', Radio Electronics April 1990, pp. 49-52; Joseph J. Carr, 'NE602 Primer', Elektor Electronics January 1992, pp. 20-25. 6. Ibid. (Dillon). 7. Ibid. (Covington). 8. Ibid. (Daulton). 9. Ibid. (Campbell). 10. S. Niewiadomski, 'Passive Audio Filter Design' Ham Radio September
1985, pp. 17-30; cited in Campbell (opcit.).
the external load.
11. Ray Marston, 'Audio Amplifier ICs', Radio -Electronics. April 1990, pp. 53-57.
serves only the oscillator device (but
See also the National Semiconductor
not the buffer amplifier). Rigidly mount the frequency determining capacitors and inductors. Prefer air core inductors over ferrite or
Linear Data Books, or the data books of other major IC manufacturers for applications information and device data. 12. From an article by L. Gunn, K7HFD, discussed and cited in W. Hayward and D. DeMaw, Solid -State Design for the Radio Amateur, American Radio Relay
powdered iron core inductors; prefer slug -tuned coils over toroids.
Trimmer and main tuning capacitors should be air dielectric types, rather than mica or other materials. Small capacitors in the frequency determining network, or used as coupling
League (Newington, CT, USA, 1977). 13.
These criteria were developed from
W. Hayward and D. DeMaw, Solid -State Design for the Radio Amateur (op-cit.).
from the frequency determining network, should be zero temperature coefficient types (NPO disk ceramics preferred).
Lightly load the frequency determining LC network by using a small capac-
frequency consists of L1 and C1, with L1
itance (1-10 pF) between the tank
being tapped for feedback purposes. In most cases, the tap is between 20 and 40 percent of the total inductance. The coupling capacitor between the LC network and the JFET is a very small value so as to prevent loading. The diode in Fig. 11 is used to provide a limitation on ampli-
circuit and the gate or base of the oscillator transistor.
tude variations. This diode is a small signal silicon diode of the 1N914 or 1N4148
tuning voltage supply that is regulated by a varactor controller device such as
class.
the MVS-460-2/ZTK33B.
shows the Colpitts VFO circuit. This circuit can be configured with a series resonant circuit, in which case it is called a Clapp oscillator. Both types of oscillator are identified by the tapped capacitor voltage divider provid-
40 and 80 meters', 73 Amateur Radio Today August 1992, pp.30-34; John
late the VFO circuit from changes in
Use an IC voltage regulator that
JFET is connected to ground through the tap, so its current becomes the feedback
QST August 1992, pp. 19-28. Roy W. Lewallen, W7EL, 'An Optimized QRP Transceiver', QST August 1980, pp. 14-19; Paul G. Daulton, K5WMS, 'The explorer: HF Receiver for 4.
If an air variable capacitor is used for the main tuning control, then it should be a double bearing model. If a varactor diode is used for the main
tuning control, then it should use a
Figure 12
These guidelines are neither exhaustive
nor absolute, but following them as closely as possible will result in a superior VFO stability. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
49
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17
b.'
8
e
ft
3,
e
3,60
3
b
Access
50
MINI I/O CARD FOR CASIO FX850/880P A marked difference between large and small computers is the number of possibilities available for communication with peripheral devices. In particular pocket-size personal computers, like the Casio FX850/880P, could do with a few communication extensions. The I/O extension card described in this article adds an RS232 interface and a parallel printer port to the Casio FX850/880 pocket computer. Design by M. Flinrich (hardware) and G.J. Klasens (software) eliminated by the internal protection
OVER the past few decades, calcu-
circuit contained in the gates. The parallel port extension for the printer consists of a latch, ICs, and six logic gates. Gates IC la and IC ib invert
lators have evolved from simple slide rules to fairly powerful miniature
computers. This trend is typified by, among others, the change from a sim-
the WE and CS signal respectively, whereupon IC2b combines these signals into a strobe pulse for the latch.
ple one -row LED display on those early
machines to an extensive graphics
LCD screen on some of the most recent models.
The latch serves to store the eight dataline levels needed for the printer.
Likewise, the possibilities to pro-
gram the calculator have gone through
In addition to the data, the printer
gramming a calculator was restricted to typing long strings of primitive calculation instructions. What were then called advanced machines were capable of storing these instructions on a magnetic tape, which prevented the
Construction
many changes. Until recently, pro-
needs three control signals: STROBE, BUSY and INIT. Three buffers, IC2a, IC2c and IC2d, enable the PC and the Casio to exchange these signals as required.
`program' from being lost when the calculator was switched off.
To make the construction of the interface easier, a printed circuit board was
That has all changed with the ar-
designed. The artwork is given in
rival of higher programming languages like BASIC, Pascal and C. Further, the
programs are now stored in non-
volatile memories (usually static CMOS RAMs). There are even pocket
computers around with a memory of more than 4 MByte.
a 4049, IC lc and ICid, are responsible for the buffering of the two serial signals, TxD (transmit) and RxD (receive) on the Casio extension connector. The zener diode connected across the output of the TxD driver, IC1c, is a protec-
Not surprisingly, users have an increasing need of 'connectivity', i.e, being able to link their pocket com- tive device, which starts to conduct puter to other equipment, including a when the output level of the driver be'normal' PC. Entering and editing pro- comes too high, for instance, as a regrams using the miniature keyboard sult of a supply voltage increase. Since on the pocket computer is far less convenient than on the normal PC. Consequently, many users would like
to have a serial interface that allows data to be exchanged between the PC and the pocket computer. Likewise, a printer port is useful in many cases, particularly if hard copy of calculation
results is required. Fortunately, the Casio FX850/880P has an extension
regulator on to the board, paying due attention to the polarity of these devices. Finally, mount the three digital ICs.
The connector is likely to be a real
protection diodes in the gate is limited, and the voltage level cannot rise above 5.6 V. This prevents peripheral equipment connected to the computer from
knowledge, not available as a standard
being damaged. Conversely, resistor
R2 ensures that the TxD output is
port.
output of another device.
The circuit
The input buffer, ICid, is also protected. Negative voltages at the input
card, Fig. 1, shows that two gates from
Next, mount the diodes and the voltage
a resistor, the current through the problem, because it is, to the authors'
to implement a serial and a parallel
The circuit diagram of the extension
and the other passive components.
the output stage of the driver contains
short-circuit resistant. Furthermore, the current through the zener diode is automatically limited should the output be accidentally connected to the
connector which has all signals needed
Fig. 2. Unfortunately, this board is not available ready-made through our Readers Services. Start the construction by fitting the six wire links, the two sub -D connectors (Ki and K2), the pinheader (K3),
are blocked by diode D2, while resistor R3 serves to establish a 0-V reference
level. High input voltage levels are
component. The only way of getting hold of it is to salvage it from a faulty interface or another electronic device, or to order it as a spare part. A further alternative could be an SMA (surface mount assembly) connector salvaged
from a piece of electronic surplus. These connectors usually have the same raster. Real hobbyists, however, should have a go at making their own
connector by inserting a number of stiff wires, or thin needles, into the connector openings. Next, a small piece of thin plastic sheet is inserted between the two pin rows for isolation. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
MINI I/O CARD FOR CASIO FX850/880P
r
CENTRONICS INTERFACE STROBE
I
2&;&
1
into a solid whole.
3
5V
IC2a
Once the board is complete and inserted into the Casio extension con-
O
nector, it is time to connect it to a
R1
IC2c
K3
1_0 3_0
\D4 \D5 \D6 \D7
K1 6
9
10
11
0...LI2
12
02
INIT
17
18
INIT
19
20
21
0 0 22 024
TxD
\D7 \D6
D3/ D2/ D1/
00/
026
IC1a
28 WE
WE
2
3 1
CS
29
25
10_0 0 0 9
23
Software
BUSY' 11
IC3
16
,_,
12_0
13
14
25_0 27_0
IC2d
BUSY
13_0 15_0
23
mains adapter (8-15 VDC output), and start using it.
INIT 10
5-0 0 7_0 RxD
BUSY
02
30
2
v
113
19
D7'
4
17
06'
8
\ D5
6
15
05'
7
\D4 \D3 \D2 \ DI
8
3
4'
9
12
DT
5
7
14
132'
4
16
D1'
3
\0O
3
18
DO'
4
Num
1n
IC1b CS
0 oiL. 0 oiL.
have just added. The serial port is de-
0 0;ji___ 0 0.15
scribed as COMO in CASIO BASIC. The
commands that can make use of
0 014
COMO are OPEN, CLOSE, PRINT#, INPUT#, SAVE and LOAD. The para-
C1
EN
IC2b
5
meters that may be used with these
74HC573
commands are listed in the user man-
i
J
5V
SERIAL INTERFACE
ICU 16
.."........
1_0
CEO
IC1d D2
RxD 1009 Ot
I I
0
TxD
2
RxD
0 0.2
3
0
8
-0 0_8_0 4
14 R3
I
0
K2
R2
7
I
via the serial and parallel ports you
0(:)7_
r TxD
has built-in software protocols to support communication with peripherals
0 cgiL.
L
!Cie
Fortunately, the Casio FX850/880P
02L.
STROBE
&
8
Casio Connector
I
9
1N4148
556
0
J
5V
IC4
8...15V
7805
IC1 = 4049 C3
IC1
100p 505
A few drops of epoxy resin are then sufficient to turn these components
22p
IC2
16V
ual.
Diskette 1921 which is available
through our Readers Services contains
the program 'Casio", which arranges the serial data traffic between a Casio computer and an MS-DOS PC. This program is invaluable for exchanging data between the Casio and the hard disk in the PC. By virtue of its clear structure and built-in Help function, the program is readily used, even without a manual. The printer port may be enabled by selecting Mode 7 on the Casio (`enable
printer'). Further, all BASIC instructions that have to do with the printer, like LLIST and LPRINT, make use of
IC2 = 74HC08
IC3 100n
930090
11
the parallel port.
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the mini I/O interface for the Casio FX850/880P pocket computer.
Resistors: 2 4741 1 4700
R1;R3 R2
Capacitors: 3 1 1
100nF 10011F 50V radial 2211F 16V radial
C1;C2;C3 C4 C5
Semiconductors: 1 1
1 1 1 1
5V6 0.4W zener diode 1N4148 4049 74HC08 74HC573 7805
D1
D2 1C1
1C2
1C3 1C4
Miscellaneous: 1
25 -way sub -D socket,
angled pins, PCB mounting 1
9 -way sub -D socket,
1
angled pins, PCB mounting 30 -way 2 -row pin header Diskette 1921 (see page 70)
1
Fig. 2. Artwork of the PCB designed for the interface (PCB not available ready-made). ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
K1
K2 K3
aim
DX TELEVISI N
1:
011
A two -monthly column by Keith Hamer and Garry Smith
OCTOBER was a vast improvement on the previous month for reception with a relatively high number of sporadic -E openings for the same year, with
activity on at least nine days. Signals were mostly from Spain, Italy and
gramme region, notably Haardtkopf (channel E55) and Ahrweiler (E56), and also their respective ZDF channels. Several enthusiasts saw the new Dutch station `ZH-TV' on channel E49 showing colour bars with identification.
Portugal with strong, stable pictures of The station is still undergoing experimental tests. excellent quality at times. On October 31st, Bob Brooks (South Towards the end of the month, intense
tropospheric activity dominated the scene, producing spectacular DX recep-
tion in Band III and at UHF. Signals were identified from as far away as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden. Both bands were virtually choc-a-bloc over a period of several days; the opening lasted into the first few days of November. The remainder of November was fairly mundane with only a handful of sporadic -E signals, mainly from Spain and Portugal. However, an unexpected tropospheric opening occurred on the 18th with a deluge of signals from transmitters as far away as Poland and Finland.
Reception reports
is sometimes Regional identification incorporated. The service operates mainly at
UHF, but reception in the United Kingdom the right
could be possible given atmospheric conditions.
and recent examination clearly shows
Garry Smith logged many German stations from regions such as WDR-1 on channels E9 and Ell; West -3 E48 and E55; NDR-1 E11, E43, E50 and E53; NDR-3 E47; WDR-3 E48; RB-1 (Radio Bremen) E22; ZDF E21, E26, E34 and E35; MDR -3 E31 (Inselberg). On the
Canadian TV's maple leaf emblem in the background of a game show. The likeliest transmitter is CKCW-TV located at Moncton, New Brunswick with an ERP of
same day, the Swedish TV4 network was
resolved on channel E50 by Andrew
04.10.93: An early afternoon sporadic -E opening with Spain, Portugal and
Jackson.
Norway.
November 1st and 2nd brought in many more German stations. Andrew
07.10.93: Denmark E3; Norway E2 and
Jackson caught Bayerischer Rundfunk showing the FuBK test card with the transmitter identification `Dillberg' on channel E6, and `Buttelberg' on E55. There were also relays of SAT -1 E42,
E3 and E4; Spain TVE-2 E2; Italy IA;
VOX E39, and RTL+ present on channels
mented that the tropospheric opening
E35 and E36. Bob Brooks noted the
`seemed to go on for ever'. Several 'firsts'
Jackson (Birkenhead)
Finnish 3rd network FuBK test pattern.
Wirral), Andrew Jackson, Tim Tebbs and
com-
Andrew
_num gin
56 kW.
Log for October
E4; Italy IA. 08.10.93: Italy IA. 15.10.93: Denmark E3; Spain TVE-1 E2,
Portugal E3.
18.10.93: Netherlands at UHF via tropospheric reception. 19.10.93: Norway E3; Sweden E3; Italy
Swiss test card on channel E6 from the
were notched up, including a host of
transmitter atop the Rigi during the
IA and IB; CIS R1 and R2; Poland R1; Slovakia R2; Switzerland E2; Germany
Danish and Swedish transmitters, in addition to several unusual ones from deepest Germany. The best reception was on
opening on the 2nd sporting the `+PTT
E2.
SRG-1' identification. The unexpected tropospheric opening on the 18th produced several rare catches for Simon Hamer (New Radnor). These included Polish TVP-1 signals on
20.10.93 - 02.11.93: Tropospheric recep-
November 1st and 2nd, with a host of German stations broadcasting test cards, making regional identification relatively easy.
On the 27th, Andrew identified transmissions from the Danish DR network on channels E7, E10 and E31, plus the TV -2 service on channels E22, E26, E27, E30, E35, E40, E48, E56 and E58. During the same opening, the Swedish transmitter
at Halmstad was received on channel E24. All in all, it was quite a remarkable catch considering that the Pennines were in the reception path! The 28th produced many unusual German ARD-1 stations in Band III. Stephen Michie (Bristol), Garry Smith (Derby) and Tim Tebbs (New Romney) all report high-level colour signals from var-
ious Dutch stations on the 29th. Further afield, various German regional broad-
casts were identified during the same opening,
including WDR-1,
West -3,
NDR-1 and MDR -3.
On the 30th, Tim Tebbs received German transmitters from the SWF pro-
channel R8 from either the Bialystok or Katowice transmitter, plus the YLE-1 test card from the Espoo transmitter in Finland on channel E6. This is the first ever report of this transmitter being re-
tion in Band III and at UHF included: Spain, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Eire.
Log for November
ceived in the United Kingdom. Other
06.11.93: Sporadic -E signals from Spain, Portugal, Corsica and Italy between 1130 and 1400 UTC.
goodies, although Simon has been receiving these fairly regularly, include
18.11.93: Intense tropospheric activity included Poland, Finland, Sweden,
Norway's 2nd network on channel E12, and the Swedish 4th network on channel
Norway,
E50.
Belgium.
Keith Greenwell (Luton) identified Spanish stations at UHF during the late
Receiving alternative ITV
Denmark,
Germany,
Eire,
France, Netherlands, Luxembourg and
October tropospherics. During the same regions opening, scores of French stations were noted, including relays of ARTE at UHF. Over the years, the subject of receiving There were at least four instances of an alternative ITV region has cropped transatlantic TV reception via sporadic - up, sometimes out of curiosity. For inE throughout the 1993 sporadic -E sea- stance, in many parts of Derby, son, but the precise source of the signals, Yorkshire TV from Belmont on channel on channel A2, could not be identified at 25 is available as an alternative ITV rethe time. Fortunately, Peter Chalkley gion with good quality colour, but only a (Luton) recorded some of his reception, handful of potential viewers realize it. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
DX TELEVISION
One problem is, of course, that aerial riggers are reluctant to recommend, or experiment with, an installation which
500 W), and the SFB Broadcasting House (approx. 5 W). On channel R59 (400 W) Telekom are testing four digital TV signals (Videnet) which occupy the bandwidth of only one
may only produce mediocre or varying re-
sults. Despite the technical difficulties involved, most viewers seem to expect
normal TV channel. over the coming months, there will be many more additional tests emerging. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: The following transmitters have been assigned for the first private TV network to oper-
perfect results or none at all! Richard Irving (Holt, Wiltshire) ques-
tions the possibility of receiving good colour reception from the Crystal Palace transmitter on channel 23 at his location
east of Bristol. Unfortunately it is unlikely because under normal reception conditions, high -power TV signals can only be successfully received up to approximately 50-60 miles from the transmitter. As DX -TV enthusiasts know, atmospheric bending can increase this range, but it all depends on the prevailing conditions. With a high -gain aerial and an amplifier, it may be possible to pick up very weak traces of a signal in excess of this distance under 'flat' conditions, but these would not provide 'entertainment' quality viewing. Only when the signal improves would this be possible. In Derby, Channel 4 from the Crystal
Palace outlet is detectable, but signals are very weak and fluttery; turning the aerials to the east produces very weak signals from the Lopik transmitter in the
Netherlands. This is using a standard 18 -element Group A aerial raised to about 10 m, and fitted with a 'Supreme' low -noise amplifier.
When conditions are good, the signals come up in colour, but reception is unpredictable. Signals from Tyne Tees TV (Bilsdale channel 29),
Border TV (Caldbeck channel 28) and Anglia TV (Sandy Heath channel 24) were detectable (in the case of Anglia TV,
in colour) before several local relays came on -air.
For anyone wishing to assess alternative ITV reception at their particular lo-
cation, it is best to obtain a copy of a transmitter list such as the handouts supplied by the BBC, etc., with all four channels listed. The closest transmitter will not always provide the best results. Particular attention should be given to
any local topographical features, and also watch out for local and semi -local re-
lays sharing the same group of channels. If there are signs of an alternative region on the existing aerial, then success may be assured using a dedicated array fitted with an amplifier. For general ex-
perimentation, a wideband aerial is a worthwhile choice because it will respond to the whole of the UHF spectrum.
