Edgel May C. Bayag, M.d.

Edgel May C. Bayag, M.D.



Contraception  Prevention

of Pregnancy or Impregnation

 Sterilization  Act

or process by which an individual is rendered incapable of fertilization or reproduction

 Theoretical

Efficacy Rate – efficacy of contraception when used exactly as instructed

 Actual

Efficacy Rate – efficacy when used in “real life,” assuming variations in the consistency of usage

Natural Methods – least effective  Barrier Methods and Spermicides  Intrauterine Devices  Hormonal Methods  Surgical Sterilization 

 No

Contraceptive or Sterilization Method is 100% Effective (as seen on the Table for Failure Rates)

Method

No method Periodic Abstinence Calendar Ovulation method Symptothermal Postovulation Withdrawal

Percent of Women who Become Pregnant Theoretica Actual l Failure Failure Rate Rate 85.0 85.0 ___ 20.0 9.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 4.0

18.0

 Physiology-based

that use neither chemical nor mechanical barriers to contraception  Least effective, should not be used if pregnancy prevention is a high priority  Periodic

Abstinence  Coitus Interruptus  Lactational Amenorrhea

Condom Male condom Female condom Diaphragm with Spermicide Cervical cap Sponge Parous women Nulliparous women Spermicide alone IUD’s Progestasert Paraguard copper T

2.0 12.0 6.0 21.0-26.0 6.0 18.0 6.0

18.0

9.0 6.0 3.0

28.0 18.0 21.0

2.0 0.8

2.0 0.7

 Contraceptive

methods work by preventing sperm from entering the endometrial cavity, fallopian tubes, and peritoneal cavity

 Male

condoms  Female condoms  Diaphragm  Cervical Cap  Contraceptive Sponge  Spermicides

 Made

of plastic/metal introduced into endometrial cavity using a cervical cannula

 Elicits

a sterile spermicidal inflammatory response resulting in sperm being engulfed, immobilized and destroyed

 Paraguard

Copper T  Progestasert

Combination pill Progestin only pill Norplant Depo-Provera

Tubal Ligation Vasectomy

0.1 0.5 0.09 0.3

0.2 0.1

3.0 3.0-6.0 0.09 0.3

0.4 0.15

 Most

commonly used reversible means of preventing pregnancy

 Oral

Contraceptive Pill (OCP)

 Monophasic

(Fixed Combination) Pills  Multiphasic (Dose Varying) Pills  Progestin-Only Pills (The Minipill)  Norplant  Depo-Provera

 Cardiovascular    

(mainly in smokers) Thromboembolism Pulmonary embolism Cerebrovascular accident Myocardial infarction

 Other  

Complications Benign hepatic tumors Increase in gallbladder disease

 Ideal

in stable, monogamous relationships where no additional children are desired

 Tubal

Sterilization  Vasectomy