Engineering Geology CE-301-Lecture14 Dr. Muhammad Babar Khan, Asst. Professor
Semester 2 06 April 09 – 07 Aug 09
Strength of Geological Material • Influence of Geological history – Burial – Uplift
• Importance of drainage • Behavior of rock and soil – Stress and Strain – Cohesion and friction
Introduction • The strength of rock, or of less well consolidated sediment, is influenced by the mineralogy of its particles and by the character of the particle contacts. • These properties are inherited from the processes that formed the rock, as described in rocks chapters. • And modified by later folding, faulting and jointing as explained in geologic structure’s chapter.
Influence of geological history
• Burial and uplift are frequently recurring aspects of geological history. • Burial – During burial the volume of a sediment is reduced because water is squeezed from its pores. – Sometimes the drainage of water is prevented by overlying strata of low permeability, such as a thick layer of mudstone, and water pressure in the pores gradually increases with burial until it equals the strength of the confining layers. – Vertical fractures then develop up which the trapped water escapes: this is called hydrofracturing.
Influence of geological history
– Figure illustrates the path of a sediment during burial and the lateral strain that must attend it.
Burial • The deformation of rock at very slow rates of strain involves processes collectively described as creep. • Fig. shows the strain that occurs in a sample loaded under a low constant stress is plotted against time.
Burial
• Primary creep is recoverable, and secondary creep is distinguished by the onset of permanent deformation, and tertiary creep by its culmination in failure of the sample.
Burial
• Some aspects of creep are analogous to the deformation of a viscous fluid and the material properties rocks must possess for such an analogy to exist are illustrated in Fig.
Burial • Rock behaves as an elastic material When loaded rapidly & recovers its strain when unloaded. • Hence elastic deformation is a part of rock behavior. • Plastic deformation must also exist, Fig.b, because rock loaded slowly recovers only part of its strain when unloaded. • Many rocks that have been loaded by burial, A-B in Fig.c, and unloaded by uplift, B-C, contain stresses that exceed those calculated.
• Fig. Aspects of the deformation of rock, (a) elastic behavior; (b) plastic deformation with viscous strain above the yield stress (YS); (c) strain associated with loading and unloading.
Uplift • The overburden load is progressively reduced above rocks as they are raised towards ground level. • And this permits them to expand in the vertical direction. • Horizontal sets of joints and others of subhorizontal inclination, will open and bedding surfaces will part. • Crystals and grains begin to move apart as the rock expands.
Uplift
• These, and similar processes, gradually convert a rock from the unbroken character it possessed at depth, where its crystals and grains were pressed tightly together, to the broken and porous condition it exhibits at ground level.
Shallow burial and uplift
• Many of the younger sediments that are close to the surface of the Earth have not been buried to great depths and are insufficiently consolidated and cemented for them to be described as 'rock'. • These are the sediments engineers call 'soil'. • The variation of strength with depth measured in two deposits of clay is illustrated in Fig. • The normally consolidated clay has never been unloaded and is without fissures or joints.
Shallow burial and uplift
• The overconsolidated clay has been unloaded by erosion of overlying sediment: it contains fractures, called fissures, that decrease in number with distance from ground level. • Fissures influence the strength of clay and if present should always be included in the description of a deposit, e.g. 'a stiff fissured clay'.
Shallow burial and uplift