Service information Netherlands: The Nozema has plans for
an encrypted pay -TV service on the NED-1 and NED-2 networks during the night between 0200 and 0700 local time. This will mean that all the Dutch transmitters will be on -air 24 hours a day. ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
ate in the region: Marlow E43; Bergen Part of the Finnish MTV -3 opening sequence.
Spain: There are changes to the identifi-
cation on the GTE test card shown via the 1st network. Instead of `tve' in large letters in the upper half of the pattern, a stylised '1' inside a rectangular outline is shown.
Portugal: The first programme of RTP is now called 'CANAL 1'. The logo in the
left-hand corner is 'Cr with a miniature globe inside the letter 'C'. The second programme is called `TV2', and there is also a logo in the top left-hand corner of the picture.
The unidentified transmissions received on channel E2 this season (with zero offset frequency) originate from a new TV2 transmitter, the ERP and location of which are, at present, unknown. Czech Republic: All transmitters oper-
E57; Schwerin E41 and Zussow E55. All transmitters have an ERP of 100 kW. Various companies have applied to operate the network. These include BabelHilm and Video GmbH, MVTV-Regional Fernseh GmbH i.G.; Pro -7; Rilgen-TV; SAT -1 and Television MecklenburgVorpommern GmbH. Niedersachen: Telekom has a new TV tower in north-western Hannover. The 1 kW transmitter on channel E28 is radiating the FuBK test pattern on weekdays.
Hamburg: Channel E34 is assigned for a new local TV station.
Switzerland: The opening of `S -Plus' from Geneva (E38) and Montreux (Mt. Pelerin E52) has been delayed. `Telecine TCR' on channel E96 ceased operation on
17.09.93 with `S -Plus' taking over the channel on the same day.
All three networks come on air at 0600 UTC with Euronews, the sound channel being in French, German or
ating on channel R4 are to be closed Italian depending on the network. It can down and transferred to UHF channel also be heard in Spanish and English by R55 by the end of 1994.
viewers with stereo receivers by switch-
Germany: A satellite channel dedicated to travel is due to be launched later this year. The broadcasts will be via Eutelsat, and the services will be called 'Reise-TV' (Travel -TV). The broadcasts will originate from outside Germany because the programmes are regarded as advertising. The following information concerns
ing to the second intercarrier sound
various German TV regions:
However, Euronews is already running into financial difficulties with huge losses incurred for 1993. Most of the financial resources for the service, which is also distributed by cable, are believed to come from Swiss banks with the sup-
Bayern: New transmitters assigned for `Deutsches Sportfernsehen' (DSF) are as follows: Munchen channel E37; Regensburg E38, Neu -Ulm E48; Ansbach E49 and Bamberg E54. A local TV service called `TV Weil3-blau' (TV White blue) commenced on 01.09.93 in Munich
using channel E51. Transmissions are between 1200-0100, local time. Text pages with local information are shown outside these times. Berlin/Brandenburg: The regional service '1A Brandenburg' commenced last November via the transmitter at BerlinAlexanderplatz on channel E5 with 100 kW ERP.
In Berlin there are several experimental broadcasts currently undergoing tests. On 200 MHz (Band III) and also on
107.5 MHz (FM radio band) there is a music programme using DAB (digital audio broadcasting). On channels E47 and E49 there are transmissions using the new PAL -Plus system; these originate from Alexanderplatz (approx.
channel as follows:
DRS Net. CH1 in German, CH2 in Spanish;
SSR Net. CH1 in French, CH2 in English;
TSI Net. Chl in Italian, CH2 in French.
port of SSR and SRG which are both shareholders.
Scandinavia: There are plans to introduce a terrestrial channel which can be received 'all over Scandinavia'. Tele-X, as it may be known, could be a joint venture between Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
This month's service information was kindly supplied by Gosta van der Linden and the Benelux DX Club, Netherlands; Reflexion, Germany; Pertti Salonen, Finland; Roger Bunney, UK; Garry Smith, UK; Thomas Pahlke, Germany; Bernd Trutenau, Lithuania.
Please send any news about DX -TV in your part of the world to Keith Hamer, 7 Epping Close, Derby DE3 4HR, England.
54
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device for C64's 4 times faster than disc drives, 10 times faster than tapes. Complete unit just £12 REF:MAG12P1
printhead, platen, cables, stepper motors etc. Everything bar the electronics and case. Good stnpper!! Clearance price just £5 REF: MAG5 or 2
for £8 REF: MAG8 VIEWDATA SYSTEMS Brandnew units made by TANDATA complete with 1200/75 built in modem, infra red remote controlled keyboard. BT approved, Prestel compatible, Centronice printer port, RGB colour and composite output (works with any TV) complete with power supply and fully cased. Price is just £20 REF: MAG20 Also some customer returned units available at £10 each REF: MAG10 PPC MODEM CARDS. These are high spec plug in cards made for the Amstrad laptop computers. 2400 baud dial up unit complete with leads. Clearance price is £5 REF: MAG5P1
INFRA RED REMOTE CONTROLLERSOnginaiiymadetor hi spec satellite equipment but perfect for all sorts of remote control projects. Our clearance price is just £2 REF: MAG2
TOWERS INTERNATIONAL TRANSISTOR GUIDE. A very useful book for finding equivalent transistors, leadouts, specs etc. E20 REF: MAG20P1
SINCLAIRC6 MOTORS We have a few left without gearboxes. These are 12v DC 3,300 rpm 6"x4', 1/4'OP shaft. £25 REF: MAG25
UNIVERSAL SPEED CONTROLLER KIT Designed by us for the above motor but suitable for any 12v motor up to 30A. Complete with PCB etc. A heat sink may be required. £17.00 REF: MAG17
VIDEO SENDER UNIT. Transmits both audio and video signals from either a video camera, video recorder, TV or Computer etc to any standard TV set in a 100' range! (tune TV to a spare channel) 12v DC op. Price isE15 REF: MAG15 12vpsu is£5 extra REF: MAG5P2
*FM CORDLESS MICROPHONE Small hand held unit with a 500' range! 2 transmit power levels. Reqs PP3 9v battery. Tuneable
to any FM receiver. Price is £15 REF: MAG15P1
LOW COST WALKIE TALKIES Pair of battery operated units
SCHOOL STRIPPERS We have quite a few of the above
MASSIVE WAREHOUSE CLEARANCE
FANTASTIC £20.00 REDUCTION REFURBISHED PC BASE UNITS
COMPLETE WITH KEYBOARD
HEADPHONES 16P These are ex Virgin Mantic. You can have
8 pairs for £2 REF: MAG2P8 PROXIMITY SENSORS These are small PCB's with what look like a source and sensor LED on one end and lots of components on the rest of the PCB. Complete with fly leads. Pa* of 5£3 REF: MAG:
3P5 or 20 for £8 REF: MAG8P4 FIBRE OPTIC CABLE Made for Hewlett Packard so pretty good stuff! you can have any length you want (min5m) first 5m £7 REF: MAG7 thereafter £1 a metre (ie 20m is E22). REF: MAGI Max length 250m.
FROM ONLY £29.00
SNOOPERS EAR? Originall made to clip over the earpiece of
AMSTRAD 1512 BASE UNITS
telephone to amplify the sound -it also works quite well on the cable running along the wall! Price is E5 REF: MAG5P7
GUARANTEED PERFECT WORKING ORDER. A LOW COST INTRODUCTION TO 1HE HOME COMPUTER MARKET.
AMSTRAD 1512SD 1512 BASE UNIT, 5.25" FLOPPY DRIVE AND KEYBOARD. ALL YOU NEED IS A MONITOR AND
DOS PACKS Microsoft version 3.3 or higher complete with all manuals or price just £5 REF: MAG5P8 Worth it just for the very comprehensive manual! 5.25' only.
DOS PACK Microsoft version 50riginal software but no manuals hence only £3 REF: MAG3P6 5.25' only. FOREIGN DOS 3.3-Gennan,French,italian etc £2 a pack with manual. 5.25' only. REF:MAG2P9
MONO VGA MONITOR Made by Amstrad, refurbished E49 REF: MAG49
CTM 644 COLOURMONITOR. Made to workwith the CPC464 home computer. Standard RGB input so will work with othermachi nes.
POWER SUPPLY. WAS £49.00
NOW ONLY £29.00
with a range of about 200'. Ideal for garden use or as an educational toy. Price is £8 a pair REF: MAG 8P1 2 x PP3 req'd.
REF: MA G29
*MINATURE RADIO TRANSCEIVERS A pair of walkie
AMSTRAD 1512DD
talkies with a range of up to 2 kilometres in open country. Units
units which are 'returns' as they are quite comprehensive units they could be used for other projects etc. Let us know how many you need at just 50p a unit (minimum 10).
Refurbished £59.00 REF:MAG59
JUST A SMALL SELCTION of what we have -to see more get our 1994 catalogue (42p stamp) or call in Mon -Sat 9-5.30
HAND HELD TONE DIALLERS Ideal for the control of the Response 200 and 400 machines. £5 REF:MAG5P9
PIR DETECTOR Made byfamous UK alarm manufacturerthese
req'd. £30.00 pair REF: MAG30 .
1512 BASE UNIT AND KEYBOARD AND TWO 5.25" 360K DRIVES . ALL YOU NEED IS A MONITOR
COMPOSITE VIDEO KIT. Converts composite video into
AND POWER SUPPLY WAS £59.00
WINDUP SOLAR POWERED RADIO AM/FM radio com-
measure 22x52(155mm. Complete with cases and earpieces. 2x PP3
separate H sync, V sync, and video. 12v DC operation. £800 REF: MAG8P2.
LQ3600 PRINTER ASS EM BLIES Made by Amstrad they are
NOW ONLY £39.00 REF: MAG39
plete with hand charger and solar panel! £14 REF: MAG14P1
COMMODORE 64 Customer returns but ok for spares etc £12 REF: MAG12P2 Tested and working units are £69.00 REF: MAG69
entire mechanical printer assemblies including printhead, stepper
COMMODORE 64 TAPE DRIVES Customer returns at £4
motors etc etc In fact everything ba r the case and electronics, a good
stripped £5 REF: MAG5P3 or 2 for £8 REF: MAG8P3 PHILIPS LASER 2MW helium neon tube. Brand new full spec £40 REF MAG40. Mains power supply kit £20 REF: MAG20P2. Fully built and tested unit £75 REF: MAG 75. SPEAKER WIRE Brown two core, 100 foot hank £2
are hi spec, long range intemal units. 12v operation. Slight marks on case and unboxed (although brand new) £8 REF: MAG8P5
SOLAR POWER PANELS
REF: MAG4P9 Fullytested and working units a re E12 REF: MAG12P5
COMPUTER TERMINALS complete with screen, keyboard and RS232 input/output. Ex equipment. Price is £27 REF: MAG27
3FT X 1FT 10WATT GLASS PANELS
MAINS CABLES These are 2 core standard black 2 metre mains cables fitted with a 13A plug on one end, cable the other. Ideal for
14.5v/700mA
projects, low cost manufacturing etc. Pack of 10 forE3 REF: MAG3P8
JUG KETTLE ELEMENTS good general purpose heating
NOW AVAILABLE BY MAIL ORDER
SURFACE MOUNT STRIPPER Originally made as some
element (about 21(w) ideal for allsorts of heating projects etc. 2 for £3 REF: MAG3
£33.95
REF: MAG2P1
LED PACK of 100 standard red 5mm leds E5 REF' MAG5P4
UNIVERSAL PC POWER SUPPLY complete with flyleads, switch, fan etc. Two types available 150nei at E15 REF:MAG15P2 (23x23x23mm) and 200w at £20 REF: MAG20P3 (23x23x23mm)
OZONE FRIENDLY LATEX 250m1 bottle of liquid rubber, sets in 2 hours Ideal for mounting PCB's, fixing wires etc £2 each REF MAG2P2 *FM TRANSMITTERhoused in a standard working 13A adapted! the bug runs directly off the mains so lasts forever! why pay E700? or pace is £26 REF' MAG26 Transmits to any FM radio.
(PLUS SZOO SPECIAL PACKAGING CHARGE)
TOP QUALITY AMORPHOUS SILICON CELLS HAVE ALMOST A TIMELESS LIFESPAN WITH AN INFINITE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE
APPLICATIONS, SOME OF WHICH MAY BE CAR BATTERY CHARGING, FOR USE ON BOATS OR CARAVANS, OR ANYWHERE A PORTABLE 12V SUPPLY IS REQUIRED. REF: MAG34
ALSO 1FT X 1FT GLASS SOLAR PANELS 12v 200mA ONLY £15.00. REF: MAG15P3
*FM BUG KIT New design with PCB embedded coil for extra stability. Transmits to any FM radio. 9v battery req'd. £5 REF. MAG5P5
FM BUG BUILT AND TESTED superior design to kit, as supplied to detective agencies etc. 9v battery req'd. £14 REF: MAG14
TALKING COIN BOX STRIPPER originally made to retail at £79 each, these units are designed to convert and ordinary phone into a payp hone. The units we have generally have the locks missing and sometimes broken hinges. Howeverthey can be adapted for their original pupose or used for something else?? Price is just £3 REF: MAG3P1 100 WATT MOSFET PAIR Same spec as 2SK343 and 2SJ413(8A,140v,100w) 1 N channel and 1 P channel, E3 apair REF: MAG3P2
VELCRO 1 metre length of each side 20mm wide (quick way of fixing for temporary jobs etc) £2 REF: MAG2P3
MAGNETIC AGITATORS Cosistmg of a cased mains motor with lead. The motor has two magnets fixed to a rotor that spin round inside. There are also 2 plastic covered magnets supplied. Made for remotelystining liquids!youmay have a use? £3 each REF: MAG3P3 2 for E5 REF: MAG5P6
TOP QUALITY SPEAKERS Made for HI Fl televisions these am 10 watt 4R Jap made 4' round with large shielded magnets. Good quality general purpose speaker. £2 each REF: MAG2P4 or 4 for £6
REF: MAG6P2
TWEETERS 2' diameter good quality tweeter 140R (would be good with the above speaker) 2 for £2 REF: MAG2P5 or 4 for E3 REF: MAG3P4 AT KEYBOARDS Made by Ap ricot these quality keyboards need just a small modification to run on any AT, they work perfectly but you
will have to put up with
1
FREE SOFTWARE! Brand new, UNUSED top quality Fomous brand licensed software discs. Available in 5.25" DSDD or 5.25" HD only. You buy the disk and it comes with free BRAND NEW UNUSED SOFTWARE. We are actually selling you the
floppy disc for yourown "M EGA CHEAP" storage facilities,
if you happen to get software that you want/need/like as well you get a 'MEGA BARGAIN" tol DSDD PKT10 £2.99 REF: MAG3P7 HD PKT10 £3.99 REF: MAG4P3
PKT100 £16.00 REF: MAG16 PKT100 £26.00 REF: MAG26P1
LARGER OANTITY PRICES AVAILABLE ON APPLICATION
component pack bargain 1,000 resistors +1,000 capacitors (all same value) £250 a pack. REF:MAG2P7
1994 CATALOGUE OUT NOW
form of high frequency amplifier (main chip is a TSA55117 1.3GHz synthasser ) but good stripper value, an excellent way to play with surface mount components £1.00 REF. MAGI P1.
MICROWAVE TIMER Electronictimerwith relay output suitable to make enlarger timer etc £4 REF: MAG4P4 PLUG 420? showing your age? pack of 10 with leads for £2 REF, MAG2P 11
MOBILE CAR PHONE £5.99 Weil almost! complete in car phone excluding the box of electronics normally hidden under seat. Can be made to illuminate with 12v also has built in light sensor so display only illumi nates w hen dark. Totally convincing! REF: MAG6P6
ALARM BEACONS Zenon strobe made to mount on an external bell box but could be used for caravans etc. 12v operation. Just connect up and it flashes regularly) E5 REF: MAG5P11
FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL High quality metal cased alarm panel 350x165x80mm. Comes with electronics but no information. E15 REF: MAG15P4
SUPER SIZE HEATSINK Superb quality aluminium heatsink. 365 x 183 x 61mm, 15 fins enamble high heat dissipation. No hdes! £9.99 REF: MAG10P1P
REMOTE CONTROL PCB These are receiver boards for garage door opening systems. You may have another use? E4 ea REF: MAG4P5 LOPTX Line output transformers believed to be for hi res colour monitors but useful for getting high voltages from low ones! £2 each REF: MAG2P12 bumper pack of 10 for £12 REF- MAG12P3.
iff./£££WE BUY SURPLUS STOCK£££££££ TURN YOUR SURPLUS STOCK INTO CASH. IMMEDIATE SETTLEMENT. WE WILL ALSO QUOTE FOR COMPLETE FACTORY CLEARANCE. COMING SOON
PORTABLE RADIATION DETECTOR
1994 CATALOGUE. PLEASE SEND 42P , A4 SIZED SAE FOR YOUR FREE COPY .NIMUM GOODS ORDER 8500 TRADE ORDERS FROM GOVERNI.GENI. SCHOOLS. UNIVERSITIES, &LOCAL AUTHORITIES WELCOME ALI, GOODE SUPPUED SUBJECT TO BUR CONDITION OF SALE AND UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED GUARANTEED FOR 30 Ass R OHTS SERVED TO CHANGE PRICES & SPECIFICATIONS WITHOUT PRIOR :'TICE "Tr,' SUBJECI TO STOCK QUOTATIONS WILLINGLY GIVEN FOR QUANTITIES HIGHER THAN THOSE STATED
'SOME OF OUR PRODUCTS MAY BE UNLICENSABLE IN THE UK
or 2 foreign keycaps! Price £6 REF.
