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Effects of periodization in long-term training on the dynamics of changes in punch endurance of a boxer – case study Article · December 2017 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.8693

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Journal of Combat Sports and Martial Arts © MEDSPORTPRESS, 2017; 2(2); Vol. 8, 111-115 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.8693

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effects of periodization in long-term training on the dynamics of changes in punch endurance of a boxer – case study Pavol Hlavačka2(A,B,C), Ľuboslav Šiška1(C,D), Jaroslav Broďáni1(A,B,C) 1 2

Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Slovak Republic Slovak National Team

Key words: boxing, athlete, sport preparation, special movement capacity, year-round training routine

Summary Introduction. The aim of this work was to monitor the changes a boxer undergoes in the punch endurance test in relation to special training indicators and subsequently, by means of correlation of the time series, to determine the time shift of the delayed cumulative effect in long-term preparation of boxers. Material and methods. The work has an intraindividual basis. By means of the training logs, we recorded the special training indicators and periodization in the training cycles in accordance with the sporting calendar. The athlete under observation carried out a special punch endurance test on the punch bag in regular 4-week intervals, whose duration was identical with the competitive match. The test was issued by the International Boxing Association (AIBA) in the AIBA Coaches Manual (AIBA Coaches Commission, 2011). When correlating the time series, we used the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The statistical significance of the relationships has been judged at a 20 % level of significance. Results. The average count in the punch endurance test was RTC1 830,17 ± 75,67 punches and RTC2 867 ± 40,36 punches. Statistically significant correlations with training means of speed endurance (SpdE) 1-2 time shifts (2-4 weeks) and sparring (TT S) 1-3 time shifts (2-6 weeks) have been demonstrated. Conclusions. In terms of the dynamics of changes in special punch endurance, the development copied the systematic periodization of training load, the level improved from accumulation, through the intensification up to the transformation stage, where the best test results were achieved before the top events. able form of diagnostics, which in the case of boxing has to focus, among other abilities like punch force [15,16] or reaction time [2,17], on punch endurance too [10,11]. The available options were described by the International Boxing Association (AIBA) in the AIBA Coaches Manual [12]. Diagnostics is carried out regularly throughout the yearly cycle and it gives us an idea on the actual shape of the observed athlete, and using appropriate statistical methods, we can determine in what period of time a particular training resource materializes into the required adaptation effect [13,14]. In our research, we focus on the development of punch endurance as one of the limiting factors of the structure of sports performance in boxing, and their relationship to the time sifts in determining the delayed cumulative effect through the evaluation of special training indicators in long-term sports training.

Introduction Boxing is a contact sport with high physical and psychological intensity. Using scored punches that determine the victory or loss, the primary objective is to hit the opponent and receive as few scored punches as possible [1-4]. In order to achieve high athletic performance, a long-term sports training is necessary, and it must implement observing the laws of periodization. In the year-round training routine, the generally accepted sequence of training includes the accumulation, intensification and transformation of special skills to a high level of athletic forms, gradually improving before the peak events in the season [5,6]. Owing to the sporting calendar and the length of the competition period, the time range of each period referred to in the scientific literature has to be adapted to the actual needs in boxing [7]. Due to this limitation, we have to sensitively adapt the choice of training means which we express by means of special training indicators, and their dosage [8,9]. An inseparable part of the process is a consistent record of the training load for subsequent analysis. To assess the effectiveness of the training process, it is necessary to use a suit-

Material and methods Participants Single athlete M.Z. (Age 20-21 in the observation period, Height 171 cm, weight 60 kg, VO2max during the observation

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Fig. 1. Electronic protector for recording the punches

period: 59,2-64,0 ml.kg-1.min-1, max HR 209 pulse.min-1, ANT 189 pulse.min-1) is a boxer of BC Stavbár Nitra, a former student of the Nitra sports gymnasium, currently included in the center of top sport ŠCP (Police Sport Center). From 2010 to 2012, he was the most successful Slovak representative, he won the 5th place at the juniors’ World Championship 2012 and the 5th place at the European Championship 2010, won the world international tournament AIBA 2012. He is 10 times Slovak champion, he won the silver medal at the world’s international AIBA tournament among seniors. The athlete was observed using the intraindividual method.

rance test (PE), the boxer is striking a non-yielding „impact device” for 3 x 3 min. with a 1 min. break (a competitive match has the same duration). The number of punches during the time interval is recorded. For the accuracy of measurement, special electronic protectors are used, Fig. 1, which are capable of recording 5 punches in 1 second, and the punch must be made with sufficient intensity (to distinguish feather punches from real ones). Procedures Over a two-year training cycle, the observed athlete completed 25 4-week training mesocycles and 25 original punch endurance tests (performed every 4 weeks). From the perspective of correlation analysis, we used the time-separated data from the punch endurance tests and training load, whose base time period was a 2-week mesocycle.