MAG6P3 XT KEYBOARDS Mixed types, some returns, some good, some foreign etc but all good for spares! Price is £2 each REF: MAG2P6 or 4 for £6 REF: MAG6P4 PC CASES Again mixed types so you take a chance next one off thepile£12REF:MAG12 ortwoidenticalonesfor£20REF: MAG20P4
Pack of 100 £20 REF. MAG20P5
BULL ELECTRICAL 250 PORTI.AND ROAD HOVE SUSSEX BN3 5QT MAIL CORDER TERMS: CASH POOR CHEQUE WITH ofoeR PLUS elvo POST PLUS VAT. PLEASE ALLOW 7 ,10 DAYS FOR DELIVERY TELLPHONE ORDERS WELCOME Tag 027320350X/
FAX 0273 373.077
£49.99 A Hand held personal Gamma and X Ray detector. This unit contains two Geiger Tubes, has a 4 digit LCD display with a Piezo speaker, giving an audio visual indication. The unit de-
tects high energy electromagnetic quanta with an energy from 30 K eV to over 1.2M eV and a measuring range of 5-9999 UR/h or 10-99990 Nr/h. Sup-
plied complete with handbook. REF: MAG50 ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
33NAJ-1113VIIU8
SURVEILLANCE A SMALL SAMPLE OF OUR RANGE ROOM TRANSMITTER RT1 An extremely sensitive miniature transmitter with long battery life. Dimensions: 20 x 20mm
MAINS TRANSMITTER MT4 Can be connected inside any equipment that is mains powered. Dimensions 35 x 20mm
TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER TTS Small enough to conceal within a telephone. Will transmit both sides of a conversation (series connection) Dimensions: 10 x 20mm
TELEPHONE SOCKET TRANSMITTER TSTS
KIT
MODULE
PROFFINISHED
9.95
13.75
19.00
19.75
31.50
46.00
12.75
17.50
25.00
14.74
29.00
Replace your telephone socket with this one within which a transmitter has been concealed.
ROOM AND TELEPHONE TRANSMITTER RTT Operates as a room transmitter, then switches to telephone transmitter mode during telephone calls. Dimensions: 30 x 25mm
AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDER SWITCH TRS2 Record telephone conversations with this interface unit and your own tape recorder.
31.50
45.50
86.00 MEASUREMENT DATA ACQUISITION & CONTROL BOARDS AR -B3001 16 Channel, 12Bit ND Card
16.80
25.90
39.00
Dimensions: 36 x 50mm
AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE RECORDER ATR1 Adapt the tape recorder included to record telephone calls automatically.
TELEPHONE TAP ALERT TTA1 Visual warning
34.95
69.00
21.95
31.50
45.00
42.75
69.00
95.00
69.00
89.00
125.00
of any invasions of privacy on your telephone line. Dimensions: 38 x 52mm
RF DETECTOR RFD1 Highly sensitive hand-held detector. Range between 10Mhz and 600Mhz. Silent operation. Dimensions: 70 x 50mm
CAMERA DETECTOR CD8 Detects hidden video cameras (even miniature CCD models). Dimensions: 63 x 38mm
RECORDING BRIEFCASE RBC1 completely
1.1
145.00
discreet recordings at a value for money price.
SHOTGUN MICROPHONE AMPLIFIER SMA Ideal for surveillance. The amplifier will pick up sounds from a long distance.
SIGNALLING TRANSMITTER SIGT Sends a
24.95
36.00
4500
21 95
34.89
45.00
TELEPHONE AMPLIFIER TA5 Connected directly
10.95
16.95
19.95
PROFESSIONAL SOUND TO LIGHT UNIT
21.95
32.49
44.95
continual audio pulse. Can be integrated into alarm, tracking or warning systems. Dimensions, 20 x 50mm to the telephone, this unit will amplify both sides of a telephone call. Dimensions: 25 x 52mm
SK72 Custom built for disco or home use. Audio signal divided into bass, mid and treble bands, with internal microphone and spotlight option. Dimensions 210 x 45mm
MICRO METAL DETECTOR MMD Detect the
presence of ferrous and various non-ferrous metals. Useful for all those DIY jobs. Dimensions: 40 x 25mm
S
9.95
16.95
AR -83201 AR -83204 PCL-711B
PCL-812-PG PCL-813 PCL-818H PCL-814 PCL-816 PCL-860 AR -B2001 AR -B2102 AR -82201 AR -B9221 AR -B9101 PCL-720 PCL-722 PCL-724 PCL-725 PCL-726 PCL-838 PCL-750
PCL-755A PCL-756 PCX-794 PCL-830
8 Channel 12Bit A/D + 3 Channel D/A Card 16 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain 8 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain 16 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card, Programmable Gain 32 Channel, 12Bit, Data Acquisition Card High Performance 16 Chanel, 12Bit Data Acquisition & Control Card Modular Multifunction 16 Channel, 14Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card Modular Multifunction 16 Channel, 16Bit, Data Acquisition & Control Card 4 1/2 Digit Voltmeter (DCV/ACV/DCR) Card 16 Channel Opto-Isolated Digital I/P Card 16 Channel SPST Relay Switch Card 64 Channel Digital I/O Card 3 Port (24 Bit) Digital I/O, 3 Chan Counter/Timer, Prototype Card 16 Channel SSR Switching Card (For AR -89221) 32 Channel Digital I/P + 32 Channel 0/P, 3 Channel Timer/Counter 144 Bits (24'6) of Buffered Digital I/O 24 Bit Digital I/O Card 8 Channel Relay + 8 Channel Isolated Digital I/P 6 Channel 12 Bit D/A Output Card (16 Channel Digital I/P + 16 Channel DIP) Stepper Motor Control (3 Motors), 16 Channel D/IP + 16 Channel D/OP Prototype Development Card Slot Extension Card (XT/AT) PC -Bus 8 Bit Switch/Extension Card PC/XT BUS Expansion System (Master + Slave Cards + 1m Cable) 10 Channels of 16Bit Counter Timer (AMD9513 ' 2)
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
£41
£125 £211
£ 204
COMMUNICATIONS & INTERFACE BOARDS (RS232/RS422/RS423/11S485/IEEE-488) 1-104 4 Port Serial RS232 PC Card PCL-743 Dual Port RS422/485 PC Interface Card PCL-744 Intelligent 8 Port RS232 PC Interface Card with on -board CPU AR -89011 Dual Port RS422/485 PC Interface Card PC -232-485 RS232-RS485 or (232-422) Converter Adaptor, Self Powered PCL-848A IEEE -488 Interface Board
£59 £98 £410 £66 £65 £222
ADAM REMOTE/DISTRIBUTED MODULAR DATA ACQUISITION MODULES ADAM -4011 Analogue Input Module (mV, V, mA, Thermocouple) ADAM -4021 Analogue Output Module (V or mA) ADAM -4050 Digital Input/Output Module ADAM -4060 Relay Output Module ADAM -4520 Isolated RS-232/RS-485 Converter Module
£154 £154 £112 £112 £84
19" RACK MOUNTING MULTI -SLOT INDUSTRIAL PC CHASSIS AR-IPC12A Industrial 19' Rack Mounting Chassis, 12 Slot, 200W PSU AR-IPC12M Industrial 19" Rack Mounting Chassis, Motherboard fitting, 200W PSU IPC-610A Industrial 19" Rack Mounting ChasSis,14 Slots, 250W PSU IPC-610MB Industrial 19" Rack Mounting Chassis, Motherboard fitting, 250W PSU IPC-6520 19" Rack Mount Monitor Kit for 14" Monitor IPC-6305 19" Rack Mount Keyboard & Drawer, Telescopic Slides
£454 £396 £718 £644 £352 £279
PC -BUS CARD CHASSIS FOR CUSTOM ENCLOSURES/EMBEDDED APPLICATION IPC-6706 PC -Bus Card Cage Enclosure Chassis (With 6 Slot Passive Backplane) IPC-6806 6 Slot Node IPC Chassis, 150W PSU, Floppy + Hard Disk Mountings AR-IPC6MP 6 Slot Node IPC Chassis, 200W PSU, Floppy + Hard Disk Mountings MBPC-640 Micro Box Industrial PC Chassis (With 3 Slot Backplane) PCXU-205 PC BUS Expansion Unit (With 5 Slot Backplane & Power Supply) IPC-6010 8 Slot Passive Backplane Card Cage (6'16 + 2'8 Bit), card clamp, speaker AR-CC6LP 6 Slot (16 Bit) Passive Backplane Card Cage, Full Length, 150W PSU AR-CC11LP 11 Slot (16 Bit) Passive Backplane Card Cage, Full Length, 150W PSU
£176 £410 £290 £135 £176 £132 £227 £246
SOLID STATE FLASH/SRAM/ROM DISK CARDS AR -B7008 512K ROM or 256K SRAM Disk Card AR -B7010 512K ROM Disk Card. AR -B7040 4MB Flash/SRAM/ROM Disk Card. PCD-890 12MB Flash/SRAM/ROM Disk Card. Dual Floppy Emulator PCD-8928 6MB Flash/ROM Disk Card
£80 £59 £118 £200 £118
Plus MUCH more ... Please CA LL for your FREE copy of our latest Catalogue r
A,
OEM, Dealer & Educatcand/ folk/ries Welcome
n INTEqRATEd ..'MEASUREMENT II
£41 £41
£242 £128 £250 £77 £167 £389 £319 £66
£132 £153 £361 £195 £264 £243
For full catalogue please send two 1st class stamps or 2 IRC'S
:
£52 £74
SIGNAL CONDITIONING/CONTROL DAUGHTER BOARDS (For use with PCL cards) PCLD-782 Opto Isolated Digital I/P (16 Channel) PCLD-785 16 Channel Relay 0/P Board PCLD-787 8 Channel Sample & Hold Card PCLD-788 Relay Scanner/Multiplexer Board PCLD-779 8 Channel Isolated Relay Mux and Amplifier Board PCLD-789 Amplifier & Multiplexer Board
Please add £2.00 P & P to all orders and 17.5% VAT on all U.K. orders,
.
£66 £96
£235 £185 £306 £347 £472 £680 £964 £369
SYSTEMS
Integrated Measurement Systems Ltd. 305-308 Solent Business Centre, Millbrook Rd West Southampton S01 OHW, HAMPSHIRE
Tel: (0703) 771143 Fax: (0703) 704301 Designers & Suppliers of Measurement, Test & Control Systems & Software
56
ELECTRONIC FUSE We tend to forget about fuses until one has blown, when it is time to locate and investigate an electrical overload problem. Once that is fixed, a new fuse must be installed. Typically, this will not be handy at the required rating, and the shops are closed. What a drag to serious experimenting! Fortunately, these problems can be overcome with the present circuit. The fuse described here never needs to be replaced, and is as good as new any time the reset switch is pressed.
Design by K. Walraven
MHE little circuit described in this menting with a circuit whose maxi1 article is the electronic version of mum current drain is not accurately the well-known glass fuse, which melts when it carries a current exceeding its `A' (ampere) specification. By melting, the wire in the fuse interrupts the current flow in the circuit, and so protects
an electrical device against damage
caused by overheating. Unfortunately,
the common wire fuse (usually contained in a small glass tube with metal end caps) is not re -usable, and has to be replaced with a new one every time occurs. condition overload an Obviously, this is annoying when faultfinding in equipment, or experi-
known yet. Ideally, a fuse would have
to be resettable, and, you guessed it, that is a feature par excellence of the present circuit.
tor, R3, which is connected as an external part to connector K3.
How it works As shown in Fig. 1, the circuit consists of little more than two transistors and one thyristor. The electronic fuse is in-
serted into the supply line of the
equipment to be protected. The current at which the circuit is actuated is defined with the aid of a single resis-
The operation of the circuit is simple. Darlington transistor T2 functions as a current -controlled switch, its col-
lector -emitter junction carrying the
current flowing into the load con-
nected to K2. Since T1 feeds a current into the base of T2, the 'switch' is normally closed, and the load powered. T1 functions as a current source, with the
base of the transistor held at a constant voltage by LED D 1. Consequently, the emitter resistor of R2 will
supply a constant voltage, which, in turn, results in a constant emitter current (and collector current), of which the magnitude is determined by the value of R2. Here, the constant current is just over 10 mA, which is ample to keep T2 conducting. The load current also flows through
resistor R3. As soon as the current
rises to a value that causes a voltage drop of about 0.6 V across R3, thyristor Thi starts to conduct. This causes
the base of T2 to be pulled to the ground line of the power supply.
Consequently, T2 is switched off, and
breaks the current flow to the load. The current remains broken because the current supplied by T1 is a little above the 'hold' level of the thyristor. The current is interrupted the moment switch Si is pressed, when Thi is switched off. That is, if the load cur-
rent has dropped below the critical
value. If not, the thyristor will start to conduct again.
The fuse value Fig. 1. circuit diagram of the electronic fuse. The fuse actuation level is determined by the value of resistor R3. Once actuated by an overload condition, the fuse can be reset by pressing S1 (a push -to -break contact).
The current level at which the electronic fuse is actuated is simple to cal-
culate using Ohm's law. As already ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
ELECTRONIC FUSE
9
Resistors: R1 = 4417 R2 = 6852
R3 = see text
Capacitors: D1 = red LED T1 = BD140 T2 = DB679 Th1 = TIC106
Miscellaneous: K1;K2;K3 = 2 -way PCB terminal block; raster 5mm S1 = push -to -break button K3
KI
e e 4)1 Pire14-O_+
combinations shown in Fig. 2 are intended as suggestions to help you on the way.
Finally, still on component values, be sure to use a power resistor in posi-
Thi
tion R3 at currents exceeding 500 mA.
O
Opel b ccru
Ti
000 000
O s7
T2
Construction and practical use Consisting of an absolute minimum
Fig. 2. The fuse actuation current can be made variable by connecting a fixed resistor
and a potentiometer in series on connector
number of components, the electronic fuse should be a simple construction project for anyone with a basic knowledge of electronics. The less experienced constructors among you will be pleased to know that artwork is avail-
Fig. 3. Track layout and component mount ing plan of the printed circuit board designed
for the electronic fuse (PCB not available ready-made).
able to make a printed circuit board for the present project - see Fig. 3.
K3.
mentioned, the fuse is actuated at a voltage of 0.6 V across R3. Therefore, the fuse comes into action at a current S2. of 600 mA (0.6 A) with R3 = Similarly, the actuation current is 1
125 mA with R3 = 4.7 S-2, or 50 mA with R3 = 12 IL
R3, but also by the collector -emitter junction of the conducting darlington Unfortunately this printed circuit transistor, T2 (approx. 1 V). In most board is not available ready-made cases, this will not be a problem, but you are well advised to take the drop through the Readers Services. When connecting the electronic into account when the circuit is used fuse, keep in mind that it introduces a to protect a load which operates at low voltage loss in the supply line to the voltages. load to be protected. As already mentioned, a voltage drop is introduced by
Looking at the most commonly used low -power fuse values, the value of R3 will usually lie between 1.2 S2 and 12 S2. The minimum value that may be used is 0.68 S2, which results in a 'trip'
value of 1 A. That corresponds to the
maximum current this circuit can
handle safely. Assuming that the electronic fuse is
built into a power supply for use in your workshop, it is, of course, useful
to make the current limiting action switchable or continuously variable.
The former is achieved by fitting a rotary switch and a number of resistors. A continuously variable fuse actuation level is implemented by connecting a potentiometer in series with R3. Note, however, that most ordinary pots can
withstand a dissipation of about one watt only. Relatively high currents therefore call for a wirewound potentiometer. The resistor/potentiometer ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Fig. 4. Completed prototype with external current -determining resistor and potentiometer fitted to K3.
58
-Moo® nee
MIGHTY SOFTWARE
MI TEY PRICE
9 5inc VAT
Limited period offer
SpiceAge is the upgradable program used by professional circuit designers
SpiceAge for Windows file graph
your circuit and how to
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supply power ;
CMOS 555 wired as an oscillator
of smoke! SpiceAge lets you tell it what in
Frequency
Analyse
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Overdriven amp with highly inductive Ikrid
like traces of your circuit ideas. Test new ideas and values without the risk connect up. It has a "lab" full of "test
55,,Wt IncU lime Presentation
;?
that lets you "breadboard" even before you plug in your soldering iron. Level 1 gives you quiescent DC voltages, frequency response curves and 'scope -
to put
Mc]
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: 3.
A
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equipment" to let you inject signals and "probe" for voltages, currents,
..acilor
apt° 32 channels al event driven analysis Transient NilW
RIW.j:jA
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dissipations, dB gains, phase angle, group delay and power consumption. Send £5 for a demo kit (refundable on purchase) or simply phone for a friendly chat! Level 3 (professional base level) £395 +VAT, extra levels available at £150 each. It is published and supported by Those Engineers, specialists in circuit simulation software since 1982. Dept K2, THOSE ENGINEERS LTD, 31 Birkbeck Rd, Mill Hill, London NW7 4BP. Tel 081-906 0155, FAX 081-906 0969
Books from Elektor Electronics (Publishing) The following books are currently available: £9.95 301 Circuits £9.95 302 Circuits £10.95 303 Circuits £12.95 304 Circuits £14.95 305 Circuitst £ 9.95 SMT Projects Microprocessor Data Book £10.95 £9.95 Data Sheet Book 2 £10.95 Data Book 3: Peripheral Chips £10.95 Data Book 4: Peripheral Chips Data Book 5: Application Notes £10-95
$14.50 $14.50 $17.90 $23.95 $27.70 $14.50 $19.90 $18.50 $19.95 $19.95 $19.95
The books may be obtained from bookshops*, Old Colony Sound Lab (USA and Canadian readers only-for address,
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
see order form on p. 79) or direct from our Dorchester office (private customers only*) on the order form on page 79.
* Orders other than from private customers, for instance, bookshops, schools, colleges, should be sent to Gazelle Book Services Ltd Falcon House
Queen Square Lancaster LA1 1RN England Telephone (0524) 68765; Fax (0524)
63232
t We regret that, owing to technical difficulties beyond our control, publication of this book hass been delayed to the end of March 1994.
59
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60
CAR BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR Design by L. Pijpers is particularly during the autumn and
Itwinter months, when a car battery is
called upon to provide a lot of energy, that more is sometimes taken from it than put
back. The inevitable result is a flat battery. Moreover, during these wetter months
a battery is required to be in tip-top condition to be able to cope with condensation on the sparking plugs. Problems may arise in the warmer months as well, however. It may happen, for instance, that the voltage regulator, the alternator (or, in old
If you have ever tried to start your car and found the battery (almost) as flat as a pancake, you will appreciate this miniature monitor, which fits in the car's cigarette lighter Its LED indicators tell you when the battery voltage drops dangerously low and also when the charging voltage is too high.
cars, the dynamo) or the rectifiers are faulty. Such a fault may result in much too high a charging voltage, which severely lowers the life of the battery, or too low a charging voltage so that the battery
is hardly charged. In all these cases, a battery voltage monitor is indispensable. The monitor described in this article uses three LEDs: green to show that all is well, red to indicate that the charging voltage is too high, and yellow to show that the charging voltage is too low. The circuit in Fig. 1 may be built on a piece of prototyping board or on the DIY printed -circuit board shown in Fig. 3. In
the latter case, the board may be built into a car -type cigarette lighter.
Circuit description The circuit (Fig. 1) is a fairly simple design based on a window comparator, IC1. A window comparator consists of two sep-
arate comparators, each of which monitors whether its input signal is below or above a level preset by the user. The combination of two comparators enables two different levels to be monitored simultaneously. It can, therefore, indicate whether
an input signal is lower or higher than the two threshold levels, or whether the
3 V. This level falls within the window and
is, therefore, considered to be good. From the ratio R1 : R2, it follows that the battery voltage is all right if it is between 11.6 V and 14.4 V. Below 11.6 V it is too low and above 14.4 V it is too high.
To ensure that the monitor does not follow any variation in the battery voltage, the circuit is designed to react only
is exactly twice this value, i.e., 120 mV. This means that only variations in battery voltage greater than 120 mV can cause a switch from one LED to another.
Construction
is needed for the present monitor, since this must show whether the battery volt-
to slow variations. Low-pass filter R1 -C1
suppresses any fast changes, such as
Although the design is aimed at keeping the unit as small as possible, as shown by the printed -circuit in Fig. 3 (not available ready made), it is, of course, not nec-
age is too low, too high, or just right (within the window).
those caused by the car's ignition system,
essary to make it that small, in which
for instance. Such peaks are short-cir-
The upper and lower threshold levels
cuited to earth by C1. Depending on the input signal, one of the three LEDs at the output of ICI lights: the green one (D2) when the battery voltage is between 11.6 V and 14.4 V; the yellow one (D1) when the voltage is too low; and the red one (D3) when the voltage is too high. Apart from low-pass filter R1 -C1, the circuit has another facility that prevents too rapid switching between LEDs: hys-
case it may be constructed on a suitable piece of prototyping board. If the monitor is constructed on the PCB, it can be built into a cigarette -lighter plug.
signal lies between the two, that is, within the so-called window. This is exactly what
are determined by potential divider R3 -R5.
The potential at pin 10 of IC1 is a constant 6 V, derived from a regulator on board IC1. The values of R3 -R5 have been chosen to give a voltage at junction R3 -R4 of 3.6 V and one of 2.9 Vat junction R4 -R5.
This means that the window ranges from 2.9 V to 3.6 V. The input voltage is derived from the battery via potential divider R1 -R2 and is applied to pin 8 of IC 1. The potential at junctionR -R2 is exactly a quarter of the battery voltage. Thus, if the battery volt-
age is 12 V, the input signal at pin 8 is
Note that C1, R 1 , R4 and IC1 are fitted
on to the board as shown in Fig. 4. Keep the terminals of all these components as short as feasible to prevent short-circuits. Cut the terminals of the three flat LEDs to a length of about 5 mm. and solder the
diodes to the board as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
teresis. This is set by potential divider
Next, solder the remaining resistors to
R6 -R7, which has a ratio of 1 : 100. Thus,
the track side of the board as in Fig. 5: start with Rg. Here again, cut the termi-
the potential of 6 V at pin 10 is brought down to 60 mV at pin 9. The hysteresis
nals of these components as short as feaELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
CAR BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR
61
sible. Solder R6 and R3 in place last. Be careful not to cause a short-circuit when soldering R3 'around' R6. Some sleeving around its terminals will help. The risk of a short-circuit is greatest near pin 6 of IC1 and between pins 10 and 11 of the IC. When all components have been fitted, carry out a thorough visual inspection. When this is satisfactory, connect a
V REF U LIMIT
variable power source (0-20 V) to the
INSIDE
board. Increase the voltage slowly from 0 V to 20 V when first the yellow, then the green and finally the red LED should light. If this test is satisfactory, the board
L LIMIT W CENTER BELOW H WINDOW
INH B OUTSIDE
INH A .1.
can be built into the cigarette lighter plug.
Great care has to be taken to prevent short-circuits caused by shifting compo-
nents. It may be necessary to bend the Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the car battery voltage monitor
metal clip slightly outwards so that it fits neatly around the IC. It is recommended to wrap some insulating tape around the
clip and earth it with a short length of BELOW OUTSIDE
wire.
ABOVE
GND
INSIDE
TCA965
INH B
INN A
V REF
V STAB
H WINDOW
U LIMIT
L LIMIT
rir
fp\
W CENTER
L.4? -/-45-130
7c7cly_b2e'
926122X - 12
If the monitor has been constructed on a prototyping board, the same visual inspection and electrical test should be carried out, after which the unit may be fitted in a suitable small enclosure. The current drawn by the monitor depends to large extent on the battery voltage: it is about 10 mA at 5 V, 30 mA at 12 V and 40 mA at 20 V.
The threshold voltages can be altered Fig. 2. Pinout of IC1.
by changing the values of R3 -R5. The potential at junction R4 -R5 is R5/ (R3+R4+R5)
times 6 V. That at junction R3 -R4 is (R4+R5)/(R3+R4+R5) times 6 V. The win-
dow may be moved up or down by alterFig. 3. The PCB for the monitor is not available ready made
ing the scale factor R2/(R1+R2). With values
specified for the present design it is 1/4. Some constructors may find it desirable to use 1% resistors here also.
Parts list Resistors:
atKl;,\N:#7
R1 = 82 'cc -2
`04i,N.k
R2 = 27 ki2 R3 = 4.32 kS2, 1% R4 = 1.371d2, 1% R5 = 5.49 kS2, 1% R6 = 10 kS2 R7 = 100 C2 R8 = 560 12
Fig. 4. Completed PCB (component layout side)
Capacitors: C1 = 4.7 jt F, 10 V, tantalum
Semiconductors: D1 = LED, yellow, flat D2 = LED, green, flat D3 = LED, red, flat
Integrated circuits: IC1 = TCA965
Miscellaneous: 1 off car -type cigarette lighter plug
Fig. 5. Completed PCB (track side) ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
62
BUILDING ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Although ready-made printed circuit boards are available for most projects described in this magazine, there are cases where a 'real' PCB is not necessary. For instance, with smallscale experiments, or if the design is simply not critical as regards component layout. In such cases, prototyping board (also called stripboard or veroboard) is a very useful, easy to handle, alternative.
to test and adjust audio circuits, but do not have a full-blown function generator. Since our main concern in the present article is the construction of a tone generator, a description of its operation is not given. First, let us have a look at the tools and materials needed to build the circuit on prototyping board.
Tools and materials Fortunately, the tools and materials needed to build a circuit on prototyping board are fairly common, and will be found even in the 'poor man's' workshop.
The materials shown in Fig. 2 include a small piece of prototyping board cut to size. The connections be-
tween the components on the board are made in 0.2 mm dia (SWG36) enamelled copper wire. Note that this diameter is given as guidance only connections carrying large currents should be made in thicker wire. Also needed is a soldering iron with a power rating of about 30 W. Obviously, there
is nothing against using a tempera-
ture -controlled soldering station with
adjustable solder temperature (350400 °C). The relatively high solder tem-
perature is needed, among others, to make the enamel lacquer coating at the wire ends melt, so that the copper wire can be tinned and soldered.
By our design staff
A sponge and a plastic flask containing a little water should be kept AS A S many of you will be aware, a everyone will have the time and means handy to enable the tip of the solder circuit board is a key ele- necessary to achieve satisfying results. iron to be cleaned from time to time. If a certain printed circuit board is The flask saves you having to walk to a ment in almost any electronics construction project, since it ensures not available ready-made, or if no art- tap every half hour or so to moisten the compactness, reliability and safety. work is provided, construction on pro- sponge. Several types of small flask or Unfortunately, making a printed cir- totyping board should be considered. bottle may be used. The flask shown in cuit board for a particular circuit is On prototyping board, components are Fig. 2 used to contain contact lens often more difficult and time consum- soldered at the desired locations, and cleaning/storage liquid, and was choing than actually building the project, then interconnected using short sen because of its nozzle and solid i.e., soldering and wiring. None the lengths of enamelled copper wire, sealing cap. Furthermore, you need flat nose pliless, printed circuit boards are pro- which run at the solder side. This duced at home or in the hobbyist's method is well -proven, if only by the ers, solder tin (type 40/60 alloy), PCB workshop by skilful experimenters who fact that nearly all circuits described in solder pins and, of course, the compoare not daunted by the amount of this magazine are built in this way by nents that make up the circuit. A component lead preforming aid is work, which is mostly chemistry and Elektor Electronics design staff before a printed circuit board layout is drawn. useful, but not indispensable. The photography. same goes, basically, for a circuit After etching and cleaning, the
printed circuit board is drilled using a
The circuit diagram
suitable drilling machine. Next, the copper tracks are smoothed with a Construction on a prototyping board is piece of wire wool, and then sprayed best illustrated with the aid of a practiwith solder lacquer to give them a pro- cal example, in this case, building a tective coating. Optionally, a compo- simple generator. Figure 1 shows the circuit diagram nent layout is printed on the of a sine -wave generator which procomponent side of the board. As already mentioned, making one's duces a fairly clean 1 -kHz tone. The own printed circuit boards is time consuming and certainly not easy, and not
board holder that can be used during the testing phase also. Finally, before you start soldering, make a copy of the
circuit diagram on paper, and have a colour felt pen handy. Enlarge the diagram if it is complex.
Practical construction
output level is adjusted with preset Pi. Although the example circuit works at This tone generator is ideal if you want a voltage which is quite safe to touch, ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
BUILDING ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
glue between the spot and the board material, and will cause the spot to come loose (Fig. 3), so that it can be picked up with the tip of the iron, or simply pushed off the board surface. Start the construction by fitting the part with the highest number of terminals, or the largest size. This is done to
prevent lack of space for this component later. For small parts, it is much easier to find a place if you find that one or two have been overlooked. Transistor T1 is selected as the cen-
tral part in the sine wave oscillator, and it is fitted first, observing the size of preset P1. Next, fit capacitor C3 so that one of its terminals is close to the base of Ti (see Fig. 4). Next, bend the
63
Resistors: R1;R2;R3 = 39141 R4 = R5 = 2kS27
P1 = 21625 preset
Capacitors: C1;C2;C3 = 10nF C4 = 100p.F 10\/
Semiconductors: T1;T2 = BC54713
capacitor terminal to the transistor Fig. 1. The example circuit discussed in this article is a simple sine -wave oscillator. Always useful as a signal source for testing audio circuits!
it is always useful to bear in mind the requirements for electrical safety when dealing with higher voltages, such as the mains. Wherever the mains voltage (240 V) is present on a printed circuit board, a minimum isolation distance of 6 mm should be observed between solder points. On prototyping board, this is easily achieved by removing all copper spots within a distance of 6 mm of, for instance, the spots to which the primary terminals of a PCB -mount mains transformer are soldered. The spots to be removed are firmly heated with the solder iron. The heat partly melts the
base terminal, and join the two by soldering (Fig. 5). Mark this connection in the circuit diagram by running the felt pen over the relevant line in the drawing (Fig. 6). Make a habit of marking the interconnections in this way imme-
diately after soldering - it may save you a lot of trouble later. Next, fit preset P1 in the vicinity of the emitter of T1. The connection be-
tween the emitter and the preset is made using a short piece of copper
wire. Make sure the solder iron is hot, apply some fresh solder tin to the tip, and then pre -tin the end of the enamelled copper wire which is still on the reel. Clean the solder tip by wiping it
across the sponge - this is necessary because most of the solder resin will have evaporated at the high temperature. Do not cut off the wire as yet -
Fig. 3. All copper spots within 6 mm distance of a terminal at mains potential should be removed. This is readily achieved by heating spots with the solder iron, and then pushing them off the board.
Fig. 4. Lack of space on a circuit board space may be avoided by first fitting the larger com-
ponents. Since the connections are made with wires, the constructor is free to determine the position of the parts on the board (within limits, of course). Evidently, parts that are interconnected are mounted as close as possible to one another.
a.
MP
40
40 41
41
Fig. 5. Here, you do not need a wire. The conFig. 2. Most of the tools necessary for working with prototyping board will be available in your nection between capacitor C3 and the base toolcase. A water flask, a component wire preforming tool and a circuit board holder are op- of transistor T1 consists of a bent terminal of tional to make construction easier. capacitor C3.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
64
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on computer in use, approx 2 MHz on 386/486. 1.C.E unit supplied with PIC 16C545/6/7 Development software (as above)
L89.95 EPROM/ROM EMULATOR Works with ANY computer with centronics printer port. Fast download. Ideal for ...(39.95 MICRO development.
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PC SCOPE Turn your IBM PC into a powerful Storage Oscilloscope, Digital Voltmeter or Sound Sampler. Sample rate 101, - 30K per sec. Converter plugs into punter port with no power required.The ND converter with scope and Only L29.95 voltmeter software (VGA required) ready to plug in and go.. ASM51 + SIMS I Complete Text Editor /Assembler plus Simulator for Microcontrollers 8051/52. Runs on IBM PC Full control Registers & memory. Label generated disassembly. program trace, single-step, go with break
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Printed Circuit Boards for Amateur Radio Schools Colleges Hobbyists & Industry Clubs Short Wave Listeners
S-901 09 Umea, Sweden Phone + 46 (0)90 13 84 40 Fax + 46 (0)90 13 84 70 BBS + 46 (0)90 13 84 70
A range of Printed Circuit Boards in stock from many of the Projects in Magazines
PRACTICAL WIRELESS U SHORT WAVE MAGAZINE CI ELEKTORU HRT RADIO COMMUNICATION Kits Projects and Materials for manufacturing your own boards. Artwork and Plotting from your own Schematic drawings and also C A D facilities We supply ONE OFF Prototypes Phone between 9.00am and 5.30pm Monday to Friday for helpful advice and assistance Club talks and demonstrations of Printed Circuit Board manufacture QRP involvement etc
021-353 9326 87, Blackberry Lane, Four Oaks, Sutton Coldtield. 1374 4JF (Please mention where you spotted this advertisement)
that would leave you with a short wire which is difficult to handle. Solder the wire end to the emitter or the preset terminal. Next, run the wire to the other point to be connected, cut, and pre -tin the end. Clean the solder iron tip, apply fresh solder tin, and join
the wire to the solder spot (Fig. 7). Mark the connection you have just made in the circuit diagram (Fig. 8). In
reasonably expect the circuit to work spot-on. A careful last check on all connections and component polarities
..... . * ...... ... ........ ..... a . *
*
*
*
*
.
.
(where appropriate) will, of course, give you even more certainty. To test the circuit, connect the
*
at
4
#
.
4.
power supply (in this case, a 9-V battery), and examine the output waveform on an oscilloscope.
.
Fig. 7. Example of an interconnection made in enamelled copper wire at the solder side of the board. Thanks to the isolation formed by a thin enamel coating, wires are allowed to cross freely without affecting the operation of the circuit.
this way, all components are fitted on to the board, and interconnected as in-
dicated by the circuit diagram. The connections with the 'outside world' (battery connections and signal out-
Fig. 6. The 'prototyping board' method works
only if the connections made by soldering are consistently marked in (a copy of) the circuit diagram.
put) are best made with the aid of solder terminals. If there are no more components left (inspect the floor or the carpet also!),
examine the circuit diagram copy to see if all interconnections have been marked. If this is the case, you may
Fig. 8. The second connection made on the
board is marked in the circuit diagram, by running a colour marker pen over the relevant line in the circuit diagram.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
65
READERS' CORNER BOLTON INSTITUTE, ALUMNI ASSOCIATION May I appeal to any readers who are former students of Bolton Institute of Higher Education or who, prior to 1982, attended Bolton College
Emulator miniaturized into a module only 11 mm high that plugs directly into your EPROM socket. Unlike conventional emulators, there is no messy ribbon cable. Once programming is complete and the computer
of Education (Technical) or Bolton Institute of Technology. Indeed, we shall be glad to hear from anyone who during the last fifty years or so, prior to the Institute's creation, pursued a higher -level course in Bolton, e.g., at Bolton College of Art or Bolton Technical College. Bolton Institute is establishing an Alumni
connection removed, the emulator can remain in circuit like a normal EPROM. Because of its non-volatile storage, the emulator can be used with any computer that has a Centronics printer port. No software is needed to run the emulator; just send an ASCII file containing
Association (an association of former students of an educational institution) and we are trying to trace anyone who has studied at the institute, no matter when, as we want to reestab-
reset), followed by the datafile, to the printer port. It can download a 27512 binary file in only 2 seconds.
lish contact with them.
an inbuilt programmer that has an unlimited number of write cycles.
We are inviting all former students to
Consider the MicroRom as an EPROM with
For further information, contact Squarewave
and to join the Bolton Institute Alumni
Electronics, Unit 25, Imperial House, 64 Willoughby Lane, London N17 OSP; telephone/fax +44 (0)81 880 9889. See also advert on page 59.
dents will be invited to celebrate with us. NEW EMULATORS FROM MICROAMPS Dvelopers working with the 8031/51 microcontroller can get a low-cost, full func-
Please write to: Jan Lancaster, Alumni
(110x65 mm), operation up to 16 MHz,
Relations Officer, Bolton Institute, Deane Road,
64 kbytes of battery -backed memory partionable in 4 kbyte blocks between program and on -board or off -board data, 64 k hard-
tion, In -Circuit Emulator from MicroAmps. The ICE51+ features include small size
ware breakpoints in program and external data
PRODUCT NEWS NEW EPROM EMULATOR FROM SQUARE WAVE ELECTRONICS Squarewave Electronics has launched the MicroRom, a revolutionary new type of EPROM Emulator. The MicroRom is a conventional EPROM
COMPONENT RATINGS In resistor and capacitor values, decimal points and large numbers of zeros are avoided wherever possible. Small and large values are usually abbreviated as follows:
memory, single step and software trace together with a host of other facilities. The BICEPS51 In -Circuit Emulator is capable of supporting almost al 8051 derivatives using a new technique that combines the
j_t (micro-)
m (milli-) k (kilo-)
= 10-12 = 10-9 = 10-6 = 10-3 = 103
M (mega-) = 106 G (giga-) = 109
V3 of SpiceAge for Windows gives an order of magnitude of speed rise for logic simulation over SpiceAge 2, previously believed to be the fastest analogue simulator of its type available. V3 benchmarks at 9 seconds on the digital test compared with 120 seconds on V2. Speed gains are also apparent on some ana-
logue circuits. To support this, a new 32 channel logic analyser display is available, more digital models are provided and input ductor models is shipped with V3 and the analogue side is further expanded by a brand new
opamp model especially developed to exploit the linear extrapolation pragmas provided in SpiceAge's polynomial functions. Not only is this topology more accurate than many SPICE models, but is faster to analyse.