Measures We recorded the special training indicators for each yearly training cycle, the frequency of training units, and their total duration, in the training logs: (AE) aerobic endurance – running or other endurance activities (biking, swimming) for the development or maintenance of aerobic performance (GS) general strength – general strength exercises, (SS, D, ES) special strength, dynamics, explosiveness – specialized power exercises in boxing, development of rapid strength, punch strength, explosiveness – this usually involves circuit training, (TT) technique, tactics, special boxing coordination - exercise of technical and tactical skills in pairs, or on various „impact devices”, with the coach on the hook and jab pads, (TT-S) sparring, (SpcE) special endurance – special endurance is understood as endurance on the ANT level and higher in boxing activities (interval character), the break does not exceed 1 min., (SpdE) speed endurance – an intensive and predominantly anaerobic activity 30 s – 3 min. long, for example, timed runs 400 - 800 meters, or a special speed work on the „impact devices’ 30-90 s in length, (S) speed – „quickies” on the „impact device” 10-15 s long, with a sufficiently long break for recovery between the repetitions and series, shuttle sprints and various activities for the development of boxing speed, and (AT) additional training. In the Result section of our paper, the charts show the number of training units to the left and count in the punch endurance test on the right. In the punch endu-

Statistical analysis In the case of punch endurance tests, in which the measurements were carried out in 4-week intervals, the original data were interpolated into bi-weekly cycles by means of cubic splines. When correlating the time series, we used the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The statistical significance of the relationships has been judged at a 20 % level of significance.

Results In terms of the number of training units and the total duration of training, we can conclude that the athlete observed in RTC2 had on average slightly shorter, but more intense trainings. Unlike RTC1, the development of aerobic endurance in RTC2 was achieved through a short-stretch and short-interval method compared to the long aerobic runs using the even method. In RTC2, general strength was achieved through comprehensive weightlifting multi-joint exercises using the 5x5 method compared to the isolated exercises on machines in RTC1. The average count in the punch endurance test was RTC1 830,17 ± 75,67 punches and RTC2 867 ± 40,36 punches.

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Tab. 1 Comparison of RTC1 and RTC2 in terms of STU

Fig. 2. Dynamics of changes in special punch endurance and the volume of STU in RTC1

Fig. 3. Dynamics of changes in special punch endurance and the volume of STU in RTC2 Tab. 2. Pair correlations of STU and the changes in punch endurance in time shifts in RTC1

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Tab. 3. Pair correlations of STU and the changes in punch endurance in time shifts in RTC2

not least, the amount of technical and tactical training is represented continually for at least 8 weeks before the peak. In terms of the effectiveness of special training indicators (STU) to the test in RTC1, Tab. 2, we observed statistically significant correlations with the training means TT S (sparing) in almost all the time shifts. The positive impact of sparring (TT S) on the test was shown during the last 8 weeks (1-4 time shift) before achieving the best test results in RTC1 (mesocycle 19 and 20, M19-M20). On the contrary, the negative impact on the best test results were observed under low volumes of sparing (TT S) with a four months’ time delay (7-8 time shift). Furthermore, we observed the negative impact of low training load in speed endurance training (SpdE), special endurance (SpcE), technical and tactical load (TT) and a special strength, dynamics and explosiveness (SS D ES) in the accumulation period 12 to 16 weeks before the best test results. Conversely, in the period from 10 to 14 weeks (time shift 5-7) before the best test results, a high volume of training load in general strength exercises (GS) was demonstrated positively. The positive impact of aerobic endurance (AE) on the best test results was shown only in 1 time shift before their achievement. In terms of the effectiveness of special training indicators (STU) to the test in RTC2, Tab. 3, a statistically significant correlation with the training means TT (technical and tactical training), TT S (sparing) and SS, D, ES (special strength, dynamics, explosiveness) was recorded when their positive effects were demonstrated 1-2 time shifts (2-4 weeks) before the best test results. The special endurance training load (SpcE) had a statistically proven positive effect on the test with 2-3 time shifts (4-6 weeks) before the best results were achieved. The statistically significant correlations were also demonstrated in the case of speed training means (S), where a positive impact on test 1 with a time shift (2 weeks) before was shown. These statistically proven positive adaptation effects in RTC2 are consistent with the factual and logical evaluation of the effects of periodization of special training means on punch endurance (PE). The results obtained in the test are similar to those of other authors. [10,11] measured the punch endurance test with a duration of 3x3min the values of about 780 ± 180 punches compared to the value of about 830 ± 75 punches in our research.