For further information, contact Those Engineers Ltd, 31 Birkbeck Road, London NW7 4BP. Telephone +44 (0)81 906 0155; fax +44 (0)81 906 0969. See also advert on page 58.
IMPULSE RESPONSE MEASUREMENT AND PROCESSING The dedicated IMP board from Falcon Acoustics, which is similar in operation to the KEF
less otherwise specified.
for synchronization, some modification may be required.
The direct working voltage of capacitors (other than electrolytic or tantalum types) is assumed to be .150 V. As a rule of thumb, a safe value is about 2x direct supply voltage.
meter unless otherwise specified. Mains (power line) voltages are not listed in the
articles. It is assumed that our readers know what voltage is standard in their part of the world.
Readers in countries that use 60 Hz supplies, Note that nano -farad (nF) is the international way of writing 1000 pF or 0.001 pF. Resistors are1/3 watt, 5% metal film types un-
SPICEAGE 3 FOR WINDOWS FROM THOSE ENGINEERS
best features of an EPROM emulator with a full -function In -Circuit Emulator. The BICEPS51 replaces the EPROM in the circuit on test with 64 kbytes of emulation RAM that can be partitioned in 4 kbyte
Direct test voltages are measured with a 201d2/V
P (Pico-) n (nano-)
phone +44 (0)483 268 999; Fax +44 (0)483 268 397. See also advert on page 41.
Zetex SPICE library of analogue semicon-
Alumni Associations in other countries. We will be arranging reunions, giving information of new developments and sharing news about former students through the Alumni Magazine, the first issue of which was published in January.
tension 3808, or fax us on (0204) 399074.
.
For more information contact Micro AMPS 66 Smithbrook Kilns, Cranleigh GU6 8JJ; tele-
signal bus structures are supported. The
We hope also to establish International
Bolton BL3 5AB, or phone (0204) 28851, ex-
hardware breakpoint capability, cross assembler and real-time trace buffer that can be interrogated 'on the fly'
systems information (such as EPROM size,
data format type, any offsets, high or low
write and let us know what they are doing now
Association. This year we hope the Institute will become Bolton's University, and former stu-
blocks. The device requires a single adaptor to emulate almost all 8051 derivatives. The package comes with high-level debugging,
should note that our circuits are usually designed
and Bowers & Wilkins impulse measurement, generates an impulse which is sent to the loudspeaker via an amplifier (your hi-fi
The international letter symbol U' is used for voltage instead of the ambiguous . The letter V is reserved for 'volts'.
The size of a metric bolt or screw is defined by the letter M followed by a number corresponding to the overall diameter of the thread in mm, the x sign and the length of the bolt or screw, also in mm. For instance, an M4x6 bolt has a thread diameter of 4 mm and a length of 6 mm. The overall diameter of the thread in the BA sizes is: 0 BA= 6.12 mm; 2 BA =4.78 mm; 4 BA = 3.68 mm; 6 BA = 2.85 mm; 8 BA = 2.25 mm.
for 50 Hz. This will not normally cause problems, although if the mains frequency is used ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
66 amplifier?). The output pulse is picked up by
a microphone and fed back into the IMP where it is digitized and then fed into an IBM (compatible) computer via the printer port. The IMP software then analyses the input via Fourier transforms and outputs the results on to the computer screen in graph-
clock for PCs. I have an IBM (compatible)
so that the antenna connector no longer protrudes from the enclosure. This can be overcome by terminating the antenna cable into a coaxial plug and making the entrance hole
PC486 and have, as stated in the article, complemented the CONFIG.SYS file with the following (last) line: DEVICE C:\MSDOS\DCFCLOCK.SYS. I should be pleased if you would tell me: 1. Whereto should the files of the software provided (DCFCLOCK.ASM, DCFCLOCK.DOC and DCFCLOCK.SYS be copied? To the root, the MSDOS or a separate directory? 2. Once the files have been loaded, how is the program called up to initialize the driver and to fill the options P, I, S, B and D? (M. Meersschaut)
slightly larger. Moreover, one of the two earth tags of the UV916H must be connected at a different position.
ical form in the shape of amplitude and phase
response curves. Full control is via the PC. The amplifier output can be sampled via a probe to correct for errors in the pulse spectrum and amplifier response. IM P allows the collection and analysis of 12 -bit analogue data up to 4,095 samples in length and sample rates are selectable at either 61.441 kHz or 1.92 kHz which, along with the internal filtering, allows measurements from several hertz to 20 kHz. Further information from Falcon Acoustics Ltd, Tabor House, Norwich Road, Mulbarton,
Norfolk NR14 8JT, England. Telephone +44 (0)508 78272; fax +44 (0)508 70986.
CORRECTIONS
LETTERS SCART SWITCHING BOX (December 1993) I have a few problems with this project, which I believe have to do with the connec-
tions. Pin 1 of one connector is linked to
The file DCFCLOC .ASM is the assembler list-
pin 2 of the other. The same is true of pins 3 and 19, which are linked to pins 6 and 20 respectively. All other pins are interlinked as one would expect, i.e., pin 5 to pin 5, pin 10 to pin 10, and so on. L. Bastiaenssen
ing of the program, which you no longer need (it is of interest only to dyed-in-the-
wool programmers). The file DCFCLOCK.DOC contains the instructions for the program, which you can read with a word
processing program. It is not necessary to store this file on a hard diksk. The only program that you need to copy to the hard disk is DCFCLOCK.SYS. Place
Ina SCART cable, the wiresfor the video and audio connections are always crossed. That
is why the video output (pin 19) at one end
DIGITAL DIAL (January 1994) An attentive reader has drawn our attention to the fact that the digital dial can not be used in conjunction with the receiver illustrated (a Yaesu Type FRG -7) since the IF of
that receiver is much too high for the dial. [Editor] Sorry for that oversight!
VHF/UHF TUNER (Oct/Nov 1993) The tuner module used in this design is no longer in production with Philips and its availability will thus become a problem. Fortunately, the Type UV916H is an excellent alternative. The snag is, however, that this unit is slightly smaller than the UV816,
Produced and published by ELEKTOR
ELECTRONICS (Publishing)
Editor/publisher Len Seymour Technical Editor J Bulling Editorial & Administrative Offices PO Box 1414 DORCHESTER DT2 8YH England Telephone (0305) 250 995 (National ) or +44 305 250 995 (International ) Fax (0305) 250 996 (National ) or +44 305 250 996 (International )
(pin 20) at the other end. This arrangement ensures that the input of one piece of equipment is always connected properly to the output of another. There is, therefore, nothing wrong with your cable. Note that two pieces of equipment must never be connected simultaneously to K3
VICE = C:\DOS\DCFCLOCK.SYS. Other suf-
fixes may be added for changing certain settings (see DOC file), but even without these the system should work correctly. Note, however, that the receiver circuit must
be connected to the COM port 2 and that the computer must be restarted after the software has been installed. The program will then automatically set the correct time in the internal clock of the PC every minute.
PRECISION CLOCK FOR PCs
[Editor]
(November 1993) I have encountered a problem with the Precision
Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Parm Pashley Road TICEHURST TN5 7HE Telephone (0580) 200 657 (National ) or +44 580 200 657 (International) Fax. (0580) 200 616 (National) or +44 580 200 616 (International)
Head Office P.O Box 75 6190AB BEEK The Netherlands Telephone +31 46 38 94 44 Telex 56617 (elekt n1)
Managing Director. M M J Landman
GERMANY
NETHERLANDS
Elektor Verlag GmbH Susterfeld Stral3e 25 5100 AACHEN
Elektuur BV Peter Treckpoelatreat 2-4 6191 VK BEEK Editor. PE L, Kersemakers
Editor E J.A. Krempelsauer
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POLAND Elektor Elektronik 02-777 Warszawa 130 Skrytka Pocztowa 271 Editor W. Marciniak
HUNGARY Elektor Elektromkai foly6rat
PORTUGAL
1015 Budapest Batthytiny u 13 Editor: Lakatoa Andrds
R.D Estefint, 32-1°
INDIA Elektor Electronics PVT Ltd Chhotani Building 52C, Proctor Road, Grant Road (E) BOMBAY 400007 Editor: C.R Chandarana
SPAIN Resistor Electronics Aplicada Calle Maudes 15 EntloC. 28003 MADRID Editor: Agustin Gonzales Buelta
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Distribution SEYMOUR 1270 London Road LONDON SW16 4DH
International Advertising Office: Elektuur BV P.O Box 75 6199 AB BEEK The Netherlands Telephone: +31 46 38 94 44 Fax. +31 46 37 01 61
dicates where the computer can find that program to CONFIG.SYS (in C:\), e.g. DE-
and K5/K6. Use SCART connector K3 or the phono plugs K5/K6, but not both at the same time! [Editor]
Fax: +31 46 37 01 61
U.K. Advertising Office. 3 Crescent Terrace CHELTENHAM GL50 3PE Telephone' (0242) 510 760 Fax (0242) 226 626
this file in the directory containing the DOS commands (e.g., C ADOS). Add aline that in-
of the cable is linked to the video input
Printed in the Netherlands by NDB, Zoeterwoude
SWEDEN Overseas editions. FRANCE Elektor sari
ISRAEL
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Elektorcal PO Box 41096 TEL AVIV 61410
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Editor Bill Cedrum
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
67
IF AN ADVERT IS WRONG, WHO PUTS IT RIGHT? We do.
The Advertising Standards
Authority ensures advertise-
ments meet with the strict Code of Advertising Practice.
So If you question an advertiser,
they
have
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answer to us_
lb find out more about the
ASA, please write to Advertising Standards Authority, Dept X. Brook House, Torrington Place, London \\TIE 711N.
Increase your electronics know-how and skills The speed and intensity with which electronics penetrates our daily lives at home, at work, or in our car, tends to make us forget that we can use electronics creatively by building designs with a practical application and having the satisfaction of a successfully finished project. Elektor Electronics, which is distributed all over the world, can help you achieve these goals. Throughout the year, the magazine features original construction projects, informative articles and news on the gamut of electronics, science & technology, book reviews and information on new products. The past 11 issues contained 80 major and 97 minor construction articles, 21 articles of an educative or instructional nature, and 10 articles dealing with Science & Technology. If you wish to increase your electronics know-how and skills, take out an annual subscription to Elektor Electronics by writing or faxing to
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ASA This space is donated in the inklcsis of high standards in adwriinemenis.
You will then have the convenience of having the magazine delivered to your home, and the peace of mind that you will not miss any issue. The 1994 worldwide rates for an annual subscription (11 issues) are shown on page 72.
SWITCHBOARD Switchboard allows all PRIVATE READERS of Elektor Electronics one FREE advertisement of up to 108 characters, including spaces, commas, numerals, etc., per month Write the advertisement, which MUST relate to electronics, in the coupon on this page; it MUST INCLUDE a private telephone number or name and address; post office boxes are NOT acceptable. Elektor Electronics (Publishing) can not accept responsibility for any correspondence or transaction as a result of a free advertisement or of any inaccuracy in the text of such an advertisement. Advertisements will be placed in the order in which they are received. Elektor Electronics (Publishing) reserve the right to refuse advertisements without giving reasons or without returning them.
WANTED. Acorn Atom with disk drive, any condition. Please ring (0729) 860 224.
WANTED. Epsom FX800 circuit. Please write to R. Click, 12 Avon Grove, Cheadle, Stoke on Trent, Staffs ST10 1QR.
FOR SALE. Philips scope PM3217, 50 MHz,
calibrated will October 1994, with leads and pouch. £250 o.n.o. Please ring 091 372 0923. HELP! I
need some information about the
Orcad program. I need the file `LIB EDIT' for
Send this coupon to
Elektor Electronics (Publishing) P.O. Box 1414
Dorchester DT2 8YH England Block capitals p ease - one character to each box
3.21 version. Thanks in anticipation. Please write
to Luis M. Pinto, C. de Vila-Nespereira, 4620 Lousada, Portugal. FOR SALE. PDP 11/23 main frame, 3 RLO2 disk, 2 VT320 terms, 12 hard drive disks, working. £250 o.n.o. Please phone (0642) 711 368.
WANTED. Information/manual W.H.Y. for S.E. Labs 2001A frequency response analyser. Please ring (0602) 372 109.
!HELP! Can anyone suggest a source o
0 kV 20 mA fast diodes for my home-brew switch -mode PSU? Phone Alan on 081 800 0982.
WANTED. 27128 EPROMs 21 V. Please phone (0222) 566 413.
WANTED. Information on PCB and schematic programs used in Elektor Electronics. Please write to William Wallace, 934 Sharon Drive, Lebanon, Ohio 45036, USA., or phone (513) 932-1277.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS 03/94 Name and address MUST be given
68 Project
PRODUCT OVERVIE M ARM
No.
ELEKTOR
11396
Price (E) (USS)
EL ECTRUNIC-S
PRINTED -CIRCUIT BOARDS
JANUARY 1987 Top -of -the -range
MARCH 1987 MSX EPROMmer MAY 1987 MIDI signal distribution
OCTOBER 1987 Low -noise microphone preamplifier NOVEMBER 1987 BASIC computer
86111-2 26.45 52.90
87002 11.15 22.30
87012
87058 87192
870
4.05
MARCH 1988 Computer -controlled slide fader Low -noise preamplifier for FM receivers Signal divider for satellite TV receivers
8.10
23.80 47.60
87168
8.50
17.00
87259
18.80
37.60
7.65
15.30
880067
5.90
11.80
APRIL 1988 Fuzz unit for guitars
87255
7.65
15.30
MAY 1988 Plotter
87167 13.50 27.00
JUNE 1988
Wideband active aerial 880043-1 JULY/AUGUST 1988 Frequency read-out for SW receivers OCTOBER 1988 Preamplifier for purists Peripheral modules for BASIC computer NOVEMBER 1988 Bus interface for hi-res LCD screens
LFA-150 -a fast power amplifier Harmonic enhancer
880043-2
7.05 5.60
14.10 11.20
880039 21.60 43.20 880132-1 6.95 13.90 880132-2. 14.40 28.80
880159
5.90
11.80
880074 19.70 39.40 880092-1 9.95 19.90 880092-2 9.20 18.40 880167 7.40 14.80
LFA-150 -a fast
1989 JANUARY 1989 Fax interface for Atari
880109 880178-1 880178-2
8.65 10.65 7.80
21.30 15.60
UPBS-1
2.30
4.60
87291-1
886127
880189 890007-1
890007-2 890007-3
APRIL 1989 Digital Model Train Function generator Triplet Multi -point IR control
87291-2/3 UPBS-1 890013-1 890013-2 890019-1 890019-2
4.95 8.75
17.30
9.90 17.50
7.15 14.30 23.05 46.10 2.55 5.10 9.80 19.60
5.05 2.30 7.80 8.00 4.05 4.75
4.60 15.60 16.00 8.10 9.50
ELV project
MAY 1989 680209 5.30 10.60 RDS decoder Digital Model Train (4) 87291-4 6.15 12.30 DTMF system decoder 890060 7.65 15.30 UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Sine -wave converter S-VHS-to-RGB converter ELV project
JUNE 1989 Echo unit
880092-3e 880092-4e
880098
7.50 7.60 5.70
15.00 15.20 11.40
880184 18.00 36.00
Project
(E)
ELV project
discounted price of £48.15 (USS96.30). FEBRUARY 1990 Initialisation aid for 900007 printers Digital Model Train (11) 87291-8 Reflex MW AM receiver UPBS-1 Video mixer (2) 87304-2 Capacitance meter 900012 MARCH 1990 Audio/video modulator Digital model train (12) Power line monitor Video mixer (3)
JULY/AUGUST 1990 Battery tester Compact 10A power
OCTOBER 1989 CD error detector 890131 RGB-to-CVBS converter NOVEMBER 1989 Digital Model Train (8) DECEMBER 1989 Digital Model Train EPROM simulator Hard disk monitor IC tester LF/HF signal tracer Solid-state preamp
87291-5
87291-7 890166 890186 890183
890170-1' 890170-3'
JANUARY 1990 Video mixer (1) Mini EPROM programmer All solid-state preamplifier Simple AC milli voltmeter
900025 87304-3
5.30 10.60 2.30 4.60 19.10 38.20 8.50 17.00
ELV project 4.10 8.20 5.60 11.20 41.70 83.40
MAY 1990 Acoustic temperature monitor UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Budget sweep/function generator 900040 8.25 16.50 900037D 17.90 35.80 Centronics ADC/DAC PC servicing card ELV project Transistor characteristic 900058 5.60 11.20 plotting
SEPTEMBER 1989 Digital Model Train Resonance meter
886071
87291-9
16.75 33.50
APRIL 1990 4.70 9.40 Digital model train (13) 87291-10 Q meter 900031 7.05 14.10 RS -232 splitter 8.50 17.00 900017-1 900017-2 5.30 10.60 Wiring allocation tester ELV project
JUNE 1990
7.85 4.60
(USS)
890170-1; 1x 890170-2 and 1x 890170-3) are available as a package, ref. 890170-9, at a
JULY/AUGUST 1989 MIDI keyboard interface 8.25 16.50 decoder board 890105-1 controller board ELV project Tracking tester Floppy disk monitor 890078 5.00 10.00 UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Function generator
87291-6
Price
No.
10.10
15.70 9.20
Electronic load simulator 900042 14.10 28.20 MIDI master keyboard Mini EPROM viewer Power zener diode Remotely controlled stroboscope
supply Intermediate projects 7.05 14.10 ELV project
51.10 102.20
10.30 20.60 11.75 23.50 12.95 25.90 ELV project 9.40 18.80 13.80 27.60
Doepfer Elektronik 900030 21.15 42.30 UPBS-1 2.30 4.60
1991 JANUARY 1991 Logic analyser (1): - Busboard PC controlled Videotext decoder (2) SWR meter
900094-4 10.60 21.20 900013
ELV project 3.55 7.10
FEBRUARY 1991 Logic analyser (2): - RAM board 900094-2 18.50 37.00 900094-3 5.00 10.00 - Probe board Multifunction measurement card for PCs 900124-1 28.20 56.40 Doepfer Elektronik MIDI -to -CV interface RDS decoder: - demodulator board 880209 5.30 10.60 - processor board 900060 7.65 15.30 MARCH 1991 The complete preamplifier: - input board 890169-1 26.10 - main board 890169-2 39.35 Electronic exposure timer 900041 10.85 PC -controlled weather station (1) 900124-3 4.40 2-m band converter 900006-1 5.00 APRIL 1991 Logic analyser (3): 900094-5 - control board MIDI programme 900138 changer 910005 8 -bit I/O for Atari 6-m band transverter 910010 Wattmeter: 910011-1 - meter board 910011-2 - display board Moving -coil (MC) preamplifier 910016 Dimmer for halogen lights: 910032-1 - transmitter 910032-2 - receiver PC -controlled semiconductor tester MAY 1991 80C32/8052 Computer Battery tester Laser (1) Moving -magnet (MM) preamplifier Universal I/O interface for IBM PCs
910042 906056
900111 910046
52.20 78.70
21.70 8.80 10.00
18.50 37.00 6.75 12.35 11.45
13.50 24.70
6.45 4.10
12.90 8.20
22.90
10.60 21.20 4.10 4.40
8.20 8.80
ELV project
12.05 24.10 4,10 8.20 ELV project 6.75
13.50
10.85
21.70
JUNE 1991
Universal battery charger 900134 9.40 18.80 Logic analyser - 4 - power supply board 900094-7 8.80 17.60 - Atari interface 900094-6 12.65 25.30 - IBM interface 900094-1 14.40 28.80 Digital phase meter (set of 3 PCBs) 910045-1/2/3 26.15 52.30 Light transceiver UPBS-1 2.30 4.60 Variable AC PSU 900104 6.15 12.30 Light switch w. TV IR ric 910048 5.60 11.20 RTC for Atari ST 910006 6.15 12.30
ELV project
ELV project 900045 UPBS-1
13.50 2.30
Mini FM transmitter' 896118 5.00 Sound demodulator for satellite -TV receivers 900057 4.40 Audio power indicator 904004 4.40 Four -monitor driver for PCs 904067 6.15 can not be supplied to readers in the UK
27.00 4.60 10.00 8.80 8.80
JULY/AUGUST 1991 Multifunction I/O for PCs 910029 24.40 48.80 B/W video digitizer 910053 22.60 45.20 Stepper motor board - 2: - power driver board 910054-2 28.50 57.00 Laser - 3 ELV project LED voltmeter 914005 5.60 11.20 Wien bridge 914007 4.10 8.20 Angled bus extension card for PCs 914030 12.05 24.10 Sync separator 914077 4.40 8.80
12.30
SEPTEMBER 1990 High -current hEE tester 900078 6.45 12.90 Infra -red remote control 904085/86 7.95 15.90 Sound generator ELV project OCTOBER 1990 6P -controlled telephone exchange S-VHS/CVBS-to-RGB converter
87304-1
32.00
64.00
890164
8.25
16.50
890170-2'
18.50
37.00
7.65
15.30
900081
21.15
42.30
900055. 14.40 28.80
NOVEMBER 1990
900004
(USS)
DECEMBER 1990 6.15 12.30 Active mini subwoofer 900122-2 Milliohmmeter 910004 5.90 11.80 Phase check for 900114-1/2 9.40 18.80 audio systems PC -controlled VideoELV project text decoder (1) Signal suppressor for 904024 4.40 8.80 all -solid state preamp
SEPTEMBER 1991 Peak indicator for loudspeakers ELV project Timecode interface for slide control: - main board 910055 24.40 48.80 - display board 87291-9a 4.10 8.20 Asymm-symm converter 910072 5.60 11.20
10.60 2120
1990
DECEMBER 1988
power amplifier CVBS-to-TTL adaptor Autonomous I/O controller
(US$)
Video recording amplifier
880041
for SW receivers
MARCH 1989 Power line modem Centronics buffer
Price (E)
FEBRUARY 1989 Digital Model Train VHF receiver
17.40
1988 JANUARY 1988 Stereo limiter
ST and Archimedes MIDI control unit
No.
Low -budget capacitance meter
1987 preamplifier
Project
Price (E)
A number of projects carried in Elektor Electronics are supported by ready-made printed circuit boards (PCBs), self-adhesive front panel foils, ROMs, EPROMs, PALs, GALs, microcontrollers and diskettes, which may he ordered through our Readers Services using the order form printed every month opposite the Readers Services page. The list printed here is complementary to the shorter one opposite the Readers Services page elsewhere in this issue. This two -page overview of all currently available products is regularly updated and appears in the March, June, September and December issues of Elektor Electronics. Items marked with a dot (*) following the product number are in limited supply only, and their availability can not be guaranteed by the time your order is received. Items not listed here or on this month's Readers Services page are not available. The artwork for making PCBs which are not available ready-made through the Readers Services may be found in the relevant article (from March 1990 onwards). Prices and item descriptions subject to change. Prices can be confirmed on request at the time of ordering. Project
No
*The four PCBs required for the preamplifier (2 x
400 -watt laboratory PSU 900082 12.95 25.90 Dubbing mixer EV7000 ELV project Medium -power audio 900098 10.60 21.20 amplifier Programmer for the 8751 900100 8.25 16.50 PT100 thermometer 900106 5.90 11.80
OCTOBER 1991 PC -controlled weather station (2) 900124-2 Digital function generator - main board 910077-1 - display board 910077-2 Audio spectrum shift encoder/decoder 910105 NOVEMBER 1991 Relay card for universal I/O interface 910038 Dissipation limiter 910071 Digital function generator
3.80
7.60
21.75 12.65
43.50 25.30
10.35
20.70
12.95 4.40
25.90 8.80
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Printed circuit boards whose number is followed by a sign are only available in combination with the associated software item, and can not be supplied separately. The indicated price includes the software.
Project
Price
No.
(£)
Project
No.
(US$)
69
Price (£)
(US$)
ROMS - EPROMS - PALS - GALS - MICROCONTROLLERS Article/Project'
- sine converter 910077-3 - R/T converter 910077-4 Class -A power amplifier (1):
15.00 12.35
880092-1 880092-2 UPBS-2
9.95 9.05 3.80
Timer for CH systems
30.00 24.70 19.90 18.10 7.60
Printer sharing unit 920011 Sound sampler for Amiga 920074 Difference thermometer 920078 Low -power TTL-toRS232 interface 920127
14.70 6.75 5.30
29.40 13.50 10.60
3.55
7.10
ECEMBER 1992 DECEMBER 1991 Class -A power amplifier (2): 880092-3 7.50 15.00 7.60 15.20 880092-4 Economy power supply 910111 9.40 18.80 al. programmable filters 910125 6.75 13.50 Amiga mouse/joystick 914078 4.10 switch 8.20 Safe solid-state relay 914008 3.80 7.60 Slave mains on/off control Mark -2 914072 6.45 12.90 Wideband antenna amplifier ELV project
8.25 8.50
16.50 17.00
5.00 6.45 10.60
10.00 12.90 21.20
21.15 42.30 10.00 20.00
FEBRUARY 1992 Audio/video switching
Measurement amplifier Mini square wave generator RAM extension for mini Z80 system Switch -mode power supply
910130 910131-1 910144
11.75 14.40 13.50
23.50 28.80 27.00
910151
5.30
10.60
910073
2.35
4.70
920001
4.40
8.80
MARCH 1992 8751 emulator 920019 A-D/D-A and I/O for I2C bus 910131-2 AF drive indicator 920016 Centronics line booster 910133 FM tuner (tuner board) 920005 LC meter 920012 MIDI optical link 920014
12.05
24.10
6.15 5.60 5.90 21.15 8.80 6.15
12.30 11.20 11.80 42.30 17.60 12.30
APRIL 1992 80C32 SBC extension 910109 2 -metre FM receiver 910134 Comb generator 920003 AD232 converter 920010 Automatic NiCd charger UPBS-1 LCD for L -C meter 920018 Milli -ohm meter adaptor 920020
13.50 10.30 8.50 12.35 2.30 4.70 4.40
27.00 20.60 17.00 24.70 4.60 9.40 8.80
May 1992 1.3-GHz prescaler 914059 Compact mains supply 920021 FM tuner - 3 (PSU) 920005-2 GAL programmer 920030 NICAM decoder 920035
5.00 7.35 8.80 11.15 15.00
10.00 14.70 17.60 22.30 30.00
JUNE 1992 4 -Megabyte printer buffer 910110 Audio -video processor - 2 I2C display 920004 FM tuner - 4: - mode control board 920005-3 - synthesizer board 920005-5 Guitar tuner 920033 Multi -purpose Z80 card 920002
JULY 1992 12VDC to 240VAC inverter - main board 920039-1 - power board 920039-2 Audio DAC - 1 920063-1 Optocard for universal PC I/O bus 910040 Audio -video processor - 3 FM tuner - 5: - keyboard/display 920005-4 - S -meter 920005-6 RS232 quick tester 920037 Small projects: Water pump control for solar power system 924007 Simple power supply 924024 Wideband active telescopic antenna 924102 SEPTEMBER 1992 EPROM emulator - II 910082 Audio/video processor - 4 Audio DAC - 2 920063-2 OCTOBER 1992 Audio DAC - 3 920063-3 Mains sequencer 920013 Wideband active antenna 924101 RDS demodulator 880209 NOVEMBER 1992
34.10 68.20 29.40 58.80 19.40 38.80 7.95 15.90 6.10 8.20 6.45 12.90 12.35 24.70 20.00 40.00 6.45 12.90
37.60 ELV project 4.70 9.40 18.80
5.60 11.20 10.85 21.70 10.00 20.00 20.25 40.50
11.15 22.30 6.45 12.90 8.50 17.00
12.95 25.90 ELV project 14.40 3.80 5.00
28.80 7.60 10.00
7.35 14.70 5.00 10.00 3.25
6.50
10.00
20.00 ELV project 18.80 37.60
26.45 17.35 3.25 5.30
52.90 34.70 6.50 10.60
JANUARY 1993 PAL test pattern generator (incl. GAL 6211) 920129+ 15.30 30.60 Multi -core cable tester 926079 - matrix board 17.05 34.10 - slave unit 926084 6.20 12.40 - master unit 926085 8.25 16.50 FEBRUARY 1993 U2400B NiCd battery charger 920098 8.75 17.50 Digital -audio enhancer 920169 14.25 28.50 12C opto/relay card 930004 11.00 22.00 Watt-hour meter (PCBs -1 and -2, and EPROM 6241)920148+ 37.25 74.50 MARCH 1993 Linear sound pressure meter Electrically isolated RS232 interface
Order code
Description
2/91
561
series 2/90 3/90 6/90 10/90
572 583 5861 5921
1 x 16L8 1 x 2764 1 x 27128 1 x 2764 1 x 27128 1 x 27128 1 x 2764 1 x 2764
5941 5951 5961
2/91 4/91
(series)
Price (£)
(US$)
10.30 11.75 10.85 11.75 11.75 15.30 15.30 15.30
20.60 23.50 21.70 23.50 23.50 30.60 30.60 30.60
see under Cr ISKETTES below
5971 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50 5981 1 x 2764 15.30 30.60 Multifunction I/O card for PCs 7-8/91 5991 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50 Amiga mouse/joystick switch 12/91 6001 1 x GAL 16V8 8.25 16.50 Stepper motor board 6/91 6011 1 x PAL 16L8 8.25 16.50 4-MByte printer buffer (6/92 and 4/93) 6041 1 x 27C64 15.30 30.60 8751 emulator (incl. system disk 5.25 in.) 3/92 6051 1 x 27C64 29.40 58.80 EMON51 (incl. course disk 1661) (series) 6061 1 x 27256 20.00 40.00 Connect 4 12/91 6081 1 x 2764 15.30 30.60 EMON51 (incl. course disk 1681) (series) 6091 1 x 27256 20.00 40.00 FM tuner 7/92 6101 1 x 27C256 15.30 30.60 Multi -purpose 280 card: GAL set 6/92 6111 2 x GAL 16V8 11.15 22.30 Multi -purpose Z80 card: BIOS 6/92 6121 1 x 27128 15.30 30.60 TV test pattern generator (80C32 SBC) 3/93 6151 x 27256 15.30 30.60 1.2 GHz multifunction frequency meter 12/92 6141 1 x 27C256 11.45 22.90 Digital audio/visual system 12/92 6171 < 27C256 10.30 20.60 Digital audio/visual system (software package) 2/93 6181 EPROM. GAL. and disk 30.50 61.00 PAL test pattern generator 1/93 6211 1 x GAL 20V8 9.40 18.80 Watt-hour meter 2/93 6241 1 x 27256 10.00 20.00 Four fold DAC 7-8/93 6251 1 x GAL 10.75 21.50 Multipurpose display decoder 7-8/93 6261 1 x 2764 11.50 23.00 Digital hygrometer 11/93 6301 1 x 2764 14.50 29.00 8751 programmer 11/90 7061 1 x 8751 46.40 92.80 Microcontroller NiCd charger 10/93 7071 1 x ST62E15 10.00 20.00 Maxi micro clock (clock) 7-8/93 7081 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00 Maxi micro clock (darkroom timer) 7-8/93 7091 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00 Maxi micro clock (cooking timer) 7-8/93 7101 1 x ST62T10 11.50 23.00 Mini micro clock (clock) 9/93 7111 1 x ST62T15 11.50 23.00 Mini micro clock (darkroom timer) 9/93 7121 1 x ST621-15 11.50 23.00 Mini micro clock (cooking timer) 9/93 7131 x ST62715 11.50 23.00 VHF/UHF TV tuner 11/93 7141 1 x 87C51 25.75 51.50 * For pre -1990 project EPROM5 see the December 1992 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office 6/91 2/91
1
1
1
930006 920138
MAY 1993 FM stereo signal generator920155 VHF/UHF receiver 926001 Philips preamplifier 930003 Workbench PSU 930033 920075-1
JUNE 1993 Spectrum VU meter 920151 GAL programmer upgrade930060 Digital frequency readout for VHF/UHF receiver 926001-2 Inexpensive phase meter - main board 930046 - meter board 920018
14.00
7.00
10.25 20.50
APRIL 1993 Audio power meter 930018 10.25 Video digitizer for PCs (incl. disk 1831) 930007+ 37.00 Infrared receiver for 80C32 single -board computer (incl. disk 1791) 920149+ 14.50 4MB printer buffer card 920009 27.50
DISKETTES Article/Project`
Issue
20.50 74.00
29.00 55.00
23.00 19.00 7.50 21.50 4.70
46.00 38.00 15.00 43.00 9.40
13.00 4.50
26.00 9.00
11.50
23.00
9.00 4.75
18.00 9.50
JULY/AUGUST 1993 Active 3 -way loudspeaker system Maxi micro clock Four -fold DAC for PCs SMD soldering station VHF -low converter I2C bus fuse 15 on I PCB)
930016 21.50 43.00 930020 15.50 31.00 930040 Koller Electronic 930065 9.50 19.00 926087 15.50 31.00 934016 8.00 16.00 Voice operated recording 934039 6.00 12.00 General transformer PCB 934004 6.50 13.00 Plant humidity monitor 934031 4.50 9.00 Plant humidity monitor (supply) 934032 4.00 8.00
SEPTEMBER 1993 Fuzzy logic multimeter -1920049-2 20.00 40.00 Linear temperature gauge 920150 7.05 14.10 PC -aided transistor tester 920144 9.75 19.50 Harmonic enhancer 930025 13.50 27.00 ITC alphanumerical display (incl. disk 1851) 930044+ 14.25 28.50 Mini micro clock 930055 7.50 15.00 950-1750 MHz converter UPBS-1 1.95 3.90 OCTOBER 1993 Stereo mixer UPBS-1 1.95 3.90 MIDI channel monitor 930059 14.00 28.00 Ah meter with digital display 930068 14.00 28.00 Autoranging frequency readout 930034 12.50 25.00 ROM -gate switchover for Atari ST 930005 30.25 60.50 Microntroller-driven NiCd battery charger (incl. programmed ST62E15) 920162+ 25.50 51.00 Fuzzy logic multimeter - 2 (incl. disk 1721) 920049-1+ 23.75 47.50 r-oi November 1993 to March 1994 foams see page 70 of this issue
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Multifunction measurement card for PCs The digital model train Darkroom clock Video mixer Four -sensor sunshine recorder µP -controlled telephone exchange RDS decoder MIDI programme changer Logic analyser Logic analyser (IBM interface) MIDI -to -CV interface
1993
1992 JANUARY 1992 CD player 910146 Fast precise thermometer 910081 Low -frequency counter - input board 910149-1 - display board 910149-2 Mini Z80 system 910060 Prototyping board for IBM PCs 910049 PC -controlled weather 900124-5 station (3)
unit 12C interface for PCS
Digital audio/visual system (incl. EPROM 6171) 920022+ 1.2 GHz multifunction frequency meter (incl. EPROM 6141) 920095+ Output amplifier for ribbon 920135-1 loudspeakers 920135-2 Peak -delta NiCd charger 920147 IDC-to-boX header adaptor924049 924047 Mini keyboard for Z80 800552 pP system 924071 924055 Mains power -on delay
Issue
Order code
EPROM emulator II 9/92 129 Multifunction measurement card (MMC) for PCs 2/91 1461 Logic analyser: IBM software & GAL IC 7-8/91 1491 Logic analyser: Atari software & GAL IC 7-8/91 1501 Plotter driver (D. Sijtsma) 9/91 1541 8 -bit I/O interface for Atari ST 4/91 1571 Tektronix/Intel file converter 4/91 1581 B/W video digitizer for Archimedes 7-8/91 1591 Timecode interface for slide controller 9/91 1611 Real-time clock for Atari ST 6/91 1621 24 -bit colour extension for video digitizer 11/91 1631 PC -controlled weather station (3) 1/92 1641 (supersedes 1551 and 1561) 8051/8032 assembler course (IBM version) (series) 1661 A-D/D-A and I/O for I2C bus 3/92 1671 8051/8032 assembler course (Atari version) series 1681 AD232 converter 4/92 1691 GAL programmer (upgrade: June 1993) 5/92 8 6/93 1701 Multi -purpose Z80 card 6/92 1711 Fuzzy Control One 10/93 1721 Pascal routines for MMC for PCs 10/92 1751 Speech/sound memory 12/92 1771 PC -aided transistor tester 9/93 1781 Int ra-red receiver and DTMF decoder for 80032 single -board computer 3 & 4/93 1791 I2C opto/relay card 2/93 1821 Video digitizer for PC5 4/93 1831 GAL programmer for Amiga 6/93 1841 ITC alphanumerical display 9/93 1851 Philips preamplifier 5/93 1861 GAL programmer (excl. Opal Jr. disks) 6/93 1881 X2404 -to -8751 interfacing 6/93 1891
Disk size
Price (0)
(US$)
5.25 -inch 5.25 -inch 5.25 -inch 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch 3.5 -inch 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch
6.75 7.65 19.40 19.40 11.15 7.65 7.65 11.15 7.65 7.65 11.15 7.65
13.50 15.30 38.80 38.80
5.25 -inch
7.65
22.30 15.30 15.30 22.30 15.30 15.30 22.30 15.30
15.30
order as 1821 (see below) 3.5 -inch 5.25 -inch 5.25 -inch (3 x) 5.25 -inch 5.25 -inch
5.25 inch 5.25 inch 3.5 inch
7.65 7.65 11.15 7.65 7.75 9.70 7.65 7.50
15.30 15.30 22.30 15.30 15.50 19.40 15.30 15.00
7.50 15.00 5.25 inch 7.65 15.30 5.25 inch 14.50 29.00 3.5 inch 11.00 22.00 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00 5.25 inch 10.75 21.50 5.25 inch 8.50 17.00 For pre -1991 project diskettes see the December 1992 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office 5.35 -inch
SELF-ADHESIVE FRONT PANEL FOILS Article/Project*
Issue
Order code
Price (0)
Wattmeter Universal NiCd battery charger Logic analyser Digital phase meter Variable AC power supply Timecode interface for slide controller Digital function generator 4 -Megabyte printer buffer Economy power supply Measurement amplifier CD player FM tuner 4 -Megabyte printer buffer insertion card LC meter Digital audio/visual system
4/91 6/91
910011-F 900134-F 900094-F 910045-F 900104-F 910055-F 910077-F 910110-F 910111-F 910144-F 910146-F 920005-F 920009-F 920012-F 920022-F1 920022-F2 920022-F3 920033-F 920035-F 920038-F 920063-F 920095-F 920098-F 930033-F 930046-F
(US$)
9.70 19.40 6.45 12.90 (series) 10.30 20.60 6/91 11.75 23.50 6/91 16.45 32.90 9/91 8.80 17.60 10/91 10.60 21.20 6/92 11.45 22.90 12/91 10.60 21.20 2/92 8.80 17.60 1/92 12.05 24.10 (series) 13.20 26.40 3/93 8.25 16.50 3/92 11.45 22.90 (series) 10.00 20.00 19.40 38.80 28.80 57.60 Guitar tuner 6/92 8.80 17.60 NICAM decoder 5/92 8.25 16.50 12VDC-to-240VAC inverter 7/92 16.15 32.30 Audio DAC 10/92 10.00 20.00 1.2GHz multifunction frequency meter 12/92 13.80 27.60 U2400B NiCd battery charger 2/93 8.75 17.50 Workbench PSU 4/93 17.00 34.00 Inexpensive phase meter 6/93 17.25 34.50 " For 1990 project front panel foils see the September 1993 Product Overview or contact our Dorchester office
70
READERS SERVICES Except in the USA and Canada, all orders, except for subscriptions and past issues (for which see below), must be sent BY POST to our Dorchester office using
the appropriate form opposite. Please note that we can not deal with PERSONAL CALLERS, as no stock is carried at the editorial and administrative office. Readers in the USA and Canada should send orders, except for subscriptions (for which see below), to Old Colony Sound Lab, Peterborough, whose full address is given on the order form opposite. Please include shipping cost according to total order value. For surface delivery in the USA, if order is less than $50, include $3; $50+, $4. For Canada surface, if less than US$50, include US$5; US$50+, US$7.50. For air or other deliveries, please inquire. Please allow 4-6 weeks for delivery. All other customers must add postage and packing charges for orders up to £25.00 as follows: UK and
Eire £1.95; surface mail outside UK £2.45; Europe (airmail) £2.95; outside Europe (airmail) £3.70. For orders over £25.00, but not exceeding £100.00, these
p&p charges should be doubled. For orders over £100.00 in value, p&p charges will be advised.