Discussion Fig. 2 shows a significant improvement after mesocycle 4. In contrast with mesocycle 1 and 2, there was an increase in the interval training (special endurance, speed endurance), general strength was replaced by the special strength, dynamics, explosiveness (circuit trainings) and technical and tactical training was added. It can be stated that this change in the training load (the general training load of the accumulation period was replaced by a more specialized and intensive load) had an almost instant positive adaptation effect on punch endurance. Mesocycle 5 was disrupted by health issues and a subsequent complete incapacity during mesocycle 6. This was reflected in testing at the end of this period (M6). Subsequently, punch endurance had an upward trend (M11). In the period (M12 - M20), punch endurance steadily increased. In Fig. 3 we see that the dynamics of changes in punch endurance had a more stable development at its peak (M41M42), and it achieved better values than the best results in RTC1 (M20-M21). In RTC2, the test of punch endurance rendered the best values in periods with a high volume of technical and tactical training (TT) and sparring (TT S); the training of special strength, dynamics and explosiveness (SS, D, ES) was at higher volumes 2 -3 time shifts (4-6 weeks) before and followed the period of general strength (GS). The special endurance training (SpcE) was at higher volumes 2-3 time shifts (4-6 weeks), and in the last 2-4 weeks before the peak punch endurance, we can observe a training load of speed (speed endurance SpdE, speed S). There were three such peaks of punch endurance, which were preceded by a period with the given periodization, in RTC2. Therefore, we can conclude that the positive effect of periodization on punch endurance is achieved in such periodization training, in which the general strength (GS) is replaced by special strength, dynamics, explosiveness (SS, D, ES) 4-6 weeks before the peak, aerobic endurance (AE) reaches the highest volumes 6-8 weeks before the peak, special endurance training reaches the highest volumes 4-6 weeks before the peak, speed endurance training and speed training is mainly used 2-4 weeks before the peak, speed training 1-3 weeks before the peak, and last but

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ce development through complex weightlifting exercises and short-stretch and short-interval methods for a period of 8-10 weeks, with the subsequent development of special strength 2-4 weeks before the peak event. 5. The development of special endurance should be performed 4-6 weeks and speed of 2-4 weeks before the peak. Technical training and sparring should be included 2-4 weeks before the peak. 6. In terms of the diagnostics of the punch endurance, we propose to replace the uninterrupted punching, as was the case in our work, with repetitive intermittent sequences of punches in a specific time interval with short intervals of rest, e.g. (2 seconds of punches in maximum intensity and 3 seconds of rest) for a period of 3 x 3 min., with an assessment of the dynamic characteristics of punches.

Conclusions 1. In terms of the dynamics of changes of punch endurance, we can conclude that the periodization in RTC2 had a positive impact on the stability of performance as well as overall count of punches in the endurance test. 2. In contrast with RTC1, the difference was in the change of training means for the development of aerobic endurance and general strength, as well as in the the frequency of these exercises during the year-round training routine. 3. The performance in the test reached the highest values before the selected peaks in the season and it improved from the accumulation to the transformation period. 4. In terms of the preparation for top event in the season, we recommend using strength training and aerobic enduran-

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The project was supported by the grant VEGA 1/0931/16 The psycho-physiological diagnostic of stress for cosiderring – physical state competing in combat sports.

Address for correspondence: Ľuboslav Šiška, UKF Tr. A. Hlinku 1, 949 74, Nitra e-mail: [email protected], 00421 948 157 496 Submitted: 17.02.2017 Accepted: 22.08.2017

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