SUBSCRIPTIONS & PAST ISSUES Subscriptions and past issues, if available, should be
ordered from Worldwide Subscription Service Ltd,
Unit 4, Gibbs Reed Farm, Pashley Road, TICEHURST TN5 7HE, England. For subscriptions, use the order form on the opposite page. Prices of past issues (except July/August and December), including
postage for single copies, are £2.70 (UK and Eire); £3.00 (surface mail outside UK); £3.20 (air mail Europe); £3.95 (airmail outside Europe). Prices of past July/August and December issues, including postage for single copies, are £3.75 (UK); £4.00 (surface mail
outside UK); £4.25 (airmail Europe); and £5.00 (airmail outside Europe).
PAST ARTICLES Photocopies of articles from January 1978 onwards can be provided, postage paid, at £1.95 (UK and Eire), £2.10 (surface mail outside UK), £2.45 (airmail Europe), or £2.70 (airmail outside Europe). In case an article is split into instalments, these prices are applic-
able per instalment. Photocopies may be ordered from our editorial and administrative offices.
No.
PROJECT
Price Price
Workbench PSU Inexpensive phase meter Mini preamplifier AF rms voltmeter
930033-F 930046-F 930106-F 930108-F
17.00 34.00 17.25 34.50 Not available 17.25 34.50
EPROMS / PALS / MICROCONTROLLERS Amiga mouse/joystick 6001 switch (1 x GAL 16V8) 4 -Megabyte printer buffer 6041 (1 x 2764) 8751 emulator 6051 incl. system disk (MSDOS) 6081 Connect 4 (1 x 27C64) EMON51 (8051 assembler course) (1 x 27256 +disk 1661) 6061 EMON51 (8051 assembler course) (1 x 27256 +disk 1681) 6091 6101 FM tuner (1 x 27C256) Multi -purpose Z80 card: 6111 GAL set (2 x GAL 16V8) Multi -purpose Z80 card: 6121 BIOS (1 x EPROM 27128) 1.2 GHz multifunction frequency meter(1 x 27C256) 6141 Digital audio/visual system 6171 (1 x 27C256) TV test pattern generator 6151 (1 x 27256) DiAV system. Package: 1 x 27512; 2 x GAL; 1 x 6181 floppy disk (MSDOS) PAL test pattern generator 6211 (1 x GAL 20V8-25)
8.25 16.50 15.30 30.60
29.40 58.80 15.30 30.60 20.00 40.00
tronics are usually available from appropriate advertisers in this magazine. If difficulties in the supply of components are envisaged, a source will normally be
advised in the article. It should be noted that the source(s) given is (are) not exclusive - other suppliers may also be able to help.
Maxi micro clock (darkroom timer) Maxi micro clock (cooking timer)
BOOKS
Mini micro clock (clock)
For book availability, see advertisement on page 58.
SHELF BOX Elektor Electronics shelf box
£2.95
$6.00
FRONT PANELS PROJECT
Maxi micro clock (clock)
No.
910055-F Timecode interface Digital function 910077-F generator 4 -Megabyte printer 910110-F buffer 920005-F FM tuner 920009-F 4MB printer buffer card 920012-F LC meter 920033-F Guitar tuner 920035-F NICAM decoder 12VDC to 240VAC 920038-F inverter 920063-F Audio DAC Dig. audio/visual system 920022-F1 920022-F2 920022-F3 1.2 GHz multifunction 920095-F frequency meter U2400B NiCd battery 920098-F charger
Price Price (£) (US$) 8.80 17.60 10.60 21.20
11.45 22.90 13.20 26.40 8.25 16.50 11.45 22.90 8.80 17.60 8.25 16.50 16.15 32.30 10.00 20.00 10.00 20.00 19.40 38.80 28.80 57.60 13.80 27.60
8.75 17.50
Mini micro clock (darkroom timer) Mini micro clock (cooking turner)
VHF/UHF TV tuner (1 x 87C51) Microntroller-driven UART (1 x ST62T10) PIC programmer (1 x PIC17C42 and 1 x disk)
1711 1721 1751 1771 1781
IR receiver and DIME decoder 1791 for 80C32 SBC 1811 800535 assembler course 12C opto/relay card
Video digitizer for PCs GAL programmer for Amiga 12C alphanumerical display Philips preamplifier GAL programmer (excl. Opal Jr. disks) Precision clock for PCs
1821 1831 1841 1851 1861
7.65 15.30 7.75 15.50 9.70 19.40 7.65 15.30 7.50 15.00 9.00 18.00 8.80 17.60 7.65 15.30 14.50 29.00 11.00 22.00 8.50 17.00 8.50 17.00
1891
10.75 21.50 8.50 17.00 8.50 17.00
1921 1931
10.75 21.50 34.25 68.50
1881 1871
Mini I/O card for Casio FX850/880P
11.15 22.30 15.30 30.60
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
11.45 22.90
Printed circuit boards whose number is followed by a + sign are only available in combination with the associated software item, and can not be supplied sepa-
10.30 20.60
rately. The indicated price includes the software. 13.00 26.00
30.50 61.00 9.40 18.60
17.05 34.10 10.00 20.00 10.75 21.50 11.50 23.00 14.50 29.00
NOVEMBER 1993 Fuzzy logic multimeter - 3 (four boards) Precision clock for PCs incl. disk (1871) VHF/UHF TV tuner boards -1 and -2, and 87C51 (7141) Output amplifier with AF bandpass filter Electronic load Digital hygrometer incl. EPROM (6301) Power MOSFET tester
920049
Not available
930058+
12.25 24.50
930064+
57.25114.50
930071 930088
6.75 13.50 Not available
930104+
28.00 56.00 32.50 65.00
930107
14.50 29.00
26.00 52.00 42.25 14.50 30.75 46.40
84.50 29.00 61.50 92.80
7081 7091 7101 7111 7121 7131
10.00 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50
20.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00
7141
25.75 51.50
DECEMBER 1993 535 card w. EPROM emulator 930103+ incl. GAL and PAL (6311) AF rms voltmeter 930108 I2C power switch 930091 Medium power HEXFET amplifier 930102 Microcontroller driven UART 930073 SCART switching box 930122 Low -power NBFM transmitter 914114 Photographic workshop light 930116 Stereo PWM output amplifier 934076
JANUARY 1994 Digital dial RDS decoder incl. EPROM (6331)
47.50 95.00 12.25 24.50 6.25 12.50
12.75 25.50 4.75
9.50
14.25 28.50 Not available Not available Not available
930161
12.75 25.50
930121+
23.75 51.50
incl. GAL (6341) 930128+ Telephone -controlled switch incl. EPROM (6271) 934054+
36.25 72.50
12C tester 7151
17.25 34.50
7161
50.00100.00
DISKETTES Plotter driver (D. Sijtsma) I/O interface for Atari Tek/Intel file converter B/W video digitizer Timecode interface RTC for Atari ST 24 -bit colour extension for video digitizer PC controlled weather station - 3 (supersedes disks 1551 and 1561) 8051/8032 Assembler course (IBM version) 8051/8032 Assembler course (Atari version) (3.5") AD232 converter GAL programmer (3 disks; upgrade: June 1993)
Multi -purpose Z80 card Fuzzy Control One Pascal library for MMC Speech/sound memory PC -aided transistor tester
SIM - an 8051 simulator
800535 assembler course (1 x EMON52 EPROM and 6221 1 x disk 1811) 6241 Watt-hour meter (1 x 27256) Four fold DAC (1 x GAL) 6251 Multipurpose display decoder 6261 (1 x 2764) Telephone -controlled switch 6271 (1 x 2764) Relative humidity meter 6301 (1 x 2764) 535 card w. EPROM emulator 6311 (1 x PAL; 1 x GAL) Copybit eliminator ( x GAL 16V8 and 1 x MACH110) 6321 6331 RDS decoder (1 x 27C64) 6341 12C tester (1 x GAL 6001) 8751 programmer (1 x 8751) 7061 Microcontroller NiCd charger 7071 (1 x ST62E15)
Price Price (£) (US$)
X2404 -to -8751 interfacing
20.00 40.00 15.30 30.60
1
COMPONENTS Components for projects appearing in Elektor Elec-
No.
PROJECT
(£) (US$)
1541 1571 1581 1591 1611 1621
11.15 22.30 7.65 15.30 7.65 15.30 11.15 22.30 7.65 15.30 7.65 15.30
1631
11.15 22.30
1641
7.65 15.30
1661
7.65 15.30
1681 1691
7.65 15.30 7.65 15.30
1701
11 15 22.30
A list of all PCBs, software products and front panels available through the Readers Services is published in the March, June, September and December issues of Elektor Electronics.
FEBRUARY 1994 800535 single -board computer Copybit eliminator incl. MACH and GAL Mini preamplifier
37.25 74.50
924046
14.10 28.20
930098+
46.25 92.50 29.25 58.50
930106
Bidirectional RS232 -to 14.00 28.00 Centronics converter 930134 24 cm FM ATV transmitter PCB available from author
MARCH 1994 PIC programmer incl. software set 7161 100W AF amplifier - adaptor board - amplifier board - protection board Mini I/O card for Casio FX850/880P
940048+
64.75129.50
930039 920135-1 920135-2
8.25 16.50 19.40 38.80 7.95 15.90
930090
Not available
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
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ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers
SURVEILLANC13 PIU11ESSI4KAL 01JALIT7' KITS
No. I for Kits
Whether your requirement for surveillance equipment is amateur, professional or you are just fascinated by this unique area of electronics SUMA DESIGNS has a kit to fit the bill. We have been designing electronic surveillance equipment for over 12 years and you can be sure that all our kits are very well tried, tested and proven and come complete with full instructions, circuit diagrams, assembly details and all high quality components including fibreglass PCB. Unless otherwise stated all transmitters are tuneable and can be received on an ordinary VHF FM radio.
Genuine SUMA kits available only direct from Suma Designs. Beware inferior imitations! UTX Ultra -miniature Room Transmitter Smallest room transmitter kit in the word! Incredible 10mm x 20mm including mic. 3-12V operation. 500m range £16.45 MTX Micro -miniature Room Transmitter Best-selling micro -miniature Room Transmitter Just 17mm x 17mm including mic. 3-12V operation. 1000m range
£13.45
STX High-performance Room Transmitter Hi performance transmitter with a buffered output stage for greater stability and range. Measures 22mm x 22mm including mic. 6-12V operation, 1500m range £15.45 VT500 High -power Room Transmitter
Powerful 250mW output providing excellent range and performance. Size 20mm x 40mm. 9-12V operation. 3000m range
£16.45
VXT Voice Activated Transmitter Triggers only when sounds are detected. Very low standby current. Variable sensitivity and delay with LED indicator. Size 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £19.45 HVX400 Mains Powered Room Transmitter Connects directly to 240V AC supply for long-term monitoring. Size 30mm x 35mm. 500m range £19.45 SCRX Subcarrier Scrambled Room Transmitter Scrambled output from this transmitter cannot be monitored without the SCDM decoder connected to the receiver. Size 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £22.95 SCLX Subcarrier Telephone Transmitter
Connects to telephone line anywhere, requires no batteries. Output scrambled so requires SCDM connected to receiver. Size 32mm x 37mm. 1000m range
£23.95
SCDM Subcarrier Decoder Unit for SCRX
Connects to receiver earphone socket and provides decoded audio output to headphones. Size 32mm x 70mm. 9-12V operation
£22.95
ATR2 Micro Size Telephone Recording Interface Connects between telephone line (anywhere) and cassette recorder. Switches tape
automatically as phone is used. All conversations recorded. Size 16mm x 32mm. Powered from line
£13.45
*** Specials *** OLTIUDLRX Radio Control Switch
Remote control anything around your home or garden, outside lights, alarms, paging system etc. System consists of a small VHF transmitter with digital encoder and receiver unit with decoder and relay output, momentary or alternate, 8 -way dil switches on both boards set your own unique security code. TX size 45mm x 45mm. RX size 35mm x 90mm. Both 9V operation. Range up to 200m. Complete System (2 kits) £50.95 Individual Transmitter DLTX £19.95 Individual Receiver DLRX
£37.95
UTLX Ultra -miniature Telephone Transmitter Smallest telephone transmitter kit available. Incredible size of 10mm x 20mm! Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use. £15.95 All conversation transmitted. Powered from line. 500m range TLX700 Micro -miniature Telephone Transmitter Best-selling telephone transmitter. Being 20mm x 20mm it is easier to assemble than
UTLX. Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use. All conversations transmitted. Powered from line. 1000m range
£13.45
STLX High-performance Telephone Transmitter High performance transmitter with buffered output stage providing excellent stability and performance. Connects to line (anywhere) and switches on and off with phone use. All conversations transmitted. Powered from line. Size 22mm x 22mm. 1500m range £16.45
TKX900 Signalling/Tracking Transmitter Transmits a continous stream of audio pulses with variable tone and rate. Ideal for signalling or tracking purposes. High power output giving range up to 3000m. Size 25mm x 63mm. 9V operation £22.95 CD400 Pocket Bug Detector/Locator LED and piezo bleeper pulse slowly, rate of pulse and pitch of tome increase as you approach signal. Gain control allows pinpointing of source. Size 45mm x 54mm. 9V operation £30.95 CD600 Professional Bug Detector/Locator Multicolour readout of signal strength with variable rate bleeper and variable sensitivity used to detect and locate hidden transmitters. Switch to AUDIO CONFORM mode to distinguish between localised bug transmission and normal legitimate signals such as pagers, cellular, taxis etc. Size 70mm x 100mm. W operation £50.95
ammo Crystal Controlled Room transmitter Narrow band FM transmitter for the ultimate in privacy. Operates on 180 MHz and requires the use of a scanner receiver or our QRX180 kit (see catlogue). Size 204a95 mmx 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range £40.95
PLX180 Crystal Cointrolled Telephone Transmitter As per QTX180 but connects to telephone line to monitor both sides of conversations.E45 20mm x 67mm. 9V operation. 1000m range 0 IISX180 Line Powered Crystal Controlled Phone Transmitter As per CILX180 but draws power requirements from line. No batteries required. Size 32mm x 37mm. Range 500m £35.95
QUM Crystal Controlled FM Receiver For monitoring any of the 'Q' range transmitters. High sensitivity unit. All RF section supplied as a pre -built and aligned module ready to connect on board so no difficulty setting up. Outpt to headphones. 60mm x 75mm. 9V operation
£60.95
A build-up service is available on all our kits if required. UK customers please send cheques, POs or registered cash. Please add £1.50 per order for P&P. Goods despatched ASAP allowing for cheque clearance. Overseas customers send sterling bank draft and add £5.00 per
MIX -1 11141 Micro Broadcaster Not technically a surveillance device but a great idea! Connects to the headphone output
order for shipment. Credit card orders welcomed on 0827 714476.
of your Hi-Fi, tape or CD and transmits Hi-Fi quality to a nearby radio. Listen to your favourite music anywhere around the house, garden, in the bath or in the garage and you don't have to put up with the DJ's choice and boring waffle. Size 27mm x 60mm.
OUR LATEST CATALOGUE CONTAINING MANY MORE NEW SURVEILLANCE KITS NOW AVAILABLE. SEND TWO FIRST
9V operation. 250m range
CLASS STAMPS OR OVERSEAS SEND TWO IRCS.
£20.95
a A
I
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
II
74
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS is available from, among others: CRICKLEWOOD ELECTRONICS LIMITED
40 Cricklewood Broadway, London NW2 3ET Telephone 081 450 0995 Fax 081 208 1441 THE ELECTRONIC SHOP Electronic components, test
L.F. HANNEY
AAGE NIELSEN
TABACCARIA BRITANICA
Your electronic component specialist for Avon, Wilts & Somerset. 77 Lower Bristol Road, Bath, Avon, Telephone 0225 424811
1 Sortedam Dosseringen DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, Telephone 01 39 30 10 Fax 031 39 05 02
Praca do Duque da Terceira 19 1107 Lisboa, Portugal Telephone 932 4752
D.P. HOBBS (NORWICH) LTD
equipment, telephone accessories, computer accessories, microphones, disco lighting, speakers, turn tables, mixers, meters, stylus.
Electronic component specialists. Amateur radio equipment. 13 St. Benedict Street,
29 Hanging Ditch, Manchester M4 3ES, Telephone 061 834 1185
Telephone 0603 615786
Norwich NR2 4PE,
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RCE ELECTRONIC CENTRE
TECHNICAL BOOKS & MAGAZINES
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VEJLE RC ELEKTRONIK Sdr Brogade 42 P 0 Box 332 DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark
INEL Co. P.O. Box 1397 JL. Hariang Banga No. 3
HELMHOLT ELEKTRONIK Farvevej 2
MANCOMP
GREENWELD
27 Park Road Southampton SO1 3TB England Telephone (0703) 236 363 Fax (0703) 236 307
240 Platt Lane Manchester M14 7BS England Telephone 061 224 1888
Telephone 75 83 25 33
Bandung 40116 Indonesia
OMNI ELECTRONICS
Stock a wide range of electronic components. 174 Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 5DX, Telephone 031 667 2611
BEBEK ELECTRONICS
Hirsimetsantie 26 SF -15200 Lahti 11 Finland Telephone (18) 33 99 46
INDEX OF ADVERTISERS Advertising Standards Authority Badger Boards B K Electronics Bull Electrical Canal Bridge Audio CIL Cirkit Distribution Cricklewood Electronics Display Electronics Electronics - the Maplin Magazine ElectroValue Elektor Electronics Elinge Komponent Service ESR Electronic Components Ice Technology lnstrutek (UK) J P Distribution Labcenter Maplin Electronic Supplies MicroAmps Morrison Micros Number One Systems Ltd Pico Technology Ltd POWERware Speaker Builder Squarewave Electronics Stewart of Reading
33
64
40, inside back cover 54 55 59
Swift Television Publications Suma Designs Those Engineers Tsien (UK) Ltd Viewcom Electronics White House Systems
37 73 58 45
8, 9 45
41 33
24 39 33
38, 58, 74 64 25
Inside front cover 55
59 29
Back cover 41
64 4
49 37 33 59 41
ADVERTISING SPACE for the April 1994 issue may be reserved not later than Thursday 10 February 1994 by Elektor Electronics (Publishing) Advertisement Office 3 Crescent Terrace Cheltenham GL50 3PE England Telephone (0242) 510 760 Fax (0242) 226 626 to whom all correspondence, copy instructions and artwork should be addressed.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
Please mention ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS when contacting advertisers POWER AMPLIFIER MODULES -TURNTABLES -DIMMERS LOUDSPEAKERS -19 INCH STE ED OMP MOS-FET POWER AMPLIFIERS HIGH POWER, TWO CHANNEL 19 INCH RACK
THOUSANDS PURCHASED BY PROFESSIONAL USERS
-
R U.
SERVICE * LARGE CA41
60p STAMPED FOR CATALOGUE *
1;t1"1 Illjf1 al1.111111441 SUPPLIED READY BUILT AND TESTED. These modules now enjoy a world-wide reputation for quality, reliability and performance at a realistic price. Four models are available to suit the needs of the professional and hobby market i.e. Industry, Leisure. Instrumental and Hi-Fi etc. When comparing prices, NOTE that all models include toroidal power supply, integral heat sink, glass fibre P.C.B. and drive circuits to power a compatible Vu meter. All models are open and short circuit proof.
THOUSANDS OF MODULES PURCHASED BY PROFESSIONAL USERS OMP/MF 100 Mos-Fet Output power 110 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 1 OOKHz
-3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 45ViuS, T.H.D. typical 0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB. Size 300 x 123 x 60mm.
PRICE £40.85 - £3.50 P&P
OMP/MF 200 Mos-Fet Output power 200 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 1 OOKHz
THE RENOWNED MXF SERIES OF POWER AMPLIFIERS
-3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 50VIuS,
s
FOUR MODELS:- MXF200 (100W + 100W) MXF400 (200W + 200W) MXF600 (300W + 300W) MXF900 (450W + 450W)
T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB. Size 300 x 155 x 100mm.
PRICE £64.35 + £4.00 P&P
ALL POWER RATINGS R.M.S. INTO 4 OHMS, BOTH CHANNELS DRIVEN FEATURES: *Independent power supplies with two toroidal transformers * Twin L E D Vu meters *
OMP/MF 300 Mos-Fet Output power 300 watts
Level controls * Illuminated gala switch * XLR connectors * Standard 775mV inputs * Open and short circuit proof * Latest Mos-Fets for stress free power delivery into virtually any load * High slew rate * Very low distortion * Aluminium cases * MXF600 & MXF900 fan cooled with D C loudspeaker and thermal protection
R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
-3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 60V/uS, T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB. Size 330 x 175 x 100mm.
USED THE WORLD OVER IN CLUBS, PUBS, CINEMAS, DISCOS ETC
SIZES:- MXF200W19'xH3',e" (2U)xD11"
PRICE £81.75
MXF400 W 19"x145'4" (3U)x131 2"
MXF600W19"xH5'," (3U)vD13"
£5.00 P&P
OMP/MF 450 Mos-Fet Output power 450 watts
MXF900 W19"x115',." (3U)xD14.,t"
R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz
PRICES:-MXF200 £175.00 MXF400 £233.85 MXF600 £329.00 MXF900 £449 15
, 300, Slew Rate 75V/uS,
-3dB, Damping Factor
T.H.D. typical 0.001%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB, Fan Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2 Second Anti -Thump Delay. Size 385 x 210 x 105mm.
104
SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. F12.50 EACH
PRICE £132.85 + £5.00 P&P OMP/MF 1000 Mos-Fet Output power 1000 watts R.M.S. into 2 ohms, 725 watts R.M.S. into 4 ohms, frequency response 1Hz - 100KHz -3dB, Damping Factor > 300, Slew Rate 75V/uS, T.H.D. typical 0.002%, Input Sensitivity 500mV, S.N.R. -110 dB, Fan Cooled, D.C. Loudspeaker Protection, 2 Second
Advanced 3 -Way Stereo Active Cross -Over, housed in a 19' x 1U case Each channel has three level controls bass, mid & top. The removable front fascia allows access to the programmable DIL switches to adjust the cross -over frequency: Bass -Mid 250/500/800Hz, Mid Top 1 8/3/5KHz, all at 24dB per octave Bass invert switches on each bass channel. Nominal 775mV input/output Fully compatible with OMP rack amplifier and modules
Anti -Thump Delay. Size 422 x 300 x 125mm.
PRICE £259.00 + £12.00 P&P
Price £117.44 + £5.00 P&P ,It
=I :1=1.7 I< I
41-1=
NOTE: MOS-FET MODULES ARE AVAILABLE IN TWO VERSIONS: STANDARD - INPUT SENS 500mV, BAND WIDTH 100101x. PEC (PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMENT COMPATIBLE) - INPUT SENS 775mV, BAND WIDTH SOKHz. ORDER STANDARD OR PEC.
* ECHO & SOUND EFFECTS*
STEREO DISCO MIXER with 2 x 7 band L & R graphic equalisers with bar graph
LOUDSPEAKER
MANY OUTSTANDING FEATURES:- including Echo with repeat & DJ Mic with talk -over LED Vu meters.
speed control,
GRILLES, CROSS-OVERS AND HIGH POWER, HIGH
switch, 6 Channels with individual faders
FREQUENCY BULLETS AND HORNS, LARGE (A4) S.A.E. (60p STAMPED) FOR COMPLETE LIST.
plus cross fade, Cue Headphone Monitor. 8
Sound Effects. Useful combination of the
following inputs:- 3 turntables (mag), 3
McKenzie and Fane Loudspeakers are also available.
mica, 5 Line for CD, Tape, Video etc.
Price £144.99 + £5.00 P&P
LARGE SELECTION OF SPECIALIST LOUDSPEAKERS AVAILABLE, INCLUDING CABINET FITTINGS, SPEAKER
SIZE: 482 x 240 x 120mm
EMINENCE:- INSTRUMENTS, P.A., DISCO, ETC
: it : ALL EMINENCE UNITS El OHMS IMPEDANCE 8" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME8-100 GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, EXCELLENT MID, DISCO. Join the Piezo revolution! The low dynamic mass (no voice coil) of a Piezo tweeter produces an improved RES. FRED. 72Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 4KHz, SENS 97dB. PRICE £32.71 - C2.00 P&P transient response with a lower distortion level than ordinary dynamic tweeters. As a crossover is not required these units can be added to existing speaker systems of up to 100 watts (more if two are put in series. FREE 10" 100 WATT R.M.S. MEI 0-100 GUITAR, VOCAL, KEYBOARD, DISCO, EXCELLENT MID. RES. FREQ. 71Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 7KHz, SENS97dB. PRICE C33.74 + £2.50 P&P EXPLANATORY LEAFLETS ARE SUPPLIED WITH EACH TWEETER. 10" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME10-200 GUITAR, KEYB'D, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT HIGH POWER MID. TYPE 'A' (KSN1036A) 3" round with protective wire mesh. Ideal for RES. FREQ. 65Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3.5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE C43.47 - C2.50 P&P bookshelf and medium sized Hi-Fi apeakers. Price £4.90 + 50p P&P. 12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LE GEN. PURPOSE, LEAD GUITAR, DISCO, STAGE MONITOR. PRICE £35.64 + £3.50 P&P TYPE 'B' (KSN1005A) 3'/" super horn for general purpose speakers, RES.FRED. 49Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 100dB.
12" 100 WATT R.M.S. ME12-100LT (TWIN CONE) WIDE RESPONSE, P.A., VOCAL, STAGE disco and P.A. systems etc. Price £5.99 + 50p P&P. PRICE £36.67 h 03.50 P&P TYPE 'C' (KSN1016A) 2"x5" wide dispersion horn for quality Hi-Fi sys- MONITOR. RES. FRED 42Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 10KHz, SENS 98dB. 12" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME12-200 GEN. PURPOSE, GUITAR, DISCO, VOCAL, EXCELLENT MID. tems and quality discos etc. Price £6.99 - 50p P&P. RES. FREQ. 58Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 6KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE £46.71 £3.50 P&P I
TYPE '0' (KSN1025A) 2"x6" wide dispersion horn. Upper frequency 12" 300 WATT R.M.S ME12-300GP HIGH POWER BASS, LEAD GUITAR, KEYBOARD, DISCO ETC.
response retained extending down to mid -range (2KHz). Suitable for high RES. FRED. 47Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS 103dB. PRICE £70.19 + £3.50 P&P 15" 200 WATT R.M.S. ME15-200 GEN. PURPOSE BASS, INCLUDING BASS GUITAR. quality Hi-Fi systems and quality discos. Price £9.99 r 50p P&P. RES. FRED. 46Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS 99dB. PRICE £50.72 £4.00 P&P TYPE 'E' (KSN1038A)31'." horn tweeter with attractive silver finish trim. 15" 300 WATT R.M.S. ME15-300 HIGH POWER BASS, INCLUDING BASS GUITAR. Suitable for Hi-Fi monitor systems etc. Price £5.99 -r 50p P&P. PRICE C73.34 -r C4.00 P&P RES. FREQ. 39Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 103dB. LEVEL CONTROL Combines, on a recessed mounting plate, level control and cabinet input jack socket. 85x85mm. Price £4.10 + 50p P&P. EARBENDERS:- HI-FI, STUDIO, IN -CAR, ETC ALL EARBENDER UNITS 8 OHMS (Except EB8-50 & EB10-50 which are dual impedance tapped a 4 & 8 ohm)
BASS, SINGLE CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND 8" 50watt EB8-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR. RES. FREQ. 40Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 7KHz SENS 97dB. PRICE C8.90 - C2.00 P&P 10" 50WATT EB10-50 DUAL IMPEDENCE, TAPPED 4/8 OHM BASS, HI-FI, IN -CAR. RES. FREQ. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 5KHz, SENS. 99dB. PRICE £13.65 £2.50 P&P
lb/ FLIGHT CASED LOUDSPEAKERS A new range of quality loudspeakers, designed to take advantage of the latest speaker technology and enclosure designs. Both models utilize studio quality 12" cast aluminium loudspeakers with factory fitted grilles, wide dispersion
10" 100WATT EB10-100 BASS, HI-FI, STUDIO.
constant directivity horns, extruded aluminium corner protection and steel ball corners. complimented with heavy duty black covering. The enclosures
RES. FREQ. 35Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 96dB. RES. FREQ. 26Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 3KHz, SENS 93dB.
I
£3.50 P&P
PRICE C42.12 I- £3.50 P&P
FULL RANGE TWIN CONE, HIGH COMPLIANCE, ROLLED SURROUND 60WATT EB5-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
POWER RATINGS QUOTED IN WATTS RMS FOR EACH CABINET FREQUENCY RESPONSE FULL RANGE 45Hz - 20KHz
RES. FRED. 63Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 92dB.
PRICE £9.99 I- C1.50 P&P
6'I2" 60WATT EB6-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI -ARRAY DISCO ETC.
ibl FC 12-100WATTS (100dB) PRICE £159.00 PER PAIR ibt FC 12-200WATTS (100dB) PRICE £175.00 PER PAIR
RES. FRED. 38Hz, FREQ. RESP. TO 20KHz, SENS 94dB.
8" 60WATT EB8-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MILTI-ARRAY DISCO ETC.
SPECIALIST CARRIER DEL. £12.50 PER PAIR
PRICE £10.99
1.50 P&P
RES. FRED. 40Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 18KHz, SENS 89d13.
PRICE £12.99 + £1.50 P&P 10" 60WATT EB10-60TC (TWIN CONE) HI-FI, MULTI ARRAY DISCO ETC. RES. FRED. 35Hz, FRED. RESP. TO 12KHz, SENS 98dB. PRICE £16.49 - £2.00 P&P
OPTIONAL STANDS PRICE PER PAIR £49.00 Delivery £6.00 per pair
THREE SUPERB HIGH POWER CAR STEREO BOOSTER AMPLIFIERS 150 WATTS (75 75) Stereo, 150W Bridged Mono 250 WATTS (125 125) Stereo, 250W Bridged Mono 400 WATTS (200 x 200) Stereo, 400W Bridged Mono ALL POWERS INTO 4 OHMS I
Features: * Stereo, bridgable mono * Choice of
high & low level inputs * L & R level
PRICES, 150W £49.99 250W £99.99 controls * Remote on -off * Speaker & 400W £109.95 P&P £2.00 EACH thermal Drotectio POSTAL CHARGES PER ORDER E.1.00 MINIMUM. OFFICIAL BAR ORDERS FROM SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, GOVT. BODIES, PLCes ETC. PRICES INCLUSIVE OF V.A.T. SALES COUNTER. VISA AND ACCESS ACCEPTED BY POST, PHONE OR FAX.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS MARCH 1994
PRICE £30.39
12" 1 00WATT EB12-100 BASS, STUDIO, HI-FI, EXCELLENT DISCO.
are fitted as standard with top hats for optional loudspeaker stands.
PROVEN TRANSMITTER DESIGNS INCLUDING GLASS FIBRE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD AND HIGH QUALITY COMPONENTS COMPLETE WITH CIRCUIT AND INSTRUCTIONS 3W TRANSMITTER
80-108MHt, VARICAP CONTROLLED PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE, RANGE UP T03 MILES, SIZE 38 x 123mm. SUPPLY 12V a 0.5AMP.
s
PRICE (14.85 - £1.00 P&P FM MICRO TRANSMITTER 100.108MHx, VAMP TUNED, COMPLETE WITH VERY SENS FET MIC, RANGE 100-300m, SIZE 56 x 46mm. SUPPLY 9V BATTERY. ;
t
PHOTO: 3W FM TRANSMITTER
B.K. ELECTRONICS 1
s
s
UNITS 1 & 5 COMET WAY, SOUTHEND-ON-SEA, ESSEX. SS2 ETR.
Tel.: 0702 - 527572 Fax.: 0702 - 420243
FULL COLOUR GUIDE TO ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS
BS 5750 Part 2 1987 Level B: Duality Assurance RS12750
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RsmccoLL in Scotland ONLY, and Maplin stores nationwide. The Maplin Electronics 1994 Catalogue - UNIQUELY DIFFERENT! Africa customers please contact MAPLIN (SOUTH AFRICAITel (0241 5 1-5 124
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